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CRITICAL REVIEW/DISCUSSION:

The gravity based processes for separation of coal and minerals through all
these process plays vital role. These processes are simple, easy and
economically viable. Generally the capital cost is not

very high and

operational cost is also low.


Separation of required materials for coal and minerals is fundamental step in
coal utilization. As all characteristics pertaining to coals or minerals which
lies

with

very

initial

step

and

is

involved

in

almost

all

process

(PYROLYSIS,CARBNIZATION,COMBUSTION AND COKING). All these processes


need clean coal feed to some extent to avoid process and product quality
,quantity as per laid down specification. The

gravity base process is a

physical rather a mechanical process which removes most of the impurities


in the form of solids ,liquids or gas. Although these processes can not claim
total separation of feed free from impurities yet the basic function of gravity
base separation process have a lot of significance and calls for must
introduction of basic requirement.
With the passage of time development, process has improved capacity
,quantity, quality of product to a certain level. The simplicity of gravity base
process has made reasonable financial viability, The capital cost at the start
is not very high and so is the case with operational cost.
Each gravity base process has its own salient features as compared to
others. Some are better regarding capacity while others are a head of them
in efficiency. Some are leading in quality aspect while others are considered
better due to simplicity and operating cost.
Let us critically review their characteristics

JIGGING
This process is widely used is considered one of the best processes due to

simple process and control, wide application ,low operating cost but at the
same time their limitations regarding large amounts of middling in capability
for sorting complex coals.

TABLE
The table process is preferred due to its low cost operations, low tailing, and
treatment cost In contrast it is not a preferred choice due to low recovery,
low grade concentration and large space requirement.

SPIRALS
The spiral process has a number of advantages such as low capital

and

maintenance cost, large capacity output and low space requirement. As


compared to this the spirals process is not preferred due to its limitation
caused by

specific gravity difference of one (1) and low efficiency for

separation of Feldspar Calcite and flat shaped particles.

HEAVY MEDIA SEPARATION


This process has a wide application and

has got much importance that

almost all modern plants prefer using this technology. The HMS like other
processes has a number of merits and demerits. For example sharp
separation, high efficiency concentration and controllable

density are its

merits while it is not a good choice due to operational cost as the repeated
cost of Magnetite and Ferrosilicon. Another important limitation its inability
to process very fine particles.

We have discussed all the processes one by one . When we compare these
with each other, we conclude that if one process is better as compared to
the other on the base of simplicity and ease of operation while on the other
hand we see a number of characteristics which do not favor this decision. Af
a process looked fine on the base of low cost and quality and at the same

time is not favored due to high operational cost. There are favord
consideration to select a process on the base of

capacity and quality, in

contrast it requires high capital investment. Generally in the opinion of lot of


industrilists the

JIGGING and HEAVY MEDIA SEPARATION have been

considered a head of other processes.


While critically reviewing these processes, we observe that these are old
and not very efficient. Technically all the processes are far behind and
lacking the current requirements of modernization. For such clumsy sort of
equipment , the machines and associated equipment do not meet

the

standard of energy consumption. There are reasonably good production rates


but control of

recovery is poor. The use of energy has not been optimized.

The efficiency of almost all processes is not very high. Although these
processes are quite old, still are in developing stage. Modern techniques are
yet to incorporated

to overcome at par with such class of facilities of

separation of particles based on gravity. The main characteristics such as


size, capacity, capital cost, operating cost, space requirement, process
efficiency, quality, quantity other do provide deciding inclination of decision
yet deciding in favor of one is not very easy. Technically all these processes
can be termed as in improving stage. However, with the passage of time
these processes will be upgraded keeping in view the modern developments
giving up the obsolescence and introduction of new methodology of good
engineering

practice, economy of scale, waste management and above all

financial viability of project. An other aspect is the marketability of products


produced from all the four processes. The customer in the market is
interested in quality products, he will select the products of his/her choice.
If the customer is interested in quantity , his/her option will probably be the
cost at which the products are bought and at what cost should be utilized or
sold. The

discussion move around the cost. The financial view is most

critical, which is the pivotal point for decision making for selection of any one
of the four processes.

CONCLUSION:
All the four processes ( Separation through JIG , TABLE, HEAVY MEDIA AND
SPIRAL) discussed are delivering. A process has certain advantage over the
other due to a criteria while other process will be having other advantage
due to some other reasons. The criteria

which has major factors can be

size and capacity of plant, the concentration process, , space requirement,


size of facility,

operational cost, ,capital cost and others. Selection of a

suitable process depends upon available financial sources, the enterprise,


the space requirement and above all the market trending. .Apparently it
looks that decision regarding selection of any one process is not easy. The
entrepreneur has

to make a number of permutation and combination to

reach a suitable and valid settlement. The selection of any one process is
difficult since there is a lot of variability

and differences. If one adopts a

process on the base of quality and quantity, then


then has to to be ready for more space requirement and capital cost . And if
the investor decides in favor of quality compromise then selection may be
for any process but without a good decision. Moreover one thing that
entrepreneurs must not ignore is that current processes are in developing
stage. And in future these processes will be far improved. At that stage
he/she will be in command of good decision for prompt selection of any
process without any hesitation. The selection so made will be far better in
term of flexibility of technical reasoning

for good selection, quality and

quantity of products, energy optimization, high recovery, financial viability


and above all return on investment (ROI).
The decision made on real technical grounds and validated process will
enhance not only the support of right selection but will also open further
many avenues for such process and benefit the business.

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