Tourism Concepts and Practices

Tourism Concepts and Practices
STUDENTS HANDBook
Class-XI
Central Board of Secondary Education
Shiksha Kendra, 2 Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110301
Tourism Concepts and Practices
Price : Rs.
First Edition 2013 CBSE, India
Copies :
This Book or part thereof may not be reproduced by any

person or agency in any manner.
Published By : The Secretary, Central Board of Secondary

Education, Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar,
Delhi-110301
Design, Layout : Dee Kay Printers, 5/37 Kirti Nagar, New Delhi-110015
Phone : 25414260
Printed by
: Dee Kay Printers, 5/37 Kirti Nagar, New Delhi-110015
Phone : 25414260
Travel Resources in India (Travel and Tourism)
iii
iv
Travel Resources in India
Preface
In an increasingly globalised world and the changing paradigm of urbanized living
the demand for Hospitality and Tourism has increased manifold the world over.
In this ever expanding sector, it has become essential to provide competency
based vocational education. It is in this context that CBSE has launched a course
in Travel and Tourism under Hospitality and Tourism sector.
The present book on Tourism Concepts and Practices explains the various tourism
phenomenon in its various manifestations. The contents include Introduction
to Tourism, Tourism-Historical Account, Concepts & Components of Tourism,
Interlinkage of Geography & History with Tourism Industry and Role of Professional
Bodies in promoting Tourism.
It has been a deliberate effort to keep the language used in this student manual
as simple as possible. Necessary pictorial illustrations and flow charts have been
included to help the students to understand the concepts without any difficulty.
Practicing professionals from the field of Hospitality and Tourism comprised the
team of authors for this book. The Board thankfully acknowledges their contribution
in completing the book in record time. I hope this book will help the students
to serve a useful resource in this subject.
The Board is grateful to the members of the Committee of Course for their
advice, guidance and total commitment towards development of this course. We
are indeed indebted to these academic advisors who have lent us the benefit
of their rich and insightful experience. I would like to appreciate Vocational
Education Cell, CBSE for coordinating and successfully completing the work.
Comments and suggestions are welcome for further improvement of the book.
Vineet Joshi, IAS

Chairman
CBSE
Text Book (Class XI))
Acknowledgements
Advisors
Sh. Vineet Joshi, IAS, Chairman, CBSE, Delhi
Sh. M.V.V. Prasada Rao, Director (Vocational and Edusat), CBSE, Delhi
material Production group

Dr. Pawan Gupta, Chairman - PGDM (Tourism & Leisure), IITTM
Dr. Paramita Sukalbaidya, Assistant Professor, IGNOU, Delhi
Editing and Coordination

Dr. Biswajit Saha, Additional Director, Vocational, CBSE
Ms. Swati Gupta, Deputy Director, Vocational, CBSE
vi
Contents
Page No.
Unit-1: Introduction to Tourism
1.0 Unit Overview & Description
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Defining Tourism
1.3 Elements of Tourism
1.4 Identifying the Tourist
1.5 Linkage between Leisure, Recreation and Tourism
11
1.6 Characteristics of Tourism Industry
18
1.7 Components of Tourism
18
1.8 Summary
18
1.8 Practical Activity
18
Unit-2: tourism: a historical account
19
19
2.1 Introduction
22
2.2 Travel in Early Times
23
2.3 Renaissance and the Grand Tour
25
2.4 Industrial Revolution and Tourism
28
2.5 Tourism in Modern Times
30
2.6 Tourism in India: An Account
32
2.7 Summary
34
2.8 Practical Activities
36
vii
Unit-3: concepts of tourism
37
37
3.1 Introduction
39
3.2 Tourism System
42
3.4 Barriers to Tourism
54
3.5 Forms of Tourism
59
3.6 Types of Tourism
60
3.7 Types of Tour Packages
62
3.8 Defining Tourism Impact
3.9 Summary
64
Unit-4: Tourism components-I
65
65
4.1 Introduction
66
4.2 Attraction Resources, products, sites, destinations
67
4.3 Types of Attractions
68
4.4 Accessibility Modes of Transportation of significance
74
4.5 Amenities: Health and hygiene, security
4.6 Summary
76
Unit-5: Tourism components-II
77
5.0 Unit Overview and Description
77
5.1 Introduction
79
5.2 Significance of Accomodation Tourism
79
5.3 Types of Accommodation
84
5.4 Meal Plan of booking accommodation
91
viii
5.5 Available packages
91
5.6 Ancillary services
92
5.7 Summary
94
Unit-6: inter linkage between geography and tourism industry
95
95
6.1 Introduction
96
6.2 Significance of Geography in Tourism
98
6.3 Defining latitude and longitude
113
6.4 Physical and Cultural Geography
114
6.5 Geographical features and its role in tourism
6.6 Map Reading and Cartography
6.7 Indian Geography
6.8 Summary
117
Unit-7: inter linkage between history and tourism industry
118
7.0 Unit Overview and Description
118
7.1 Introduction
121
7.2 Significance and importance of History in Tourism
122
7.3 Defining Heritage, Historical sites and Archaeological sites
122
7.4 Heritage Tourism, Types and Promotion
123
7.5 Guiding around heritage sites
126
7.6 Role of ASI
129
7.7 UNESCO world heritage sites in India
131
7.8 Summary
135
ix
Unit-8: tourism organisations and trends
136
136
8.1 Introduction
139
8.2 Role of Ministry of tourism, Government of India
145
8.3 Role of State Tourism Development Corporations
145
8.4 Public-Private Partnerships in Tourism
147
8.5 Role of Local Bodies and NGOs
147
8.6 Functions of some important organisations
148
8.7 Factors responsible for growth and development of tourism
149
8.8 General Trends in National and International Tourism
151
8.9 Summary
152
General Instructions to Students

1. It is expected that the student will be able to understand the meaning concepts and
practices of Tourism and Tourism Industry.
2. The student should try to gain as much practical knowledge as possible by completing
the practical assignments suggested after the respective units.
3. The students should focus on understanding the Components of Tourism such as
Hotels, Meal Plan Offered in Hotels, Ancillary Services Modes of Transport etc as
explained in Unit 4 & 5.
4. The Student should be able to understand and explain the System, Motivators, Barriers
and Forms of Tourism and Types of Tour packages.
5. Each student must go through the relation between History and Geographywith Tourism
and Role of Various Organisations in promoting Tourism in India. All doubts and
queries of the students should be clearly addressed and explained. Such questions
and answers should be noted down in pocket note books which shall be the basis of
writing more elaborate Reports. Collaborative group activities should be encouraged
among students for proper understanding.
6.
Proper caution regarding safety is mandatory during carrying out of practical projects.
All safety requirements must be followed strictly.
xi
xii
UNIT - 1
Introduction to Tourism
Contents
1.1 Introduction
1.8 Summary

This unit will introduce students to the concept of Tourism. Student will get acquainted
with some of the terminologies frequently associated with tourism and tourism industry. It
will help students to:
zz
understand the meaning of tourism
zz
develop awareness about the inter relationship between leisure, recreation and
tourism
zz
understand the characteristic of the tourism industry
zz
learn about the elements and components of tourism
Resource Material:
zz
Tourism for development - A strategic approach Prof. S.P. Bansal
zz
Basics of Tourism: Theory, Operation and Practice by Krishan K Kamra Mohinder

Chand
zz
The Business of Tourism - J. Christopher Holloway
zz
Worldwide Destinations: The geography of travel and tourism by Brian Boniface

MA
zz
Tourism: Principles and Practice by Prof Chris Cooper
Learning Outcomes:
UNIT-1
OUTCOMES
After Studying these Sub-Units:
1.1 Introduction
Students will be able to have general overview

about Tourism
Students will be able to understand the Definition

of Tourism
Students will be able to understand about the Major

Elements of Tourism
Students will be able to Understand the Definition

of a Tourist
1.5 Linkage between Leisure,

Recreation and Tourism
Students will be able to understand about the

relationship between Leisure, Recreation and
Tourism
1.6 Characteristics of Tourism

Industry
Students will be able to understand about the major Characteristics of Tourism Industry

Various Components of Tourism
Assessment Plan: (For the Teachers)

Unit-1
Topic
Assessment Method
1.2
Defining Tourism
Question & Answer
1.3
Elements of Tourism
Question & Answer
1.4
Identifying the Tourist
Question & Answer
1.5
Linkage between Leisure,

Recreation and Tourism
Question & Answer
1.6
Characteristics of Tourism Question & Answer

Industry
1.7
Components of Tourism
Time Plan
Remarks
Question & Answer
1.1 Introduction
Tourism is commonly referred to as the activity of visiting places for pleasure. The
basic concept of tourism is based on the movement of people outside their own place
of residence i.e. home area. Therefore, tourism can be considered as the movement of
people within a city, state, country or across international boundary.
All of us at one point of time or other have taken part in some tourism activity; whether it
is a visit to our grandparents staying at a nearby city or a day trip to visit the monuments
in our own city or maybe a trip to a foreign country for a holiday and so on. During any of
these tourism activities you must have noticed that many people are involved in providing
the services such as the travel agent, guide, transporter, ushers, souvenir, sellers and
so on. Illustration1.1 shows all the sectors that are associated with the tourism industry;
and how all of them come together to form the largest employers in the world i.e. the
Tourism Industry.
In modern world, tourism industry is constantly changing and evolving, primarily because
of its linkage with more than seven other industries such as - aviation, accommodation,
surface transportation, water transportation, telecommunication, attraction management,
travel facilitators, manufacturers of handicraft and souvenirs designed for visitors and
related outlets and so on. The inter linkage of so many industries has indeed made the
study and understanding of Tourism very interesting. To understand this global phenomenon
better, lets start by defining Tourism.

The definition of tourism, the origin of the word Tourism itself is in research. According
to Theobald Etymologically, the word tour is derived from the Latin word TORNARE/
TORNUS and the Greek word TORNOS, meaning, changed in modern English to represent
ones turn. The suffix-ism is defined as an action or process; typical behaviour of quality.
While the suffix-ist denote one that performs a given action When the word tour and the
suffixes-ism and ist are combined, they suggest the action of movement around a circle.
One can argue that a circle represents a starting point, which ultimately returns back to
its beginning. Therefore like a circle, a tour represents journey in a round trip, i.e. the act
of leaving and then returning to the original starting point and therefore, one who takes
such a journey can be called a Tourist.
Conceptually, tourism is defined as the sum of the phenomenon and relationships arising
from the travel and stay of non residents in so far as they do not lead to permanent
residence and are not connected with any earning activity. This definition formulated by
Illustration 1.1: Scope of Tourism

Source: The Scope of Hospitality and Tourism (Walker, 2010)
Swiss Professors Hunziker and Krapf was accepted by the International Association of
Scientific Experts in Tourism (WEST). Subsequently the International Union of Official Travel
Organisation (IUOTO) broadened the concept to include various form of business and
vocational travel as well. Till date, globally, this is the most popular definition of Tourism.
The definition of Tourism was further modified in an International Conference on Travel
and Tourism Statistics held jointly by United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UN WTO) and Tourism Canada, in June 1991. The event was successful since, the conference
resolutions came up with one principal finding. In 1993 United Nations accepted the reports
and the principle finding that recommended that tourism be defined as:
The activities of a person travelling to a place outside his or her usual environment for
less than a specified period of time and whose main purpose of travel is other than the
exercise of an activity remunerated from within the places visited.
The definition as put forward by UN - WTO and accepted by UN clearly identifies three
things in connection with the nature of the business of tourism:
i. It is about movement of people from their residence.
ii. It is for a certain period of time has this definition was modified to more than
24 hrs and less than 1 year for both International and Domestic travel.
iii.
And finally tourism is an economic activity.
Review Questions
1)
2)
Define Tourism.
Tourism Industry is constantly changing and evolving. Comment.

Elements of tourism refer to the basic fundamentals without which tourism activity of any
kind is not possible. They form the base of tourism and all tourism activities are possible
due to them.
The concept of tourism as a phenomenon involves the movement of people within their
own country or across the national borders for a certain period of time. S. Wahab has
noted that the anatomy of tourism phenomenon reveals, that, it is basically composed of
three elements, namely;
l
Man (the human element as the creator of the act of tourism)
Space (the physical element to be necessarily covered by the act itself)
Time (the temporal element which is composed by the trip itself and the stay
at the destination)
The time element varies according to the distance between the points of departure and the
destination countries or areas, transport means used and the length of stay at destination
etc. These elements constitute the essential conditions for the existence of the phenomenon
of tourism. There could be no tourism act without them.
Review Question
1) What are the elements of Tourism?

Tourism, as stated earlier in the chapter is a socio economic phenomenon. As in any
other economic phenomenon, it is important to understand what economic benefits are
being received from the said activity. This analysis is possible only if the people taking
part in the activity can be identified and their impact studied. This led to the process of
identifying tourists and tourist related activities.
In an international forum held in 1936, the committee of Statistical Experts of the League
of Nations first proposed that a foreign tourist is one who visits a country other than that
in which he habitually lives for a period of at least twenty four hours.
In the year 1945, the United Nations (which had replaced League of Nations) endorsed the
proposed definition, but added to it a maximum duration of stay of less than six months.
The UN-WTO (1991) recommended that an International Tourist be defined as a visitor
who travels to a country other than that in which he/she has his/her usual residence for
at least one night but not more than one year, and whose main purpose of visit is other
than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited, and that an
international excursionist, eg. cruise ship visitors, be defined as a visitor residing in a
country other than which he/she has his/her usual environment for less than 24 hours
without spending the night in the country visited and whose main purpose of visit is other
than the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the country visited.
This definition covers:
(i) Tourists, i.e. temporary visitors staying at least twenty four hours but not more
than one year in the country visited and the purpose of whose journey can be
classified under one of the following headings:

a. Leisure (recreation, holiday, health, study, religion and sport)
b. Business, family, mission, meeting
(ii) Same day Visitors / Excursionists i.e., temporary visitors staying less than
twenty four hours in the country visited (including travellers or cruises).
The statistics should not include travellers who, in the legal sense do not enter the country
(air travellers who do not leave an airports transit area and similar cases).
TRAVELLERS
VISITORS
OTHER TRAVELLERS
TOURISTS
(Overnight Visitors)
SAME - DAY
VISITORS
Illustration 1.2 Traveller Typology

Source: Travel and Tourism Research Association
Similarly, UN-WTO (1994) recommended that a domestic tourist be defined as Any

person, regardless of nationality, resident in a country and who travels to a place in
the same country for not more than one year and whose main purpose of visit is other
than following an occupation remunerated from within the place visited. The concept of
international and domestic tourists will be dealt in greater details in Unit 3.
Review Question
1) Define Tourist.

It is often said that tourism activity is taken up as a recreational activity during leisure
time, except for say business travel. The word leisure and recreation are used frequently in
context to Tourism. It is interesting and important to understand the inter linkage between
Leisure, Recreation and Tourism, in order to develop better understanding of the concept
of tourism.
The Latin translation of Leisure means to be free while recreation can be thought of
as those pursuits that one is engaged in during leisure time. In Illustration 1.3, the inter
linkage between the three can be seen for better understanding.
In the above illustration it can be seen that Leisure is the free time one has after other
pressing regular activities have been taken care of. In this leisure time one can take up
Illustration 1.3 Linkage between Leisure, Recreation and Tourism

Source: Boniface and Cooper, 1987
Gardening: Home Based Activity Socialising: Home Based and Daily Leisure
Visiting Monuments: Day Trips
Travelling out of City/ Country: Tourism
various recreational activities within a specific geographical boundary. The activities can
be home based such as reading, watching television and so on.
Activities such as socialising with friends and family can be both home based as well
as local area based such as eating out in a local restaurant with friends and family. Day
trips for picnics can be in the local city or just across the city boundary in the same
region. This is where the tourism activities also take place in the same region, country
or across the international boundaries. At the same time business travel, although not a
leisure activity is still a tourism activity, as it entails travel outside ones own residence.
The linkage between leisure, recreation and tourism gives us a clue as to what kind of
activities would attract tourists and increase tourism in any destination.
Review Questions
1) Identify the tour during which you were a same day visitor or a tourist.
2) What is the linkage between Leisure and Tourism?

Characteristics mean the basic features or qualities that give anything an identity. For
Example, a table made of wood is a table as we can see the wood as well as the frame
that makes it a table. We can also touch, feel and confirm the building block as wood.
The table is what we call a consumer good. All the consumer products can be seen,
felt and also compared. On the other hand Tourism industry is commonly referred to
as Service Industry and not a consumer good industry as it possesses all the classic
Service Characteristics. Some examples of other service industry, other than Tourism, are
banking services, legal services, medical practice, teaching, accounting and others. The
Teacher teaching in the Classroom
Grocery Store
five commonly referred service characteristics that differentiates the consumer industry
from the service industry are mentioned below:
i.
Intangibility Intangibility is the most unique characteristic of Service Industry.

Things you can see, touch and feel are known as tangible like the consumer
goods. Intangible, on the other hand, means that things cannot be seen, tasted,
felt or touched, heard or smelled before purchase but they can only be felt and
experienced during consumption. For example, the way a teacher teaches in the
class is to be experienced and only then assessed. Every student has a different
experience in the same class, taught by the same teacher. Some students may
consider the teacher to be very good, while some other students may consider
the teaching skills of the same teacher as average. The teaching skills needs to
experienced, and cannot be decided and bought based on anything tangible. The
teaching skill of the teacher in the classroom is the intangible service product.
Similarly, given the option of choosing between two grocery stores in your
neighbourhood for buying say a bar of bathing soap, you would prefer visiting
the grocery store where the store owner treats you like a valued customer. The
soap is the consumer product that can be bought in any grocery store yet you
would prefer one store over others due to the service that is being provided to
you by the store keeper. This service is the intangible characteristic.
Tourism as you now understand is intangible. A tourist while buying a tour
package to Egyptian Pyramids has no way of knowing how the visit will be till
he/ she visits the pyramids and experiences them. A visitor will know the comfort
level of a room and its services only after the hotel room has been paid for
and the consumer checks into the room. Similarly while buying an airline ticket,
the consumer does not know what the experience of flying in that airline will
10
Pyramids
In - Flight Service
be like; whether the seats will be comfortable, the in flight services like meal
good or not till he / she flies in the airline. Unlike buying a consumer product,
a service product needs to be consumed in order to experience the product.
ii.
Perishability Perishability is considered to be the feature of product when the

product is lost very quickly. You have often heard that fruits, vegetables and milk
are perishable products as they get spoilt very fast. Similarly, all tourism products
are perishable and have very short window of time frame in which they need to
be sold or else they are lost forever. The product cannot be stored for use or
sale later. For example, a hotel room if not sold and occupied today cannot be
sold tomorrow for today. The revenue for today will be lost forever and it cannot
be recouped. Similarly, in case one seat on a flight remains unsold then the
same cannot be sold in the next flight. The revenue for that seat in the flight
Hotel Room Airline Seat
11
is lost forever. The characteristic of perishability makes tourism industry very

vulnerable to loss in revenue.
iii.
Inseparability- A tourism product is often referred to as being inseparable.

This means that the product cannot be separated from the service provider as
often the product is being produced and consumed simultaneously. In tourism
industry, often the participation of the consumer along with the service provider
simultaneously is necessary for its consumption. For example, the experience
of visiting Taj Mahal in the moonlight or climbing the Eifel Tower cannot be
experienced sitting in a room. The tourist needs to visit the monument or
destination and experience the wonder of the place and its attractions. This is
very unlike the consumer product where you can order a rocking chair from a
shop and once it is delivered at your place, you can utilize the product.
Taj Mahal in Moonlight Eifel Tower at Night
iv. Heterogeneity / Variability Tourism industry also has the characteristic of

variability or heterogeneity as there is a lot of human element involved in the
delivery of the service. For example, while buying an airline ticket, one is not
aware of the experience of travelling in the airline such as the check in process,
the comfort level of the seat, in flight behavior of the steward / stewardess,
the bus ride to the airplane, waiting for the baggage, and so on, which all add
up to complete the experience of flying in that particular airline. The complete
service is provided in fragments by various people and the service quality will
vary from service provider to service provider. Similarly, in a travel agency no
two service providers i.e. travel executive will be same. The quality of the service
depends on who provides them and when, where and how. Due to the human
12
Executive in a Travel Agency
Chef Working
element involved the same service provider will be providing different levels of
service on different days for example, the quality of food prepared by the chef
of a gourmet restaurant.
v.
Lack of Ownership - Lack of ownership is a typical service characteristic also

seen in tourism industry. One can go to a restaurant to enjoy a meal but it does
not mean that the consumer is the owner of the restaurant or the table used for
meal or the cutlery. The consumer only pays for the meal and the service that
accompanies the meal and has no ownership rights. This is unlike consumer
product industry where if we purchase something we have the physical evidence
of buying the product with us.
Meal in a Restaurant
13
The Tourism industry also has some other characteristics that set it apart from other
service industry:
*
Seasonality Tourism is seasonal in nature. One destination is not popular in

similar manner all through the year. There are periods when the destination is
more popular than other time, also known as peak period. There are lean periods
when the destination does not see as many tourists as usual. For example, India
sees an influx of foreign tourists mainly from autum through winter till spring.
Demand Fluctuations Tourism is highly consumer based product. The

demand of the consumer for a destination or product varies as taste changes.
For example a popular luxury hotel may lose favour with tourists when another
luxury hotel enters the market with better discounts and marketing gimmicks.
New Destinations are discovered everyday and seasoned traveller are looking
for newer unexplored destinations all the time. The demand factor changes and
in turn changes the flow of tourist traffic to the place.
Interdependence of Tourism Products The complete experience of a tour is

not just the visit to a monument or destination or shopping for souvenirs at the
destination. It also involves the experience during the travel to the destination,
the pre travel experiences with the service provider, room hotel, meals, fellow
travellers, shopping and so on. All of them are inter dependant to make the
tourism product successful. Any one sector not fulfilling the tourists need will
affect the entire experience of the tour.
Risky Tourism as a product is considered to be risky. A tourist may consider

that the price of the product not justifying the product after consumption thus
leading to Economic risk. On the other hand, physical ailments or such risks
can also affect the tourism product as seen in the case of SARS and swine
flu. Tourist movement stops when the tourists fear physical risks to themselves.
Similarly terror threats can also affect the tourism industry. Political situations
or the image of a country in the media can also affect the desirability of that
destination. Therefore, the business of tourism is risky business as many factors
are involved and any one trigger at any point of time can affect the whole
industry.
Review Question
1) Tourism Industry is commonly referred to as Service Industry. Explain.
14

The components refer to those parts of machinery without which the mechanism of the
machinery will fail. The parts of tourism that makes the mechanism of tourism industry work
are the components of tourism. There cannot be any touristic activity without attraction
also known as Tourism Patrimony, Transportation, Accommodation and Amenities. Together
these components are commonly referred to as the As of Tourism. The components are:
1.
Attraction or Tourism Patrimony It refers to those certain features that

pulls or attracts tourists to a destination. There is no easy way to enumerate
or analyse attraction that a place offers. Since it is well understood that what
may appeal to one, may be of no interest to others.
These are the attractions that pull any tourist to a destination such as historical
monument, natural beauty of a place, and so on.
Niagara Falls
Red Fort
15
2.
Accessibility Accessibility means how the tourist destination can be reached,

mainly in terms of transportation. A destination may have all the attractions
needed for being a popular destination but it is not linked properly, forcing the
tourists to avoid the destination. The accessibility includes all modes of transport
that gives access to the destination and its attractions namely Road, Rail, Air
and Water.
Modes of Transportation
3.
16
Accommodation The word accommodation is generally used to include

boarding and lodging. It is the room or the space provided to the tourists who
come from a long distance and is the basic need of any tourist place. The
demand for and need of proper accommodation away from one sweet home is
met by a variety of facilities. In recent years accommodation sector has evolved
and changed. At times accommodation itself is an important tourist attraction,
as in the case of specialty resorts.
Taj Hotel, Mumbai
4.
Amenities are the facilities provided to the tourists. The facilities could be
recreational facilities to the tourists or it could be infra-structural facility such
as sanitary and hygiene, medical help, travel documentations, foreign currency
exchange facilities and so on.

In recent times scholars have added two more As - Activities and Available Packages.
Activities include the activities to be undertaken by the tourists at the destination such as
sight - seeing, shopping, sun - bathing, adventure sports, golfing, etc. More the number
of activities available for the tourists in a place, varied tourists with varied interests will
be visiting the destination and the length of stay of the tourist will also increase.
17
Adventure Sports Golfing Shopping
Available package means the packages available for use by the tourists. In case one has
leave or holiday for 3 days then tourist will choose the package that offers the most in
three days. Thus, the possible tourist will overlook tour packages to a popular destination
which requires more time; and vice versa.
The components of Tourism are dealt in greater details in the subsequent chapters.
Review Questions
1)
2)
What do you understand by Service Characteristics?

What is meant by As of Tourism?
1.8 Summary
In this unit you have been introduced to the concept of tourism, tourism industry as well
as tourists. This unit talks about the phenomenon of tourism and its various elements.
The service characteristic of tourism such as Intangibility, Perishability, Inseparability,
Heterogeneity and Lack of Ownership was discussed. An introduction to components of
Tourism Industry or the As of tourism industry was also presented in this chapter. At this
point, as a student of tourism you are being introduced to the terminologies commonly
used and the vast possibilities in the field of tourism industry.

1)
18
Make a report regarding your last vacation and discuss in the class.
UNIT 2
Tourism: A Historical Account

Contents
2.1 Introduction
2.5 Tourism in Modern Times
2.7 Summary

In the previous unit you have been introduced to the concept of tourism and tourism
industry. As in the case of all human activities, the present day tourism activities have
developed over a period of time and have its own history. This unit will introduce students
to the history of Tourism, its growth and changes that have taken place in this industry
over the ages. Student will get a chance to get acquainted with and compare the changing
face of tourism globally and in India. This unit will help students to:
zz
acquaint themselves with the growth of tourism from earlier times till modern times
zz
understand the impact of global events on Tourism Industry
zz
learn about tourism activities in India
zz
identify the factors that have helped promote tourism
zz
identify the factors that hinders the growth of tourism industry
19
Resource Material
zz
Tourism for development - A strategic approach Prof. S P Bansal
zz
Basics of Tourism: Theory, Operation and Practice by Krishan K Kamra

Mohinder Chand
zz
The Business of Tourism J. Christopher Holloway
zz

MA
zz
Learning Outcomes
UNIT-2
OUTCOMES
2.1 Introduction
Students will be able to have general overview about

History of Tourism
Students will be able to understand about the Historical

Account of Tourism such as Silk Route
2.3 Renaissance and the

Grand Tour
Students will be able to understand about the advent of

Grand Tour and Renaissance
2.4 Industrial Revolution

and Tourism
Students will be able to Understand the about the

Relationship between Industrial Revolution and Tourism
2.5 Tourism in Modern

Times
Students will be able to understand about the relationship

between Leisure, Recreation and Tourism
2.6 Tourism in India: An

Account
Students will be able to understand about the History of

Indian Tourism

Unit-1
20
Topic
Assessment
Method
2.2
Travel in Early Times
Question & Answer
2.3
Renaissance and the Grand Tour
Question & Answer
2.4
Industrial Revolution and Tourism
Question & Answer
2.5
Tourism in Modern Times
Question & Answer
2.6
Tourism in India: An Account
Question & Answer
Time
Plan
Remarks
2.1 Introduction
Travel and tourism these days have become organised, much different from times before,
as the preparation starts long before the actual date of travel. William F. Theobald, a
researcher and academician in Tourism field has stated that Tourism as we know today is
distinctly a twentieth century phenomenon. This statement holds true as although Tourism
started in ancient times when human travelled and wandered in search of food, shelter,
safety and security, it has changed a lot over the years to become the organised tourism
sector that works in modern times. Although travelling was always a part of the human
nature yet the term tourism was coined much later, probably in the nineteenth century.
This leads to the important and frequently asked question why do we need to study
history of tourism? Well the answer is same as to why we study History the present has
evolved from the past. Studying the History of Tourism gives us an opportunity to identify
the factors that have allowed tourism to flourish during all times, as well as to identify
those factors that have hindered the growth of tourism over the years. This gives us a
chance to learn from our History and stop ourselves from committing the same mistakes.
Studying history also gives us a chance to critically analyse the past and present, and at
the same time establish concepts for understanding tourism.
This unit gives a brief introduction to the development of tourism activities over the years.
There are many factors such as invention of steam engine, transatlantic flights, needs to
expand business, human thirst for knowledge and curiosity that have played an important
role in the expansion of Tourism. There are many seemingly unrelated factors which when
joined together have one way or other affected Tourism industry. For example, industrial
revolution was a commercial activity that brought employment to people and changed the
face of society for ever. Although it seems unlikely event yet this revolution had the most
impact on tourism and set pace for the modern tourism activity. This unit tries to discuss
the important events that have taken place globally and have in some way affected the
growth of tourism industry, yet the events are not truly reflective here since most of the
written accounts are from Europe and it does not really reflect the global scenario in its
true spirit. A brief introduction to the growth and development of tourism in India is included
in the chapter to give you an opportunity to compare the pace of tourism activity in India
and globally.

It is difficult to give a date to the beginning of Tourism activity. The primary reasons
for travel in the early times were for the expansion of trade and commerce, exploring
new land, military activity as well as for the purpose of spreading religion. The historical
21
account of tourism, though, can only start from the time when we find the written account
of travels undertaken, as well as by referring to the travelogues of the famous travellers.
Nevertheless we can say that early tourism activity started from the time when we find
evidence of travel, as in the case of business interaction between nations or ships sailing
across oceans and seas for the purpose of business and so on. These evidences reflect
on the tourism activity in Asia, Middle East and Europe.
Early empires such as Egyptian, Greek, Roman and Sumerian promoted travel for the
purpose of business. One of the earliest accounts of travel for leisure was undertaken
by Queen Hatsheput of Egypt to the land of Punt believed to be on the East coast of
Africa. Records of this travel some 5000 years ago can be found recorded on the walls
of the temple of Deir el Bahri, located on the west bank of the Nile, opposite the
city of Luxor,Egypt. Cruises were organised on river Nile for the pleasure of wealthy
Egyptian while wealthy Roman and Greeks would also travel for pleasure. The reasons
for this can be traced to the fact that Greek was promoted as a common language in
the Mediterranean and Greek currency was acceptable as currency of exchange which
helped the travellers from this empire.
Similarly, expansion of the Roman Empire made travel easy with proper well laid roads and
other modes of connectivity as well as the benefit of common legal system. Early ages also
saw travellers travelling on the trade ships that piled on the Nile and Mediterranean but they
were not pampered cruise ship travellers of present times. Rather, these travellers were
Temple at Deir el-Bahri depicting the travel to Punt

Source: Wikipedia
22
known to carry their own food and

servants to facilitate their travel. Thus
travelling for pleasure was restricted
to a few wealthy people. We find that
even in the ancient times tourism
activities took place due to some
facilities that were available to the
patrons or tourists such as disposable
income, proper connectivity, common
language and therefore ease of travel
and security provided to them due to
a common legal system.
Asia during this period had the well
travelled Silk Route; acclaimed as
the greatest route in the history of
mankind to its credit. TheSilkRoute
is a modern term referring to a
historical network of interlinking trade
routes across the Afro-Eurasian
landmass that connected East,
South and Western Asia with the
Mediterranean and European world,
as well as parts of North and East
FEW FACTS ABOUT SILK ROUTE

zz
It was the German geographer Ferdinand

van Richthofen who first introduced the
name Seidenstrasse (Silk Road) in 1870.
zz
The Silk Road was not a single route,

but rather a complex network of overland
and sea routes.
zz
Due to its premium value, silk was for a

long time used as a form of money
zz
Traders barely travelled the entire Silk

Road. Instead they carried goods only on
a small segment of the route, and then
passed them on to the next trader who
would carry them on to the next handover.
Source: UNWTO
http://dtxtq4w60xqpw.cloudfront.net/sites/
all/files/pdf/introduction_to_the_silk_road_
programme_eng.pdf
Africa. This route gets its name from the lucrative Chinese silk trade that was done on
this route. Indian spices also reached the western world through this route.
Silk Road is considered as the first bridge between East and West that was forged in
200BC and was an important vehicle for trade between ancient empires of China, India,
Persia & Rome. This route had proper trading posts as well as resting places for the
traders and other travellers. This could be termed as the starting of business tourism of
modern times. It is important to note here that the Silk Route was not a well mapped path
but was a culturally diverse route spanning across 12,000 kilometres of ancient routes that
was treaded upon by acclaimed explorers such as Alexander the Great and Marco Polo.
The importance of Silk Route in bringing together of the Eastern and Western cultures and
societies is well documented. UNWTO has also launched a SILK ROAD ACTION PLAN
in 2010 wherein 24 member countries are coming together to develop this route for the
purpose of Tourism activity in modern times.
23
Continuing with the tale of tourism in the early times, it was seen that during the Middle
Ages, travel in Europe went on a decline. One of the reasons could be the fall of the
Roman Empire which led to crumbling of legal system as well as the connectivity between
cities of Europe. This period, the dark ages, though saw a surge in the pilgrimage travel in
Europe. We can observe that travel and tourism flourishes most in the time of prosperity
and in safe and secure environment.
Review Questions
1) Why do we need to study history of Tourism?
2) What are major facts about Silk Route?

Renaissance or the age of new beginning, as you have studied in history followed the dark
middle age in Europe. Renaissance was an era for cultural revival in Europe, especially in
England. This was the time of travel for travelling for the learning and knowledge, known
as Grand Tour.
The advent of Grand Tour era was in England, in the seventeenth and eighteenth century.
Elite wealthy young men specially nobles, scholars, diplomats and businessmen went
on a Grand Tour of Europe, at times with tutor, for completing their education. This tour
involved visit to various cities like Paris, Florence, Rome and other cultural centres in Italy
and France where they acquired knowledge through the arts and sciences of the countries
visited, and then returned to England- culturally stronger. The purpose of this tour was to
educate and provide knowledge and cultural experience from the civilised world to the
young men and women of good birth and fortune and thus prepare them for important
positions and jobs in the government and politics.
Grand Tour soon became fashionable and a status symbol, and slowly the Grand Tour
gave way to travel for leisure and the purpose of Grand Tour was changed and the original
purpose lost. Nevertheless, Grand Tour plays an important role in Tourism history as this
was the first time somewhat organised and planned tourism activity was taken up and for
a long period of time, the first step towards modern tourism.
Sometime during this time, in the eighteenth century, tourism industry also saw the advent
of spas, baths and seaside beach resorts, mainly in England. Although Romans are known
to have brought the concept of bath to England and rest of Europe. Baths and resorts
became very popular among the elites and upper class wealthy people of Britain. The
24
Cities Usually Travelled as a part of Grand Tour

Source: http://www.texaschapbookpress.com/magellanslog15/grandtourmap.htm
spas and bath were not just popular as curative centre with health benefits but they were
also a place for social interaction, dancing and other social event, mainly a sign of social
status and acceptance. One such destination was Bath in England, which became very
popular among the aristocrats and wealthy for health, rejuvenation and social events. Sea
side resorts also saw a demand with medical professionals recommending the sea water
bathing for people with body swelling and related medical problems. Medical practitioners
also advocated the benefits of mineral water and natural geysers and springs. This saw
a surge in spas and travel for purposes other than business became popular. This shows
that there was a demand for travel for leisure and health which was not exploited till then.
The demand and popularity of spas and baths gradually declined in the early nineteenth
century with the industrial revolution and the introduction of new destinations and new
types of tourism.
Review Question
1)
What is meant by Grand Tour?
25

Industrial Revolution followed Renaissance and brought with it many social and economic
changes which in turn affected tourism industry. The revolution started in England, followed
by Europe and the United States. Historians have mentioned that tourism as we know
today probably began during and after Industrial Revolution that saw the rise of the middle
class; and in due course of time relatively inexpensive form of transportation. Industrial
Revolution brought with it the shifting of population to the urban centres and increase in
travel between cities and between urban and rural centres. The concept of leisure time or
holidays also came along during this time. Initially for ordinary people any time off from
work was meant for religions purposes, therefore they were HOLY DAYS, hence the word
HOLIDAY being used for day offs.
Tourism was also greatly benefitted from the steam engines which lead to rail travel as
well as travel by steam boats and ships. Railways first started carrying passengers in
1830 in England, between Liverpool and Manchester. This was the mode of travel that led
to the first organised tour in tourism industry. The credit for the first organised tour goes
to Mr. Thomas Cook. He organised an excursion trip from Leicester to Loughborough,
Thomas Cook
Source: Wikipedia
26
England on 5th July 1841 with 570 passengers where each passenger paid a shilling each
for the excursion tour. The group travelled on the chartered train complete with picnic
lunch and brass band. The tour was so popular that Thomas Cook took up arranging
for travel services and in 1843 nearly 3000 students took a trip from Leicester to Derby.
Cook conducted circulars tours to Scotland between 1848 and 1863 and approximately
5000 tourists took these tours in one season. Thomas Cook is also credited with coming
up with the first hotel voucher in 1867 and adding the Foreign Currency Exchange to
the travel business. It is no wonder that at times Thomas Cook have been referred to as
father of Tourism Industry.
This was also the age of leisure travel by ships, especially transatlantic travel. Earlier
times saw ships being primarily used for trade and commerce as well as for the discovery
of new lands and military purposes such as war and battles. This age saw passengers
taking up long distance travel mainly transatlantic travel i.e. travels between England and
the United States by ships. This was one of the longest and most profitable routes for
passenger ships. Some facts associated with travelling by ships are mentioned below:
zz
Transatlantic passenger service started in 1818 by the Black Ball Line of the
United States.
zz
Samuel Cunard in 1839 started his British and North American Royal Mail
Steam- Packet Company later known as the Cunard Line between Liverpool
and Boston.
zz
In 1840, the famous Cunard Line became the first to offer scheduled steamship
service across the Atlantic.
zz
Two of the most important maritime advances occurred on land, the opening of
the - Suez Canal (1869) and the Panama Canal (1914).
zz
The number of passengers crossing the Atlantic rose sharply from 2,00,000 in
l902 to more than one million in 1929.
zz
The passenger ship business continued to thrive for 13 more years even after
World War II.
zz
1958 is the Year of Importance as this was the beginning of the end of Ocean
Liners since the first commercial jet airliner flew non - stop across the Atlantic
in 1958
zz
zz
25 companies and 70 ships were operating on transatlantic routes
zz
As many people were crossing the Atlantic by air as by sea
By year 1959, 63% passengers were flying by air as it was faster and safer
27
The changing face of the passenger ship and travel modes just goes on to show that
time changes and brings with it new inventions which affect the way we perceive things.
To survive in the tourism business one has to constantly re-assess and re-invent self.
Review Question
Fill in the Blanks:
1) ________ was the mode of travel that led to the first organised tour in tourism industry.
2) The credit for the first organised tour goes to _______________.
3) Thomas Cook has been referred to as _________________.
2.5 Tourism in Modern times

Modern Tourism era can be considered as the period from Second World War onwards.
During these times, improved wage levels and working conditions allowed people to
travel for leisure. This period also saw the real growth of the tourism industry, with the
development of the jet aircraft in the 1950s and the creation of the commercial airline
industry. Travel became faster and distances shorter, and with improved transportation and
cheap travel modes, people took to travelling for leisure. The creation of the commercial
airline industry also signalled the rapid growth and expansion of the international travel
and tourism undertaken to satisfy the curiosity and interest in other lands, its people and
culture.
Modern Tourism can be attributed to the marked change in the living standards, throughout
the world. There has been an increase in the life expectancy of people as well as development
in the modes of transportation and technology. The tourism industry in modern times is
a complex mix of mass tourism with sustainable and eco friendly tourism activities. Mass
tourism refers to the package tour tourists who travel to a destination for the purpose of
doing a destination and adding it to the list of have visited destinations. Sustainable
tourism and other alternative forms of tourism on the other hand refers to the possibilities
of undertaking tourism activities in such a manner that it leaves minimum carbon foot
prints and effects on the local environment and community. Modern tourism also means
adapting with the changing times. For example, passenger ships lost popularity as a mode
of transport between destinations with the commercial airlines setting up business. This led
to the exploration of new areas by passenger ships and now we have the ever popular
Cruise Ships which have both floating hotels giving way to floating cities. The cruise ships
have now become very popular among tourists both as a destination itself and as well as
28
the mode of transport between two destinations in the same region. Similarly, alternative
forms of tourism are just a means of caring for our heritage for the future generation to
protect from tourism impacts. You will study about tourism impacts in the next unit.
Nevertheless, tourism industry has grown and adapted itself to meet the growing needs
of the tourists. This has reinforced tourism industry and its growing status. It is felt that
the potential for the growth in this field has hardly been tapped and realised. At the same
time it is imperative to note that Tourism industry in the recent times have undergone and
survived many crisis situation such as terror attacks viz. 9/11 twin tower attack and bomb
blasts in UK and other nations, natural disasters such as tsunami, economic meltdown,
manmade crisis such as war and war like situations, and health scare such as SARS
and avian flu.
Even in the face of various types of crisis situations, tourism industry has bounced back.
According to the latest UNWTO World Tourism Barometer, international tourism receipts
continued to recover from the losses of crisis year 2009 and hit new records in most
destinations, reaching an estimated US$ 1,030 billion (euro 740 billion) worldwide in 2011,
up from US$ 928 billion (euro 700 billion) in 2010. In real terms (adjusted for exchange rate
fluctuations and inflation), international tourism receipts grew by 3.8%, while international
tourist arrivals increased by 4.6% in 2011 to 982 million. Further, according to UNWTO
World Tourism Barometer, the international tourist arrivals crossed 1 billion tourists in
2012, for the first time in history. Over a period of time there have been a growth in
mass tourism and satisfying the growing demand of the tourism industry has led to the
development of one of the largest Industry of modern era - Tourism. This leads one to
believe that the industry has learned from its history and the lessons learned have been
applied to sustain the growth of tourism.
The growing international tourism has attracted the attention of every nation. The capacity
of Tourism to provide employment opportunities and earn foreign exchange means that
it is not only a major social phenomenon but also a major economic activity. All these
numbers make tourism a highly profitable and desirable sector. However being an industry
which is fragmented into many other industries such as hotels, motels and other types of
accommodation, restaurants and other food services, transportation services and facilities,
amusements, attractions and other leisure facilities, gift shops and a large number of other
enterprises, it is not always possible to maintain the growth factors. Yet due to the diverse
nature of travel and tourism industry, it has created an interest in the academicians as
well as industry professionals and researchers. Tourism and its trends are now considered
as a subject worthy of study. Researches and studies are regularly being undertaken to
29
understand the needs of the tourists even before the tourist can say it and cater to the
same.
Review Question
1)
Tourism is not only major social phenomena, but also a major economic activity.
Comment.

India has an ancient tradition of travel and tourism and inspiration about travelling is not a
new one. It has existed informally since ancient times and was indulged in by all classes
of people. In Aitareya Brahmanam of the Rigveda written about 3000 years ago, the
prime dictum is to be like the SUN and keep on travelling tirelessly, travel and move on.
In Sanskrit literature there are three terms for tourism derived from the root word atna;
wherein atna which means going or leaving home for some other place for a short
period. The three words are:
l
Tirthatan meaning going out to places of religious merits.
Deshatan meaning going out of the country, primarily for economic gains.
Paryatan meaning going for pleasure and knowledge.
Tirthatan i.e. pilgrimage was and still remains one of the major types of tourism in India, a
country with diverse cultures and religions. Pilgrimage is sacred to all religions as humans
have a tradition of co-relating most desirable human activities to religion. Pilgrimage such
as followers of Hinduism visit Char Dham (four religious centres) and have holy dip in
all the sacred rivers of the country. While followers of Buddhism on the other hand visit
places associated with Buddhism such as Bodhgaya, Sarnath, Kushinagar and so on.
Travel for pilgrimage was also facilitated by the Kings and emperors of the time. For
example, Ashoka the great, travelled a great deal in to spread the doctrines of Buddha. He
was the one who planted trees along the road sides and built rest houses along the way.
Emperor Harsha also built many institutions, monasteries and dharamshalas to facilitate
travel, especially for pilgrimage.
The Arthashastra also reveals the importance of the travel infrastructure for the state, and
the presence of well developed mode of travel for military, commercial traveller and civilian.
Commerce and trade was another reason for travel. Silk route is one of the examples of
travel for trade and commerce as Indian spices were one of the merchandise on this route.
Account of travellers and history tells us that well maintained road with trees planted on
30
both side and dharamshalas or rest houses along the way facilitated travel. During the
rule of the Mughals, the emperors travelled extensively in the kingdom. The remains of
the past like the mile stones, sarais and a network of roads and paths made all corners
of this vast country accessible.
Travel in early times were not just limited to Indians travelling abroad but it also involved
visitors visiting our country due to its rich trade links as well as the stories about Indias
culture and riches. Some of the fascinating and informative read are the travelogues of
these foreign travellers. Some of these famous travellers are:
zz
Herodotus a Greek traveller to India. His work Historica gives a lot of information
about Alexanders invasion of India.
zz
Megasthenese the Greek ambassador to the court of Mauryan Emperor

Chandragupta Maurya wrote an account of the life during the time of the
Chandragupta Maurya.
zz
Unknown traveller wrote Periplus of Arithean Sea, information on Indian sea

trade, ports and trade relations with western world.
zz
Fahien a Chinese traveller to India in the 5th century AD. His account is social
life and Buddhism then the political events of that period.
zz
Yuang Chwang another Chinese traveller visited India in 7th Century AD and
spent 16 years in India and described religious and cultural life of that period
along with the political events.
zz
Hiuen Tsang (or Xuangzang, as he is referred to in China), the celebrated

Buddhist scholar-pilgrim from China spent 14 years of his life, from 630 to 644
A.D.
zz
Al Masudi an Arab traveller visited India in 941 to 943 A.D. and wrote about
the Rashtra Kutas.
zz
Abu Ryham or Alberuni was a famous Arab traveller and a contemporary of

Mahmud of Ghazani. He left a graphic, objective and unbiased description in
his written work Tahkik ul Hind.
zz
Marco Polo a Venetian traveller visited South India in 1294 AD and gave
valuable information on the economic history of India.
zz
Ibn Batuta from Morocco visited India between 1333 and 1342 and wrote a
Rehla i.e. Travelogue wherein he gave vivid account of the places in India that
he had visited. He had visited length and breadth of India.
31
Above lists only a few of the travellers to ancient India and it is indicative of the travel
between various countries and India. One traveller who has given us the first travelogue in
Hindi and in many other languages is Rahul Sankrityayan (April 9, 1893 April 14, 1963),
who is at times also referred to as Father of Hindi travel literature. He was one of the
most widely travelled scholars of India and spent almost forty-five years of his life on travel
away from his home. His travels took him all over the country as well as to a few foreign
nations. The important point of notice is that he travelled mostly by using surface transport
which makes his travelogues very interesting read. He was awarded Padmabhushan in
1963 and he received theSahitya Akademi Award in 1958 for his book Madhya Asia ka
Itihaas. He was a true traveller who has influenced both travel writing and literature of India.
Tourism as we know today started quite late in India. The extensive railways network has
helped people with time and resources to travel. Air Travel was made easy by the Air
Corporations Act on 1st August 1963, when the entire air transport industry in India was
nationalized and subsequently the opening of the Indian Sky to private player in 1993, has
helped people with means to travel in short time. The ITDC (India Tourism Development
Corporation) was started to provide modern infrastructure and comfort to the guests,
especially foreign tourist.
Although international tourist arrivals are very important for any country, for India, domestic
tourism was and always will be the mainstay of Indian tourism. This is due to the vast
population of the country, the vast expanse and tourism attractions of our country. The
movement of domestic tourists is always important for a country as foreign tourist arrival
may get affected by various crisis situations but domestic tourism continues even in the
face of adversities. Government also encourages domestic travel by giving paid vacation to
its employees every couple of years under a scheme known as Leave Travel Concessions
or LTC.
International tourist arrivals and tourism receipts of India are also showing an appreciable
increase since the last couple of decade or so. India is being promoted as a destination of
choice among the international tourists and the result is finally noticeable. Recent studies by
the Ministry of tourism show that the Foreign Exchange Earning (FEE) India in 2011 was
US$ 16.56 billion with an annual growth rate of 16.7% during this period. The number of
Foreign Tourist Arrival (FTA)(provisional) for 2011 was 6.29 million with an annual growth
rate of 8.9% for this period. Yet in terms of global tourist arrival, the share of India has
been insignificant as India is ranked at 38 with 0.64% of the Global tourism share. This
just goes to show that the potential of tourism in India is just opening up.
32
2.6.1 Tourism Circuits

You might have read or heard tourists and tourism professionals discuss tourism circuits.
Often tourism stakeholders discuss the development of a particular circuit to increase the
flow of tourists to that particular destination and thus help with the development of the
place. Let us understand circuit by defining this term.
As per the Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India, a Tourist Circuit is defined as a route on
which atleast three major tourist destinations are located such that none of these are in the
same town, village or city. At the same time they are not separated by a long distance.
It should have well defined entry and exit points. A tourist who enters at the entry point
should get motivated to visit all the places identified on the circuit. The objective of having
a tourist circuit is to increase the total number of visits to all the destinations on the circuit
on the one hand and to provide to the tourist the attractions of all the destinations located
on the circuit.
India with its vast and diverse mix of destinations has come up with many tourism circuits;
such as the popular tourism circuits such as Golden Triangle, Buddhist circuit, and many
more. Golden Triangle though is considered the most popular tourism circuit, especially
with the international tourists. This circuit involves the three important tourism destinations
of North India namely Delhi Agra Jaipur. The popularity of this triangle can be gauged
by the fact that often international tourists enter the country through Delhi, visits Delhi and
then travels to Agra and Jaipur before departing again from Delhi.
Similarly, Buddhist circuit involving the various destinations linked with the life of Lord
Buddha is stringed together. Destinations in the Buddhist Circuit include Sarnath, Gaya,
Kushinagar and so on. It is important for tourism professional to be aware of the different
tourist circuits both for informing the tourists as well as for the expansion of the business.
Review Question
1)
2)
What is the role of Thomas Cook in modern tourism?

What is the importance of pilgrimage in tourism?
2.7 Summary
In this unit you have learned that past holds the key for identifying the factors promoting
and hindering tourism. The history of tourism in the ancient world was discussed and how
it has changed over the ages. The account of foreign travellers to India is fascinating
33
as we get to learn about our country from these travelogues. The major events affecting
global and Indian tourism such as the first railway trip, first passenger ship, first commercial
airline, and so on and their co - relation with tourism were discussed. Finally in this unit
we have discussed the changing face of tourism industry.

In a group of two prepare a report (with pictures) on any one of the following topics:
1)
Grand Tour
2) Industry Revolution & Tourism

3) Tourism in India
34
UNIT - 3
Concepts of Tourism
Contents
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Tourism System
3.3 Tourism Motivators
3.7 Types of Tour packages
3.8 Defining Tourism Impacts
3.9 Summary

This unit will introduce students to the factors that form the concept of tourism. Student
will get acquainted with some of the factors that promote or hinder tourism activity. This
unit will help students to:
zz
understand the concept behind tourism activities
zz
develop awareness about the various factor that motivate tourists as well as the
factors that hinder the growth of tourism activities.
zz
acquaint themselves with the forms and types of tourism
zz
learn about the types of tour packages available
zz
understand how tourism activities have various types of impact on a destination
35
Resource Material
zz
zz

Mohinder Chand
zz
zz

MA
zz
Learning Outcomes
36
UNIT-3
OUTCOMES
3.1 Introduction

Concepts of Tourism
3.2 Tourism System
Students will be able to understand about Tourism

System
Students will be able to understand about the major

Categories of Motivation in Tourism
Students will be able to understand about themajor

Barriers of Tourism
Students will be able to Understand about the

Different Forms of Tourism

Different Types of Tourism
Students will be able to understand about the Types

of Tour Packages
Students will be able to define the Impact of Tourism

Unit-1
Topic
Assessment Method
3.2
Tourism System
Question & Answer
3.3
Tourism Motivators
Question & Answer
3.4
Barriers to Tourism
Question & Answer
3.5
Forms of Tourism
Question & Answer
3.6
Types of Tourism
Question & Answer
3.7
Types of Tour packages
Question & Answer
3.8
Defining Tourism Impacts
Question & Answer
Time Plan
Remarks
3.1 Introduction
Tourism as we know today is a modern phenomenon that has developed and grown over
the years. In the previous unit you have studied how tourism industry has grown and
changed in the past few years with the change in the taste and choice of travellers and
visitors. Yet there are some basic factors that have in the past driven tourism and are
still driving tourism industry in the modern times. These are the factors that make one
destination more popular over another, one person to take a tour, develop new type of
tourism, and so on.
In this unit let us start by discussing the Tourism System the mechanism of operations
in the tourism industry. Primary objective of this unit is to give you an insight about tourism
operations.
3.2 Tourism System

Every activity, mechanism has a system and a procedure that it follows. Tourism also
has a system, a proper method that involves many factors such as destinations, tourists
and their activities. Destination, as you know, is the place that a tourist decides to visit
for its attractions. The main destination of a tourism trip is defined as the place visited
that is central to the decision to take the trip (UNWTO). There are also possibilities of
many touristic activities in the destination such as visit to historic site, theme park and
so on. Tourism system is studied to understand what and how of Tourism. Leiper in 1990
updated an earlier model of Tourism System to signify this change in studying tourism.
37
Illustration 3.1: Tourism System

Source: Leiper, 1990
There are three basic elements in Leipers model of tourism system

1.
Tourist - Tourist is the one undertaking tourism activities and is mentioned as traveller
in the above Tourism System model.
2.
Geographical Elements a) Traveller Generating Region the region from where the tourists take tours and
start their journey to go to a destination of choice.
b) Tourist Destination Region the region of choice which is the destination of
tourists from the generating regions.
c) Transit route region the region through which the travellers go from traveller
generating region to the tourist destination region. The transit route region
includes both the short period of travel from their home region to the destination
and other places on the way that the tourists may stop to visit.
Transit route, as explained by Leiper, is the area or region that is visited en route:
There is always an interval in a trip when the traveller feels they have left their
home region but have not yet arrived.[where] they choose to visit.
3.
38
Tourism Industry - The third element of Leipers model is the tourism industry, which
we can think of as the range of businesses and organisations involved in delivering
the tourism product. The model allows the location of the various industrial sectors
to be identified. The tourism industry is shown in dark colour primarily in the transit
zone as tourism industry plays the role of travel facilitators in this region. Similarly
tourism industry is also shown at work in the tourist generating and destination region,
probably for the purpose of marketing and promotion.
All these tourism activities take place in the environment of political decisions, socio
cultural conditions, technical updates and so on.
The tourism system is often referred to as the push and pull factors based tourism system.
There are certain factors in the Traveller Generating Region that pushes i.e. it motivates a
tourist to go on a tour while certain factors i.e. tourist attractions at the Tourist Destination
Region which pull the tourists to it. This is the Tourism system wherein push and pull
factors have to work simultaneously in sync with each other for any tourism activity to
take place.

PUSH FACTOR
PULL FACTORS
Working before Computer
Tourist Attractions
Understanding the tourism system helps us in identifying the push and pull factors
involved in tourism activity. Once these factors are identified, the same can be replicated
successfully in new upcoming tourism generating and destination regions.
Review Question
1)
What are the geographical elements of the Tourism System?

In the previous section you have read how the push and pull factors help the tourism
system to work. These push factors can also be categorised as the motivation factor for
traveller to move out of their home region for tourism activity. Motivation can be described
39
as a driving force within individuals that impels them to action. McIntosh, Goeldner and
Ritchie state that there are four categories of motivation seen in tourism:
1.
Physical motivators are those related to the refreshment of body and mind, health
purposes, sport and pleasure. These groups of motivators are seen to be linked to
those activities which will reduce tension.
These motivators push people to travel to those tourism destinations where physical
activities can be taken pursued.

Skydiving Hiking
2.
Cultural motivators are those identified by the desire to see and know more about
other cultures, to find out about the natives of a country, their lifestyle, music, art,
folklore, dance, etc.
These motivators push a person to travel to destinations which provides an opportunity

to visit historical monuments, participate in music concerts, dance recitals and so on.
3.
Interpersonal motivators mean this group includes a desire to meet new people, visit
friends or relatives, and to seek new and different experiences. Travel is an escape
from routine relationships with friends or neighbours or the home environment or it
is used for spiritual reasons.
This motivator factor sees tourist travel and go for home stays so as to experience
new culture while forging relationship during the period. This motivator would also
mean that one would travel to a destination to attend a family / friend wedding.
4. Status and prestige motivations include a desire for continuation of education (i.e.
personal developments). Such recognition and attention from others, in order to boost
40
Manipuri Dance Handicrafts
the personal ego. This category also includes personal development in relation to
the pursuit of hobbies and education.
Review Question
1)
What is meant by Tourism Motivators? Explain about each in brief.

Motivators are the factors that push people to participate in the activity of tourism; similarly
we have barriers that deter people from participating in the tourism activities. Barriers
may be taken as certain conditions in the environment that interfere in ideas or thoughts
and thus prevent the individual from making decisions, in case of tourism, deter from
taking decisions that are pro-tourism. These negative factors that dissuade people from
undertaking travel to a particular destination are termed barriers to tourism.
Visiting family and friends (VFR) Attending a Wedding in the Family
41

Pursuing Hobby Educational Tourist
The negative factors that dissuade or discourage people from undertaking travel can be
intrinsic to the individual or existing in the external environment. Some of the barriers to
travel are listed below:
1.
Lack of Leisure Time: Many a times people cannot leave their business, jobs,
profession, educational or other commitments for taking a vacation. Women have
less leisure time than men because more of their time is spent in and around their
families. Family size and family lifecycle also affect demand and time for tourism
activity.
2.
42
Making time for vacation
Vacation on the Beach
Economic factor: Tourists like any other consumer, operate within certain monetary
constraints. The monetary constraint for tourism activity is more as it is considered
to be a leisure and recreational activity wherein the ability to participate in tourism
activity is dependent on discretionary income i.e. the income left over when tax,
housing and the basics of life have been accounted for. So, if discretionary income
falls, the demand for tourism will decrease. This was very much evident during the
global recession when people lost their jobs or had their salaries cut, a dip in the
growth of tourism sector was visibly noticed.
Money is needed for tourism activity
3.
Physical limitations: Poor physical fitness, health and physical limitations keep many
persons at home, away from tourism activities. There can be three principle reasons
for physical limitations a) People with disability, b) Senior citizen bound by physical
limitations, and c) Poor physical fitness, health issues or pregnancy and these issues
may restrict people from taking up tourism activity.
Physical disability as tourism barrier
4.
Space / Distance: Proximity of the destination from the tourists originating region
affects travel choice. If there is no proper connectivity, tourist may opt out of long-
43
haul travel, irrespective of the attractions of the destination and settle for a more
accessible destination.
5.
Family stage: Parents of young children or with senior citizen parents often do not
travel because of family obligations and inconvenience. At times single people do
not travel because of the lack of a travelling companion, although these days many
single traveler groups are active. A teenager may not travel since the travel plans
are dependent on parents decision.
Family with young children
6. Safety and security: Political unrest, wars, governmental advisories and negative
publicity about a destination creates doubt and fear in the mind of the prospective
visitor. In the modern world, post 9/11, terrorism has turned out to be the major
deterrent to travel. For women, travelling alone at times is considered as unsafe
and therefore causes problem and so on. At the same time, for many, health has
also become a major tourism safety issue. For example, the decline witnessed in
the global tourist traffic during the SARS and Swine flu outbreak.
7.
44
Infrastructure: Tourism activity is highly dependent on the infrastructure being provided

to the tourist. No matter how beautiful a destination is, tourists will not be visiting the
destination in the absence of adequate infrastructure, such as inadequate/poor local
ground transportation, hygienic conditions around attractions, shortage of electricity
and non availability of drinking water, poor condition of buildings and monuments,
overcrowded destinations and attractions and so on.
Sanitation Services
Medical Services
8.
Political: Government policies can also act as barrier to tourism. These government
policies can be related to a) Government tax policies; b) Restriction on the entry of
charter flights; c) Hassle at customs and immigration; d) Government regulations
through visa restrictions, both at the country of origin or at the destination.
9.
Communication and Technology: Information technology is helping in the tourism

operations but it also means that media communications need to be extensive in
terms of marketing for any destination to register with the tourists. In the event of
less marketing activity tourists may not be aware of destinations for tourism activity
of their choice.
10. Language also becomes a major barrier once the destination does not provide a
tourist facility to communicate in the language he/she speaks or understands. Thus,
the destination in question does not pull tourists to the destination.
11. Lack of interest: Not aware of a pleasant travel destination due to the lack of interest
on the part of prospective tourists is a major tourism barrier; which is difficult to be
overcome.
12. The above barriers in tourism need to be acknowledged and overcome by the tourism
promoting agencies both at the traveller generating region and tourist destination
region; for initiating successful tourism activities.
Review Question
1)
Name any four barriers to tourism with suitable examples from your own travel
experiences.
45

Tourism is the movement of people in large number, within and across national borders.
This leads to the necessity of identifying different forms of tourism; for the purpose of
statistical analysis and understanding the flow of tourism; mainly for the purpose of calculating
economic impact of each tourism activity undertaken by tourists. In the International
Recommendations for Tourism Statistics 2008 (IRTS 2008) drafted by UNWTO, three basic
forms of tourism were revised from earlier and updated as:
1.
Domestic Tourism
: comprises the activities of a resident visitor within the

country of reference.
2. Inbound Tourism
: comprises the activities of a non - resident visitor within

the country of reference.
3. Outbound tourism
: comprises the activities of a resident visitor outside the

country of reference.
Illustration 3.2 Forms of Tourism

Source: World Tourism Organisation
The illustration gives us a fair idea about the linkages of the different forms of tourism. To
study the economic benefit of tourist movement, the forms are further combined to derive
the following categories of tourism:
1. Internal Tourism: comprises domestic tourism and inbound tourism, that is, the
activities of resident and non - resident visitors within the country of reference as
part of domestic or international trips;
46
2. National Tourism: comprises domestic tourism and outbound tourism, that is, the
activities of resident visitors within and outside the country of reference either as part
of domestic or outbound trips;
3.
International tourism: comprising inbound and outbound tourism, that is, the activities
of resident visitors outside the country of reference either as part of domestic or
outbound trips and the activities of non - resident visitors within the country of
reference on inbound trips.
Review Question
1)
What is the need of understanding forms of Tourism?

Tourism activity is now available in many types, in order to meet the requirements and
expectation of tourists. Each type of tourism is on offer to meet a certain purpose from
the trip. According to UNWTO, purpose of tour can be mainly of two types Personal and
Business. All the other purpose of travel originates from these two main purposes. Based
on the purpose of travel, the types of tourism available are mentioned in the Illustration 3.3.
In the illustration you can see that the types of tourism changes to meet the specialised
needs of the tourists at every step. Tourists travel for education, cultural knowledge,
leisure, cruises, wildlife safaris, rural tourism, business, and so on. One type of tourism
that is popular both with industry as well as the tourists is known as the Special Interest
Tourism or SIT, as it is commonly known. For example - SIT can be a special tour for
the botany students coming from United Kingdom for visiting the botanical gardens of
India. It can also be Root Tourism wherein people of Indian origin (PIO) travel to India
to trace their roots i.e. ancestors in India.
3.6.1 Introduction to MICE

MICE Tourism, an acronym for Meeting, Incentive, Conference and Expositions, is rapidly
becoming one of the popular types of Tourism.
Meetings as you understand refer to the meetings for the purpose of deliberation on matters
related to business, academics, administrative matters, mergers and so on. The meetings
can be in- house and can also need travel to other cities, thus leading to tourism.
Incentive Tours are usually offered by organisation as an incentive i.e. motivation for better
47
performance; in terms of sales by employee or employee productivity. For example a golf

package offered to top producers at Ford Motor Company and so on.
Conferences refer to the conferences, seminars or symposiums that are held to deliberate
over issues that may affect one industry or sector. Conferences are called by academic
bodies, associations as well as other bodies related to a particular industry.
Expositions refer to expositions, exhibitions, trade fairs and events that held to showcase
some product or culture. For Example Auto expo held annually in New Delhi or Art
exhibitions and Fashion week held in the major cities of India and world.
MICE Tourism is popular with Tourism industry since business travel needs to be taken
up even when one does not have time for recreational activities. This type of tourism is a
growing and expanding area of Tourism activity and many studies are being taken up by
agencies to profile the tourists who are part of the MICE business and understand their
needs. You will read more about this segment later.
Review Questions
1)
2)
What is meant by Special Interest Tourism? Give two examples of possible SIT
packages.
What do you understand by MICE?

In the previous section you have read about the various types of tourism possible. This
leads to the question of how can one participate in these tourism activities. Tourism
professionals offer tour packages for a price for this purpose.
A tour is a pre-arranged (but not necessarily prepaid) journey, which includes
accommodations, transportations, food services and entertainment, to one or more
destinations and back to the point of origin. Tour package usually has a predetermined
price, length of time and features, but can also offer options for separate purchase. Tours
that include all services for one price are called all-inclusive tours.
All inclusive tours can be of two type based on the one taking part in the tourism activity.
Group Inclusive Tour (GIT) wherein the tourist travels in the company of other tourists,
48
ILLUSTRATION 3:3: Types of Tourism (Based on Purpose of Travel as given by UNWTO)
49
Illustration 3.4 Types of Tour
in a group. A group usually comprises of 15 or more tourist or passengers, commonly

referred to as Pax, travelling together. GIT often require a certain number of travellers
in order to go ahead or it becomes a financial cost rather than profitable to the tour
operator. It is also worth noting that there are also a maximum number of travellers on
group tours, as number of passengers are determined by the mode of transport - coach
or bus that will be used for the tour.
The second type - Foreign Independent Travel (FIT) or Foreign Individual Traveller
(FIT) wherein either one tourist or couple of tourists travel on a pre fixed tour specially
made to suit the requirements of the tourist /s. The components of the FIT itinerary may
resemble a package, but the itinerary is custom-built for the traveller.
Tourists as Foreign Individual Traveller
50
The all inclusive tours are often categorised as readymade tour package and tailor made
or customised tour package depending the type of itinerary used in the tour package.
An itinerary is the travel schedule that provides all details of the tour such as the flight
numbers, departure times, reservation confirmation numbers, etc. and also describes the
planned activities to be taken up during the tour period.
Illustration 3.5 Types of Tour Packages
Ready - made tour packages are the tour packages on a pre - fixed itinerary. The price
of tour, the services, number of pax and the length of tour, etc are all pre decided by
the tour company. The customer can buy the pre decided package as offered.
Tailor made tour package or customized tour, as the name suggests makes changes
to include or change accommodations, transportation, sightseeing and other services in
the tour package as per the requirement of the tourist. Usually it is seen that FITs go
more often for tailor made tour packages than GITs.
The tours when offered to the tourist can be in three forms:
1.
Escorted Tour: In this type of tour an escort, either local or from the country of
origin of tourist, travels with the tour from the beginning of the tour till end in order
to facilitate their tourists. The escorted tours usually uses local guide services at
different destinations and sites.
51
Tourists in a Group
2.
Hosted Tour: In this type of tour, a new host meets the tour group at each destination.
The hosted tours also usually uses local guide services at different destinations and
sites.
3.
Individual Tour: In this type of tour the tour member/s travels on their own without
any escort or host. The services of local guide are engaged as and when required.
One more type of tour is often referred to in the tourism industry - Familiarization Tour
also known as FAM tours. This is a complimentary or reduced-rate travel program for
travel agents, tour operators or other travel buyers, designed to acquaint participants
with specific destinations or suppliers such as accommodation and transport, so as to
stimulate the sale of travel to the destination. Familiarization tours are also known to be
offered to travel journalists as research trips for the purpose of cultivating media coverage
of specific travel products.
Review Question
1)
52
What are the types of tour packages available?

Tourism in any destination leads to a lot of interaction between the guests i.e. tourists and
hosts i.e. locals. The guests interact with the hosts in order to buy products, services, eat
the local cuisine, and participate in the local events and so on. This interaction between
two different groups of people leads to some influences on both the host and the guest
community of a destination. The changes that can be seen in the environment and
community over a period of time, possibly due to the tourism activities are known as the
Impacts of Tourism.
The impacts of tourism are usually categorized in three types for the ease of understanding
the phenomenon:

Illustration 3.6 Types of Tourism Impacts
i)
Socio cultural: Certain effects on the host communities can be observed due to the
direct and indirect relationship with tourists as well as the interaction with the tourism
industry. The impacts can be both negative and positive.
For example:
Positive Impact - Renewal of cultural pride as tourists visits help the locals to revisit
their own culture and heritage; and thus enhancing a sense of belonging and helping
to preserve traditional arts & crafts.
Negative Impact - Demonstration Effect is the commonly cited negative impact of

tourism wherein the locals start adopting the dressing, eating habits, language and
behavior of the tourists. This leads to cultural degradation and local customs are
disordered.
53
ii) Economic: Tourism industry is often quoted to be the largest employer in the world.
Therefore, it is understandable that tourism activity has both positive and negative
impacts on both the local and guest community.

For example:
Positive Impact Gives rise to employment in the local destination region as well
as in the guest tourist generation region.
Negative Impact gives rise to inflation as demand of the consumer products

increases which leads to increased price of goods, services, land, housing, in short
cost of living.
iii) Environmental: Tourism activity is greatly related to the physical environment of a
destination and any tourism activity affects it both positively as well as negatively.

For example:
Positive Impact - Protection of selected natural areas and prevention from further
ecological decline can be seen in national parks and wildlife sanctuaries as a result
of tourism activities, as it requires regular environmental audits.
Negative Impact - Transport by air, road, and rail is continuously increasing in

response to the rising number of tourists and their greater mobility. This leads to
emissions and air pollution. One study estimated that a single transatlantic return
flight emits almost half the CO2 emissions produced by all other sources (lighting,
heating, car use, etc.) consumed by an average person yearly.
Considering the impacts of tourism it is imperative that any tourism activity should be
based on proper planning at all levels and in consultation with the local community.
Review Question
1)
What is meant by the socio cultural impact of tourism?
3.9 Summary
In this unit you have been introduced to many commonly used terminologies of tourism
such as Destination, Pax, SIT, GIT, FIT and so on. As a student of tourism these commonly
used terminologies will help you understand the business of tourism better. As now you
understand the Push and Pull factors and their role in tourism. Further, now you are in
54
a better position to understand the motivators and barriers of tourism. Most importantly
the impacts of tourism in the last section has brought it out that for any action there is
a reaction; therefore tourism activities need to be properly planned and then executed.

1) Discuss the pull and push factors related to the last tour taken by you.
55
UNIT - 4
Tourism Components-I
Contents
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Attraction Resources, products, sites, destinations.
4.4 Accessibility Modes of Transportation and significance.
4.5 Amenities: health and hygiene, security.
4.6 Summary

After reading this unit you will be able to:
zz
Define attraction.
zz
Understand various types of attractions.
zz
Identify the different modes of transport.
zz
Know the importance of transportation in the promotion of tourism.
zz
Know about the role of health, hygiene and security amenities at destination.
Resource Material
56
zz
zz

Mohinder Chand
zz
zz

MA
zz

Learning Outcomes
UNIT-4
OUTCOMES
4.1 Introduction

about Components of Tourism
4.2 Defining Attractions
Students will be able to understand the

Definition of Attraction and their Importance in
Tourism

major Types of Attractions
4.4 Accessibility Modes of

Transportation and significance
Students will be able to understand about

the Modes of Transportation and significance
such as Surface Transport Air Transport &
Water transport
4.5 Amenities: health and hygiene, Students will be able to Understand about the
security
Amenities that a tourist needs at a destination

Unit-1
Topic
Assessment Method
4.2
Defining Attractions
Question & Answer
4.3
Types of Attractions
Question & Answer
4.4
Accessibility Modes
of Transportation and
significance
Question & Answer
4.5
Amenities: health and

hygiene, security.
Question & Answer
Time Plan
Remarks
57
4.1 Introduction
When we think of tourism, we think primarily of people who are visiting a particular place for
sightseeing, visiting friends and relatives, taking a vacation, and having a good time. They
may spend their leisure time engaging in various sports, sunbathing, talking, singing, taking
rides, touring, reading or simply enjoying the environment. From the time a decision is taken
to visit a particular destination for the purpose of travel, till the time a tourist returns home,
a wide range of activities take place and involves many components and organisations. In
fact tourism industry is a mix of the output and services of different industries and services.
The involvement of large number of tourists with a wide range of activities first in their
own country before their departure and later on in the host country has made tourism an
increasingly important activity of great magnitude. The present day tourism is the outcome
of the combined efforts of its various constituents. The force behind this very complex
activity encompassing a wide range of relationships in tourism is a phenomenon and its
various components are very essential. So in order to understand tourism systematically,
it is necessary to know the various components which together contribute to make tourism
happen. The components of tourism industry are varied and are ranging from small scale
business operating at local level to multinationals. For example a fast food outlet at an
airport is a component of the tourism industry as is an airline or a hotel for it has its
own serving purpose for the tourists. Moreover, these different components are closely
interlinked to each other. The linkage is there in spite of the competition within one set
of components. This unit discusses the important and basic components of tourism i.e
attraction and accessibility. Knowledge of these basic components is the pre requisition
for tourism professionals and students perusing tourism studies.
4.2 Defining Attractions

Attraction means anything that creates a desire in any person to travel there. A physical
or cultural feature of a particular place is that individual travellers or tourists perceive as
capable of meeting one or more of their specific leisure-related needs. Such features may
be ambient in nature (eg. climate, culture, vegetation or scenery), or they may be specific
to a location, such as a theatre performance, a museum or a waterfall. It is considered as
the most important basic component of tourism. Atourist attractionis a place of interest
where tourists visit, typically for its inherent or exhibited cultural value, historical
significance, natural or built beauty, or amusement opportunities. Some examples include
historical places,monuments, zoos,aquaria,museumsandart galleries,botanical gardens,
buildings and structures (e.g., castles, libraries, former prisons, skyscrapers, bridges),
58
national parks and forests, theme parks and carnivals, living history museums, ethnic
enclave communities, historic trains and cultural events. Many tourist attractions are
also landmarks. Peter has drawn up an inventory of the various attractions which are of
significance in tourism. These five categories are given as under.
The attractions of tourism are, to a very large extent, geographical in character. Location of
the attraction i.e inland or coastal position and accessibility i.e the means or convenience
with which the tourist place can be reached is important. Natural resources consisting
of mountains, lakes, rivers, waterfalls, glaciers, deserts etc are strong forces attracting
large number of tourists to visit them. Great natural wonders such as the Niagara falls,
the geysers of Iceland, the forests and wildlife of Africa, the mighty Himalayan rivers, hill
stations and lakes of north Indian states are source of great interest to large number of
tourists and have become the basis of an expanding tourism industry.
Climatic conditions (weather conditions-hot/cold, moist/dry and seasonality) are of special
significance. Millions of tourists from countries with extreme weather climates visit beaches
and hill stations in search of fine weather. Hill stations and beautiful beaches of India,
Sri Lanka, Australia and Thailand and some other countries are examples of what good
weather can do.
In tourism, very often you will come across terms like tourism resources, tourism products,
tourism sites and destinations. Tourism is considered a product because just like any
product, it is something that attracts Buyers. Buyers are those tourists who visited
different places and enjoy the activities and adventures it offers them. And when there
are tourists, it means income. It is a chain reaction. If the place tourists visited earned
good through their products and services that means additional tax for the country. This is
why governments really encourage tourism in their country. It is also one way of attracting
investors. This is a simple explanation on why tourism is also a product. Tourism experience
is the result of a number of products and services that are consumed by the tourist during
his travel. It includes physical objects, services, persons, places, organizations and ideas.
Tourism resources, products or destinations are places that attract visitors for a temporary
stay, and range from continents to countries to states and provinces to cities to villages. At
the foundation level destinations are essentially communities based on local government
boundaries. The WTO offered the following working definition of a local tourism destination:
A local tourism destination is a physical space in which a visitor spends at least one
overnight. It includes tourism products such as support services and attractions, tourism
resources within one days return travel time. A destination is both a site and an event,
and these two factors are the attractions. In a site attraction, a location exercises appeal
59
like the lakes of Kashmir, coastline of Goa or the Taj Mahal complex. In case of event,
tourists are drawn to a particular place because of what is happening at that location like
Olympic Games, Boat race in Kerala, Dance festival at Konark. Destinations can spread
over a wide geographical area. The attraction to a destination lies in the attraction it offers
or the image it has. For example, many tourists think of India as a single destination. For
some India is a land of Temples whilst for many its attraction lies in Mughal Forts and
Palaces. Many reject India because it is a strange and therefore fearsome and for many
the poverty of India is a deterrent. In fact the image of a destination depends on a variety
of factors like attitude of host population, civic amenities, natural setup, accessibility and
available facilities and services.
Review Question
1)
Define Attraction.

Tourist attractions can be naturally attractive like mountains, hill stations, lakes or they can
be designed with manmade or artificial attractions like theme parks, historical complexes
or holiday villages.
There are basically three types of attractions:
zz
Natural Attractions.
zz
Man made or Built Attractions.
zz
Symbiotic Attractions
A Natural tourist attraction would be somewhere that was not built by humans but has
always existed or was created at some point by processes on Earth, e.g Dal Lake, Niagra
Falls, and beaches.
(1) Natural Attractions are very important factors in tourism. Scenery consisting of
mountains, lakes, waterfalls, glaciers, forests, deserts, is strong forces attracting people
to visit them. Thousands and thousands of tourists are attracted by the northern
slopes of the Alps in Switzerland and Austria and the southern slopes at Italy and
also Himalayan Mountain slopes of India and Nepal.
(2) Built or Manmade Attractions are any object that a person might travel to see
which exists because a human being created it, such as the Statue of Liberty, Disney
world, the Eiffel tower, the Pyramids, the Taj Mahal, Mount Rushmore, the Great
60
Jog Falls in Karnataka Eiffel Tower

Source: Wikipedia
Source: Wikipedia
Wall of China, and so on.It includes monuments, museums, archaeological and

historical sites etc. Tradition in form of fairs and festivals, arts and handicrafts, dance,
music, folklore, native life and customs and entertainment in form of amusement
and recreation parks, sporting events, zoos and oceanariums, cinemas and theatre,
night life and cuisine are examples of man-made attractions. India is truly a land of
monuments. In whatever part of the country one moves, one finds numerous structures
of temples, mosques, archaeological and historical sites. This is an enormous wealth
and undoubtedly contains great tourism potential. Similarly the sculptural wealth
and other objects of culture such as coins, paintings, handicrafts etc make India a
veritable tourist attraction. Some part of this treasure has been successfully housed
and displayed in the museums. These manmade attractions had become the flagbearer of India`s cultural heritage and the primary tourist attractions.
(3) Symbiotic Attractions some tourism products do not fall into the above categories.
Wildlife sanctuary, Marine parks, aero products and water sports, flower festivals are
the example of tourism products which are a blending of nature and man. Nature
has provided the resource and man has converted them into a tourism product by
managing them. National parks for example, are left in their natural state of beauty
as far as possible, but still need to be managed, through provision of access, parking
facilities, limited accommodation, litter bins etc. Yet the core attraction is still nature
in this category of product. These products are symbiosis of nature and man.
Another example of symbiotic attractions is the case of adventure sports, where the tourists
can be participants. Adventure tourism involves participating in adventure activities mostly
61
in natural environment. For example: white water rafting, one of the most important and
exciting water sports, which involves riding down water rapids in an inflatable raft which
is used to negotiate fast flowing rivers. Another adventure sports- skiing is the practice of
sliding over snow covered mountain slopes on runners, called skis, attached to each foot.
The adventure tourism activities are good example of symbiotic attractions; since people
have to travel to the destination that will offer the natural resources such as mountains,
rapids or open space for the adventure activities.
The basic element of adventure is the satisfaction of having complete command over ones
body, a sense of risk in the process, an awareness of beauty and the exploration of the
unknown. Adventure tourism can be classified into aerial, water based and land based.
Aerial adventure sports include the following activitiesA) Parachuting: It involves jumping off from an aircraft or balloon and descending by
means of a parachute. The infrastructure required, includes in aircraft, parachutes
and large landing zones.
B) Sky Diving: It which involves a sky diver jumping off an aircraft or balloon at a
much greater height without deploying is parachute initially and opening it after
some interval at a pre determined height.
C) Hang Gliding: It which involves running off a mountain or being towed by a
winch and essentially flying like a glider where the directional control is achieved
by a shift in his own weight by the pilot.
D) Para Gliding: It is the latest aero-sport which has taken the world by storm.
A Para Glider is a specially designed square parachute, along witha harness
attached by lines.
E) Para Sailing: A simple sport that involves towing a parachutist to a height of a
few hundred feet in the air and then descending by means of a parachute. As
a year round activity. Para sailing can be done on land and water.
F)
Bungee Jumping: It requires no equipment except a bungee cord made of

nylon fibre of enough elasticity to be able to absorb the shock at the end of the
jump. The jumper makes a headlong jump into empty space and the resultant
rush of adrenalin makes the experience very exhilarating.
G) Ballooning: In this a balloon is attached to a basket by steel wire ropes. By

regulating hot and cold air, the pilot can steer the balloon along any charted
course seperate paragraph line.
62
Water based adventure sports include the following:

A) White Water Rafting: It is one of the most important and exciting water sports,
which involves riding down water rapids in an inflatable raft which is used to
negotiate fast flowing rivers.
B) Canoeing and Kayaking: These are adventure sports which begin upstream
where the water is wild and white. The gradient best suited for canoeing is the
stage near the rivers entry into the plains where the trip can be combined with
a natural holiday in a forest. Kayaking is appealing as it enables innovation on
the river by one or two oarsman seated in tandem.
Adventure sports in the waters of the sea like wind surfing, scuba diving, snorkelling,
yachting, water skiing, etc. also ofter thrilling activities to the tourists.
Land based adventure tourist products include the following :
A) Rock climbing: It originated as a means of practicing techniques for ascending
high mountains. It was earlier provided as training to mountaineers but has now
evolved into a highly developed sports. The climber moves up, using knowledge
of rope handling, climbing, securing one to another, etc. Very sophisticated
techniques and equipments are used nowadays to ascend or descend on very
steep terrain.
B) Mountaineering: It requires trained physical ability and suitable equipment. The
higher peaks need better equipment which is also costly. The challenges which
mountains like the Indian Himalayas pose attract mountaineers from various
countries.
C) Trekking: The mighty Himalayas which spread across five Indian states from
a sweeping arc and compress in its expanse a wide geographical variety and
contrasting cultures.
D) Skiing: It is the practice of sliding over snow on runners, called skis, attached
to each foot. There are three types of ski resports, the first are large towns,
second type are alpine villages and the third resorts build for skiing.
E) Heli-Skiing: It is a type of alpine skiing where the skier is dropped to the top
of a mountain by a helicopter and then he slides down on his own.
F)
Motor Rally: It is a sport that tests the navigational skills of man and his endurance
with the machine. Motor rallies, grand prix racing, hill climbing rallies, vintages
car rallies, sports car racing, etc. are some forms of this tourism product.
63
Rafting at Zanskar, Ladakh

Source: Wikipedia
G) Safaris: Safaris were earlier taken on camel, horse and elephants as an excursioin
for hunting or a journey. As a modern tourist product now safaris are taken
on jeeps and in the form of caravans. Viewing and enjoying nature, meeting
the local villagers, seeing their traditions, customs and lifestyle, entertainment
and campfire, some of the characteristics of modern safaris. Eg. Egypt desert
safaris.Horse and elephant safaris are arranged in most of the national parks
and wildlife sanctuaries.
Review Question
1)
What is the difference between a natural and manmade attraction?
4.4 Accessibility Modes of Transportation and significance

Transport is a fundamental component of tourism, providing the vital link between tourist
generating areas and destinations. Hence there are very close links between the transport
and tourism industries where a two-way relationship exists. On the one hand good
accessibility, which is determined by the transport services provided, is essential for the
development of any tourist destination. Conversely for the transport industry, there can
be substantial benefits from tourism because of the additional demand which this type of
travel can produce.
64
Accessibility means the ease of reaching the destination through various means of
transportation. A tourist has to travel to reach the tourist destination. There should be
accessibility for each and every location of tourist attraction. As part of the growing impact
of globalization in Asia and the Pacific, international tourism is dependent on efficient,
reliable and cost-effective transport infrastructure and services to support continued growth
and development. There can be no travel if there were no transport. If the locations are
inaccessible by the normal means of transport, it would be of little importance. All kinds
of transport facilities are to be made available for such locations. Transport contributes
significantly to our socio-economic needs and has acquired a fundamental place in the
global network system by facilitating the mobility of persons and goods from one place to
another through various modes of transport. Accessibility is an important factor of tourism
and its development depends heavily on the transport industry. A tourist always thinks of
safe, comfortable and convenient mode of transport. No destination can become popular
unless it is easily accessible. Transportation should be regular, comfortable, economical
and safe. Today there are various means of transportation like airlines, railways, surface
(road transportation) and water transportation. The transportation should be there for all
kinds of tourists and destinations.
From the advent of human civilization we find that people have been travelling by various
modes, and over the passage of time the means of transport have been changing according
to changed conditions and the development of technology. During the ancient times the
means used were mainly animals on land and sails at sea. Before the sixteenth century,
those who sought travel had three modes in which :
zz
They could walk (many who were too poor to afford any form of transport had
to do so, regardless of the distance involved).
zz
They could ride a horse, or they could be carried, either on a litter (carried by
servants, and restricted largely to the aristocracy)
zz
On a carrier`s wagon.
The discovery and application of steam and electricity in the nineteenth century and the
internal combustion engine in the 20th century revolutionised travel and transport and
introduced the present era of mass transport. The next spectacular breakthrough came in
the late 1950s with the propulsion of aircrafts with jet engines, opening the whole world
to the immense benefits of air travel. Tourism and transportation are inextricably linked. As
world tourism increases, additional demands will be placed on the transportation sectors.
65
Major modes of transportation

Modes of transportation are classified in the following categories:
zz
Surface Transportation.
zz
Water Transportation.
zz
Air Transportation.
Surface transport means the movement of people or goods by road, train and ships rather
than by plane. The main modes of surface transport are:
4.4.1 Surface Transport

(i)
Road Transport
Road transport is one of the most promising and potent means suitable for short and
medium distances. It caters the demand of the majority of the people who are living in far-off
villages and provides them the basic infrastructure for bringing them into the mainstream
of national life by connecting them with different places. It plays a vital role in the opening
up of interior and remote areas and is comparably economical and less capital intensive.
The main advantage of road transport includes flexibility, reliability, speed and door to
door service. These modes of transport provide access to millions of people by using the
different categories of roads viz National highways, state highways, district roads, village
roads or even unclassified village roads. The main state highways are primarily used to
connect important tourist destinations located within the state in different districts. Road
transport is playing much important role in context of India as more than 75 percent of the
total population is still living in rural areas. The road transport plays vital role in reducing
distances among these places.
66
(ii) Rail Transport

Railways are the principal carriers specially suited for long distance travel. In most of the
countries especially in India railways serve as the main artery of surface transport. Roads
can be built in the hilly areas also whereas railway lines cannot be laid easily. The railways
have advantage over the roadways that they can carry a large number of passengers
and large and heavy loads to long distances. Also journey by train is more comfortable
than by bus. India has a large network of railways throughout the country. We have trains
from one corner of India to the other corner. Total length of the railway tracks in India is
about 63000 kilometres. About 7800 trains carry about eleven million passengers to their
destinations every day. Our railway network is the largest in Asia and the second largest
in the world. Our goods trains transport about 6 lakh tonnes of goods from one place to
another daily. India is a land of diverse culture, and railways play a key role in not only
meeting the transport needs of the country, but also in binding together dispersed areas
and promoting national integration. Indian Railways have emerged as the sinews of the
Indian economy, and have reached out to bring together the great Indian family. Apart
from normal trains connecting almost all part of the country, the Indian Railways also runs
special luxury trains like the Palace on Wheels, Rajdhani Express, Shatabdi Express,
Fairy Queen etc.
International Tourist Bureaus are located at various important cities all over the country.
International Tourist Bureaus issue reserved tickets to the foreign tourists and NRIs holding
valid passport against payment in US dollars, Pounds, Sterling, and in Rupees against
Encashment Certificate. These Bureaus also sell Indrail passes, which enable tourists to
travel wherever they like, whenever they like, and whichever trains they like within the
validity period.
67
4.4.2 Air Transport

Air transport means the use of aircraft, predominantly airplanes, to move passengers and
cargo.Tourism and aviation industry are closely interrelated and tourism to a large extent
depends on aviation industry. Tourism industry refers to an industry that deals with the
people those who travel from their own place to other in order to visit.While as the aviation
industry is a segment of travel industry that deals with air transportation from one destination
to another destination. Aviation provides the only worldwide transportation network, which
makes it essential for global business and tourism. Aviation is an increasingly important
mode of transport for tourism markets. Whilst geography has meant that, in modern
times, air travel has always been the dominant mode for long distance travel and much
international tourism, moves towards deregulation, and in particular the emergence of the
low cost carrier sector, have also increased aviations significance for short and medium
haul tourism trips. Thus, developments in aviation are having very major implications
for many leisure and business tourism markets. Tourism and Air Transport industry are
complementing each other. Tourism depends on transportation to bring visitors, while the
transportation industry depends on tourism to generate demand for its services. The growth
in tourism industry directly reflects onto the air transportation. Over the last 25 years, the
number of international tourists has more than doubled. The expansion of international
tourism has a large impact on the discipline of transport geography, asair transport is the
main mode for international tourism. Air transport plays a dominant role in inter-regional
movements of tourists, which normally entails travel over long-distance. Growth rates of
international air traffic are pegged with growth rates of international tourism. Attractive
package tours, competitive airfare attract more and more tourist day by days, therefore
both the industry is expanding rapidly.
68
Scheduled air transport started in India in1932. Until its nationalisation in 1953, the
existence of air transport was only symbolic and played relatively small role in the economy
of the nation. As its use was limited to the British government and technological level of
this industry being inadequate, they never took any effort to develop the same. After the
enactment of the Air Corporations Act, 1953 and nationalising the air transport industry in
India, two Corporations were set up, viz., Indian Airlines and Air India. The former operated
domestic services and to neighbouring countries while the latter catered to international
traffic in and out of the country. Pawan Hans was formed in 1985 to run the helicopter
services and was initially named the Helicopter Corporation of India. Its objective was to
provide helicopter services in support of the offshore oil drilling in India besides linking
Andaman Nicobar, Lakshadweep Islands with the mainland and connecting inaccessible
areas and difficult terrains in Jammu and Kashmir, Sikkim and the North-Eastern States.
Since 1990, the government has permitted private operators to operate trunk routes with
in India under open sky policy. Now Indian Airlines and Air India have been merged into
one identity and operate by the name of Air India.
There are number of private companies who are operating along with Air India on domestic
and also on international routes. Air transport to India is primarily used for passenger
transportation and hence it has a very important role to play in the development of tourism.
The government is now spending huge amounts to upgrade and modernise the airports
as per the requirements of today and future. Keeping in view this tremendous potential
Airport Authority of India has carried out expansion of International Airports at various
major cities. In order to double or treble tourist arrivals in India we need to provide more
international seats. It means that we should encourage international airlines to operate
additional flights for India by using various under used airports. We should provide those
additional landing rights and other facilities to achieve better utilisation of airports.
4.4.3 Water Transport

Water transport is the ship transport is watercraft carrying people (passengers) or goods
(cargo). Water transport has been the largest carrier of freight throughout recorded history.
Although the importance of sea travel for passengers has decreased due to aviation, it
is effective for short trips and pleasure cruises. Shipping, like the railways had made a
significant contribution to the travel during the nineteenth century. While railways were
responsible for inland travel, especially in Europe, the steamship crossed the boundaries
and made strides in inter-continental travel. Before the coming of road and rail transport
it was water transport which carried goods and persons from one place to another and
this mode of transport is regarded as the oldest transportation mode. India which has a
69
vast coastline of about 5500 kilometres has considerable scope for utilisation of coastline
shipping for transport of goods and passengers. Passenger traffic on this mode is at
present from main land to Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep Islands. One
seasonal service also operates from Mumbai to Goa. There are 11 major and 139 minor
ports in India. The major ports are under the control of the Ministry of Surface Transport
of the Union Government while as the minor ports are under the State governments.
Water-based transport is one of the most traditional and memorable ways for visitors to
travel to and from a destination. It is not only a way to travel but a tourism experience in
itself. Cruise tourism has been a growing market sector around the world, not only as a
means to travel to a destination but as an experience. The development of a destination
as a cruise port requires in-depth economic, environmental and social assessment. Cities
on banks of rivers or along the sea coastal line rivers have tremendous potentiality to
plan different package tours on boat, steamer or ship. For example, West Bengal Tourism
Department introduced special tourist programmes launches to carry tourists to Sunderban
(famous for the Royal Bengal Tiger). In the launching state itself various facilities were
provided to make the journey and stay comfortable. The project has been a great success.
The approach to Elephanta Caves is through motor launch only which ply from Gateway
of India (Mumbai). Similarly, Goa Tourism Department organises sea cruises of half day
and full day. The most interesting experience is that of tourists going to Lakshadweep
islands on cruise ships. During the day they are taken to the islands by boats and at
night they stay back at the ship where different kinds of recreation activities are provided.
Some travel agencies also conduct sea cruises for tourists by offering special packages
to Andaman. There are other tourist attractions like staying in a houseboat at Dal Lake in
Kashmir, taking boat trips at Varanasi or Allahabad; boating at Nainital (boating and water
sports are picking up fast in the country). In Cochin, boat buses ply between the various
islands. Though they are the local mode of transport but tourists enjoy travelling in them.
70
Review Question
1)
Define Surface Transport.
4.5 Amenities: Health and Hygiene, Security

Amenities include all facilities that a tourist needs at a destination. They range from different
types of accommodation to various entertainment, adventure and recreation avenues.
Facilities are very essential for any tourist centre. They are considered necessary aid
to the tourist centre. For a seaside resort facilities like swimming, boating, yachting surf
riding and such other facilities like deeming recreations and amusements is an important
feature. There are two types of amenities viz. natural and manmade. Beaches, sea-bathing,
fishing, climbing, trekking, viewing etc. come under the former category. Various types of
entertainments and facilities which cater for the special needs of the tourists come under
the latter category.
Health and Hygiene: Tourists visit a destination for pleasure and enjoying a healthy
environment. If the standard of civic amenities is poor, garbage disposal or solid waste
management is not proper, path ways are dirty then the destination earns a bad image.
For the development of tourism the destinations authorities must ensure that proper and
hygienic conditions are maintained. Besides medical centres to provide medical aid should
also be opened and equipped with all modern health facilities. At eating establishments
everyone handling food has a legal responsibility to ensure food that is prepared &
served to the customer is safe. Food handlers are constantly under scrutiny following
some highly-publicised food hygiene contraventions & increased awareness of food. The
possible effects of poor food hygiene to the business & the consumer are as follows: zz
Death
zz
Food-related illness
zz
Fines & prosecution
zz
Low staff morale & high staff turnover
zz
The reputation of the business
zz
Loss of sales reduced profits
zz
Increased food wastage
zz
Business closure & loss of jobs
71
The consumer expects good hygiene standards from the kitchen, in the dining room &
ancillary areas, the key benefits of these good practices are:zz
Good customer relations
zz
A good working environment
zz
Low staff turnover
zz
Compliant with the law
zz
Reduction of food wastage
zz
Reduced risk of food-related illness to the consumer.
The food handlers role in the safe preparation and service of food is critical and the law
states that a food handler, either as an owner of a food business or an employee has a
legal responsibility to ensure that food is kept safe. It is important to be vigilant at all times
and inform your supervisor or manager if you feel that food safety is being compromised
at any time. Food Hygiene Regulations require that the food premises are fit for purpose
and due consideration has been given to the food preparation and ancillary areas meeting
the needs of the operation.
Security:Safety and security are vital to providing quality in tourism. More than any other
economic activity, the success or failure of a tourism destination depends on being able
to provide a safe and secure environment for visitors. Any place which is insecure and
has problems of law and order would never be able to emerge as an attractive tourist
destination. For the promotion of tourism it is essential that the place is secure, safe,
and free from disturbances and disorders. At the same time the concerned authorities
should take steps to check such crime which generates with tourist activities at the host
destination area.
Review Question
1)
2)
72
Define surface transport.

What are the benefits of following good hygiene standards?
4.6 Summary
The unit has introduced you to various components of tourism. Starting from attraction and
its various types to different modes of transport along with their role in tourism has been
discussed. Tourism is a multifaceted and multidimensional industry where every component
has to play an important role. Transport being the primary component of tourism is playing
an important and crucial role in the development of tourism hence is the pre requisition
for destination development.

1)
Group discussion: Need of health and hygiene at tourist destinations.
2)
Visit a railway station and a bus stand and make a note of their role and importance
in tourism.
73
UNIT-5
Tourism Components-II
Contents:
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Significance of Accommodation in Tourism
5.4 Meal plan of Booking Accommodation
5.5 Available Packages
5.6 Ancillary Services
5.7 Summary

After reading this unit you will be able to:
zz
Have the idea of the importance of accommodation in tourism.
zz
Know the nature of different types of accommodation.
zz
Understand different meal plans.
zz
Learn about the ancillary services in tourism.
Resource Material
74
zz
zz

Mohinder Chand
zz
zz

MA
zz

Learning Outcomes
UNIT-5
OUTCOMES
5.1 Introduction

Accommodation as Components of Tourism
5.2 Significance of
Accommodation in Tourism
Students will be able to understand the Importance of

Accommodation in Tourism Industry
Students will be able to understand about the major

Types of Accommodation
5.4 Meal Plan of Booking

Accommodation
Students will be able to understand about the Types

of Meal Plan
Students will be able to Understand about the tour

packages available for the tourists
5.6 Activities
Students will be able to Understand about the Types

of Activities tourist can enjoy on their visit to any
destination
5.7Ancillary Services

essential support services that that are part of the
total tourist infrastructure and their importance in the
development and promotion of tourism at any tourist
destination

Unit-1
Topic
Assessment Method
5.2
Significance of Accommodation
in Tourism
Question & Answer
5.3
Types of Accommodation
Question & Answer
5.4
Meal Plan of Booking

Accommodation
Question & Answer
5.5
Available packages
Question & Answer
5.6
Activities
Question & Answer
5.7
Ancillary Services
Question & Answer
Time Plan
Remarks
75
5.1 Introduction
World Tourism Organisation in its definition of a tourist has stated that the tourist must
spend at least one night in the destination visited to be qualified as a tourist. This
presupposes the availability of some kind of accommodation at the destination. This goes
to show that accommodation plays a vital role in the tourism industry and the necessity
of accommodation in a tourist destination cannot be ignored.
The aim of this unit is to familiarise you with the different types of accommodation and its
significance in tourism industry. The unit attempts to highlight the role of ancillary services
at tourist destinations.
5.2 Significance of Accommodation

Accommodation is one of the basic components of tourism and plays an important role
in the development of tourism. The demand for accommodation away from one`s home
is met by a variety of facilities. The range and type of accommodation is quite varied
and has undergone considerable changes during the past decades. In recent years some
changes have been reflected in the type of accommodation. There has been an increasing
demand for more non-traditional and informal types of accommodation.
Many changes have taken place in accommodation sector recently. New types of
accommodation, particularly, holiday villages, apartment houses camping and caravan sites
and tourist cottage etc, have become very popular. Usually a large number of tourists
visit a particular spot simply because there is a first class hotel with excellent facilities.
Today Switzerland, Holland, Austria and the Netherlands have gained reputation for good
cuisine, comfort and cleanliness. In modern times, the way people spend their holidays
has undergone a great change. People enjoy spending time with family and friends, while
at the same time, explore the different tourist attractions around the world. Consequently,
the tourism industry worldwide has experienced unprecedented growth, which in turn has
also led to strong growth in hotel facilities and accommodation. Comfortable hotels and
accommodation establishments play an important role in popularizing any tourist destination.
If a person, who is quite far from home, enjoys the same facilities and amenities you enjoy
in your home, then he is obliged to stick to the place. On the contrary, if the tourist ends
in a place where hotels and accommodation facilities are not satisfactory, it is likely that he
could never return to this place. Perhaps that is why, hotels and accommodation facilities
being made available at different tourists spots, have shifted focus on providing maximum
comfort to tourists at reasonable rates. It is also vital to provide comfortable accommodation
76
to people from diverse economical backgrounds. While five star hotels can cater to the
needs of affluent visitors, small and medium rangebudget hotels and lodginghouses are
available for use by a middle class traveler.
Review Question
1)
What is the significance of the Accommodation.

There are different types of accommodation units catering demand of varied classes
of tourists. It is important that a tourism professional be aware of all categories of
accommodation and be able to think clearly about which ones they may wish to identify
for their guest. The types of accommodation include:
1. Accommodation in the organised sector: This refers to different types of hotels
and other such accommodation available to us. They belong to the organised sector
as records and information regarding them is easily available. The accommodation
types in this sector include:
(i) Five Star Deluxe Hotels (International Hotels)
These are the modern western style usually located in the metropolitan cities and at
primary tourist destinations. Such hotels have large number of rooms normally ranging
between 200 to1000 rooms. They are categorised by certain internationally accepted system
of classification and standards which include a given number of facilities and services,
restaurants, particular size of rooms, lobby, bathrooms, business centre facilities, swimming
pool and other luxurious services. These hotels are placed in various star categories.
There are five such categories ranging from five stars to one star, depending upon the
facilities and services provided. These hotels provide, in addition to accommodation, all
other facilities and services that make the stay an interesting and comfortable experience.
These hotels usually cater the demand of high end tourists and business executives.
(ii) First Class Hotels (A-Class Hotels)
These are a luxurious hotel that contains the most of the facilities that are provided in the
Five Star hotels. These types of hotels are also located in metropolitan and developed
cities and at major tourist destinations. They cater the demand of both tourists and
business class.
77
ITC Maurya, New Delhi
The Leela, New Delhi
(iii) Commercial Hotels

These hotels cater primarily to people who are visiting a place for commerce or business.
Commercial hotels are located in important commercial and industrial centres of large cities.
(iv) Resort Hotels
These hotels are located near mountains, beaches and other areas abounding in natural
beauty. Resort hotels cater to the needs of the holiday maker, the tourist and those, who
by reasons of health, desire a change of atmosphere. Rest, relaxation and entertainment
are the key factors around which resorts are built. The primary motive of a person visiting
them is rest and relaxation. In India we have beach resorts, hill resorts, summer resorts,
health resorts and wild life resorts. They primarily offer a stay in the natural surroundings.
Majority of the resort hotels are seasonal establishments.
78
Resort Hotel
Service apartment Hotel
(v) Apartment Hotels

A hotel that rents furnished accommodation as a long term residence from months up to
several years and usually provides all hotel services. These hotels are suitable for those
who need to stay far from home for a long time. The prices in apartment hotels are
often lower than in ordinary hotels. Apartment hotels are located in big cities and operate
exclusively under European plan where no meals are provided to the guests. Services
and facilities provided in apartment hotels are comparable to those of an average well
regulated hotel.
(vi) Floating Hotels
These hotels are located on the surface of the sea, river or lake water. House boats of
Kashmir and Kerala which are very popular among tourists are the best examples of
floating hotels. In some countries old luxury ships have been converted into floating hotels
and cater the demand of large number of tourists. Facilities and services of a hotel are
provided in these floating hotels and these also have various categories based on the
range of facilities and services provided by them.
(vii) Heritage Hotels
Umaid Bhawan Palace, Jodhpur Narain Niwas palace, Jaipur
79
Heritage hotels are old monuments or palaces converted into hotels which offer a royal
experience to its guest. In India heritage hotels cover running hotels in palaces/castles/forts/
havelies/hunting loges/ residence of any size built prior to 1950. The facade, architectural
features and general construction should have the distinctive qualities and ambience in
keeping with the traditional way of life of the area.
2. Accommodation in the Unorganised Sector

This sector of accommodation supplements the accommodation in the organised sector
as at times the demand or the type of requirements of the tourists cannot be fulfilled
by the traditional organised accommodation sector. This could be due to the fact that
the hotel accommodation may not be available at the destination or may be beyond the
budget of the tourist. Although hotels have been the principal form of accommodation,
there has been a large scale growth and development of other types of accommodation
throughout the world which offer accommodation to large number of tourists. This sector
of accommodation is also at times referred to as the supplementary or alternative form
of accommodation. The accommodation and services provided by them is minimal and
not comprehensive as in the case of hotels. The standard of facilities and services in all
supplementary accommodation establishments is modest compared to that of a hotel. As
compared to the traditional hotel accommodation there are certain inherent advantages
in the supplementary type of accommodation and the biggest advantage is that it is
moderately priced.
To cater the demand of all classes and categories of tourists there is great demand for
accommodation outside the organised hotel sector. In India and many other countries
more tourists utilise this type of accommodation than the hotels. The principal forms of
supplementary accommodation are:
(i) Motels
One of the earliest forms of supplementary accommodation, motels were meant for local
motorist and foreign tourists travelling by road. Motels were primarily designed to cater
the needs of motorists and exclusively meet the demand for transit accommodation. They
are mostly located outside the city limits in the countryside along the main highways on
important road junction. The main services provided by motels include auto conveniences
like parking and garage facilities, cheap rooms, fewer staff oriented services as well as
catering and bar facilities along with recreational activities like swimming, tennis etc. All
motels are equipped with filling stations, repair services, accessories, garages, sufficient
80
parking space, restaurants and all equipments and tools to repair vehicles. Normally the
price charged for accommodation and boarding is cheaper as compared to that in hotels.
(ii) Youth Hostels
Youth Hostel is a building which offers clean, moderate and inexpensive shelter to young
people exploring their own country or other countries and travelling independently or in
groups on holiday or for educational purposes. It is a place where young people of different
social background and nationalities meet and come to know each other. The primary
objective of the youth hostel is to serve as centres which offer an opportunity to know and
understand each other to youth coming from different parts of the country and from abroad.
It serves as a place of friendship, recreation and out of formal schooling education. The
youth hostels are well equipped with basic facilities and services of boarding, lodging and
recreation with self cooking facilities and provision of both individual as well as dormitory
rooms against nominal charges.
Camping
Camping
(iii) Camping Sites

Caravans and Camping sites mostly located in open spaces at prominent cities and tourist
destinations constitute a significant type of accommodation in many holiday areas. They
are commonly known as open air hostels, tourist camps or camping grounds. They provide
sufficient space for parking, tent pitching, facilities of water, electricity, public conveniences
with proper sanitation. They are mostly managed by the local bodies of the area. Such
type of accommodation is set up seasonally and involves relatively low investment besides
it is ecologically eco friendly as they do not spoil the landscape too much.
(iv) Airport / Railway Retiring Rooms
Airport / railway retiring rooms are situated at the main platform of major railway stations
and at domestic and international airports. The purpose of retiring room accommodation is to
81
offer a convenience to the traveller without going into the city. They provide accommodation
to railway passengers holding confirmed and current tickets or air passengers from out of
town or in transit. These retiring rooms are offered at reasonable rates and are often air
conditioned, clean and well maintained at the major junctions. They have attached baths
and railway canteen or airport restaurant catering. Bookings are made through the Station
Superintendent or Airport Manager.
(v) Lodges/ Tourist Bungalows/ Boarding Houses
These are modest accommodation units situated away from the centre of the city or at
remote destinations. These are self- sufficient establishments offering standard facilities
like well furnished rooms, with catering and bar facilities. These services cater to budget
and middle class tourists particularly in destinations which do not attract the major hotel
industry. These bungalows have prime locations since they are the first to set up operations
at many tourist centres.
State Governments and Tourism Departments also provide tourist rest houses at scenic
locations in the mountains and forests where most wild life tourism is located. They provide
access to the forest and also have good viewing locations. They are constructed to mirror
the appeal of the area.
Boarding houses are establishments which usually provide accommodation and meals
at specified periods of time like the week end or for a specified stay. Thus they cater
to residents and tend to be small enterprises and require advance booking to ensure
space. They can range from simple hostel like facilities to the more sophisticated ones
depending on the duration of the stay and the kind of customers. Such units are good
for families because they provide all meals and comfortably furnished rooms and do not
mind having children.
(vi) Bed and Breakfast Establishments
These units provide only accommodation and breakfast but not the principal meals. In
rural and resort areas such units are also popular with young people who need a room
to sleep and spend the whole day on the move. These are usually located in large towns
and cities, along commercial and holiday routes and also resort areas and are used by
en route travellers.
(vii) Tourist Holiday Villages
Tourist villages are promoted by social and tourist organisations and important clubs. The
atmosphere in these villages is kept as informal as possible. In most of such villages
82
telephones, radios, TV and newspapers are banned. The accommodation provided is usually
in multiple units and many provide for self catering. Tourist holiday villages are usually
based on family units with basic facilities and services. In many tourist areas government
has introduced the scheme of conversion of residential houses into guest houses also
known as paying guest accommodation.
Many tourists prefer home stays to institutional accommodations and this brings in the
concept of paying guest accommodation offered by individual households at destinations.
Review Question
1)
Explain about the types of accommodation options available.
5.4 Meal Plan of Booking Accommodation

Meal plan or hotel plan is a plan and a room rate for providing a room and meals to
guests at a hotel. It is very important for travelers to check the room or property rate after
consider the meal plan. Universally, there are four types of meal plan:
(i)
The American Plan: Abbreviated as APmeans that the quoted rate includes three
meals a day, i.e. breakfast, lunch, and dinner. The meals are provided by the hotel
kitchen. Mostly, hotels in a remote location where there are not many restaurants or
none at all offer an American plan. In Europe and some other countries the American
Plan is referred to as Full Pension or Full Board.
(ii) The Modified American Plan: Abbreviated as MAP means that the quoted rate
includes two meals a day, including breakfast and either lunch or dinner. Guests
choosing a hotel in a remote location where there are not many restaurants or none
at all need to stay at a hotel offer at least a Modified American plan. In the Modified
American plan, these meals are provided by the hotel dining room. In Europe and
some other countries the Modified American Plan is referred to as Half Pension or
Half.
(iii) The Continental Plan: Abbreviated as CP means that the quoted rate includes a
continental breakfast, which consists of coffee or tea, juice, and bread. Guests can
have different options of bread like loaf, croissants, scones, and muffins. The breakfast
does not include cooked foods, such as pancakes or eggs. Under the continental
plan, diners often find breakfast is self-serve, although many hotels have a waiter
available to pour and refill beverages.
83
(iv) The European Plan: Abbreviated as EP means that the quoted rate does not
include any meals and is strictly for lodging. The property owner will charge for the
food separately. The advantage is that guest is free to try a variety of restaurant
experiences, and can often save money by eating at establishments that charge less.
Table 5.1
Meal Plan
Breakfast
Lunch
Dinner
American Plan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Modified American Plan
Yes
Yes
Yes
Continental Plan
Yes
No
No
European Plan
No
No
No
Review Question
1)
What are the meal plans available? Explain in brief.

Available packages refer to the tour packages available for the tourists. The availability
of a tour package of choice can affect the choice of destination taken by a tourist. For
example a prospective traveller may have only three days to travel to a destination and
back. A tour package offering travel and back within that period of time will be attractive
to someone with limited time.
Available tour packages in present time affects the flow of tourists to a destination and
therefore it can affect the tourism activities at a destination. Available packages can start
from 2 days and 1 night and could extend up to weeks or months in a cruise or across the
world. The package time i.e. days and night can vary to suit the need of the prospective
tourist. Since the time and tour packages can attract tourist to a destination or deter a
tourist from choosing a particular destination. Therefore, available packages play a very
important role in tourism.
5.6 Ancillary services

Ancillary services otherwise known as support services are the essential part of the total
tourist infrastructure and play an important role in the development and promotion of
tourism at any tourist destination. Today there are a variety of services that constitute the
84
tourism infrastructure or are directly and indirectly related to tourism. The various ancillary
services in tourism include:
(i)
Guides: A person who guides visitors in the language of their choice and interprets
the cultural and natural heritage of an area, which person normally possesses an
area-specific qualification usually issued and/or recognized by the appropriate authority.
The tour guide is a qualified person who accompanies people visiting works of art,
museums, galleries, archaeological sites, and who explains the historical, artistic,
monumental and natural attractions. The guide is a public relation representative of
the place he chooses to work. In todays international tourism it may happen that,
without the role of mediators, existing destination resources remain either unavailable
to visitors or not properly understood and valued by them. Interpretation of the local
heritage, living culture, values and cultural identity in general is the key component of
the contemporary guides role. Tourist guides are front-line professionals who, unlike
any other tourism players establish a close, intense and influencing contact with
visitors at the same time protecting interests of sustainable tourism. They are often
called tourism ambassadors of their destinations. Nevertheless, their profession is
commonly perceived as an ancillary, repetitive and mass tourism activity, although it
can be a very effective tool in the construction of tourist experiences.
(ii) Escorts: The tour escort is a qualified person who accompanies people traveling
through different destinations, countries and abroad to assure the regular running of
the planned trips. He provides the necessary support services for its entire duration,
giving significant information of the site. Depending upon the nature of the tour, an
escort is supposed to perform the role of an accompanying manager to a subject
expert. In escorted tours the jobs of escort also include looking after facilitation, getting
the custom clearances done or check in etc. at airports. The escort is responsible
for the entire group during the journey and at the destination.
(iii) Shopping for souvenirs: Souvenir business people operate mostly from open air or
make-shift stalls. They are involved in the business of selling ethnic arts and crafts
products to an audience that is typically unfamiliar with the cultural and aesthetic
criteria of the society which produces these artefacts. Since the beginning of travel
souvenirs have been central to the tourist experience. In general travellers want
to have a tangible object to take home with them that represents the places they
have been, the things they have seen, and the memories they have made.Cultural
travellers seek authentic, quality souvenirs that represent the area. Tourists also buy
souvenirs so that they have something that symbolizes the memories they have made
85
during their trip. For travellers, souvenirs say, Look where I have been! or Look
what I have done! to everyone who sees their souvenirs. Tourists are all looking for
a unique memento from their trip to take home with them and the potential benefits
from souvenir sales can be very important for the destination where the sales take
place.
(iv) Health Services: Health facilities are places that provide health care. They include
hospitals, clinics, outpatient care centres and specialized care centres. Access to
comprehensive, quality health care services is important for the achievement of health
equity and for increasing the quality of a healthy life for everyone. Provision of basic
health services is a basic aid to the tourist destination. To cater the need of health
care and first aid all tourist destinations should have the basic health care facilities
both within the destination as well as en route to destinations.
(v) Documentation: A tourist for travel and during travel needs various documents such
as, passport, visa, ticket, health documents and insurance etc. A tourist is governed by
the law and regulations in force in the country which he visits. A tourism professional
dealing with outbound and inbound tourists should be well versed with the information
about what travel documentation do I need to travel outside his country and the
preparation of these travel documentation. The various travel documents required
for international travel include:
(1) Passport: An official document issued by the traveller`s country of origin that
certifies ones identity and citizenship and permits him to travel abroad. Passport
is a universally accepted international document that is sufficient for crossing
the border and provides a persons identity and nationality. All passengers need
a valid passport for international travel, regardless of the destination, but some
countries require at least six months validity remaining on the passport.
86
Passports
VISA
(2) Visa: A stamp marked on the applicants passport or a certificate issued

by the immigration authorities of the country the traveller is visiting to
indicate that the applicants credentials have been verified and he or she has
been granted permission to enter the country for a temporary stay within a
specified period.
(3) Air Ticket: Confirmed return air ticket. A one-way air ticket will be accepted
only for students or working professionals (Student Visa or Work Visa holders),
as well as dependents of the working professionals.
(4) Travel insurance: An insurance product designed to cover the costs and reduce
the risk associated with unexpected events during domestic or international
travel. Travel insurance usually covers the insured in two main categories:
costs associated with medical expenses and trip cancellations. It is advisable
to carry valid medical and travel insurance when travelling internationally.
87
(5) Telecommunication: Communication technology plays a considerable role in travel

and tourism, as much of modern tourism revolves around the ability of tourist
destinations to communicate their benefits to potential visitors and the ability of
those visitors to reach out to points of interest at the destination. The provision
of all telecommunication facilities like phone, fax, cell services, internet caf
within the tourist destinations and also en route to them is the basic necessity
nowadays. Tourists need these services at destinations for their comfortable and
convenient stay.
(6) Foreign Exchange: Provision of foreign exchange services is one of the important
components of tourist infrastructure catering the demand of foreign tourists.
Foreign exchange is one of the most critical requirements for a traveller. Tourists
visiting different countries need money in local currency for various services and
facilities availed by them e.g. for a cab, public transport, meals or shopping etc.
The growing proliferation of ATMs around the world means that the local currency
is usually as close as the nearest cash machine, especially if one is flying into
a major international airport. At destinations the foreign exchange services are
available at international airports, banks and authorised agents/dealers. There
are no restrictions on the amount of foreign currency comprising notes/coins,
travellers checks, drafts drawn on banks in India or bank letters of credit, a
tourist may bring into India.
However, if the total amount of foreign currency notes/coins or travellers checks brought
into India at one time, exceeds USD 10000 or its equivalent, it is required to be declared
by the holder to the Indian Customs authorities on arrival on a Currency Declaration Form
(CDF).
Review Question
1)
2)
What is the significance of available packages in tourism?

Tourism Industry is constantly changing and evolving. Comment.
5.8 Summary
In this unit an attempt has been made to explain you how the accommodation and ancillary
services at destinations has a significant role to play in tourism. We have first discussed
the significance of accommodation and its various types. Then we have discussed meal
plans of booking accommodation followed by importance of available packages and activities
in tourism.. Finally, the ancillary services at destinations with their importance have been
88
explained. As a student of tourism it is very important for you to understand all these
components of tourism and get fully familiarised about the tourism industry.

1)
Visit a star category hotel and make a note of the available facelities and services.
2)
Group Discussion: Importance of ancillary services at tourist destinations.
3)
Visit a travel agency to understand the process of documentation.
89
UNIT 6
Inter Linkage between Geography

and Tourism Industry
Contents:
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Significance of Geography in Tourism
6.3 Defining Latitude and Longitude
6.5 Geographical Features and its role in tourism
6.8 Summary
6.0 Unit overview & description

This unit will provide the student information on the importance of geography in Tourism.
It will help to understand the basic concepts of geography and the inter linkage between
geography and tourism. This unit will introduce you to the:
zz
Key aspects of Geography and Tourism
zz
Understanding the importance of Geography and its role in tourism
zz
Understanding the time differences and calculation of local time
zz
Brief study of Indian Geography
Resource Material
90
zz
zz

Mohinder Chand
zz
zz

MA
zz
Learning Outcomes
UNIT-6
OUTCOMES
6.1 Introduction

about relation between Geography And Tourism
Industry
6.2 Significance of Geography in

Tourism
Students will be able to understand the Importance

of Geography in Tourism Industry
6.3 Defining Latitude and

Longitude

concepts of learning of latitude and longitude
6.4 Physical and Cultural

Geography

Difference between the Physical and Cultural
Geography
6.5 Geographical Features and its

Role in Tourism

Various forms of geographical features that act
as pulling factor in tourism

importance of Map Reading and Cartography in
Tourism Industry
Students will be able to Understand about Indian

Geography
91

Unit-1
Topic
Assessment Method
6.2
Significance of
Question & Answer
Geography in Tourism
6.3
Defining latitude and

longitude
Question & Answer
6.4
Physical and Cultural

Geography
Question & Answer
6.5
Geographical
features and its role
in tourism
Question & Answer
6.6
Map reading and

cartography
Question & Answer
6.7
Indian Geography
Question & Answer
Time Plan
Remarks
6.1 Introduction
Geography is the study of landscapes, environment, inhabitants and the environment. In
other words it is the study of the physical features of earth. The distribution of natural
features or the occurrence of some natural features is uneven, that shows the complexities
of nature and the co-existence of human beings with the local environment. This can be
called as the spatial characteristic.
Tourism, as you know by now, is the movement of people and the movement take place
either near to their home environment/familiar places or strange places, unknown destinations
or new areas. Tourists movements to various places are characterised by various factors
such as the attractiveness of the place, distance from their home etc. The location of a
destination, the climate of place, activities that can be undertaken in that destination are
all based on geography. That is the reason why Geography plays a very important role
in the development of tourism activities at any destination and this unit will allow you a
chance to understand this linkage between tourism and geography.
92
6.2 Significance of geography in tourism

Study of geography gives us the true picture of the environment we live in. It describes the
spatial relationship between man and nature at a given place. It also gives a framework
to understand the differences in cultures, economies, landscapes and environments.
Geography can be split in to two broad areas:
Physical geography: it focuses on earth science and encompasses landscapes, soil,
water, etc.
Human geography: it is a study of human interactions on environment and the process
of shaping societies. It is further divided in to cultural geography, population geography,
political geography, development geography, health geography and economic geography.
Geographical features have a significant role in tourism. Travel pattern, destination
development, destination management, visitors profile, structure of tourism industry etc.
are influenced by a number of geographical factors as explained below:
Core factors influence destination selection (directly related to Geography)
zz
Scenic beauty of a place (Hill station, trees and greenery, beaches, and so on)
zz
Unique geographical features of a place (volcanic site, crater, etc.)
zz
Distance (to reach/to complete to tour)
zz
Demographic features (in the destination or around the destination. For eg.
National Parks)
Other factors (indirectly related to geography)

zz
Political environment
zz
Social development
zz
Popularity of the destination (awareness about the destination)
zz
Availability of services (tour operators, transporters etc.)
zz
Visitors patterns etc. (preferences of visitors)
zz
Costs (to visit, to stay and to move around)
Three main concepts of geography and tourism (Boniface and Cooper, 2002) are:
zz
Spatial scale (study the human activity, focussing on tourist generating and
receiving areas and the link between them)
93
zz
Geographical component (study the tourism system such as origin of tourists,

destination and the route they are taking up etc.)
zz
Spatial interaction between the components of the tourism system (tourist flows,
and major motivational factors)
6.3 Defining latitude and longitude

Latitude and longitude are two fundamental concepts of learning the location in earth.
Latitude specifies the north/south point of destination, by taking the position from Equator
(0). All the latitudinal line circles parallel to earth. They are also known as the Parallels
of Latitude. The latitude of the North Pole is 90 and the latitude of the South Pole is 90.
North Pole and South Pole denote the points and not circles. From Equator, to the North
Pole the distance is 10,000 K.M. and one degree of latitude is 111 K.M. the following are
the most important parallels of latitudes.
Equator: Mid way between two poles, this divides the earth in to two hemispheres, i.e.
Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere.
Tropic of Cancer: Located 23 North of Equator. On 21 June noon, sunrays falls
vertically on this line and it is also treated as the northern most limit of over head sun.
During June most of the countries located in Northern Hemisphere experience summer.
Tropic of Capricorn: It is located 23 South of Equator. On 22 December noon, sunrays
falls vertically on this line and it is also treated as the Southern most limit of over head sun.
Arctic Circle: Located 66 North of Equator. 24 hours sunlight is available on 21 June
as the sun is on the northern most limit.
Antarctic Circle: Located 66 South of Equator. 24 hours sunlight is available on 21
December as the sun is on the southern mostlimit.
North Pole: It is the northern most point of earth, which is located at 90 North of Equator.
South Pole: it is the southern most point of earth, which is located at 90 South of Equator.
Identifying locations:
To locate a place in a map,
94
zz
Understand the latitudinal point, where the place is located.
zz
Then find the longitudinal position.

Exercise:
1)
Locate the following countries in the world map: Canada, Panama, Argentina, Spain,
Finland, Italy, Kenya, Saudi Arabia, India, Thailand, