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1.Whatisthedifferencebetweenscavengingandsupercharging?
Ans:Scavengingisprocessofflushingoutburntgasesfromenginecylinderbyintroducingfreshairinthecylinderbeforeexhaust
strokeends.Superchargingistheprocessofsupplyinghighermassofairbycompressingtheatmosphericair.

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2.Whatarethenamesgiventoconstanttemperature,constantpressure,constantvolume,constantinternalenergy,constant
enthalpy,andconstantentropyprocesses.Ans:Isothermal,isochroic,isobaric,freeexpression,throttlingandadiabaticprocessesrespectively.
3.InaRankinecycleifmaximumsteampressureisincreasedkeepingsteamtemperatureandcondenserpressuresame,whatwillhappento
drynessfractionofsteamafterexpansion?Ans:Itwilldecrease.
4.Whyentropychangeforareversibleadiabaticprocessiszero?
Ans:Becausethereisnoheattransferinthisprocess.
5.Whataretwoessentialconditionsofperfectgas?
Ans:Itsatisfiesequationofstateanditsspecificheatsareconstant.
6.Enthalpyandentropyarefunctionsofonesingleparameter.Whichisthat?
Ans:Temperature.
7.Whyrateofcondensationishigheronapolishedsurfacecomparedtorustysurface?
Ans:Polishedsurfacepromotesdropwisecondensationanddoesnotwetthesurface.
8.Howmuchresistanceisofferedtoheatflowbydropwisecondensation?
Ans:Nil

Howarethesequestionspleasedoaddcommentsandifyoulikethempleasedosharethisposton
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9.WhatistherelationshipbetweenCOPofheatingandcooling?
Ans:COPofheatingisone(unity)morethanCOPofcooling.
10.Howmuchistheworkdoneinisochoricprocess?
Ans:Zero.

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11.Whenmaximumdischargeisobtainedinnozzle?
Ans:Atthecriticalpressureratio.
1.Underwhatconditiontheworkdoneinreciprocatingcompressorwillbeleast?
Ans:Itisleastwhencompressionprocessapproachesisothermal.Forthispurpose,attemptsaremadetocooltheairduringcompression.
13.Whatisthedifferencebetweenstallingandsurginginrotarycompressions?
Ans:StallingisalocalphenomenonanditoccurswhenHowbreaksawayfromtheblades.Surgingcausescompletebreakdownofflowandassuchit
affectsthewholemachine.
14.Whytheelectricmotorofafanwithbackwardcurvedbladesisnevergotoverloadedunderanycondition?
Ans:Themaximumpowerisconsumedatabout70%ofmaximumflowincase'offanwithbackwardblades.Forhigherflow,powerconsumptiongets
lower.
15.Whytheworkperkgofairflowinaxialflowcompressorislesscomparedtocentrifugalcompressorforsamepressureratio?
Ans:Isentropicefficiencyofaxialflowcompressorishigher.
16.Whatisthenamegiventoportionofthermalenergytobenecessarilyrejectedtoenvironment?
Ans:Anergy.
17.Whatispitting?Howitiscaused?
Ans:Nonuniformcorrosionovertheentiremetalsurface,butoccuringonlyinsmallpitsiscalledpitting.Itiscausedbylackofuniformityinmetal.
18.Whatiscausticembrittlement?
Ans:Itistheactualphysicalchangeinmetalthatmakesitextremelybrittleandfilledwithminutecracks.Itoccursparticularlyintheseamsofrivetted
jointsandaroundtherivetholes.
19.Whichimpuritiesformhardscaleandwhichimpuritiessoftscale?
Ans:Sulphatesandchloridesoflimeandmagnesiumformhardscale,andcarbonatesoflimeandmagnesiumformsoftscale.
20.Whatisthedifferencebetweenhardwaterandsoftwater?
Ans:Hardwatercontainsexcessofscaleformingimpuritiesandsoftwatercontainsverylittleornoscaleformingsubstances.
21.Whichtwoelementsinfeedwatercancausecorrosionoftubesandplatesinboiler?'
Ans:Acidandoxygeninfeedwaterleadtocorrosion.
22.Whatshouldbedonetopreventasafetyvalvetosticktoitsseat?
Ans:Safetyvalveshouldbeblownoffperiodicallysothatnocorrosioncantakeplaceonvalveandvalveseat.
23.Whylargeboilersarewatertubetype?
