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CHAPTER 18 

Focus on Exam 18
fx
f
1250
=
500
= 2.5 [Shown ]

1 X =


X ~ Po(2.5)
2.5 x
P( X = x ) = e 2.5
, x = 0, 1, 2,
x!

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

Ei = npi

P(X = x)

Oi

0.0821

50

41

1.9756

0.2052

98

102

0.2427

0.2565

120

128

0.5000

0.2138

113

107

0.3364

0.1336

61

67

0.5373

0.0668

29

33

0.4848

0.0278

19

14

1.7857

0.0099

0.0031

10
10
0
500

5
7
2
500

1.2857
7.1482


H0 : Y is a Poisson random variable.

H1 : Y is not a Poisson random variable.
a = 0.05

v = 8 - 1


=7
02.05, 7 = 14.07
2
2

c = 7.15 < 0.05, 7

Do not reject H0. Y is a Poisson random variable.
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ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Third Term

2 H0 : The playing time is normally distributed with mean 61.5 minutes and standard deviation
1 minute.

H1 : The playing time is not normally distributed with mean 61.5 minutes and standard deviation
1 minute.

X ~ N(61.5, 12); z =

x m x 61.5
=
s
1

P ( x < 60) = P (z < 1.5)


= 0.06681
P (60 < x < 61) = P( 1.5 < z < 0.5)
= 0.24173
P(61 < x < 62) = P( 0.5 < z < 0.5)
= 0.38292
P (62 < x < 63) = P (0.5 < z < 1.5)
= 0.24173
P ( 63 < x < 64) = P (1.5 < z < 2.5)
= 0.06060
P(x > 64) = P (z > 2.5)
= 0.00621



Oi

Ei = nP

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

33

66.81

17.1100

225

241.73

1.1579

380

382.92

0.0223

280

241.73

6.0588

78

60.60

4.9960

6.21

0.7865
30.1306

a = 0.05
v = 6 - 1
=5

2
= 11.07
0.05, 5
2
c = 30.1 > 02.05, 5
Reject H0. The playing time is normally distributed with mean 61.5 minutes and standard
deviation 1 minute.

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Fully Worked Solutions

3 H0 : The number of defective screws per box follows a Poisson random variable with mean 1.

H1 : The number of defective screws per box does not follows a Poisson random variable with
mean 1.

X ~ Po(1) P( x = x ) = e 1

1x
, x = 0, 1, 2,
x!

P(X = x)

0.3679

0.3679

0.1839

0.0613

0.0153

0.0031

0.0006

Ei = npi

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

35

36.79

0.0871

44

36.79

1.4130

18.39

1.0480

8.03

0.1321

Oi

0.0803

14
1
3
3
0

2.6802

a = 0.05



v=4-1


=3
2
0.05, 3 = 7.815
2

c = 2.68 < 02.05, 3

Do not reject H0. The number of defective screws per box follows a Poisson random
variable with mean 1.

4 (a) H0 : Age and sex are independent factors.



H1 : Age and sex are dependent factors.

Oi

Ei

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

Oi

Ei

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

205

781(387)
= 202.1719
1495

0.0396

251

714( 499)
= 238.3183
1495

0.6748

182

714(387)
= 184.82280
1495

0.0433

328

781(609)
= 318.146
1495

0.3052

248

781( 499)
= 260.6816
1495

0.6169

281

714(609)
= 290.8535
1495

0.3338

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ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Third Term

a = 0.05


v = 6 - 1
=5

2
0.05, 5
2

= 11.070

c = 2.01 < 02.05, 5

D
 o not reject H0. Age and sex are independent factors for insulin-dependent diabetes in
children under the age of 15.


(b) Let p = probability of male in the proportion of diabetics

H0: p = 0.5

H1: p > 0.5

Level of significant = 5%

Let X be the number of diabetics who are males.

X ~ B(800, 0.5) since np > 5, nq > 5, hence X ~ N(400, 200)

X 400
200

Test statistic =

425.5 400
200

= 1.80

Reject H0 if z > 1.645.

 ince 1.80 > 1.645, H0 is rejected. It is conclude that there are more diabetics who are
S
males than females.

5 (a) X ~ B(4, 0.21)


P(X = x) = n C x p x q n x

P(X = 0) = 0.3895 E1 = 77.90

P(X = 1) = 0.4142 E2 = 82.83

P(X = 2) = 0.1651 E3 = 33.03

P(X = 3) = 0.0293 E4 = 5.86

P(X = 4) = 0.0019 E5 = 0.38
Oi

Ei

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

79

77.90

0.0155

81

82.83

0.0404

34

33.03

0.0285

6.24

0.0092
0.0936

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Fully Worked Solutions

2 = 0.0942

v = 4 - 1
=3

2
0.05, 3

2 = 0.0936 < 02.05, 3

= 7.85

Do not reject H0.


(b) H0 : The data are random observations ~ Po(0 - 9)

H1 : The data are not random observations ~ Po(0 - 9)

P(X = 0) = 0.4066

P(X = 1) = 0.3659

P(X = 2) = 0.1647

P(X = 3) = 0.0494


P(X 4) = 1 P(X < 3)

= 0.0134
(Oi Ei )2
Ei

Oi

Ei

79

81.32

0.0662

81

73.18

0.4627

34

32.94

0.0341

5
6
1

9.88
12.56
2.68

3.4262
3.9891

a = 0.05

v=4-1
=3

= 7.815



c 2 = 3.99 < 02.05, 3
2
0.05, 3

Do not reject H0. The data are random observations of a random variable Po(0.9).

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ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Third Term

6 H0 : The data is normally distributed with mean 65 kg and standard deviation 15 kg.

H1 : The data is not normally distributed with mean 65 kg and standard deviation 15 kg.
Weight

Ei = npi

Oi

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

Pi(x)

0.982

3.79 15.86
11.09

0.2888

40 < x < 50

3 18
15

0.00982
0.0379
0.11090

50 < x < 60

25

21.09

0.7249

0.21090

60 < x < 70

23

26.09

0.3660

0.26090

70 < x < 80

18

21.09

0.4527

0.11090

80 < x < 90
90 < x < 100
100 < x

12

4 16
0

11. 09
3. 79
0. 982

0.0012

0.11090
0.0379
0.00982

x < 30
30 < x < 40

15.86

1.834



a = 0.025


v = 5 - 1


=4
2

= 11.14
0.025, 4


2 = 1.83 < 02.025, 4

D
 o not reject H0. The data is normally distributed with mean 65 kg and standard
deviation 15 kg.
7 E(X) =

x f ( x ) dx =

0.2 x

e 0.2 x
0.2 x
)0 + e 0.2 x dx
= ( xe
0
dx

e 0.2 x
= 0

0.2 0

= 0 0

0.2
= 5 [Shown]

0.2 x

dx = 0.4512

0.2 x

dx = 0.1809

P(0 < X < 3) = 0 0.2 e



P(3 < X < 5) = 3 0.2 e

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Fully Worked Solutions

0.2 x

dx = 0.1213

0.2 x

dx = 0.0813


P(5 < X < 7) = 3 0.2 e

P(7 < X < 9) = 7 0.2 e
11

0.2 x

P(9 < X < 11) = 9 0.2 e dx = 0.0545
13


P(11 < X < 13) = 11 0.2 e
P(X > 13) =

13

0.2 x

dx = 0.0365

0.2 e 0.2 x dx = 0.0743


H0 : The data is from the same probability density function.

H1 : The data is not from the same probability density function.
Time (seconds)
0<x<3
3<x<5
5<x<7
7<x<9
9 < x < 11

11 < x < 13
x > 13

Oi

Ei = np

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

P(X)

26
19
16
15
10

45.12
18.09
12.13
8.13
5.45

8.1023
0.0458
1.2347
5.8053
3.7986

0.4512
0.1809
0.1213
0.0813
0.0545

14
14
0

3.65
11.08
7.43

0.7695

0.0365
0.0743

19.7565

a = 0.05

v=5-1
=4

2
0.05, 4

= 9.488

2 = 19.8 > 02.05, 4


Reject H0. The data is not a good fit model.

8 H0: The data is normally distributed with mean 48.7 and standard deviation 14.9.

H1: The data is not normally distributed with mean 48.7 and standard deviation 14.9.

X ~ N(48.7, 14.92)
b 48.7
a 48.7
<Z<
P(a < x < b) = P
14.9
14.9

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ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Third Term

Marks

Oi

0-9

Ei

0
19
19

10 - 19

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

2.15
12.50
10.35

3.380

20 - 29
30 - 39
40 - 49
50 - 59

50
47
125
132

36.85
84.95
126.45
122.10

4.693
16.954
0.017
0.803

60 - 69
70 - 79
80 - 89

100
27
0

76.45
31.00
9.70

7.254
0.516
9.700
43.317

a = 0.05



v=8-1


=7
2

= 14.07
0.05, 7
2
2

= 43.3 > 0.05, 7

Reject H0. The data is not normally distributed with mean 48.7 and standard deviation 14.9.
9 H0 : The data is normally distributed with mean 180 cm and standard deviation 3 cm.

H1 : The data is not normally distributed with mean 180 cm and standard deviation 3 cm

X ~ N(180, 32)
Oi

Ei = Pi

177 x < 179

2
17
15
29

4.78
15.87
11.09
21.09

179 x < 181

25

181 x < 183


183 x < 185

Height
x < 175
175 x < 177

x 185

(Oi Ei )2
Ei
0.0805

a = 0.05

v=5-1

2
0.05, 4

0.02218
0.04218

26.09

0.0455

0.05218

12

21.09

3.9179

0.04218

10
17
7

11.09
15.87
4.78

0.0805

=4

0.00956

2.9667

7.0911

P(X)

= 9.488

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0.02218
0.00956

Fully Worked Solutions


2 = 7.09 < 02.05, 4

Do not reject H0. The data is normally distributed with mean 180 cm and standard deviation 3 cm.
10 H0 : The number of babies born in I, II, III and IV quadrant are in the ratio 4 : 2 : 1 : 3.

H1 : The number of babies born in I, II, III and IV quadrant are not in the ratio 4 : 2 : 1 : 3.
Quadrant

P(X)

Oi

Ei

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

0.4

142

120

4.0333

II

0.2

52

60

1.0667

III

0.1

34

30

0.5333

IV

0.3

72

90

3.6000
9.2333

a = 0.01

v=4-1
=3

2
0.01, 3

= 11.35.


c = 9.23 < 02.01, 3
2


D
 o not reject H0. The number of babies born in I, II, III, and IV quadrant are in the ratio
4 : 2 : 1 : 3.
11 X ~ B(5, 0.5)
Pi
0.0313

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

Ei = mp

0.1563

2
17
15

15.63

0.3125

31.25

( S 31.25) 2
31.25

0.3125

69 - S

31.25

(37.75 S ) 2
31.25

0.1563

12

15.63

0.0313
2
c =

O2

14
2

3.13

0.1651

18.76

18.76

3.13

1.2078

(Oi Ei ) 2
( S 31.25) 2
(37.75 S ) 2
= 1.3729 +
+
Ei
31.25
31.25

a = 0.1

v = 4 - 1

=3
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ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Third Term


c 0.1,3 = 6.251
2
2

We reject H0 if c c 0.1,3
2

H0 not being rejected if c < 6.251.
2

(37.75 S ) 2
( S 31.25) 2
+
< 6.251
31.25
31.25

2S2 - 138S + 3.95 < 0
{S = 26.39 < S < 42.60}
The smallest value of S is 27.
1.3729 +

12 H0: The colour of a lost button is independent of boys form



H1: The colour of a lost button is dependent of boys form
9(11.25)

27(27.75)

60

26(24.50)

13(13.13)

31(32.38)

70

2(5.25)

5(2.81)

8(6.94)

15

8(6.94)

15

4(5.25)

Combine

24(21.00)

3(2.81)

10

160

Oi

Ei

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

24

21.000

0.4286

11.250

0.4500

27

27.750

0.0203

26

24.500

0.0918

13

13.130

0.0013

31

30.380

0.0588

10.500

1.9286

5.620

1.0079

16

13.880

0.3238
4.3111



v = (3 - 1)(2 - 1)


=2
2
c 0.05, 2 = 5.991
2

c = 4.31 < 5.991
Do not reject H0. The colour of a lost button is not associate with the schoolboys form.

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Fully Worked Solutions

13 H0: The sample is from the Po(1.5) distribution.



H1: The sample is not from the Po(1.5) distribution.
Ei = 100P

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

P(X = x)

0.2231

25

22.31

0.3243

0.3347

31

33.47

0.1823

0.2510

23

25.10

0.1757

0.1255

13

12.55

0.0161

0.0471

0.0186

Oi

4.71

1.86

0.3112

6.57

1.0096

a = 0.01

v=5-1


=4
2
c 0.01, 4 = 13.28

2
c 2 = 1.01 < c 0.01, 4

Do not reject H0. The sample is from the Po(1.5) distribution.

14 H0 : The number of cars of each colour of that model is the same.



H1 : The number of cars of each colour of that model is not the same.
Oi

Ei

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

13

15

0.2667

14

15

0.0667

16

15

0.0667

17

15

0.2667
0.6668


a = 0.05

v = 4 - 1

= 3

2
0.05,3

2
c = 0.667 < c 0.05,3

= 7.82

Do not reject H0. The number of cars of each colour is the same.

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11

12

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Third Term

15 H0: The level of education and the opinion on the social issues are independent.

H1: The level of education and the opinion on the social issues are dependent.
Opinion on Social issue

Level of Education

Total

Agree

Disagree

University

468(1227)
= 441.72
1300

468(73)
= 26.28
1300

468

College

577(1227)
= 544.60
1300

577(73)
= 32.40
1300

577

High School

255(1227)
= 240.68
1300

255(75)
= 14.32
1300

255

Total

1227

Oi

Ei

73

1300

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

450

441.72

0.1552

547

544.60

0.0106

230

240.68

0.4739

18

26.28

2.6088

30

32.40

0.1778

25

14.32

7.9653
11.3916

a = 0.01


v = (3 - 1)(2 - 1)

= 2


c20.01, 2 = 9.210

c2 = 11.392 > c20.01, 2

Reject H0. The level of education and the opinion on the social issues are dependent.

16 In hypothesis testing, the significance level is the criterion used for rejecting the null
hypothesis. Test statistic c2 = 19.38

v=7

Reject H0 if c2 c2a, 7.

From table, c20.01, 7 = 18.475 and c20.005, 7 = 20.278 > c20.01, 7.

Hence, the smallest value of a is estimated as 0.05.

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Fully Worked Solutions

17 (a) P(X = x) = e-0.92 0.92x



x!
E = np

P(X)

0.3985

238.30

0.3666

219.23

0.1687

100.88

0.0517

30.92

0.0119

7.12

0.0026

1.55


(b)
Ei

241

238.30

0.0306

211

219.23

0.3090

104

100.88

0.0965

35
7
0

c =

(i)
2

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

Oi

42

30.92
7.12
39.59
1.55

0.5384

0.0020 0.1467
1.5500

(Oi Ei ) 2
= 0.0306 + 0.3090 + 0.0965 + 0.5384 + 0.0020 + 1.55
Ei
i =1
= 2.5265 2.53
6

(Oi Ei ) 2
= 0.0306 + 0.3090 + 0.0965 + 0.1467

Ei
i =1

= 0.5828 0.583

The value of test statistic obtained from the combined frequencies is very much lower then
the value of test statistic without combining any frequency.
c2 =

(ii)


(c) 
H0 : The data fits the Poisson distribution with mean 0.92.

H1 : The data does not fit the Poisson distribution with mean 0.92.

a = 0.05

v = 4 - 1 = 3

c20.05 = 7.82

c2 = 0.583 < c20.05, 2

Do not reject H0. The data fits the Poisson distribution with mean 0.92.
18 H0: The educational level is related to the opinion on caning.

H1: The educational level is not related to the opinion on caning.

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13

14

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Third Term

Education Level

Yes

No

Not Sure

(323)(290)
= 114.2317
820

213( 290)
= 75.3293
820

284( 290)
= 100.4390
820

College

323( 230)
= 90.5976
820

213( 230)
= 59.7439
820

284( 230)
= 79.6585
820

University

323(300)
= 118.1707
820

213(300)
= 77.9268
820

284(300)
= 103.9024
820

High school

Ei

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

125

114.23

1.0154

98

90.60

0.6044

100

118.17

2.7938

65

75.33

1.4166

68

59.74

1.1420

80

77.93

0.0550

100

100.44

0.0019

64

79.66

3.0785

120

103.90

2.4948

Oi

12.6024


a = 0.01

v = (3 - 1)(3 - 1)

= 4
2
c 0.01, 4 = 13.28

c20.02, 4 = 11.14

c2 = 12.6 < c20.01, 4, c2 = 12.6 > c20.02, 4

Do not reject H0 at 1% level of significant. But reject H0 at 2% level of significant.
19 (a)
P(X = x)
0.08
0.10

Oi
10
25
15

Ei = 50Pi
4.0
9.0
5.0
7.5

(Oi Ei )2
Ei
28.4444

0.15

0.25

12.5

4.5000

0.42

12

21.0

3.8571

0.0333

36.8348

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

Fully Worked Solutions


(b) H0 : The data fits the probability distribution as suggested.

H1 : The data does not fit the probability distribution as suggested.
2
2
2
c 0.05,3


= 7.82. Since c = 36.8 > c 0.05,3, reject H0. The data does not fit the suggested
probability function.
20 (a) Cream A:

30 + 45
100% = 75%
100

25 + 65
100% = 90%
100

(b) H0 : The condition of a patient is independent of the type of cream used.

H1 : The condition of a patient is dependent of the type of cream used.

Cream B:

Patients
Cream

No Recovery

Partial Recovery

Complete Recovery

100(35)
= 17.50
200

100(55)
= 27.50
200

100(110)
= 55.00
200

100

100(35)
= 17.50
200

100(55)
= 27.50
200

100(110)
= 55.00
200

100

Total

35

55

110

Oi

Ei

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

25

17.50

3.2143

10

17.50

3.2143

30

27.50

0.2273

25

27.50

0.2273

45

55.00

1.1818

65

55.00

1.1818

200

9.2468

a = 0.05




v = (3 - 1)(2 - 1)


=2
2

c0.05, 2 = 5.991


c2 = 9.25 > c20.05, 2

Reject H0. The condition of the patient is dependent on the type of cream used.

(c) The result in (a) agrees with the calculation in (b).

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15

16

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Third Term

21 (a)
Smoker

Long Ailment

Total

Mild

Severe

Light smoker

23

14

37

Heavy smoker

20

39

59

Total

43

53

96


(b) H0: The severity of lung ailment and the smoking habit are independent.

H1: The severity of lung ailment and the smoking habit are dependent.
Smoker

Lung Mild

Ailment Severe

Light

43(37)
= 16.5729
96

53(37)
= 20.4271
96

Heavy

43(59)
= 26.4271
96

53(59)
= 32.5729
96

Oi

Ei

23
14
20
39

16.5729
20.4271
26.4271
32.5729

a = 0.05

v = (2 - 1)(2 - 1)

(O

Ei 0.5

Ei
2.1198
1.7198
1.3293
1.0785
6.2474

= 1 (Yates correction)

c
= 3.841


c2 = 6.25 > c 02.05, 1, reject H0. The severity of lung ailment and the smoking habit are dependent.

2
0.05, 1

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

Fully Worked Solutions

22 H0 : The normal distribution with mean 65 kg and standard deviation 15 kg is an appropriate model.

H1 : The normal distribution with mean 65 kg and standard deviation 15 kg is not an appropriate
model.

X N(65, 225)
Weight

P(X = x)

Oi

Ei = 100 P

(Oi Ei )2
Ei
0.2888

0.1109

15

50 < x < 60

0.98

3.79 15.86
11.09

0.2109

25

21.09

0.7249

60 < x < 70

0.2609

23

26.09

0.3660

70 < x < 80

0.2109

18

21.09

0.4527

80 < x < 90
90 < x < 100

0.1109
0.0098

11.09

3.79 15.86

0.98

0.0012

x 100

12

4 16

x < 30

0.0098

30 < x < 40

0.0379

40 < x < 50

0.0379

3 18

1.8336


a = 0.05


V=5-1


=4
02.05, 4 = 9.488


2
2

c = 1.83 < 0.05, 4

D
 o not reject H0. The normal distribution with mean 65 kg and standard deviation 15 kg is
an appropriate model.
23
Oi

Ei

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

p-q

8 p2
=p
8p

q2
p

p+q

8 p2
=p
8p

q2
p

p-r

8 p2
=p
8p

r2
p

p+r

8 p2
=p
8p

r2
p

2p + q + r

16 p 2 = 2p
8p

(q + r )2
2p

2p - q - r

16 p 2
= 2p
8p

(q + r )2
2p
Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

17

18

ACE AHEAD Mathematics (T) Third Term

r2
(q + r )2
(Oi Ei ) 2
q2
= 2 + 2 + 2
2p
Ei
p
p
i =1
6

2 =

3q 2 + 3r 2 + 2qr
p
2
2
= 3( q + r ) + 2qr
p
=

3( q + r ) 2 4 qr
(Shown)
p

H : The rate of germination and the type of corn seeds are independent.
0
H1 : The rate of germination and the type of cord seeds are dependent.

Oi

Ei

20
30
29
21
51
49

25
25
25
25
50
50

(Oi Ei )2
Ei
1.00
1.00
0.64
0.64
0.02
0.02
3.32

a = 0.05
v = (2 - 1)(3 - 1)
=2


02.05, 2 = 5.991

2 = 3.32 < 02.05, 2


Do not reject H0. The rate of germination does not depends on the types of corn seeds.
24 H0 : The blood pressure follow a normal distribution with mean 128.46 and standard deviation
13.69.

H1 : The blood pressure does not follow a normal distribution with mean 128.46 and standard
deviation 13.69.

X ~ N(128.46, 13.692)

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

Fully Worked Solutions

(Oi Ei )2
Ei

P(X = x)

Oi

0.0002
0.0186
0.0700

0
3 15
12

0.050

4.650 22.200
17.500

2.335

0.1795
0.2763
0.2557
0.1419

52
74
67
26

44.875
69.075
63.925
35.475

1.131
0.351
0.148
2.531

0.0472

12

11.800

2.625 14.450

0.025

0.166

0.0105
0.0001

4 16

E2 = 250P

6.662


a = 0.05


v=6-1


=5
2

= 11.070.
0.05, 5
2
c = 6.66 < c 2 0.05, 5

D
 o not reject H0. The blood pressure follow a normal distribution with mean 128.46 and
standard deviation 13.69.

Oxford Fajar Sdn. Bhd. (008974-T) 2014

19

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