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Frontmatter
The Electric Power Engineering Handbook
Ed. L.L. Grigsby
Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2001
THE
ELECTRIC POWER
ENGINEERING
HANDBOOK
Richard C. Dorf
University of California, Davis
THE
ELECTRIC POWER
ENGINEERING
HANDBOOK
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
L.L.GRIGSBY
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
CRC PRESS
IEEE PRESS
00-030425
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Preface
The generation, delivery, and utilization of electric power and energy remain among the most challenging
and exciting elds of electrical engineering. The astounding technological developments of our age are
highly dependent upon a safe, reliable, and economic supply of electric power. The objective of The
Electric Power Engineering Handbook is to provide a contemporary overview of this far-reaching eld as
well as a useful guide and educational resource for its study. It is intended to dene electric power
engineering by bringing together the core of knowledge from all of the many topics encompassed by the
eld. The articles are written primarily for the electric power engineering professional who is seeking
factual information and secondarily for the professional from other engineering disciplines who wants
an overview of the entire eld or specic information on one aspect of it.
The book is organized into 15 sections in an attempt to provide comprehensive coverage of the
generation, transformation, transmission, distribution, and utilization of electric power and energy as
well as the modeling, analysis, planning, design, monitoring, and control of electric power systems. The
individual articles within the 15 sections are different from most technical publications. They are not
journal type articles nor are they textbook in nature. They are intended to be tutorials or overviews
providing ready access to needed information, while at the same time providing sufcient references to
more in-depth coverage of the topic. This work is a member of the Electrical Engineering Handbook
Series published by CRC Press. Since its inception in 1993, this series has been dedicated to the concept
that when readers refer to a handbook on a particular topic they should be able to nd what they need
to know about the subject at least 80% of the time. That has indeed been the goal of this handbook.
In reading the individual articles of this handbook, I have been most favorably impressed by how well
the authors have accomplished the goals that were set. Their contributions are, of course, most key to
the success of the work. I gratefully acknowledge their outstanding efforts. Likewise, the expertise and
dedication of the editorial board and section editors have been critical in making this handbook possible.
To all of them I express my profound thanks. I also wish to thank the personnel at CRC Press who have
been involved in the production of this book, with a special word of thanks to Nora Konopka and Ron
Powers. Their patience and perseverance have made this task most pleasant.
Leo Grigsby
Editor-in-Chief
Editor-in-Chief
Editorial Board
Pritindra Chowdhuri
James H. Harlow
Saifur Rahman
Tennessee Technological
University
Cookeville, Tennessee
Virginia Tech
Alexandria, Virginia
Richard G. Farmer
Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona
L.L. Grigsby
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
S.M. Halpin
Mississippi State University
Mississippi State, Mississippi
George G. Karady
Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona
Rama Ramakumar
Oklahoma State University
Stillwater, Oklahoma
William H. Kersting
New Mexico State University
Las Cruces, New Mexico
Gerald B. Shebl
John D. McDonald
KEMA Consulting
Norcross, Georgia
Mark Nelms
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
Robert Waters
Alabama Power Company
Birmingham, Alabama
Andrew Hanson
Arun Phadke
Bruce F. Wollenberg
University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota
Contributors
Rambabu Adapa
Philip Bolin
Kristine Buchholz
Bajarang L. Agrawal
Arizona Public Service Co.
Phoenix, Arizona
Hirofumi Akagi
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Tokyo, Japan
Antonio Castanheira
M.H.J. Bollen
Chalmers University of
Technology
Gothenburg, Sweden
Anjan Bose
Alex Apostolov
Alstom T&D
Los Angeles, California
John Appleyard
S&C Electric Company
Sauk City, Wisconsin
Miroslav Begovic
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia
William Chisholm
Ontario Hydro Technologies
Toronto, Ontario, Canada
Pritindra Chowdhuri
John R. Boyle
Tennessee Technological
University
Cookeville, Tennessee
George L. Clark
Wolfgang Breuer
Schweitzer Engineering
Laboratories, Ltd.
Boucherville, Quebec, Canada
Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen
GmbH
Regensburg, Germany
Michael J. Bio
Wilford Caulkins
Sherman & Reilly, Inc.
Chattanooga, Tennessee
Simon W. Bowen
Alabama Power Company
Birmingham, Alabama
Gabriel Benmouyal
Trench Ltd.
Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
Steven R. Brockschink
Pacic Engineering Corporation
Portland, Oregon
Patrick Coleman
Alabama Power Company
Birmingham, Alabama
Craig A. Colopy
Cooper Power Systems
Waukesha, Wisconsin
Al Bolger
BC Hydro
Burnaby, British Columbia,
Canada
Richard E. Brown
Robert C. Degeneff
Don Delcourt
James W. Feltes
Nouredine Hadjsaid
BC Hydro
Burnaby, British Columbia,
Canada
Power Technologies
Schenectady, New York
Scott H. Digby
Waukesha Electric Systems
Goldsboro, North Carolina
Dieter Dohnal
Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen
GmbH
Regensburg, Germany
M.K. Donnelly
Pacic Northwest National
Laboratory
Richland, Washington
D.A. Douglass
Power Delivery Consultants, Inc.
Niskayuna, New York
Richard Dudley
Shelia Frasier
Southern Engineering
Atlanta, Georgia
Rulon Fronk
Fronk Consulting
Cerritos, California
Dudley L. Galloway
David L. Harris
Jay C. Giri
L.L. Grigsby
Dalhousie University
Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
Ahmed Elneweihi
Charles A. Gross
BC Hydro
Burnaby, British Columbia,
Canada
Auburn University
Auburn, Alabama
James W. Evans
John V. Grubbs
James H. Gurney
James H. Harlow
Michael G.
Giesselmann
M.E. El-Hawary
Richard G. Farmer
Andrew Hanson
Trench Ltd.
Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
S.M. Halpin
Mississippi State University
Mississippi State, Mississippi
BC Hydro
Burnaby, British Columbia,
Canada
Tim A. Haskew
The University of Alabama
Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Robert Haas
Haas Engineering
Villa Hills, Kentucky
J.F. Hauer
Pacic Northwest National
Laboratory
Richland, Washington
Ted Haupert
TJ/H2b Analytical Services
Sacramento, California
William R. Henning
Waukesha Electric Systems
Waukesha, Wisconsin
Felimn Hernandez
John R. Kennedy
Philip J. Hopkinson
Square D Company
Monroe, North Carolina
Stan H. Horowitz
Consultant
Columbus, Ohio
Gary L. Johnson
Kansas State University
Manhattan, Kansas
Anthony J. Jonnatti
Loci Engineering
Palm Harbor, Florida
Gerhard Juette
William H. Kersting
Universitat Politecnica de
Catalunya
Barcelona, Spain
John D. McDonald
Tibor Kertesz
KEMA Consulting
Norcross, Georgia
Shirish P. Mehta
Alireza Khotanzad
Christopher J. Melhorn
Prabha Kundur
Siemens
Munich, Germany
Stephen R. Lambert
Danny Julian
Einar Larsen
Tonia Jurbin
GE Power Systems
Schenectady, New York
BC Hydro
Burnaby, British Columbia,
Canada
John G. Kappenman
Metatech Corporation
Duluth, Minnesota
George G. Karady
Arizona State University
Tempe, Arizona
Juan A. MartinezVelasco
Hyde M. Merrill
Merrill Energy, LLC
Schenectady, New York
Roger A. Messenger
Florida Atlantic University
Boca Raton, Florida
William A. Mittelstadt
Bonneville Power Adminstration
Portland, Oregon
W.H. Litzenberger
Bonneville Power
Administration
Portland, Oregon
Harold Moore
Andre Lux
Kip Morrison
Yakout Mansour
Richard P. Keil
Dayton Power & Light Company
Dayton, Ohio
BC Hydro
Burnaby, British Columbia,
Canada
Dan Mulkey
Pacic Gas & Electric Co.
Petaluma, California
Randy Mullikin
Saifur Rahman
Douglas B. Seely
Virginia Tech
Falls Church, Virginia
Paul I. Nippes
Kaushik Rajashekara
Michael Sharp
Trench Ltd.
Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
N. Dag Reppen
Gerald B. Shebl
Robert S. Nowell
Georgia Power Company
Atlanta, Georgia
Carlos V. Nez-Noriega
Manuel Reta-Hernndez
Alan Oswalt
Charles W. Richter
John Paserba
Francisco de la Rosa
Anne-Marie Sahazizian
Paulette A. Payne
Potomac Electric Power Company
Washington, DC
Juan Sanchez-Gasca
Dan D. Perco
Perco Transformer Engineering
Stoney Creek, Ontario, Canada
GE Power Systems
Schenectady, New York
Peter W. Sauer
Joe C. Pohlman
Consultant
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois
Raymond R. Shoults
University of Texas at Arlington
Arlington, Texas
H. Jin Sim
Waukesha Electric Systems
Goldsboro, North Carolina
James H. Sosinski
Consumers Energy
Jackson, Mississippi
K. Neil Stanton
Stanton Associates
Bellevue, Washington
Robert P. Stewart
BC Hydro
Burnaby, British Columbia,
Canada
Leo J. Savio
William W. Price
GE Power Systems
Schenectady, New York
ADAPT Corporation
Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
Mahesh M. Swamy
Yaskawa Electric America
Waukegan, Illinois
Kenneth H. Sebra
Jeewan Puri
Square D Company
Monroe, North Carolina
Glenn W. Swift
APT Power Technologies
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
Larry D. Swift
James S. Thorp
Cornell University
Ithaca, New York
Log-In
Boucherville, Quebec, Canada
Carson W. Taylor
Ridley Thrash
Vijay Vittal
Southwire Company
Carrollton, Georgia
Rao S. Thallam
Loren B. Wagenaar
Contents
Saifur Rahman
Rama Ramakumar
Transformers
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
3.16
3.17
3.18
3.19
James H. Harlow
Transmission System
George G. Karady
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
Substations
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
Distribution Systems
6.1
6.2
6.3
John D. McDonald
William H. Kersting
Andrew Hanson
10
11
Arun Phadke
Pritindra Chowdhuri
Richard G. Farmer
12
Bruce F. Wollenberg
12.1 Energy Management K. Neil Stanton, Jay C. Giri, and Anjan Bose
12.2 Generation Control: Economic Dispatch and Unit Commitment
Charles W. Richter, Jr.
12.3 State Estimation Danny Julian
12.4 Optimal Power Flow M. E. El-Hawary
12.5 Security Analysis Nouredine Hadjsaid
13
Gerald B. Shebl
14
Power Electronics
14.1
14.2
14.3
14.4
15
Power Quality
15.1
15.2
15.3
15.4
15.5
15.6
Mark Nelms
S.M. Halpin