Ans:Watertubeboilersraisesteamfastbecauseoflargeheattransferareaandpositivewatercirculation.Thustheyrespondfastertofluctuationsin
demand.Furthersingletubefailuredoesnotleadtocatastrophy.
24.Whattypeofboilerdoesnotneedasteamdrum?
Ans:Supercriticalpressureboiler.
25.Whymanholesinvesselsareusuallyellipticalinshape?
Ans:Ellipticalshapehasminimumareaofopeningandthusplateisweakenedtheleast.Furtheritisveryconvenienttoinsertandtakeoutthecover
platefromellipticalopening.
26.Lowwaterinboilerdrumisunsafebecauseitmayresultinoverheatingofwatertubesinfurnace.Whyitisunsafetohavehighwaterconditionin
boilerdrum?
Ans:Highdrumleveldoesnotallowsteamseparationtobeeffectiveandsomewatercanbecarriedoverwithsteamwhichisnotdesirableforsteam
turbine.
27.Whyboilerispurgedeverytimebeforestartingfiringoffuel?
Ans:Purgingensuresthatanyunburntfuelinfurnaceisremoved,otherwiseitmayleadtoexplosion.
28.Whatistheprincipleofmechanicalrefrigeration?
Axis.Avolatileliquidwillboilundertheproperconditionsandinsodoingwillabsorbheatfromsurroundingobjects.
29.Whyhighlatentheatofvaporisationisdesirableinarefrigerant?
Ans:Ahighlatentheatofvaporisationofrefrigerantresultsinsmallamountofrefrigerantandthuslessercirculationsystemofrefrigerantforsame
tonnage.
30.Whatisthecriticaltemperatureofarefrigerant?

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Ans:Criticaltemperatureisthemaximumtemperatureofarefrigerantratwhichitcanbecondensedintoliquidandbeyondthisitremainsgas
irrespectiveofpressureapplied.
31.Maximumcombustiontemperatureingasturbinesisoftheorderof1100to10Cwhereassameisaround00CinI.C.engine?Why?
Ans:HightemperatureinI.C.enginecanbetoleratedbecauseitlastsforafractionofsecondbutgasturbineshavetofaceitcontinuouslywhich
metalscan'twithstand.
32.WhyefficiencyofgasturbinesislowercomparedtoI.C.engines?
Ans:Ingasturbines,70%oftheoutputofgasturbineisconsumedbycompressor.I.C.engineshavemuchlowerauxiliaryconsumption.Further
combustiontemperatureofI.C.enginesismuchhighercomparedtogasturbine.
33.Whatdoyouunderstandbytimedcylinderlubrication?
Ans:Foreffectivelubrication,luboilneedstobeinjectedbetweentwopistonringswhenpistonisatbottomofstrokesothatpistonridesinoiduring
upwardmovement.Thiswaylotofluboilcanbesavedandusedproperly.
34.WhatisIIUCRinrelationtopetrolengine?
Ans:HUCRishighestusefulcompressionratioatwhichthefuelcanbeusedinaspecifictestengine,underspecifiedoperatingconditions,without
knocking.
35.Insomeenginesglycerineisusedinplaceofwaterforcoolingofengine.Why?
Ans:Glycerinehasboilingpointof90Cwhichincreasesitsheatcarryingcapacity.Thusweightofcoolantgetsreducedandsmallerriadiatorcanbe
used.
36.Whyconsumptionoflubricatingoilismoreintwostrokecyclepetrolenginethanfourstrokecyclepetrolengine?
Ans:Intwostrokeengineluboilismixedwithpetrolandthussomeluboilisblownoutthroughtheexhaustvalvesbyscavengingandchargingair.
Thereisnosuchwastageinfourstrokepetrolengine.
37.Ascompressionratioincreases,thermalnincreases.Howisthermalnaffectedbyweakandrichmixturestrength?
Ans:Thermalnishighforweakmixtureanditdecreasesasmixturestrengthbecomesrich.
38.Howenginedesignneedstobechangedtoburnleanmixture?
Ans:Enginetoburnleanmixtureuseshighcompressionratioandthehighlyturbulentmovementofthechargeisproducedbythegeometryofthe
combustionchamber.
39.HorsepowerofI.C.enginescanbeexpressedasRACrating,SAErating,orDINrating.Towhichcountriesthesestandardsbelong?
Ans:U.K.,USAandGermanyrespectively.
40.WhatistheuseofflashchamberinavapourcompressionrefrigerationcycletoimprovetheCOPofrefrigerationcycle?
Ans:Whenliquidrefrigerantasobtainedfromcondenseristhrottled,therearesomevapours.Thesevapoursifcarriedthroughtheevaporatorwillnot
contributetorefrigeratingeffect.Usingaflashchamberatsomeintermediatepressure,theflashvapouratthispressurecanbebledoffandfedback
tothecompressionprocess.Thethrottlingprocessisthencarriedoutinstages.Similarlycompressionprocessisalsodoneintwoseparate
compressorstages.
41.Whypistonsareusuallydishedattop?
Ans:Pistonsareusuallyhollowedattopto(i)providegreaterspa'eforcombustion,(ii)increasesurfaceforfluegasestoactupon,and(iii)better
distributionofstresses.
42.Whatisthefunctionofthermostatincoolingsystemofanengine?
Ans:Thermostatensuresoptimumcoolingbecauseexcessivecoolingdecreasestheoverallefficiency.Itallowscoolingwatertogotoradiatorbeyond
apredeterminedtemperature.
43.Whatarethecausesoffailureofboilertubes?
Ans:Boilertubes,usuallyaremadefromcarbonsteelandaresubjectto(a)highratesofheattransfer,(b).bendingstressesduetounevenheating,
especiallyatexpandedorweldedjointsintoheadersordrums,externalerosionfromburnersandfluegas,(d)possiblecorrosionontheboilerside,
and(e)occasionalmanufacturingdefects.
Failuremayoccurduetofollowingreasons:
(a)Highthermalratingsmayleadtorapidfailureiftheinternalfluidflowisreducedforanyreason.Theresultantoverheatingleadstoafailureby
creep,characterisedbythebulgingofthetubewiththeeventualdevelopmentofalongitudinalsplit.
(b)Fatiguecrackingduetobendingstressesoccur.Theseareassociatedwithchangeofsectionand/orweldundercut,wheretubesareexpanded
orweldedintoheaders.
Failuremayariseduetooverstressingofareducedsectionofmetal.
(d)Suddenfailureoftheboilertubeduetocorrosionarisesfromembrittlementofthecarbonsteelduetointeractionbetweenatomichydrogenfrom
thecorrosionprocessandtheironcarbidepresentinthesteel.

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(e)Defectsintubemanufacture,althoughfarfrombeingaregularoccurrence,canbeacauseofserioustrouble.Laminationinboilertubesorscore
marksarisingfromthecolddrawingoftubes,giverisetoprematurefailureandmaypromotecorrosionattheseregions.
44.Whatarethecausesoffailureofsuperheatertubes?
Ans:Superheatertubesaresubjectedtothemostseverecombinationofstress,temperatureandcorrosiveenvironment.Inadditiontohigh
temperaturestrength,resistancetocorrosionisalsoimportant.Forexample,lowalloyferriticsteelsuchas1/%Cr,1%Mowouldnotbeusedat
metaltemperaturesabove580Cbecauseofinadequateresistancetocorrosionandoxidationoverafullservicelifeof100,000/150,000hr.
Failuresinsuperheatertubesmayarisefrom:
(a)Priorfabricationhistory(b)Faultyheattreatment
Consequencesofwelding(d)Overheatingofthetubemetal
(e)Gassidecorrosion(f)Stresscorrosion(austeniticsteels).
45.Whysupercriticalboilersuselessamountofsteelcomparedtononsupercriticalboilers?
Ans:Supercriticalboilersdonotheadheavydrumforseparationofsteamfrommixtureofwaterandsteam.
46.Outofelectricheaterandheatpump,whichiseconomicalinoperation?
Ans:Heatpump.
47.Whichfurnaceburnslowashfusioncoalandretainsmostofthecoalashintheslag?
Ans:Cyclonefurnace.
48.Howthethicknessofthermalboundarylayerandthicknessofhydrodynamicboundarylayerrelated?
Ans:Ratiooftheirthickness=(Prandtlnumber)1/3.
49.Whatistheeffectoffrictiononflowofsteamthroughanozzle?
Ans:Todecreasebothmassflowrateandwetnessofsteam.
50.Whygasturbinepowerplantneedsefficientcompressor?
Ans:Becausealargeportionofturbineworkiseatenawaybycompressoranditsinefficiencywillaffectnetpoweroutputandcostofgeneration.
51.Whyrocketsusingliquidhydrogenhavehigherspecificimpulsecomparedtoliquidhydrocarbon?
Ans:Liquidhydrogenhashigherburningvelocity.
52.Whyaxialflowcompressorispreferredforgasturbinesforaeroplanes?
Ans:Becauseithaslowfrontalarea.
53.Whatistheeffectofintercoolingingasturbines?
Ans:Itdecreasesthermalefficiencybutincreasesnetoutput.
54.WhyisooctaneischosenasreferencefuelforS.I.enginesandallotted100valueforitsoctanenumber?
Ans:Isooctanepermitshighestcompressionwithoutcausingknocking.
55.WhythermalefficiencyofI.C.enginesismorethanthatofgasturbineplant?
Ans:InI.C.enginemaximumtemperatureattainedishigherthaningasturbine.
56.WhicharethereferencefuelsforknockratingofS.I.engines?
Ans:nheptaneandISOoctane.
57.Wheneffectofvariationsinspecificheatsisconsideredthenhowdomaximumtemperatureandpressurevarycomparedtoairstandardcycle?
Ans:Temperatureincreasesandpressuredecreases.
58.Quantitieslikepressure,temperature,density,viscosity,etc.areindependentofmass.Whatarethesecalled?
Ans:Intensiveproperties.
59.Theamountofradiationemittedperscmperseciscalled....?
Ans:Emissivepower.
60.Inconvectionheattransfer,ifheatfluxintensityisdoubledthentemperature
differencebetweensolidsurfaceandfluidwill?
Ans:Getdoubled.
61.Howyoucandefinecoal?
Ans:Coalisanaturallyoccurringhydrocarbonthatconsistsofthefossilisedremainsofburiedplantdebristhathaveundergoneprogressivephysical

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andchemicalalteration,calledcoalification,inthecourseofgeologictime.
62.Whichpollutantismajorgreenhousegasandwhatisitseffect?
Ans:COismajorgreenhousegasandittrapstheradiationofheatfromthesunwithinearth'satmosphere.
63.InordertoincreaseefficiencyandreduceCOemissionsandotheremissions,clearcoaltechnologiesarereceivingmajorattention.Whatare
these?
Ans:(i)Advancedpulverisedandpressurisedpulverisedfuelcombustion.
(ii)Atmosphericfluidisedbedcombustionandpressurisedfluidisedbedcombustion.
(iii)Supercriticalboilers.
(iv)Integratedgasificationcombinedcyclesystems.
(v)Advancedintegratedgasification,includingfuelcellsystems.
(vi)Magnetohydrodynamicelectricitygeneration.
64.Whataretheimportantoperationalperformanceparametersindesignoffuelfiringequipment?
Ans:Fuelflexibility,electricalloadfollowingcapability,reliability,availability,andmaintenanceease.
65.Whatisthedifferencbetweentotalmoistureandinherentmoistureincoal?
Ans:Themoisturecontentofthebulkassampledisreferredtoastotalmoisture,andthatoftheairdriedsampleiscalledinherentmoisture.
66.Proximityanalysisofcoalprovidesdataforafirst,generalassessmentofacoal'squalityandtype.Whatelementsitreports?
Ans:Moisture,volatilematter,ashandfixedcarbon.
67.Ultimateanalysisofcoaliselementaryanalysis.Whatitisconcernedwith?
Ans:Carbon,hydrogen,nitrogen,andsulphurincoalonaweightpercentagebasis.
68.ExplainthedifferencebetweenAFBC,BFBC,PFBCandPCFBinregardtofluidisedbedtechnologies.
Ans:AFBC(Atmosphericfluidisedbedcombustion)processconsistsofformingabedofinertmaterialslikefinelysizedashorashmixedwithsand,
limestone(forsulphurremoval),andsolidfuelparticlesinacombustorandfluidisingitbyforcingcombustionairupthroughthebedmixture.Thegas
flowsthorughbedwithoutdisturbingparticlessignificantlybutgasvelocityishighenoughtosupportthetotalweightofbed(fluidisation).Atslightly
highervelocityexcessgaspassesthroughthebedasbubbles(fluidisedbed)andgivesthebedtheappearanceofaboilingliquid.
Bubblingfluidisedbedcombustion(BFBC)hasadefinedheightofbedmaterialandoperatesatornearatmosphericpressureinthefurnace.
Pressurisedfluidisedbedcombustion(PFBC)systemoperatesthebedatelevatedpressure.Exhaustgaseshavesufficientenergytopoweragas
turbine,ofcourse,gasesneedtobecleaned.
Influidisedcombustion,asashisremovedsomeunburnedcarbonisalsoremovedresultinginlowerefficiency.Incirculatingfluidisedbedcombustion
(CFBC)system,bedisoperatedathigherpressureleadingtohighheattransfer,highercombustionefficiency,andbetterfuelfeed.Circulating
fluidisedbedsoperatewithrelativelyhighgasvelocitiesandfineparticlesizes.Themaintenanceofsteadystateconditionsinafastfluidisedbed
requiresthecontinuousrecycleofparticlesremovedbythegasstream(circulatingbed).Thetermcirculatingbedisoftenusedtoincludefluidised
bedsystemscontainingmultipleconventionalbubblingbedsbetweenwhichbedmaterialisexchanged.
69.WhatforSchmidtplotforisusedinheattransferproblems?
Ans:Schmidtplotisagraphicalmethodfordeterminingthetemperatureatanypointinabodyataspecifiedtimeduringthetransientheatingor
coolingperiod.
70.Inwhichreactorthecoolantandmoderatorarethesame?
Ans:Pressurisedwaterreactor.
71.Whichreactorhasnomoderator?
Ans:Fastbreederreactor.
72.Whatarethermalneutrons?
Ans:Thermalneutronsareslowneutrons(havingenergybelow1eV)whichareinthermalequilibriumwiththeirsurroundings.
73.Whatisbigadvantageoffastbreederreactor?
Ans:Ithasrapidselfbreedingoffissilefuelduringtheoperationofthereactor,andthus,itoffersaboutsixtytimestheoutputwithsamenatural
uraniumresourcesthroughordinarynonbreedernuclearreactor.
74.Whatisthepurposeofbiologicalshieldinnuclearplants?
Ans:Biologicalshieldofheavyconcretepreventsexposuretoneutrons,betaraysandgammarayswhichkilllivingthings.
75.Whichtwoelementshavesamepercentageinproximateandultimateanalysisofcoal?
Ans:Moistureandash.

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76.OnwhichanalysisisbasedtheDulong'sformulafortheheatingvalueoffuel?
Ans:Onultimateanalysis.
77.Whichelementcausesdifferenceinhigherandlowerheatingvaluesoffuel?
Ans:Hydrogen.
78.Whichheatingvalueisindicatedbyacalorimeterandwhy?
Ans:Grossheatingvaluebecausesteamiscondensedandheatofvapourformedisrecovered.
79.Statethedifferencebetweenultimateandproximateanalysisofcoal?
Ans:Inultimateanalysis,chemicaldeterminationoffollowingelementsismadebyweight:Fixedandcombinedcarbon,H,O,N,S,waterandash.
HeatingvalueisduetoC,HandS.
Inproximateanalysisfollowingconstituentsaremechanicallydeterminedbyweight.Moisture,volatilematter,fixedcarbonandash.Heatingvalueis
duetofixedcarbonandvolatilematter.
80.Whatisfuelratio?
Ans:Fuelratioistheratioofits%ageoffixedcarbontovolatilematter.
81.Howtheanalysesandcalorificvaluesoffuelscanbereported?
Ans:Itmaybereportedas
(a)asreceivedorfired(wet)basis
(b)dryormoisturefreebasis
combustibleorashandmoisturefreebasis
82.Whatisthedifferencebetweennuclearfissionandfissionchainreaction.
Ans:Theprocessofsplittingofnucleusintotwoalmostequalfragmentsaccompaniedbyreleaseofheatisnuclearfission.Selfsustained,
continuing,sequenceoffissionreactionsinacontrolledmannerisfissionchainreaction.
83.Explaindifferencebetweenfissileandfertilematerials.
Ans:Thematerialswhichcangivenuclearfissione.g.U35,Pu39,U33arefissilematerials.Fertilematerialitselfisnotfissionable,butitcanbe
convertedtoafissionablematerialbyirradiationofneutronsinanuclearreactor.
84.Whatdoyouunderstandbyfuelcycleinnuclearplants?
Ans:Fuelcycleaseriesofsequentialstepsinvolvedinsupplyingfueltoanuclearpowerreactor.Thestepsinclude:Mining,refininguranium,
fabricationoffuelelements,theiruseinnuclearreactor,chemicalprocessingtorecoverremainingfissionablematerial,reenrichmentoffuelfrom
recoveredmaterial,refabricationofnewfuelelements,wastestorageetc.
85.Whatisheavywaterandwhatisitsuseinnuclearplants?
Ans:Watercontainingheavyisotopesofhydrogen(Deuterium)isknownasheavywater.Heavywaterisusedasamoderator.Heavywaterhaslow
crosssectionforabsorptionofneutronsthanordinarywater.Heavywaterslowsdownthefastneutronsandthusmoderatesthechainreaction.
86.Whatisaconverterreactor?
Ans:Areactorplantwhichisdesignedtoproducemorefuelthanitconsumes.Thebreedingisobtainedbyconvertingfertilematerialtofissile
material.
87.Explainnuclearreactorinbrief.
Ans:Aplantwhichinitiates,sustains,controlsandmaintainsnuclearfissionchainreactionandprovidesshieldingagainstradioactiveradiationis
nuclearreactor.
88.Whatisthedifferencebetweenconversionandenrichment?
Ans:TheprocessofconvertingthenonfissileU38tofissileU35isalsocalled"Conversion".ThemateriallikeU38whichcanbeconvertedtoa
fissilematerialbytheneutronfluxiscalled"fertilematerial".Theconversionisobtainedwithinthenuclearreactorduringthechainreaction.
Enrichmentistheprocessbywhichtheproportionoffissileuraniumisotope(U35)isincreasedabove0.7%(original%innaturaluranium).
TheconcentrationofU35intheuraniumhexafluorideisincreasedfromthe0.7%innaturaluraniumtoto4%.Thisiscalledenrichmentandis
accomplishedinanenrichmentplant.
89.Disposalofradioactivewastematerialsandspentfuelisamajorandimportanttechnology.Howthewasteradioactivematerialisdisposedoff?
Ans:Nonusablefissionproductsareradioactiveandtakeshort/medium/longtimeforradioactivedecaytoreachsafelevelofradioactivity.Accordingly
threemethodsofdisposalare:
(a)Zeroorlowradioactivitymaterialisdispersedorstoredwithoutelaborateshielding.
(b)Mediumradioactivitymaterialisstoredforshortdurationofabout5yearstoallowdecayofradioactivity.

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Highradioactivematerial.Theyarestoredinwaterforseveralmonthstopermitradioactivedecaytoanaccepetablelowlevel.
90.Whichnuclearreactoruseswaterasacoolant,moderatorandreflector?
Ans:Pressurisedwaterreactor.
91.Whichreactorproducesmorefissionablematerialthanitconsumes?
Ans:Breederreactor.
92.Whichreactorusesnaturaluraniumasfuel?
Ans:Gascooledreacator.
93.Whichreactorusesheavywaterasmoderator?
Ans:CANDU.
94.Whichreactorrequiresnomoderator?
Ans:Breederreactor.
95.Whichreactorusesprimarycoolantasfluoridesaltsoflithium,beryllium,thoriumanduranium?
Ans:Moltensaltbreederreactor.
96.Whyanincreaseinareaisrequiredtoproduceanincreaseofvelocityincaseofsupersonicflow?
Ans:Increaseinareaforincreaseinvelocityforsupersonicflowisrequiredbecausethedensitydecreasesfasterthanvelocityincreasesat
supersonicspeedsandtomaintaincontinuityofmass,areamustincrease.
97.Underwhatcircumstanceswouldtherebeanincreaseinpressureinadivergentnozzle?
Ans:Forsubsonicflowatinletsectionofadiffuseralowervelocityandhigherpressurewillexistattheexitsection.Forsupersonicisentropicflowat
theinletsectionahighervelocityandlowerpressurewillexistattheexitbutifashockwaveoccursinthediffuserthenahigherpressurewillexistat
theexit.
98.Whywatercan'tbeusedasrefrigerantforsmallrefrigeratingequipment?
Ans:Therefrigerantshouldbesuchthatvapourvolumeislowsothatpumpingworkwillbelow.Watervapourvolumeisaround4000times
comparedtoRforagivenmass.
99.Whichparameterremainsconstantinathrottlingprocess?
Ans:Enthalpy.
100.Whatisthedifferencebetweenisentropicprocessandthrottlinglprocess?
Ans:Inisentropicprocess,heattransfertakesplaceandinthrottlingprocess,enthalpybeforeandaftertheprocessissame.

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SanjeevKumarJha1

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veryveryuseful.....thanxalot
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