Anatomi Tubuh Manusia

Konsep dasar anatomi

Zaynul Arifin
Akademi Kebidanan Mandiri Gresik

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Anatomical position a common visual reference

point
Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward

Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from

the body

Regional terms names of specific body areas

Axial region the main axis of the body
Appendicular region the limbs

Directional terminology
Refers to the body in anatomical position
Standardized terms of directions are paired terms

Directional Terms
TERM

DEFINITION

DIAGRAM

EXAMPLE

Superior
(cranial)

Toward the head or upper part of

the body; above

The heart is superior to the

liver

Inferior
(caudal)

Away from the head toward the

lower part; below

The stomach is inferior to

the lungs

Anterior
(ventral)

Toward or at the front of the body;

in front of

The sternum is anterior to

the heart

Posterior
(dorsal)

Toward or at the back of the body;

behind

The calcaneous is posterior

to the phalanges

Medial

Toward or at the midline of the

body; inner side

Lateral

Away from the midline of the body;

outer side

The lungs are lateral to the

heart

Proximal

Closer to the origin or point of

attachment to trunk

The humerus is at the

proximal end of the radius

Distal
Superficial

Deep

Farther from origin or point of

attachment to trunk
Towards or at the body surface

Away from the body surface; more

internal

The ulna is on the medial

side of the forearm

The phalanges are distal to

the carpals
The skin is superficial to the
skeleton

The ribs are deep to the

skin of the chest.

Orientation and Directional Terms

Orientation and Directional Terms

Orientation and Directional Terms

Orientation and Directional Terms

Regional Terms

Body Planes and Sections

Body Planes and Sections

Coronal (frontal) plane - Lies vertically and
divides body into anterior (front) and
posterior (back) parts
Sagittal plane lies vertically and divides the
body into left and right sides.
Median (midsagittal) plane - Specific sagittal
plane that lies vertically in the midline

Transverse plane - runs horizontally and

divides body into superior (up) and inferior
(down) parts

Body Planes and Sections

Oblique section through the trunk

Figure 1.6

Skull in the newborn

At birth the skull is large
in proportion to other
skeletal parts; the facial
region is relatively small
and constitutes only
about one-eighth of the
neonatal cranium,
compared with half in
adult life

 Smallness of the face at birth is largely due to

the rudimentary stage of development of the
mandible and maxillae - the teeth are
unerupted.
The nose lies almost entirely between the
orbits, and the lower border of the nasal
aperture is only slightly lower in position than
the orbital floors

 The large size of the calvaria, especially the

neurocranium, reflects early cerebral
maturation.
Bones of the cranial vault are unilaminar and
lack diplo.

 Frontal and parietal

tuberosities are prominent;
in the frontal view, the
greatest width occurs
between the parietal
tuberosities.
The glabella, superciliary
arches and mastoid
processes are not
developed
Cranial base is relatively
short and narrow

 Ossification is incomplete, and many bones

are still in several elements united by fibrous
tissue or cartilage.
Two halves of the frontal bone and mandible,
and the squamous, lateral and basilar parts of
the occipital bone are all separate

 Parts of the temporal bones are separate except

that fusion of the tympanic with the petrous and
squamous parts has started.
The fibrous membrane that forms the cranial
vault before ossification is unossified at the
angles of the parietal bones, producing six
fontanelles: two median (anterior and posterior)
and two lateral pairs (sphenoidal/anterolateral
and mastoid/posterolateral).

 The anterior fontanelle is the

largest and measures
approximately 4 cm in
anteroposterior and 2.5 cm in
transverse dimensions.
It occupies the junction between
the sagittal, coronal and frontal
sutures and is therefore
rhomboid in shape.
.The posterior fontanelle lies at
the junction between the sagittal
and lambdoid sutures and is
therefore triangular.

 The sphenoidal
(anterolateral) and mastoid
(posterolateral) fontanelles
are small, irregular and
occur at the sphenoidal and
mastoid angles of the
parietal bones respectively.

 At birth the orbits appear relatively large.

The developing tooth germs are generally
contained within the alveolar crypts, although
eruption of the upper central incisor teeth can
occur prior to, or shortly after, birth

 Temporal bones differ greatly from their adult

form.
The internal ear, tympanic cavity, auditory
ossicles and mastoid antrum are all almost
adult in size
The tympanic plate is an incomplete ring
which has usually started to fuse with the
squamous part, and the mastoid process is
absent.

 The external aspect of the tympanic

membrane faces more inferiorly than laterally
The stylomastoid foramen is exposed on the
lateral surface of the skull, the styloid process
has not fused with the temporal bone, the
mandibular fossa is flat and more lateral, and
its articular tubercle is undeveloped.

 The mandibular fossa is flat and more lateral,

and its articular tubercle is undeveloped.
The paranasal sinuses are rudimentary or
absent and only the maxillary sinuses are
usually identifiable

 During birth the skull is moulded by slow

compression.
That part of the scalp which is more central in
the birth canal is often temporarily
oedematous as a result of interference with
venous return, and is called the caput
succedaneum

 Fontanelles and the openness and width of

the sutures allow bones of the cranial vault
some overlap.
The skull is compressed in one plane with
compensatory orthogonal elongation. These
effects disappear within the first week after
birth.

Skull
Contains 22 bones
Rest superior to the
vertebral column
Consists 2 sets of bones,
facial and cranial bones
Cranial bones forms the

cranial cavity, which

encloses and protect the
brain

Facial bones form the face.

Cranial Bones (8 bones)

1 Frontal bone
2 parietal bones

2 temporal bones
1 Occipital bone
1 Sphenoid bone
1 Ethmoid bone

Facial bones (14 bones)

2 nasal bones
2 maxillas
2 zygomatic bones

Mandible
2 lacrimal bones

2 palatines bone
2 inferior nasal
conchae

Vomer

Figure 8.4a

Figure 8.4b

Function of the skull

Protect the brain
Inner surface attach to the membranes (meninges)
that stabilize the position of the brain, blood
vessels and nerves.
Outer surface of cranial bones provide large areas
for muscle attachment that move various part of
the head.
The bones also provide muscle attachment for
some muscles that produce facial expressions.

Function of the skull

Facial bones forms framework of the face
Facial bones provide support for entrance to the

digestive and respiratory system

Together cranial and facial bones protect and

support the delicate special sense organs for vision,

taste, smell, hearing and equibilirium.