Standards and Symbols Training Manual

INSTRUMENTATION MAINTENANCE
STANDARDS AND SYMBOLS
TRAINING MANUAL
Course EXP-MN-SI010
Revision 0
Field Operations Training

Instrumentation Maintenance
Standards and Symbols
INSTRUMENTATION MAINTENANCE
STANDARDS AND SYMBOLS
CONTENTS
1. OBJECTIVES ..................................................................................................................5
2. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................6
3. STANDARD ANSI / ISA 5.1 and ANSI / ISA 5.3 ..............................................................8
3.1. LETTERS AND SYMBOLS .......................................................................................8
3.1.1. Extract from a PID .............................................................................................8
3.1.2. Letter identification ..........................................................................................10
3.1.3. Letter combinations .........................................................................................11
3.2. FUNCTIONS ...........................................................................................................12
3.2.1. Definition .........................................................................................................12
3.2.2. Example ..........................................................................................................13
3.3. INSTRUMENTATION..............................................................................................16
3.3.1. Local instrument symbols ................................................................................16
3.3.2. Remote instrument symbols ............................................................................17
3.3.3. Symbols for various instrumentation sensors ..................................................18
3.3.4. Various calculation functions ...........................................................................21
3.3.4.1. Calculation function symbols ...................................................................22
3.3.5. Instrumentation valve symbols ........................................................................23
3.3.6. Abbreviations on valves...................................................................................25
3.4. CONNECTIONS......................................................................................................26
3.4.1. Example ..........................................................................................................26
3.4.2. Representation of instrument connections ......................................................27
3.5. VALVES AND FITTINGS ........................................................................................29
3.5.1. Symbols for valves and fittings ........................................................................29
3.6. PIPING ....................................................................................................................32
3.6.1. Piping symbols ................................................................................................32
3.7. EQUIPMENT ...........................................................................................................34
3.7.1. Pump symbols.................................................................................................34
3.7.2. Heat exchanger symbols .................................................................................36
3.7.3. Tank symbols ..................................................................................................37
3.8. UTILITIES ...............................................................................................................38
3.8.1. Symbols for miscellaneous equipment ............................................................38
3.8.2. Miscellaneous symbols....................................................................................40
3.8.3. Special Abbreviations ......................................................................................42
3.9. SAFETY EQUIPMENT ............................................................................................43
3.9.1. Safety equipment symbols ..............................................................................43
4. CLASSIFICATION .........................................................................................................44
4.1. PIPING ....................................................................................................................44
4.1.1. Pipelines..........................................................................................................44
4.1.1.1. Line numbering ..........................................................................................45
5. LIST OF TOTAL GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS............................................................52
5.1. INSTRUMENTATION..............................................................................................52
5.2. PIPING ....................................................................................................................53
Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN
Last updated: 24/03/2008
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6. STANDARD ANSI / ISA 5.4 ...........................................................................................54

6.1. DCS LOOP DIAGRAM ............................................................................................54
6.2. LOCAL LOOP DIAGRAM........................................................................................54
7. EUROPEAN STANDARDS............................................................................................55
7.1. PED.........................................................................................................................55
7.1.1. Definition .........................................................................................................55
7.1.2. Classification ...................................................................................................55
7.1.3. Category I to IV equipment..............................................................................56
7.1.4. Conclusion.......................................................................................................57
7.2. ATEX STANDARD ..................................................................................................58
7.2.1. Definition .........................................................................................................58
7.2.2. Classification ...................................................................................................58
7.2.3. Directive compliance .......................................................................................59
7.2.3.1. Marking ......................................................................................................59
7.2.3.2. Validation ...................................................................................................60
8. ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS ..............................................................................................61
8.1. CONTACTS ............................................................................................................61
8.1.1. Representation rules: ......................................................................................61
8.1.2. Other representations......................................................................................62
8.2. CONTROL ELEMENTS ..........................................................................................63
8.2.1. Protective elements .........................................................................................65
8.2.1.1. Isolator .......................................................................................................66
8.2.1.2. Power switch ..............................................................................................66
8.2.1.3. Breaker.......................................................................................................67
8.2.2. Separation devices ..........................................................................................68
8.3. MEASURING AND SIGNALLING DEVICES...........................................................70
8.4. CONDUCTORS.......................................................................................................72
8.5. ELECTRIC MOTORS..............................................................................................74
8.6. ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS ...............................................................................75
8.7. ENERGY SOURCES ..............................................................................................77
8.7.1. Transformers ...................................................................................................77
8.7.2. Generators and current sources......................................................................78
8.8. NAMING STANDARDS...........................................................................................79
8.8.1. Markings general points ...............................................................................79
8.8.2. Electrical equipment marking letters................................................................80
8.8.3. North American Standards ..............................................................................81
8.8.4. North American Standards (b).........................................................................83
9. PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS ...............................................................................................88
9.1. SYMBOLS...............................................................................................................88
9.1.1. General symbols .............................................................................................88
9.1.2. Instruments and accessories...........................................................................89
9.1.3. Pneumatic valves / relays................................................................................90
9.1.4. Technical lines.................................................................................................91
9.1.5. Energy and fluid storage..................................................................................92
9.1.6. Fluid conditioner ..............................................................................................93
9.1.7. Linear movement vessels................................................................................94
9.2. TYPES OF SYMBOL IN PNEUMATICS..................................................................95
9.3. IDENTIFICATION OF CONTROL ELEMENTS .......................................................96
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9.4. RELAY/VALVE SYMBOL CREATION.....................................................................97

10. HYDRAULIC SYMBOLS..............................................................................................99
10.1. FLUID LINES ......................................................................................................100
10.2. RESTRICTORS...................................................................................................101
10.3. QUICK-RELEASE CONNECTIONS....................................................................101
10.4. HYDRAULIC PUMPS..........................................................................................102
10.5. HYDRAULIC MOTORS.......................................................................................103
10.6. CYLINDERS........................................................................................................104
10.7. HYDRAULIC (DISTRIBUTION) RELAYS............................................................105
10.8. SERVO-MOTORS...............................................................................................106
10.9. SAFETY VALVE (PSV) .......................................................................................107
10.10. FLOW REGULATOR VALVES..........................................................................107
10.11. TANKS ..............................................................................................................108
10.12. MISCELLANEOUS HYDRAULIC DEVICES .....................................................108
11. LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................111
12. LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................112

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1. OBJECTIVES
The purpose of this course is to enable a future instrument technician to understand the
bases of instrumentation on a predominantly oil-producing industrial site.
By the end of the course, in the field of instrumentation standards and symbols, the
participant must:
Be familiar with the various instrumentation symbols.
Be familiar with the various instrumentation standards.
Be able to recognise the various instruments on a diagram, and their functionalities.

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2. INTRODUCTION
What is this diagram?

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You must be saying to yourself that its crazy to start this course with a diagram that is
completely incomprehensible.
This diagram, known as a P&ID (Piping & Instrumentation Diagram) is not out of
place, as in your profession as an instrument technician you will have to use one
practically every day.
This is a Standards and symbols course, so why are we talking about diagrams?
First of all, all the instrumentation and process diagrams that you will meet throughout your
career are represented in schematic form according to standardised American standards.
I do stress the term standardised standards since I have noticed on other, non-oil
production, sites that P&IDs have been modified, with everyone adding their own special
touch, making them incomprehensible.
The Americans had the superb idea of drawing up standards for instrumentation and
process diagrams, since they are international. A PID originating from any country can be
understood without asking any questions.
Finally, the most commonly used standards in the field of instrumentation are:
Standard ANSI / ISA 5.1
PED (Pressure Equipment Directive)
ATEX Standard

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3. STANDARD ANSI / ISA 5.1 and ANSI / ISA 5.3

Standard ISA 5.1 defines instrumentation identification and symbols.
Standard ISA 5.3 defines all instrumentation graphic symbols.
3.1. LETTERS AND SYMBOLS

3.1.1. Extract from a PID
As an example, we will take the extract from the PID that I outlined on the general PID.
Figure 1: Extract from general PID

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On this part I can see the following very interesting instruments:
What can you see?

To begin with, we are going to focus on what is inside the bubble:
To do so we need to decode the letters inside the bubbles; a maximum of 4 letters can be
found in a bubble on an instrumentation diagram.
We can see the meaning of the first letter below in the table Table of letter meanings
and the combination with other letters in the table Table of letter combinations.
st
1 letter
1st letter
1st letter
st
1 letter
Temperature
Temperature
Transmitter
Flow
Flow
Transmitter
Pressure
Pressure
Transmitter
Pressure
Pressure Valve
2nd letter
2nd letter
2nd letter
2nd letter
Table 1: Example of letter identification

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3.1.2. Letter identification

Here is a summary table of all the letters that can be found on an instrumentation diagram:
LETTER
MEANING
Analysis
Burner: Flame detector
Conductivity
Density
Electrical voltage
Flow
Gas: explosivity, toxicity
(Hand) Manual
Electrical intensity
Power
Programmer
Level
Users choice
Fire Detection
Users choice
Pressure
Quantity
Remote control
Speed
Temperature
Multi-variable
Vibration, Stage Movement, Accelerometer
Weight
Miscellaneous
Users choice
End of travel position - Axial Position

Table 2: Table of letter meanings

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3.1.3. Letter combinations
Table 3: Table of letter combinations

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3.2. FUNCTIONS
3.2.1. Definition
In the previous section, we identified the letters and letter combinations inside
the bubbles.
Now we are going to define what the various bubbles that can be found on diagrams
represent.
You can observe that in the table Table of letter combinations, a measuring instrument
can perform more than one role:
Controllers
Readout devices
Switches and alarm devices
Transmitters
Figure 2: Extract from table of letter combinations

For each different role, the ISA standard tells us that there are different bubbles with a
variety of functions.
We will see what this means below with some examples.

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3.2.2. Example
Figure 3: PID extract

Now we will study the meaning of the different bubbles, as well as the triangles and
squares.
What is this?

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After letters inside bubbles, here are a variety of figures whose meaning varies according
to the ISA standard.
Looking at the table local representation of functions, we find the symbols with their
meaning, and in the table representation of functions connected to DCS, we can also
find the other bubbles from the example above:
Local Temperature Transmitter

Pressure controller, with
measurement indicator accessible to
the operator on DCS screen
Level process safety system, not
accessible to operator (software)
Shutdown process safety system

(triconex)
Table 4: Example of instrument functionality identification

Summary:
Letters: simply express the type of quantity measured (e.g.: pressure, flow,
temperature, etc.).
Combination of several letters: designate the functionalities of the measured
quantity (e.g.: regulation, indication, safety thresholds, etc.).
Figures (graphic symbols): These provide an automatic response to the question
that we ask when looking at a PID (what do we do with the measurement?);
we know with the various figures whether the measurement is locally displayed,
retransmitted via a DCS control system or shutdown system (DCS), and whether
or it is operator accessible.
NB:
Any measurement can also have thresholds associated with it.
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Examples:
The letters H and L in this case mean that we have a High threshold and a
Low threshold for the measurement, which enables an alarm for the DCS.
In this example, we can see that it is a process interlock not accessible to the
operator, with a very high level threshold (HH) and a very low level threshold
(LL).
In this case, the thresholds are sent to a Triconex shutdown system: which
will shut down a pump, close valves, etc.

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3.3. INSTRUMENTATION
3.3.1. Local instrument symbols
Local Instrument
Instrument installed in control room or front
panel of machinery room cabinet
Instrument installed in rear of control room or in
machinery room
Instrument installed on local panel
Instrument installed on rear of local panel
Console indicator
Jointly mounted instruments

Electric tracing
Table 5: Local instrument symbols
These measurement instruments are only local. They are often used for measurement
indication (e.g.: thermometer, pressure gauge, gauge glass, etc.), but we can also find
local regulators (e.g.: pneumatic regulator), or local servo-controls (e.g.: relayed servocontrol, etc.).

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3.3.2. Remote instrument symbols
Operator accessible process control

Process control not accessible to
operator (software)
Process safety system accessible to
operator
Process safety system not accessible
to operator (software)
Logic interlock
Safety interlock
Table 6: Remote instrument symbols

The difference with local measurement instruments (seen in the previous chapter) is that
all these instruments are wired to control systems (DCS) and safety systems (TRICONEX)
via machinery rooms.
This enables operators to have all the measurements, regulations, safety systems, etc. in
the control room, so as to improve production efficiency
When we talk about symbols that indicate not accessible to operator, it means that the
quantities measured or safety systems are software programmed, without operator
access.

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3.3.3. Symbols for various instrumentation sensors
Symbols of a
Vortex flowmeter
Figure 4: Example of sensor symbols

I have taken this example, which I thought was interesting: we can note that for flow
measurement we have symbols that represent each flow measurement principle.
Each flowmeter is represented by a symbol, as we have several operating principles to
measure a flow (see SENSORS AND TRANSMITTERS course).
NB:
You can observe that the temperature probe has been simplified (total standard), as under
the ISA standard we should have had the primary element to represent (TE + TT) (see
table under ISA letter combinations).
Diaphragm flowmeter
Built-in orifice flowmeter
Flowmeter with orifice support

(facilitating removal of the orifice)

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Rotameter
Spiral / turbine flowmeter
Electromagnetic flowmeter
Ultrasound flowmeter
Vortex effect flowmeter
Vortex effect flowmeter (insertion

type)
Coriolis effect flowmeter
Target flowmeter

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Thermal effect flowmeter

T
Positive displacement flowmeter
Pitot tube flowmeter
Nozzle
Venturi
Pressure gauge with separator
Table 7: Instrumentation sensor symbols

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3.3.4. Various calculation functions
Figure 5: Example of calculation functions

In this example, we have the now-familiar symbols, but with a special feature.
You can note that we have a symbol with a small square which is added above:
This small square
means there is a
simple calculation
with a measurement
So in this example, we are taking two flow measurements (FT), and finding the difference
(-) between the two flows.

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3.3.4.1. Calculation function symbols
Sum
Multiplication
Average
Division
Difference
Square root
extraction
Proportion
Exponential
Integral
Specific Function
Derivative
Time Function
High Selection
Low Selection
Upper Limit
Lower Limit
Inverse
Proportional
Speed Limit
Bias
Conversion
Table 8: Calculation function symbols

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3.3.5. Instrumentation valve symbols

As with measurement instruments, control parts also have their own standardised
representation.
Valve with membrane actuator
Manual valve
Valve with membrane actuator and manual control
Valve with membrane actuator and positioner
Valve with piston actuator
Valve with electric actuator
Valve with solenoid
Valve with solenoid and manual control
3-way valve with solenoid

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Expansion valve
Spill valve
Plug
Thermal expansion valve
Vacuum relief valve
Pilot operated safety valve
Pressure and vacuum relief valve
Rupture disc
Fire water valve
Deluge spray nozzle
Sprinkler spray nozzle
Table 9: Valve symbols

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3.3.6. Abbreviations on valves

On instrumentation diagrams you will generally find abbreviations just below the valves, to
indicate their safety position.
In this example, the valves are in FC (Fail Closed) position, i.e.

they are closed in the event of a failure.
Figure 6: Example of abbreviations on valves
For all other cases that you might encounter in the oil world, see the table below.
LETTERS
MEANING
CSC
Car Sealed Closed
CSO
Car Sealed Open
NO
Normally Open
NC
Normally Closed
FO
Fail Open
FC
Fail Closed
LO
Locked Open
LC
Locked Closed
FL
Fail Closed
Table 10: Abbreviations for valves

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3.4. CONNECTIONS
3.4.1. Example
You will of course have observed that all the measurement instruments represented on the
general PID are connected by a variety of lines. Of course, these various lines represented
also have a meaning. For ease of comprehension, I have put 3 examples in the table
below.
Process
line
In this case we have a physical

connection,
The instrument is connected after the
valve.
A continuous line with two small crosslines designates a pneumatic

connection
Electronic
connection

A broken line between two instruments

designates an electronic connection
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3.4.2. Representation of instrument connections

Analogue pneumatic signal
Electronic, analogue or logic signal
Digital signal
Hydraulic signal
Capillary tube
Process line or supply connection
Electromagnetic signal
Binary pneumatic signal
Binary electrical signal
Mechanical connection
Table 11: Symbols for various instrument connections

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LETTERS
MEANING
AS
Air Supply
IA
Instrument Air
PA
Plant Air
ES
Electrical Supply
GS
Gas Supply
HS
Hydrogen Supply
NS
Nitrogen Supply
SS
Steam Supply
WS
Water Supply
Table 12: Abbreviations for Instrumentation Supplies

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3.5. VALVES AND FITTINGS

3.5.1. Symbols for valves and fittings
Needle valve
Ball valve
Spherical ball valve
Butterfly valve
Angle valve
3-way ball valve
4-way valve
Manually operated choke
Pig valve
Minimum flow rate
Remotely operated choke
Minimum flow valve

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Spectacle blind (open)
Spectacle blind (closed)
Diaphragm valve
Spacer
Compact double block and bleed, for process line
Spade
Graylock fitting
Reduction
Reduction Tee
Welded cap
Female plug
Male plug
Quick coupling

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Insulating seal
Corrosion sleeve
Expansion bellows
Flexible hose
sewer
Siphon
Vent or air inlet

Noise reduction cartridge
Flow limiter
Pressure limiter
Air or condensate trap
Barred tee
F / F Union
Table 13: Symbols for valves and fittings

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3.6. PIPING
3.6.1. Piping symbols
Main pipe
Secondary pipe
Direction of fluid circulation
10 %
Gradient
Lagged pipe
Double jacket
Concentric reduction
50 / 40
80 / 50
100 / 80
Decanting liquid
Degassing liquid
80 / 50
Eccentric reduction
Reduction flange
Caps
DN 150
DN 80
Set of flanges
Plug

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Symmetrical coupling
Union coupling
Hose
Loading arm
Table 14: Piping symbols

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3.7. EQUIPMENT
3.7.1. Pump symbols
Compressor (general representation)
ROOTS compressor
Centrifuge pump
Positive rotary pump
Vacuum pump
Reciprocating pump
Dosing pump
Screw pump

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Vertical pump
Manual pump
Blower
Centrifugal compressor
Screw compressor
Motorised agitator
Cargo pump
Table 15: Pump symbols

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3.7.2. Heat exchanger symbols
Electrical exchangers
Tubular exchanger
Process exchanger
Double tube exchanger
Plate exchanger
Cooling tower
Tubular exchanger
Table 16: Heat exchanger symbols

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3.7.3. Tank symbols
Horizontal vessel
Vertical vessel
Packed vessel
Free standing tank
Integrated tank
Drains tank
Hydrocyclone
Table 17: Tank symbols

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3.8. UTILITIES
3.8.1. Symbols for miscellaneous equipment
Pig trap
Cartridge filter
Basket filter
Strainer filter
Tee strainer
Temporary filter
Air filter
Pulse damper
Calibration bottle
Ejector and injector
Silencer

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Flame arrester
Anti vortex
Manhole
Propane cylinder
Mixer static
Bird screen
Transformer
Dechlorination filter
UV sterilizer
Coarse filter

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Container for chemical product drainage
Table 18: Miscellaneous equipment symbols
3.8.2. Miscellaneous symbols

Sloping line with xx
Gravity line without low points
Gravity line with acceptable low points
Construction skid
Pipe insulation Personal protection
Pipe insulation heat conservation
Optical fibre
Electric tracing
Vendor package tie-in
Inter-PID connections

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Sample point
System boundary
Class limits or zone limits
Speciality piping
Equipment upper nozzle

Equipment nozzle and blind flange
Equipment blind flange
Vent
Flange
Table 19: Miscellaneous symbols

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3.8.3. Special Abbreviations

You may also encounter other abbreviations on plans, which are as follows:
LETTERS
MEANING
ATM
Atmosphere
BL
Battery Limit
Drain
ELEV
Elevation
HPT
High Point
LPT
Low Point
ID
Internal Diameter
MAX
Maximum
MIN
Minimum
NNF
Normally No Flow
RDF
Reducing Flange
TL
Tangent Line
UC
Utility Connections
US
Utility Station
Vent
VS
Vendor Supply
LNL
Line Number Limit
SP
Spool Piece
ER
Electrical Resistance Probe
CC
Corrosion Coupon
Vital (Valve Classification)
Important (Valve Classification)
Table 20: Special abbreviations
This type of abbreviations are not very common, but may be used for information purposes
on a diagram.
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3.9. SAFETY EQUIPMENT

3.9.1. Safety equipment symbols
Safety eye washer
Safety shower
Fire nozzle monitor
Water foam nozzle monitor
Foam positioner
Deluge valve
Hose reel
Table 21: Safety equipment symbols

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4. CLASSIFICATION
4.1. PIPING
4.1.1. Pipelines
On every PID that you will use, the pipelines are numbered in TOTALs General
Specifications.
We will see how decoding works, with an example below.
Figure 7: Example for pipeline explanation

The pipelines are ringed in red on the example above.

