Gh.

Asachi Technical University of Iai

Department of Structural Mechanics

Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures

Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.

TRUSSES
FORCES METHOD
Let solve the following hyperstatic truss to the indicated external loads applying the forces method
2
1
4
6

2,25m

5
42kN

42kN

3m

3m

3m

1. Establishing the static indeterminacy degree:

The degree of static indeterminacy is given by the following relationship

ns = 2 N (b + r ) = 2 6 (10 + 3) = 1
The truss is 1 time statically indeterminate internal indetermination.
2. The primary system is obtained by replacing the the beam 2-5 with a corresponding couple of forces X1:
2

X1

2,25m
X1

3
3m

5
42kN

42kN
3m

3m

The relative displacement on the unknown direction X1 is equal with the axial deformation of the beam:
X l
11 X 1 + 1 p = 1 25
EA25
In the general case when the indeterminacy degree is 2 or bigger, the main steps to be followed are:
- the main coefficients are calculated with the following relationship:

ii =
b

-1-

N i Ni
lb ,
EA

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai

Department of Structural Mechanics

Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures

Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.

- the secondary ones with a similar expression,

ij =

Ni N j
EA

lb

where N i , N j are the axial internal efforts in the primary system (statically determinate) caused by unit
forces (real loads, and corresponding virtual loads, respectively) applied on each direction of the removed
beams,
- and the free terms with the following relationship:

ip =

Np Ni
EA

lb

where N p are the axial internal efforts in the primary system (statically determinate) caused by external
loads (real load) on the primary system.
3. Solving the primary system for N i N i = 1

H1 =0

2N

N2-3

6
2,

N4-

s
co
25

N2-3
N3-2

V1 =0

N2-4 N4-2

2-4

N3-

V6 =0

N3-5 N5-3

1
5

3
3m

2,25m

3m

3m

The reactive forces are:

H1 = 0

l2 5 = 9 + 5,0625 = 3,75

V1 = V6 = 0

2,25
3
2,25
= 0,75; cos =
= 0,8; sin =
= 0,6
3
3,75
3,75
= N1 3 = N 6 5 = N 6 4 = 0

tg =
N1 2

A complete cut of the truss is made through the beams 2-4, 3-4, and 3-5, and the following
equations could be written:

N 2 4 = 1 cos
N 2 3 = 1 sin

M 3stg = 0 1 cos 2, 25 + N 2 4 2, 25 = 0 N 2 4 = cos

stg
M 5 = 0 N 2 4 2, 25 + N 3 4 2, 25 cos = 0 N 3 4 = 1
stg
M 4 = 0 2, 25 2 N 3 5 + 1 2, 25 cos = 0 N 3 5 = cos

-2-

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai

Department of Structural Mechanics

Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures

Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.

Isolating the node 2, and writing the static equilibrium equations, the axial internal efforts are:

F
F

= 0 N 2 4 = cos

= 0 N 23 = sin

N1-2

N2-4

1
N2-3

4. Solving the primary system for N p (internal axial efforts caused by the external loads)
2

H1 =0

V6=70kN 2,25m

V1 =56kN

5
84kN

42kN

3m

3m

3m

Isolating the node 1:

1

H1 =0

N1-2

V1 =56kN

13

cos

FX = 0 H1 + N1 2 + N13 cos = 0 N1 2 = 56 sin

N = 56 1
FY = 0 42 N13 sin = 0
13
sin

Isolating node 2:
2

N2-1

N2-4

FX = 0 N1 2 + N 2 4 = 0 N 2 4 = 56 cos

sin

FY = 0 N 23 = 0
N 23 = 0

N2-3
Isolating node 3:

N3-2

N 3-4

31

N3-5

FX = 0 N 31 cos + N 3 4 cos + N 35 = 0
N 3 4 = 14 sin

FY = 0 N3 2 + N31 sin + N3 4 sin 42 = 0 N = 70 cos

35
sin

42kN

-3-

Gh. Asachi Technical University of Iai

Department of Structural Mechanics

and because the system is symmetrical

Structural Statics Hyperstatic Structures

Cezar Aanici, Dr. Eng.

cos

N 6 4 = 70 sin

N = 70 1
6 5
sin

Beam

Length
lij

N 1 = N1

EA

Np

N 1 N1 l

N p N 1l

X1

N final

1-2
1-3
2-4
2-3
3-5
3-4
4-6
5-6
4-5

3
3.75
3
2.25
3
3.75
3
3.75
2.25

0
0
-0.8
-0.6
-0.8
1
0
0
-0.6

EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA
EA

-74.67
94.33
74.67
0
94.33
-24.33
-94.33
116.67
0

0
0
1.92
0.81
1.92
3.75
0
0
0.81

0
0
-179.21
0
-226.39
-91.24
0
0
0

38.34
38.34
38.34
38.34
38.34
38.34
38.34
38.34
38.34

-74.67
94.33
43.99
-23.00
63.66
14.01
-94.33
116.67
-23.00

()ij

9.21/EA 496.84/EA

d11

D1p

9, 21
496,838
3,75 X 1
X1 +
=
X 1 = 38,34kN
EA
EA
EA
The final internal efforts in the hyperstatic truss are obtained applying the simple superposition
method (because the structural behaviour of the system was considered as elastically linear):

N final = N p + X1 N1

-4-