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4.1.1.1. Line numbering

The line numbering can be broken down into 5 elements, as follows:

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Diameters
1, 2, or 3 digits to express the diameter in inches or nominal diameter (ND), according to
the pipe class
This table below goes up to 24 inches:
Table 22: Table of piping diameters

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Nature of Fluid
Every fluid is identified by two letters, which are generally the initials of the name in
English.
In the table below you will find all the abbreviations that you will come across in your
career in the oil industry:
AM
METHANOL
AP
AUXILIARY PUMPS
AV
VENT GAS
BW
REVERSE OSMOSIS WATER / CHILLED WATER
CD
DIOXIDE WATER
CF
HEATING MEDIUM
CR
JET FUEL
CW
COOLING WATER
DF
CLOSED DRAIN
DO
OPEN DRAIN
DS
SEA WATER
DW
POTABLE WATER
FC
DIESEL OIL
FG
FUEL GAS (HP AND LP)
FL
LIQUID FUEL
FS
FLARE (HP AND LP)
FW
FIRE SEA WATER
OH
OILY EFFLUENT
ON
NITROGEN
GT
TREATED GAS
HH
HYDRAULIC FLUID
IA
INSTRUMENT AIR
JC
OXYGEN SCAVENGER
JF
ANTI-FOAM SEA WATER

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JW
SEA WATER FOULING
LT
LEAN TEG
NC
RAW CONDENSATE
NG
RAW NATURAL GAS
NH
CRUDE OIL
NW
PRODUCED WATER
PC
PROPANE
RG
RAW FUEL GAS
RT
RICH TEG
SA
SERVICE AIR
SO
DELUGE DRAIN
SH
STABILIZED OIL
TW
INJECTION WATER
UW
UTILITY WATER
VT
VESSEL TRIM
WD
DIRTY WATER DRAIN
XA
WAX INHIBITOR
XB
CORROSION
XC
BIOCIDE (FOR OIL)
XD
DEMULSIFIER
XE
SCALE INHIBITOR (ANTI-SCALE)
XF
BIOCIDE (FOR WATER)
XG
ANTI-FOAM
XX
SPECIAL CHEMICAL
XK
DEOILER
XL
NEUTRAL PRODUCT
XM
POLYELECTROLYTE
XN
HYDRANT
Table 23: Table of fluid abbreviations

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Area:
This is a definition of the position of all the equipment, instruments and utilities that can be
found in each well-defined factory part.
A part corresponds to a number - in our example we are in part no.4 of a factory.
As for the section numbers and sequence numbers, we need to go on the standard
used for the construction of the factory.
Note that in other countries, every factory has its own specific standards, which do not
necessarily correspond to the TOTAL reference standards.
Piping classes:
Piping classes are determined according to the nature of the fluids (hazardous or nonhazardous, corrosive or non-corrosive, inflammable or non-inflammable, hot or cold, etc.),
the calculation conditions (minimum or maximum service pressures and temperatures), as
well as the cleanliness and purity conditions imposed by the process.
The class identifier contains an identification letter for the series, followed by two index
digits, indicating the sequence digit of the class in this series
Example:
B 06 (N)
B: series identification letter; in this example it means that is in series 150.
See table below:
06: These two digits correspond to the piping material; in this example it means that we
have a carbon steel pipe.
Here is the list of the material corresponding to the series of the two digits:
Digits
Correspondence
from 0 to 30
Carbon Steel (digit X 1 to X 6 indicates the

corrosion tolerance for carbon steel, which varies
from 1.27 to 6 mm

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From 31 to 44
Steel alloy
From 45 to 70
Stainless steel
From 71 to 85
Special alloy (Monel, Hastelloy, etc.)
From 86 to 99
Other materials
suffix (optional) N: Indicates all the service conditions
For more information on piping classes, check out the TOTAL general specifications GS
EP PVV 112.

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Figure 8: Example of piping class

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5. LIST OF TOTAL GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS

5.1. INSTRUMENTATION
GS EP INS 101
Instrumentation engineering, supply and construction general

requirements
GS EP INS 102
Instrumentation identification
GS EP INS 104
Design of the generation of instrument air or gas
GS EP INS 107
Design and installation of instrumentation links
GS EP INS 108
Instrumentation for the design of plant rooms and control rooms
GS EP INS 110
Instrumentation for package units
GS EP INS 111
Design and supply of liquid custody transfer metering units
GS EP INS 112
Design and supply of gas custody transfer metering units
GS EP INS 134
Design and supply of integrated control and safety system
GS EP INS 135
Cyber Security requirements for design and supply of ICSS and

Package Systems
GS EP INS 137
Design and supply of on/off valve control panels
GS EP INS 146
Design of generation and distribution of hydraulic energy
GS EP INS 147
Design and supply of wellhead control panels
GS EP INS 150
Design method for system configuration - standard functions
GS EP INS 196
Input and Output Standard Functions
GS EP INS 197
Process Standard Functions
GS EP INS 198
Safety and Fire & Gas Standard Functions
GS EP INS 900
Instrument hook-up diagrams

Table 24: List of instrumentation general specifications

Page 52 / 113

5.2. PIPING
GS EP PVV 000
General Specification catalogue (PVV)
GS EP PVV 001
Correspondence between Elf and Total Piping material classes
GS EP PVV 101
List of piping documents to be supplied to Total
GS EP PVV 107
Flexibility analysis
GS EP PVV 109
Allowable loads on static equipment (flanges and nozzles)
GS EP PVV 111
Piping design specification
GS EP PVV 112
Piping material classes
GS EP PVV 113
Block models
GS EP PVV 114
Design models
GS EP PVV 115
3D electronic models
GS EP PVV 116
Model review check list
GS EP PVV 119
Metallic piping support design
GS EP PVV 142
Valves
GS EP PVV 143
Metallic pipes
GS EP PVV 144
Fittings
GS EP PVV 145
Flanges
GS EP PVV 146
Bolting for piping
GS EP PVV 147
Gaskets for piping and vessels

Table 25: List of piping general specifications

Page 53 / 113

6. STANDARD ANSI / ISA 5.4

6.1. DCS LOOP DIAGRAM
See course on instrumentation diagrams.
6.2. LOCAL LOOP DIAGRAM

See course on instrumentation diagrams.

Page 54 / 113

7. EUROPEAN STANDARDS
7.1. PED
7.1.1. Definition
The "Pressure Equipment Directive" was adopted under reference 97/23/EC on 29 May
1997, and since 30 May 2002 has been obligatory for European Union member states.
The harmonisation of Member States national legislations concerns the design,
manufacture, testing and compliance evaluation, and aims to promote free circulation of
merchandise in the European Economic Area.
This directive applies to new equipment subjected to a maximum permissible pressure
(PS) of over 0.5 bar (pressure regulators, safety valves, plugs, filters, pipes, assemblies,
etc.)
7.1.2. Classification
The requirements of the directive establish a graduation according to the risk level posed
by the equipment. This classification depends on the equipment type (vessel, pipe, safety
accessory), the fluid (liquid or gas), the fluid hazard level (group 1 or 2), the pressure and
the volume (or ND for pipes).
Figure 9: PED categories (for equipment)

Page 55 / 113

According to these parameters, the equipment is classed in categories I to IV. In this case,
the category of group 1 for gas accessories is determined as per the graph below:
Similarly, the classification of group 1 for gas pipes corresponds to the graph below:
Figure 10: PED categories (for gas pipes)
7.1.3. Category I to IV equipment

Category I to IV equipment must satisfy the essential safety requirements of the directive.
The compliance with these requirements is evaluated under the procedures (or modules)
according to the equipment category (13 possible procedures or "modules"). It is validated
by a Notified Body for category II to IV equipment.
Figure 11: Example of marking on an instrument

Aside: Similarly, when you buy a toy for your children, it too bears the CE mark.
Page 56 / 113

The marking on the equipment includes the symbol "CE" and, for pressure equipment
posing a medium or high risk, the number of the body.
7.1.4. Conclusion
I mention this directive so that you wont be surprised if you see a European measurement
instrument with the CE marking and category (I to IV).

Page 57 / 113

7.2. ATEX STANDARD

7.2.1. Definition
The European Explosive ATmosphere directive, known as ATEX, was adopted under
reference 94/9/EC on 23 March 1994, and has been obligatory for European Union
Member States since 1 July 2003. It is applicable to electrical and non-electrical devices
intended for use in explosive atmospheres (explosive atmosphere due to the presence of
(inflammable) gas or dust).
This directive is applicable to: Protective devices and systems intended for use in
explosive atmospheres. Safety, control and setting devices intended for use in nonexplosive atmospheres, but which are necessary for explosion safety measures.
7.2.2. Classification
Relation between zones and categories for group II devices (in gas zone G):
Protection level
GR II category
Directive
1999/92/EEC
zone
Very high
Constantly or frequently present
High
Liable to form occasionally
Normal
Little chance of forming, and of

short duration
Explosive atmosphere
Table 26: ATEX standard Group and Category

Devices are classed in 2 groups, and each group is subdivided into several categories:
Group I comprises devices intended for use in mines. It is divided into categories
M1 and M2.
Group II comprises devices intended for use on other sites liable to be
endangered by explosive atmospheres. It is divided into categories 1, 2 and 3.
The choice of category depends on the place (zone) where the product is to be used. (See
figure ATEX standard Group and Category).

Page 58 / 113

7.2.3. Directive compliance

The directive sets out essential health and safety requirements, ensuring a high level of
protection. Compliance with these requirements is evaluated under procedures (or
modules) according to the equipment category, and can be validated by a notified body.
7.2.3.1. Marking
Here is the marking under directive 94/9/EC:
Note 5
Note 3
Note 4
Note 2
Note 1
Figure 12: ATEX standard marking

Note 1: The "CE" symbol (and the number of the notified body if applicable).
Note 2: The hexagon, the specific symbol for explosion risk protection.
Note 3: The group (I or II), category (1, 2, 3, etc.) and type of risk (gas (G) or dust (D))
Note 4: The additional marking, according to the standards satisfied by the device (for
example "EEx d IIC" as per EN 50-014).
Note 5: The ATEX certificate number

Page 59 / 113

7.2.3.2. Validation
Several standards are used to validate ATEX compliance, primarily standard EN 50-014,
which sets out the "general rules" for the construction and testing of electrical equipment
designed for use in explosive atmospheres, to ensure that this equipment cannot cause an
explosion in the surrounding atmosphere.
This standard provides the definitions of the atmospheres, mixtures and temperatures.
It is supplemented by the following European standards, specific to each standardised
means of protection.
The most common for Natural Gas are:
EN 50 018: flameproof enclosure "d".
EN 50 019: increased safety "e".
EN 50 020: intrinsic safety "i".

Page 60 / 113

8. ELECTRICAL SYMBOLS
Even if you do not understand all the terms and therefore their associations with symbols,
dont worry; here you will find a (more or less) complete list. You can come back to it later
when you try to decrypt them, or even draw up an electrical diagram.
8.1. CONTACTS
Establishing contact (in electricity) means closing an electric circuit, establishing a bridge
between two parts of a circuit in order to enable the electric current to flow.
8.1.1. Representation rules:

Diagrams are drawn at zero voltage, and at ambient temperature and pressure. Action on
the contacts is manifested by movement of the contact to the right (or upward
movement).
A contact is represented in its rest position, i.e. with no voltage or action, with two
possible positions:
NO for Normally Open
NC for Normally Closed
operating contact
make contact
NO contact
rest contact
break contact
NC contact
two-way contact
without overlap
passing contact closing

momentarily when its control
element is engaged

momentarily when its
control element is released

momentarily when its
control element is
engaged or released
Anticipated make contact

(closes before the other
contacts in the same
assembly)
Anticipated break contact

(opens before the other
assembly)
two-way contact with

middle opening
position
Delayed make contact

(opens after the other
assembly)
Delayed break contact

(opens after the other
assembly)
Table 27: Types of contacts

Page 61 / 113

Passing contact: contact establishing or opening the circuit fleetingly (also known as
fleeting contact), i.e. for a short time. This passing time, depending on the manufactures,
is generally not adjustable, and lasts a few tenths of a second. (In the software version,
with automatic controllers, it is easier to set)
Anticipated make / break contact: for a group of contacts, i.e. certain contacts in a make
/ break relay, this type of contact reacts quicker (at least, we can be sure that it acts
before the others). Upon excitation of the relay coil, the contact acts immediately,
before the others. May be used if we require locking in motor starting sequences.
Delayed make / break contact: the contact opens or closes after the others, and after
excitation of the relay coil controlling the group of contacts.
Not to be confused with the time-lag contact, which we will look at below under control
elements
8.1.2. Other representations

The symbols above are for official representation of the new international system. There
are many other symbol systems, which may be old or even specific to certain
manufacturers.
You will inevitably encounter unknown or even bizarre symbols. Often a little common
sense is required to recognise the functions of these symbols.
Figure 13: Other contact representation principles

This representation above was commonly employed on old French diagrams. Control
elements were added along the same principle as
described in the paragraph below.
Figure 14: representation of automatic controller
contacts
Internal contacts (software) in automatic controllers will have the uniform representation,
as opposite. But external contacts (hardware) connected to the input blocks (generally)
have a classic representation. See PLC / Automatic controller course.

Page 62 / 113

8.2. CONTROL ELEMENTS

To contacts in isolation, we can now add the principle for controlling this contact. The
added symbol is (theoretically) a logical schematic representation of the control action.
operating contact with
closing delay (on) =
NO on delay
operating contact
with opening delay
(off) = NO off delay
operating contact with

opening and closing
delay = NO on & off
delay
rest contact with

opening delay (on) =
NC on delay
rest contact with

closing delay (off) =
NC off delay
rest contact with

opening and closing
delay = NC on & off
delay
manual mechanical
control (without
automatic return)
rotary switch (without

automatic return)
draw-bar control (with

automatic return)
pushbutton (with
automatic return)
thermal system
control
palm button switch
NO + NC flip-flop
pushbutton (with
automatic return to
NC)
emergency shutdown
held down (with
latch)
hold-down
emergency
shutdown, unlocked
by key
proximity control
feather-touch control
manual control with

restricted access (for
example behind a
window)
pedal control
lever control
steering wheel control
crank control
roller control (travel

limiter contact)
key control
electric motor control
cam control
clock control
rotation speed control
linear speed control
pressure control

Page 63 / 113

liquid level control
flow presence control
temperature effect
control ( may be
replaced by its
switching value)
degree of humidity
control
event number control
Table 28: Contact control elements

NB: all the contacts represented in the table above (except the time-lags at the start and
the emergency shutdowns) are NO. The same of course applies to NC contacts, with the
control element associated with a contact closed in the rest position.
And while a contact in isolation is something subjective, a contact with its control element
is something very concrete, that we can realise, name and represent in diagrams.

Page 64 / 113

8.2.1. Protective elements

With control elements now (more or less) defined, lets see what they control, and add the
lines between the two.
30mA
ou
25
Single-pole fuse
overcurrent breaker.
25 A base and 16 A
fuse.
Single-pole fuse
overcurrent
breaker
Single-pole fuse
overcurrent breaker
with neutral isolator
Fuse whose end

remains live after
blowing
Striker fuse
Striker fuse with

signalling circuit
Single-pole fuse
overcurrent
breaker with
neutral isolator
(one-line)
Three-pole fuse
overcurrent breaker
(multiple-line)
Three-pole fuse
overcurrent breaker
(one-line)
Single-pole
isolator
Three-pole isolator
Three-pole isolator,
one-line
representation
Isolator with fuse
Load switch with

fuse
30 mA
differential
switch
DDR
Automatic switch
or breaker **
30mA
25A
20A
16A
III
40A
Residual current
circuit breaker *,
sensitivity 30 mA;
Current In = 25 A
Three-phase
magneto-thermal
relay actuating an NC
auxiliary contact
Breaker, rated
current 20 A
Three-phase
magneto-thermal
breaker, one-line
representation
ou
Thermal relay
Overcurrent breaker
with fuse, three-pole
base with 40 A fuses
Three-phase thermal
relay
Three-phase thermal
relay actuating an NC
contact
Distinctive symbols
automatic trigger
function
breaker function
isolator function
switch function
isolator switch
function
contactor function
Table 29: Protection elements

Page 65 / 113

NB, a switch may serve as an isolator, but an isolator can never be a switch - switch = cutout (isolation) capability - isolator = 0 (zero) capability
An RCCB (Residual Current Circuit Breaker) can also be represented in this form
Figure 15: classic symbol for RCCB
30mA
25A
** Circuit breakers (residual or not) are automatic cut-out switches. They

both (breakers and switches) have a cut-out capability, but breakers are
additionally equipped with an automatic thermal and/or magnetic trigger
system.
8.2.1.1. Isolator
Figure 16: four-pole isolator

This isolator has 3 phases + neutral, and can be equipped with a fuse: (NB fuses are not
mounted on neutral).
The representation shows the power contacts (3 + 1), 2 NO auxiliary contacts and the
manual lever control
8.2.1.2. Power switch
1 2
Figure 17: four-pole switch

Page 66 / 113

Example of 2-position four-pole switch, with its diagram representation symbol
Figure 18: Four-pole isolator switch

Example of four-pole safety load break isolator switch with visible isolation, and positive
contact action. Double phase break. Contacts self-cleaning on engagement; Device can
be equipped with auxiliary contacts
Figure 19: fused three-pole switch
The switch can be operated under full load, it is not an isolator. It is
also fused
Now draw the diagram symbol representation for the latter 2 types
of switch.
8.2.1.3. Breaker
There will be a course exclusively on breakers, but lets start by making the connection
between the device (its image) and the symbol.
Q1
I
I
2
I
4
Figure 20: three-pole breaker and diagram representations

Page 67 / 113

Note the diagram on the front panel of the

devices, which is offered by nearly all
manufacturers.
For breakers with differential block,
represented here, there is a test button
that creates an artificial fault
Figure 21: RCCB - two-pole breaker with
differential block
Auxiliary position and triggering contacts on a breaker can be associated (physically and
on the diagram), for nearly all types of breaker
8.2.2. Separation devices

Certain protection devices can also have a separation (control / cut-out) function, e.g.
remote control breaker.
Below are the symbols for electrically controlled cut-out devices, relays (in principle on
control circuits) and contactors (power circuits) in isolation.
Relays and contactors
Relay / contactor,
general symbol
2-coil relay, simple

diagram
2-coil relay, optional

diagram
Time delay on
relay
Time delay off relay
Time delay on and

off relay
Flasher relay
Passing (fleeting)
relay
Quick acting coil

relay
Mechanical
locking relay
Retentive relay
Stepper relay
Polarised relay
Relay insensitive to
alternating current
Alternating current
relay
Table 30: Relays and contactors

Page 68 / 113

Represented without coil on the

diagram opposite it aligns with the
axis line on the complete diagram
Figure 22: Three-pole contactor with 2

auxiliary contacts
A contactor can be two-, three- or four-pole (or even six-pole); its symbol (representation)
is always the same, whether it is 10 Amps or 2000 Amps
Polarised relay for printed circuit with
changeover contact (double contact) for use in
communication and data technology, medical
technology, regulation and setting in machine
regulation.
Figure 23: Example of time-lag relay
When we think of a relay, we imagine a small contactor, which is not wrong Relays are
for control circuits, non-power, low-current circuits.
Relays always actuate at least 1 (one) contact, up to x contacts. Relays on lamp test
circuits have a number of NO contacts. Auxiliary or additional contacts can be of the
following types: NO, NC, time-lag, passing, etc.
NB: do not confuse the particularity of a contact with the particularity of the relay (coil): as
in the figure below the delay is on the contact itself, not on the relay
Below some examples of auxiliary contacts to be
mounted on a relay or contactor
K1
etc
Figure 24: Example of multi-contact relay and auxiliary contacts

Page 69 / 113

8.3. MEASURING AND SIGNALLING DEVICES

I.e. measurement devices, and signalling lamps and systems.
Indicators, recorders and meters
Indicating device
Integrating device
(e.g.: electrical
energy meter)
Recording device
Indicating and recording devices: The device symbol is supplemented in its centre by one of the
markings below, in letter or sign form
Ampere meter
Cos
Cos meter
Tx
Torque meter
Frequency
Hz
Frequency meter
Hour
Impedance
Ohmmeter
Wave meter
Phase meter
Tachometer
Time
Thermometer,
Pyrometer
varh
Var-hour
var
Varmeter (reactive
power)
VA
Volt-ampere
meter
Voltmeter
Watt meter
Wh
Watthour
Differential
voltmeter
Oscilloscope
Galvanometer
Angular position or pressure
indicator:
- direct current / - induction
Multimeter
Integrating devices, meters
Timer, time meter
Ampere-hour
meter
Active energy
meter measuring
one-way energy
flow
Var-hour meter,
reactive energy
meter
Watt-hour meter,
Active energy meter
Counting devices: function of counting a number of events

Distinctive symbol
Electrical impulse counter with

manual n-set function (reset if n =
0)

Electrical impulse
counter
Electrical impulse
counter with digital
display
Electrical impulse counter with
electrical reset
Page 70 / 113

Electric clocks
Clock, general
symbol
Secondary clock
Master clock
Contact clock
Lamps and signalling devices

Lamp, general
symbol
Flashing light
system
Tube lamp (neon

= red)
Audible signal
device, horn
Bell
Siren
Buzzer
Bell as above,
but at 90
Mechanical
indicator
Table 31: Symbols for measuring and signalling devices

Page 71 / 113

8.4. CONDUCTORS
I.e. the lines, the wires connecting the various symbols. Though simply lines, they are not
insignificant
They are used for drawing electrical diagrams here we will look at the representation
standards
General symbols for function blocks: A function block is represented by a rectangle or square containing
the symbol for the codified function.
Converter (of any
nature): e.g.
rectifier, AC/DC
Function block,
general symbol
Variable quantity:
e.g. speed
controller
Direction of
energy or signal
propagation
Connections between function blocks and electrical devices Connection lines
Electrical connections
Three-phase, n-way line
Electrical contact:
!!!: obligatory in case
of contact between 2
wires
Crossover, without
contact.
Mechanical connection
50 Hz
3-phase 50 Hz
Alternating
current
Direct current
Single-phase
current
Multiple-phase
current (m phases)
Low frequency
Medium frequency
High frequency
Ground / earth
Frame connection
PE connection
point
Rectified current
Variability
Linear extrinsic
variability
Non-linear
extrinsic variability
Linear intrinsic
variability
Non-linear
intrinsic
variability
Predetermined
correction
Automatic
regulation
extrinsic: the variable depends on an external device. E.g.: resistor set by an actuator
intrinsic: the variable depends on the properties of the device itself. E.g.: temperature-dependent resistor)
Page 72 / 113

Step variability
Continuous variability
Main conductor Power

circuit for diagram very thick,
single-digit marker
Secondary conductor Control

circuit for diagram thin line,
single-digit marker
Naming / Marking:
L1, L2, L3, N, PE: three-phase network, Neutral, Ground connection
Q*: isolator (* = no.)
S*: switch, commutator, pushbutton
F*: protection (fuse, breaker,)
T*: transformer
KM*: main contactor
KA*: auxiliary contactor
M*: motor
n: device number
Conductors and connection devices:
Male plug
Female plug
Socket and plug
Male plug in
control circuit
Female plug in
control circuit
Assembled
socket and plug
Assembled connector
1) male mobile part
2) female mobile part
Closed
connection bar
(jumper)
Multi-plug, multi-socket
connector
Open connection
bar
Picot, test point
Table 32: Conductors and connections between devices for diagrams

Page 73 / 113

8.5. ELECTRIC MOTORS

Electric motor symbols for diagrams
single-phase
asynchronous motor
(rotor shortcircuited)
series single-phase
commutator motor
single-phase
synchronous motor
direct current motor

(general symbol)
series direct current motor
shunt direct current

motor
Permanent magnet stepper

motor
Single-phase
commutator motor
Or
Direct current motor
asynchronous three-phase
motor with short-circuited
rotor, with 6 stator terminals
1 speed U1, V1,W1 + U2, V2,
W2
2 speeds 1U, 1V, 1W + 2U,
2V, 2W
asynchronous
three-phase motor
with short-circuited
rotor (U, V, W)
Or
Three-phase motor,
short-circuited rotor
(squirrel cage)
three-phase slip-ring
induction motor (U, V,
W + K, L, M)
Or
Three-phase motor
with wound rotor
Functional symbols for motor starters
Starter, general
symbol
Stepping starter
Regulating starter
(variable control)
Starter with
automatic
shutdown
Direct contactor starter

for two-way running
Star-delta starter
Auto-transformer
starter
Thyristor regulating starter
Automatic starter,
general symbol
Semi-auto starter,
general symbol
Rheostat starter
Series-parallel
starter
Table 33: Electric motor and motor accessory symbols

Of course there may be other diagram representation styles, but they will always be similar
to those shown above: again it is all a question of applying a bit of logic to understand a
symbols meaning.
Page 74 / 113

8.6. ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS

There are other elements to be added to diagrams, which may be:
Electrical component symbols for diagrams
resistor (purely resistive)
impedance
Variant for
resistor
inductor
Variant for variable
resistor
Varistor (general symbol)
capacitor
Inductor with core
non-linear variability
thermistor (can also be
denoted - ) with
negative temperature
coefficient
polarised
electrolytic
capacitor
continuous variation
resistor
thermistor (can also be
denoted + ) with
positive temperature
coefficient
variable
capacitor
stepped variation
resistor
thermistor, can also be
denoted U, voltagedependent
Photoelectric
resistor
potentiometer
Coil (inductance)
Coil with core
Piezoelectric crystal
Semi-conductor diodes
Schottky diode
Zener diode
Transil
PN junction diode
Light-emitting
diode
Laser diode
Thyristors
thyristor
GTO (gate
turn-off
thyristor
Diac (diode) and Triac
Transistors
Bipolar transistor PNP
Bipolar
transistor NPN
Transistors,
Darlington circuit NPN
Transistors, Darlington
circuit PNP
N-channel field
effect junction
transistor
P-channel field effect

junction transistor
P-channel MOS
enhancement transistor
N-channel
MOS
enhancement
transistor
N-channel MOS
depletion transistor

Page 75 / 113

P-channel MOS
depletion transistor
Photosensitive & magneto-sensitive devices
photoresistor
photodiode
Photovoltaic cell
phototransistor
Phototransistor
optocoupler
Phototriac optocoupler
Hall effect device
Magneto resistor
Table 34: Electrical / electronic component symbols

Page 76 / 113

8.7. ENERGY SOURCES

8.7.1. Transformers
Transformers and auto-transformers
Triple-wound
transformer
Double-wound transformer
single-phase
transformer (either
symbol)
three-phase
transformer
(e.g. stardelta)
single-phase
transformer with
adjustable coupling
auto-transformer
inductor
Shielded transformer
Three-phase transformer,
star-delta coupling
single-phase autotransformer
graduated
adjustment singlephase autotransformer
current
transformer
(KL primary, kl
secondary; k
input, l
output).
Current
transformer,
general symbol
Potential
transformer, general
symbol
3-phase
transformer
with 4
connection
terminals
3-phase
transformer with
voltage
adjustment (tap
changer) offline
3-phase transformer
with voltage
adjustment (tap
changer) online (live)
3-phase
transformer
3 windings
and indication
of couplings
Table 35: Transformer and auto-transformer symbols

Page 77 / 113

8.7.2. Generators and current sources

Current sources and generation
voltage source
(ideal)
current source (ideal)
problem source (fault

marking)
battery or
accumulator element
(on this symbol: + on
left and on right)
battery
photovoltaic cell
Alternating current
generator
(alternator). General
symbol
Direct current
generator
Direct current
generator (other
symbol)
Power converters
Converter, general
symbol
DC-DC converter
Adjustable direct
voltage rectifier
Inverter
rectifier
Graetz bridge
coupling rectifier
Rectifier / Inverter
Thyristor variable
power control
Table 36: Generator and current source symbols

Page 78 / 113

8.8. NAMING STANDARDS

8.8.1. Markings general points
This relates to the marking letters on electrical equipment, with the marking as per
standard DIN EN 61346-2:2000-12 (IEC 61346-2:2000).
There are a number of normalisations / symbol systems that we should try to standardise
on our diagrams.
With the standard mentioned above, unlike the markings previously used, the marking
letters are now predominantly determined by the function of the electrical equipment in the
diagram. This creates a certain freedom in the choice of letter allocated to the equipment.
Example for a resistor:
Normal current limiter: R
Heating resistor: E
Measurement resistor: B
We may for example adopt certain specific rules that partially deviate from the standard.
Names of connection terminals cannot be read from the right.
The second letter, used for identifying the electrical equipments purpose, is not
indicated, e.g.: time lag relay K1T becomes K1.
Breakers with a primarily protective protection continue to be marked Q. They are
numbered continuously from 1 to 10, starting with the top-left one.
Contactors are presently marked with a Q and numbered continuously from 11 to
nn, e.g.: K91M becomes Q21.
Auxiliary contactors remain as K, and are numbered continuously from 1 to n.
The marking appears in an appropriate location in the immediate vicinity of the symbol. It
determines the relationship between the equipment in the installation and the various file
documents (circuit diagrams, parts lists, functional connection diagrams, instructions). For
ease of maintenance, the marking can also be applied in part or in full on the equipment or
in the vicinity.
Correspondences between old and new marking letters in general use, for a selection of
equipment, are represented below, along with an example of schematic representation.
The new letters have already been in use for some time on our diagrams.
Page 79 / 113

8.8.2. Electrical equipment marking letters

Standards DIN EN 61346-2:2000-12 (IEC 61346-2:2000).
Old marking
B
C
D
E
F
F
F
G
G
G
G
H
H
H
K
K
K
K
K
L
N
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
R
R
S
S
S
T
T
Example of electrical equipment

Measuring transductors
Capacitors
Storage devices
Electric filters
Thermal triggers
Pressure switches
Fuses (thin, HH, signal)
Frequency converters
Generators
Progressive starters
UPS
Lamps
Optic and acoustic signalling devices
Indicator lights
Auxiliary relays
Auxiliary contactors
Semi-conductor contactors
Power contactors
Time-lag relays
Inductors
Separation amplifiers, inverter amplifiers
Load break isolators
protection breakers
Breakers for motors
Star delta breakers
Isolator switch
Setting resistors
Measuring resistors
Heating resistors
Control auxiliaries
Pushbutton
Position switches
Voltage transformers
Current transformer

New marking
T
C
C
V
F
B
F
T
G
T
G
E
P
P
K
K
T
Q
K
R
T
Q
Q
Q
Q
Q
R
B
E
S
S
B
T
T
Page 80 / 113

T
U
V
V
V
Z
Z
Transformers
Frequency converters
Diodes
Rectifier
Transistors
ECM filters
Anti-interference and attenuation devices
T
T
R
T
K
K
F
Table 37: Marking Letters as per DIN EN 61346-2:2000-12 (IEC 61346-2:2000)
8.8.3. North American Standards

Marking of devices in the United States and Canada as per NEMA ICS 1-2001, ICS 1.11984, ICS 1.3-1986
Many diagrams are of American origin, and in the oil industry, references for
instrumentation and P&IDs are also of the same origin. So it is worthwhile knowing the US
symbols and their meanings.
To distinguish devices with analogous functions, we can add three digits or letters to the
marker letters in the table below. If we use two or more marker letters, it is useful to
indicate the function identification letter first.
Example:
The auxiliary contactor triggering the first jog function is marked by 1 JCR. The meaning
of the marking is as follows:
1 = sequence number
J = Jog equipment function
CR = Control relay (auxiliary contactor) equipment type
Marking
A
AM
B
C or CAP
CB
CR
CT
DM
D
DS or DISC
Device or Function
Accelerating
Ammeter
Braking
Capacitor, capacitance
Circuit-breaker
Control relay
Current transformer
Demand meter
Diode
Disconnect switch

French equivalent
Acclration
Ampremtre
Freinage
Condensateur, capacit
Disjoncteur
Contacteur auxiliaire, contacteur commande
Transformateur de courant
Compteur de consommation
Diode
Interrupteur - sectionneur
Page 81 / 113

DB
FA
FC
FD
FL
F or FWD
FM
FU
GP
H
J
LS
L
M
MCR
MS
OC
OL
P
PFM
PB
PS
REC
R or RES
REV
RH
SS
SCR
SV
SC
S
SU
TACH
TB
TR
Q
UV
VM
Dynamic braking
Field accelerating
Field contactor
Field decelerating
Field-loss
Forward
Frequency meter
Fuse
Ground protective
Hoist
Jog
Limit switch
Lower
Main contactor
Master control relay
Master switch
Overcurrent
Overload
Plugging, potentiometer
Power factor meter
Pushbutton
Pressure switch
Rectifier
Resistor, resistance
Reverse
Rheostat
Selector switch
Silicon controlled rectifier
Solenoid valve
Squirrel cage
Starting contactor
Suppressor
Tachometer generator
Terminal block, board
Time-delay relay
Transistor
Undervoltage
Voltmeter

Freinage dynamique
Acclration de champ
Contacteur de champ
Diminution du champ (dclration)
Perte de champ
Marche avant
Frquencemtre
Fusible
Terre de protection
Levage
Pianotage
Interrupteur de position
Diminuer
Contacteur principal
Contacteur de commande principal
Interrupteur matre
Surintensit
Surcharge
Potentiomtre ou connecteur
Appareil de mesure du facteur de puissance
Bouton-poussoir
Manostat
Redresseur
Rsistance
Marche arrire
Rhostat
Slecteur
Thyristor
lectrovanne
Rotor cage (dcureuil)
Contacteur de dmarrage
Suppresseur
Gnratrice tachymtrique
Bornier, bloc de jonction
Relais temporis
Transistor
Sous-tension (sous le seuil)
Voltmtre
Page 82 / 113

WHM
WM
X
Watthour meter
Wattmeter
Reactor, reactance
Wattheuremtre
Wattmtre
Inductance, ractance
Table 38: Marking letters for devices or function under NEMA ICS 1-2001,
8.8.4. North American Standards (b)

The regulations also permit a marking by apparatus class (class designation), instead of a
letter device marking (device designation), as per NEMA ICS 1-2001, ICS 1.1-1984, ICS
1.3-1986.
This marking method aims to facilitate harmonisation with international standards. The
marker letters used here are (in part) compliant with standard IEC 61346-1 (1996-03).
Marking by device class, as per NEMA ICS 19-2002
Marker
A
B
Device or function
Separate Assembly
Induction Machine, Squirrel Cage
Induction Motor
Synchro, Genera
Control Transformer
Control Transmitter
Control Receiver
Differential Receiver
Differential Transmitter
Receiver
Torque Receiver
Torque Transmitter
Synchronous Motor
Wound-Rotor Induction Motor or
Induction Frequency Convertor
BT
C
Battery
Capacitor
Capacitor, General
Polarized Capacitor
Shielded Capacitor
Circuit-Breaker (all)
CB

Translation
Montage spar
Machine asynchrone, rotor cage
Moteur asynchrone
Synchro transmetteur en gnral
Transformateur de commande
metteur de commande
Rcepteur de commande
Rcepteur diffrentiel
metteur diffrentiel
Rcepteur
Rcepteur de couple
Transmetteur de couple
Moteur synchrone
Moteur induction rotor bobin ou
convertisseur de frquence
induction
Batterie
Condensateur
Condensateur en gnral
Condensateur polaris
Condensateur blind
Disjoncteurs (tous)
Page 83 / 113

D, CR
D, VR
DS
F
G
HR
J
K
Diode
Bidirectional Breakdown Diode
Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
Metallic Rectifier
Semiconductor Photosensitive
Cell
Semiconductor Rectifier
Tunnel Diode
Unidirectional Breakdown Diode
Zener Diode
Annunciator
Light Emitting Diode
Lamp
Fluorescent Lamp
Incandescent Lamp
Indicating Lamp
Armature (Commutor and Brushes)
Lightning Arrester
Contact
Electrical Contact
Fixed Contact
Momentary Contact
Core
Magnetic Core
Horn Gap
Permanent Magnet
Terminal
Not Connected Conductor
Fuse
Rotary Amplifier (all)
A.C. Generator
Induction Machine, Squirrel Cage
Induction Generator
Thermal Element Actuating Device
Female Disconnecting Device
Female Receptacle
Contactor, Relay

Diode
Diode Zener bidirectionnelle
Redresseur pleine onde
Redresseur sec
Cellule photolectrique
semi-conducteurs
Redresseur semi-conducteurs
Diode tunnel
Diode Zener unidirectionnelle
Diode Zener
Avertisseur
Diode lectroluminescente
Lampe
Tube fluorescent
Lampe incandescence
Voyant lumineux
Armature (collecteur et balais)
Protection contre la foudre
Contact
Contact lectrique
Contact fixe
Contact de passage
Conducteur, me
Noyau magntique
clateur cornu
Aimant permanent
Borne
Conducteur non raccord
Fusible
Amplificateur rotatif (tous types)
Alternateur
Machine asynchrone, rotor cage
Alternateur asynchrone
Interrupteur bilame
Dispositif de dconnexion femelle
Connecteur femelle
Contacteur, contacteur auxiliaire
Page 84 / 113

FL
LS
M
P
Q
R
Coil
Blowout Coil
Brake Coil
Operating Coil
Field
Commutating Field
Compensating Field
Generator or Motor Field
Separately Excited Field
Series Field
Shunt Field
Inductor
Saturable Core Reactor
Winding, General
Audible Signal Device
Bell
Buzzer
Horn
Meter, Instrument
Male Disconnecting Device
Male Receptacle
Thyristor
NPN Transistor
PNP Transistor
Resistor
Adjustable Resistor
Heating Resistor
Tapped Resistor
Rheostat
Shunt
Instrumental Shunt
Relay Shunt

Bobine
Bobine de soufflage
Bobine de freinage
Bobine d'excitation
Champ
Champ de commutation
Champ de compensation
Champ gnrateur et moteur
Champ excitation spare
Champ srie
Champ shunt
Inducteur
Self fer
Enroulement en gnral
Avertisseur sonore
Sonnerie
Ronfleur
Klaxon
Instrument de mesure
Dispositif de dconnexion mle
Connecteur mle
Thyristor
NPN Transistor
PNP Transistor
Rsistance
Rsistance rglable
Rsistance de chauffage
Rsistance prise
Rhostat
Drivation
Rsistance en drivation pour
appareils de mesure
Rsistance en drivation pour relais
Page 85 / 113

TB
TC
Contact
Time Closing Contact
Time Opening Contact
Time Sequence Contact
Transfer Contact
Basic Contact Assembly
Flasher
Switch
Combination Locking and
Nonlocking
switch
Disconnect switch
Double Throw Switch
Drum Switch
Flow-Actuated Switch
Foot Operated Switch
Key-Type Switch
Knife Switch
Limit switch
Liquid-Level Actuated Switch
Locking Switch
Master switch
Mushroom Head
Operated Switch
Pressure or Vacuum
Pushbutton Switch
Pushbutton Illuminated Switch,
Rotary Switch
Selector switch
Single-Throw Switch
Speed Switch
Stepping Switch
Temperature-Actuated Switch
Time Delay Switch
Toggle Switch
Transfer Switch
Wobble Stick Switch
Thermostat
Transformer
Current Transformer
Transformer, General
Polyphase Transformer
Potential Transformer
Terminal Board
Thermocouple

Contact
Contact retard la fermeture
Contact retard l'ouverture
Contact squences
Contact de commutation
Range de contacts
Signal clignotant
Interrupteur
Interrupteur avec et sans
verrouillage
Sectionneur
Interrupteur deux leviers
Interrupteur tambour
Interrupteur command par le dbit
Interrupteur pdale
Interrupteur cl
Interrupteur couteau
Interrupteur de position
Interrupteur flotteur
Interrupteur de verrouillage
Interrupteur matre
Interrupteur champignon
Interrupteur actionn par la
pression ou le vide
Bouton-poussoir
Bouton-poussoir lumineux
Commutateur rotatif, commutateur
cames
Slecteur
Interrupteur un levier
Inverseur de ple
Commutateur gradins
Contrleur de temprature
Minuterie contact temporis
Interrupteur bascule
Inverseur
Interrupteur levier
Thermostat
Transformateur
Transformateur de courant
Transformateur en gnral
Transformateur polyphas
Transformateur de tension
Tablette bornes Bornier
Thermocouple
Page 86 / 113

Inseparable Assembly
Pentode, Equipotential Cathode

Phototube, Single Unit,
Vacuum Type
Triode
Tube, Mercury Pool
Conductor
Associated
Multiconductor
Shielded
Conductor, General
Tube Socket
Ensemble montage et
raccordement
fixe
Pentode, cathode quipotentielle
Tube
photolectrique, monolithique,
Type vide
Triode
Tube, cathode bain de mercure
Cble, conducteur
Cble normalis
Multiconducteur
Blind
Conducteur en gnral
Douille de tube
Table 39: Marking letters by apparatus class, as per NEMA ICS 19-2002

Page 87 / 113

9. PNEUMATIC SYMBOLS
We often use the term electro-pneumatic to mean an association between electrical and
pneumatic systems.
Although on-site it is often the instrument technician who handles pneumatic systems,
electricians must be able to lend a hand, and at least interpret electro-pneumatic symbols
and diagrams.
In maintenance, with the mechanic, instrument technician and electrician working together
in this field (pneumatics), it is hard to define the borders between the specificities of each
trade.
It is not smart to say its not my problem when confronted with an interface, an electric +
pneumatic (or hydraulic) assembly.
On-site, we count on everyone, particularly the electrician, to be able to do any job: so you
need to learn the pneumatic symbols (and the hydraulic symbols in the following chapter).
You will also need them for P&IDs (which you also need to be able to read).
9.1. SYMBOLS
9.1.1. General symbols
Hydraulic oscillator
Pneumatic oscillator
Electric motor
Internal combustion
engine
Table 40: General symbols for pneumatic systems

Page 88 / 113

9.1.2. Instruments and accessories
Pressure gauge
Venturi
Flowmeter
z z
z z
Float switch
Temperature
gauges
z
Diaphragm (orifice
plate)
Pitot tube
Silencer
Integrating
flowmeter
Pressure switch
Nozzle
Table 41: Pneumatic instrument and accessory symbols

Page 89 / 113

9.1.3. Pneumatic valves / relays
Internally locked
ports
Internally opened
passages, infinite
positioning
Two-position onoff, with transition
Pressure limiter
(PSV)
Sequence
Pressure reducer
(Regulator)
Distributor, threeway
Distributor, fourway
Adjustable flow
regulator, noncompensated
Adjustable
pressure flow
regulator, by-pass
compensation
Adjustable
pressure and
temperature flow
regulator, by-pass
compensation
Table 42: Pneumatic valve and relay symbols

Page 90 / 113

9.1.4. Technical lines

Vessel contour
Pneumatic line
Line cross-over
Line junction
Direction of
hydraulic flow
>
Nonconnectable
orifice
>
>
<
>
Direction of
pneumatic flow
Connectable
orifice
Table 43: Symbols for pneumatic technical lines

Page 91 / 113

9.1.5. Energy and fluid storage

Open-air tank
Pressurised tank
Open-air/pressurised tank with connection lines

above the fluid level
Tank with connection lines underneath the fluid

level. Lines enter or exit under the tank when
necessary for circuit operation
>
Accumulator,
elementary symbol
Accumulator, springloaded
Accumulator,
hydro-pneumatic
Weight loaded
accumulator
Vessel for air or

other gases
Hydraulic energy
source
Pneumatic energy
source
Table 44: Energy and fluid storage symbols in pneumatics

Page 92 / 113

9.1.6. Fluid conditioner
Basic symbol
Heater, elementary
symbol
Heater, liquid
heating
Heater, gas heating
Cooler, basic symbols
Cooler, liquid
cooling
Cooler, gas cooling
Filter strainer
Separator, manual drain
Separator,
automatic drain
Separator with filter,

manual drain
Separator with
filter, automatic
drain
Desiccator (chemical
drying)
Lubricator, without
drain
Lubricator, manual
drain

Page 93 / 113

Lubricator,
automatic drain
Table 45: Fluid conditioner symbols in pneumatics
9.1.7. Linear movement vessels

Double-action
cylinder, forwards
and backwards,
with fixed
attenuator
Double-action
cylinder, with
adjustable attenuator
Double-action cylinder in which the ratio of rod
diameter to bore diameter is significant for circuit
operation
Amplified
pressure
Pneumatic servopositioner
Hydraulic servopositioner
Discrete positioner
Di
ii
Table 46: Linear device symbols in pneumatics

Page 94 / 113

9.2. TYPES OF SYMBOL IN PNEUMATICS

Two main types of symbol are used in diagrams - basic symbols and composite
symbols. (See figure below.) They are easily distinguished.
The basic symbol originates from the tables of symbols (tables above). Composite
symbols are put together by attaching some of these symbols, to form a single one, known
as a composite symbol.
Composite symbols represent several elementary components that work together to
execute a function, as represented on the figure below.
Figure 25: Composite symbol made from elementary symbols

This figure has four different basic symbols, each representing part of a manually actuated
relay. The symbol for orifice in closed position, the symbol for orifice in open position, the
symbol for return spring and the symbol for manual control lever.
These are combined in a single composite symbol for the manually-actuated relay
represented at the top of the figure.
Composite symbols are frequently used in pneumatic and hydraulic system diagrams.
A number of design & engineering office diagrams/plans contain an area in a corner or a
list on one of the sheets representing a key. A key represents the meaning of the symbols.
The symbols used in this diagram are represented in the key as a reminder of the
meaning.
This approach is very useful when the operator uses slightly different symbols; symbols
generally differ very little.

Page 95 / 113

9.3. IDENTIFICATION OF CONTROL ELEMENTS

Dont forget that this training course is aimed at oil production site operators and
technicians. The study of diagrams needs to be based on an approach you use for
operating, controlling and trouble-shooting systems and processes
You need to be able not only to start and stop a pneumatic system, but also know all the
operating procedures of a system.
You need to know how a system works when running correctly. You also need to know
what happens when the system is not running smoothly, so that you can be alerted and
perform the trouble-shooting and/or repair operations.
These elements can be learned by working on particular pneumatic and hydraulic systems
on-site. This course will teach you the bases of pneumatic / hydraulic systems and how
they work.
On your site, you need to make an effort to collect all the diagrams and go to the
unit to see how it works.
Figure 26: Example of pneumatic slide (distributor) operation

Page 96 / 113

9.4. RELAY/VALVE SYMBOL CREATION

One of the best ways to learn the meaning of pneumatic (or hydraulic as the same applies)
relay/valve symbols is to draw them. If you want to represent a relay with a diagram
symbol, you can draw the whole diagram yourself.
Start with a blank symbol for a relay, and then add the positions of the elements of this
relay. Then add the operating mechanism. Finish the diagram by grouping together all the
parts in a single symbol (see example above).
Start with a blank symbol for a relay or
valve.
Add the orifices (ports) to the symbol, even
if the valve/relay itself has three orifices on
top.
The symbol always has 2 ports at the top
and 2 ports at the bottom.
Indicate the direction of flow for all relay

positions.
Add the operating mechanism to the

symbol. This relay is actuated manually with
a spring return to closed position.
Group together all the elements in a single

symbol.
Figure 27: Creating a relay symbol (pneumatic or hydraulic)

You have developed a symbol for a 4/3 relay (4 ports, 3 positions)
The common symbols for types of cylinder are represented in the diagrams below.

Page 97 / 113

Figure 28: Single-action cylinder symbol (pneumatic or hydraulic)
Figure 29: Double-action cylinder symbol (pneumatic or hydraulic)
Figure 30: Double-ended cylinder symbol (pneumatic or hydraulic)

Page 98 / 113

10. HYDRAULIC SYMBOLS

We have already looked at a number of principles with the symbols for pneumatic
systems. This part deals with the complements specific to hydraulic installations.
Symbols were developed for hydraulic fluid driven
systems by the International Standardisation
Organisation (ISO). As with pneumatic symbols, as
a site technician, you need to know these symbols.
The most common symbols are illustrated in this
chapter. Keep these documents for subsequent use.
As you may know, several symbols used in
pneumatic and hydraulic systems are identical or
near-identical. The differences are set out here, but
at the same time look back at the symbols from the
preceding paragraphs: in fact pneumatic and
hydraulic diagrams are read in the same way.
By the end of this chapter, interpretation of the
following diagrams should no longer hold any
secrets for you.
Figure 31: Typical hydraulic diagram
This paragraph also introduces symbols for a
number of hydraulic devices. Operators and
technicians need to be able to identify
representations in isolation, but also work with a set
of symbols on a systems diagram.
A hydraulic system may contain a single energy generation source and a single instrument
using this energy, but a system may contain multiple instruments.
To understand a (relatively substantial) hydraulic circuit diagram, it is important to consider
portions of the diagram, and determine the energy flows in this section. Once these
different circuit sections (or portions) are understood, the diagram as a whole (overview)
will be easier to follow.

Page 99 / 113

10.1. FLUID LINES

A hydraulic symbol consists of hydraulic devices interconnected by pipes or tubes.
The pipes and tubes are sometimes called working conductors or lines, but most
commonly fluid lines. For simplicitys sake we shall call them lines.
Working lines form the main fluid lines in hydraulic systems. They are represented by solid
lines in diagrams.
Pilot lines are usually much smaller than working lines. They generally withstand the same
pressure as working lines. A pilot line transmits a fluid under pressure to an internal
device.
When the internal pilot device is working, it enables the main device to work. Pilot lines are
represented by broken lines.
Vent or purge lines are generally small. They can only withstand low pressures. They are
represented by broken lines, but the dashes are shorter than those of a pilot line.
Working line
Pilot line
Purge line
Line crossover
Line joint
Hose
Electrical line
Energy flow
Table 47: Hydraulic fluid line symbols

Page 100 / 113

10.2. RESTRICTORS
In hydraulic symbols, we use restrictors for:
Directing energy flow
Controlling energy flow
Measuring energy flow
Fixed restrictor
Diaphragm (orifice
plate)
Diaphragm with
impulse lines
Pitot tube
Nozzle
Table 48: Restriction device symbols in hydraulics
10.3. QUICK-RELEASE CONNECTIONS

A number of hydraulic lines need to be frequently connected and disconnected. An
example is the hydraulic brake line between tractor and trailer.
A quick-release connector is used on each line section. These connectors have
mechanical locks that can be easily engaged and released. A hose is used with this
system.
Quick-release
connectors
Quick-release
connector with nonreturn valve
Table 49: Symbols for quick-release connectors in hydraulics

Page 101 / 113

10.4. HYDRAULIC PUMPS

The basic symbol for a pump is a circle. The lines outside the circle are not part of the
symbol; these are the connection lines. Dark triangles indicate the direction of energy flow.
In hydraulic systems, fluid flow is not as important as energy flow. Energy flows when the
compression pressure is transmitted in the system.
Basic pump
Shaft turns one way
Shaft turns both ways
Fixed displacement pump.

Energy circulates one way
Fixed displacement pump.

Energy circulates both ways
Variable displacement pump.

Variable displacement
pump. Energy circulates
both ways
Table 50: Hydraulic pump symbols

Page 102 / 113

10.5. HYDRAULIC MOTORS

The basic circle used for pumps is also used for rotary hydraulic motors. Again, dark
triangles indicate the direction of energy flow. The triangles are on the opposite side of the
circle, unlike with pumps. The energy flow is away from the pump, towards the motor.
Fixed displacement motor.

Fixed displacement motor.

Variable displacement
motor. Energy circulates
one way
Variable displacement motor.

Motor flow one way and

pump flow the other way
Motor or pump flow same way
Shaft turns one way
Shaft turns both ways
Limited rotation motor
Table 51: Hydraulic motor symbols

Page 103 / 113

10.6. CYLINDERS
A cylinder and piston can sometimes be used as a linear action motor. It receives energy
to drive the piston rod in a straight line to do work. An energy generation source may also
be involved if the piston rod is driven by external mechanical means. The piston
determines the pressure on the fluid inside the cylinder. This pressure is transmitted as
energy inside the system.
Single-action
cylinder
Double-action one-rod
cylinder
Double-action tworod cylinder
Single-action cylinder with

one-way pressure and return
spring. Could be referred to
as double-action: 1st fluid
and 2nd spring
Cylinder with fixed

attenuator
Cylinder with adjustable

attenuator
Single-action
telescoping (or
telescopic system)
Double-action telescoping
Pressure intensifier
Air / oil pressure transformer
Table 52: Hydraulic cylinder symbols

Page 104 / 113

10.7. HYDRAULIC (DISTRIBUTION) RELAYS

The basic symbol for a hydraulic relay is a rectangle known as a relay (or valve) envelope.
The envelope is the relay body. The lines inside the envelope indicate the direction of
energy flow from inlets to outlets. Ports are what we call the inlet and outlet orifices.
In a diagram, relays are always represented as they are found on the shelf: i.e. in the
position in which they are found before installation, as if they were free-standing on a shelf.
The reason for this is that they can be represented as they are before use. In this way you
can clearly see what happens when the power is applied to the relay in the form of
electricity, pneumatic pressure, hydraulic pressure or a mechanical force.
If the relay is equipped with springs, they will not be compressed, so that anything
connected to a spring will be in the position it is in when the spring is not compressed:
which means that relays are represented in their initial or rest position.
A relay in a system is represented with internal channels connected as in the shelf
position.
Normally closed ports
Normally open ports

Reminder: the left-hand side (area or symbol) is
the no supply position for a 2-position relay,
and the middle area is the no supply position
for a 3-position relay
Table 53: Hydraulic relay symbols

Page 105 / 113

10.8. SERVO-MOTORS
A control device such as a servo-motor is a device that puts a valve in a determined
position. Actuators or servo-motors may be electrical, pneumatic, hydraulic, motorised,
spring-operated or manual. Sometimes a combination of different actuator types is used
on a valve.
Manual
Electric solenoid
Hydraulic
Spring
Lever
pedal
Pneumatic
Pushbutton
Plunger
Hydraulic, return spring
Reversible motor
Electric solenoid, manual

priority and return spring
Table 54: Hydraulic relay actuator symbols

Page 106 / 113

10.9. SAFETY VALVE (PSV)

All pressurised systems have a means of preventing overpressure. A safety valve (PSV) is
used to correct these overpressure states. In pneumatic systems, the gas is generally
vented to the atmosphere. In hydraulic systems, the liquid is evacuated into a storage
vessel, or returns to the tank
Pressure safety valve (PSV)
Safety valve (external control)
Table 55: Safety valve symbols in hydraulics
10.10. FLOW REGULATOR VALVES

Hydraulic systems use different types of valve to condition flow. Lock valves are used to
control the direction of flow or start/stop. Regulation valves allow a specified quantity of
fluid to pass. Regulators control the hydraulic fluid pressure.
Manual
isolation valve
Pressure
controlled
isolation valve
Non-return
valve
Fixed flow
adjustment
valve
Variable flow
adjustment
valve
Pilot control
pressure
regulator
Table 56: Hydraulic flow conditioning valve symbols

Page 107 / 113

10.11. TANKS
There are three types of thanks used in hydraulic systems, namely:
Open-air tanks
Pressurised vessels
Non-pressurised vessels
The purge lines in hydraulic systems generally flow into tanks in contact with the
atmosphere.
An example of a pressurised vessel is its use with actuators (servo-motors) on process
valves.
Safety valves (PSV) may be used for evacuation in a non-pressurised vessel.
Open-air tank with

connection line
Pressurised vessel
Vent air line in openair tank
Table 57: Tank symbols in hydraulics
10.12. MISCELLANEOUS HYDRAULIC DEVICES

Other devices used in hydraulic systems depend on the system utility and architecture.
Operators and technicians also need to know these symbols.
Accumulators
Conditioner, fluid regulator
Motor equipment (prime mover)
Page 108 / 113

Indicators
Basic accumulator
Spring loaded
accumulator
Hydro-pneumatic
accumulator
Weight loaded
accumulator
Table 58: Accumulator symbols in hydraulics
Basic
envelope
Cooler
Heat
exchanger
Temperature
controller
Filter strainer
Separator with
manual purge
Separator
with
automatic
purge
Separator and
filter with
manual purge
Filter separator
with automatic
purge
Drier
Lubricator
without drain
Lubricator with
drain
Table 59: Hydraulic fluid conditioner symbols
Electric motor
Internal combustion
engine
Table 60: Motor device symbols in hydraulics

Page 109 / 113

Thermometer
Pressure gauge
Flowmeter
Integrating flowmeter
Table 61: Indicator symbols in hydraulics

Page 110 / 113

11. LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1: Extract from general PID ......................................................................................8
Figure 2: Extract from table of letter combinations ..........................................................12
Figure 3: PID extract ..........................................................................................................13
Figure 4: Example of sensor symbols ................................................................................18
Figure 5: Example of calculation functions.........................................................................21
Figure 6: Example of abbreviations on valves ...................................................................25
Figure 7: Example for pipeline explanation ........................................................................44
Figure 8: Example of piping class ......................................................................................51
Figure 9: PED categories (for equipment)..........................................................................55
Figure 10: PED categories (for gas pipes) .........................................................................56
Figure 11: Example of marking on an instrument ..............................................................56
Figure 12: ATEX standard marking....................................................................................59
Figure 13: Other contact representation principles ............................................................62
Figure 14: representation of automatic controller contacts ................................................62
Figure 15: classic symbol for RCCB ................................................................................66
Figure 16: four-pole isolator ...............................................................................................66
Figure 17: four-pole switch.................................................................................................66
Figure 18: Four-pole isolator switch...................................................................................67
Figure 19: fused three-pole switch.....................................................................................67
Figure 20: three-pole breaker and diagram representations ..............................................67
Figure 21: RCCB - two-pole breaker with differential block...............................................68
Figure 22: Three-pole contactor with 2 auxiliary contacts ..................................................69
Figure 23: Example of time-lag relay .................................................................................69
Figure 24: Example of multi-contact relay and auxiliary contacts ......................................69
Figure 25: Composite symbol made from elementary symbols .........................................95
Figure 26: Example of pneumatic slide (distributor) operation ...........................................96
Figure 27: Creating a relay symbol (pneumatic or hydraulic).............................................97
Figure 28: Single-action cylinder symbol (pneumatic or hydraulic) ....................................98
Figure 29: Double-action cylinder symbol (pneumatic or hydraulic)...................................98
Figure 30: Double-ended cylinder symbol (pneumatic or hydraulic) ..................................98
Figure 31: Typical hydraulic diagram .................................................................................99

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12. LIST OF TABLES

Table 1: Example of letter identification ...............................................................................9
Table 2: Table of letter meanings ......................................................................................10
Table 3: Table of letter combinations .................................................................................11
Table 4: Example of instrument functionality identification.................................................14
Table 5: Local instrument symbols ....................................................................................16
Table 6: Remote instrument symbols ................................................................................17
Table 7: Instrumentation sensor symbols ..........................................................................20
Table 8: Calculation function symbols ...............................................................................22
Table 9: Valve symbols......................................................................................................24
Table 10: Abbreviations for valves.....................................................................................25
Table 11: Symbols for various instrument connections......................................................27
Table 12: Abbreviations for Instrumentation Supplies........................................................28
Table 13: Symbols for valves and fittings...........................................................................31
Table 14: Piping symbols...................................................................................................33
Table 15: Pump symbols ...................................................................................................35
Table 16: Heat exchanger symbols ...................................................................................36
Table 17: Tank symbols.....................................................................................................37
Table 18: Miscellaneous equipment symbols ....................................................................40
Table 19: Miscellaneous symbols ......................................................................................41
Table 20: Special abbreviations.........................................................................................42
Table 21: Safety equipment symbols .................................................................................43
Table 22: Table of piping diameters...................................................................................46
Table 23: Table of fluid abbreviations ................................................................................48
Table 24: List of instrumentation general specifications ....................................................52
Table 25: List of piping general specifications ...................................................................53
Table 26: ATEX standard Group and Category .................................................................58
Table 27: Types of contacts...............................................................................................61
Table 28: Contact control elements ...................................................................................64
Table 29: Protection elements ...........................................................................................65
Table 30: Relays and contactors .......................................................................................68
Table 31: Symbols for measuring and signalling devices ..................................................71
Table 32: Conductors and connections between devices for diagrams .............................73
Table 33: Electric motor and motor accessory symbols.....................................................74
Table 34: Electrical / electronic component symbols .........................................................76
Table 35: Transformer and auto-transformer symbols .......................................................77
Table 36: Generator and current source symbols..............................................................78
Table 37: Marking Letters as per DIN EN 61346-2:2000-12 (IEC 61346-2:2000)..............81
Table 38: Marking letters for devices or function under NEMA ICS 1-2001, ......................83
Table 39: Marking letters by apparatus class, as per NEMA ICS 19-2002 ........................87
Table 40: General symbols for pneumatic systems ...........................................................88
Table 41: Pneumatic instrument and accessory symbols ..................................................89
Table 42: Pneumatic valve and relay symbols...................................................................90
Table 43: Symbols for pneumatic technical lines ...............................................................91
Table 44: Energy and fluid storage symbols in pneumatics ...............................................92
Table 45: Fluid conditioner symbols in pneumatics ...........................................................94
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Table 46: Linear device symbols in pneumatics ................................................................94

Table 47: Hydraulic fluid line symbols..............................................................................100
Table 48: Restriction device symbols in hydraulics..........................................................101
Table 49: Symbols for quick-release connectors in hydraulics ........................................101
Table 50: Hydraulic pump symbols ..................................................................................102
Table 51: Hydraulic motor symbols..................................................................................103
Table 52: Hydraulic cylinder symbols ..............................................................................104
Table 53: Hydraulic relay symbols ...................................................................................105
Table 54: Hydraulic relay actuator symbols .....................................................................106
Table 55: Safety valve symbols in hydraulics ..................................................................107
Table 56: Hydraulic flow conditioning valve symbols .......................................................107
Table 57: Tank symbols in hydraulics ..............................................................................108
Table 58: Accumulator symbols in hydraulics ..................................................................109
Table 59: Hydraulic fluid conditioner symbols..................................................................109
Table 60: Motor device symbols in hydraulics .................................................................109
Table 61: Indicator symbols in hydraulics ........................................................................110

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Standards and Symbols Training Manual

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INSTRUMENTATION MAINTENANCE

STANDARDS AND SYMBOLS

Field Operations Training

Field Operations Training

6. STANDARD ANSI / ISA 5.4 ...........................................................................................54

Field Operations Training

9.4. RELAY/VALVE SYMBOL CREATION.....................................................................97

Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN

Field Operations Training

Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN

Field Operations Training

Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN

Field Operations Training

Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN

Field Operations Training

3. STANDARD ANSI / ISA 5.1 and ANSI / ISA 5.3

3.1. LETTERS AND SYMBOLS

Figure 1: Extract from general PID

Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN

Field Operations Training

On this part I can see the following very interesting instruments:

What can you see?

Table 1: Example of letter identification

Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN

Field Operations Training

3.1.2. Letter identification

Burner: Flame detector

Gas: explosivity, toxicity

Vibration, Stage Movement, Accelerometer

End of travel position - Axial Position

Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN

Field Operations Training

3.1.3. Letter combinations

Table 3: Table of letter combinations

Field Operations Training

Figure 2: Extract from table of letter combinations

Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN

Field Operations Training

Figure 3: PID extract

Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN

Field Operations Training

Local Temperature Transmitter

Shutdown process safety system

Table 4: Example of instrument functionality identification

Field Operations Training

Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN

Field Operations Training

Jointly mounted instruments

Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN

Field Operations Training

3.3.2. Remote instrument symbols

Operator accessible process control

Table 6: Remote instrument symbols

Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN

Field Operations Training

3.3.3. Symbols for various instrumentation sensors

Figure 4: Example of sensor symbols

Built-in orifice flowmeter

Flowmeter with orifice support

Training Manual EXP-MN-SI010-EN

Field Operations Training

Spiral / turbine flowmeter

Vortex effect flowmeter

Vortex effect flowmeter (insertion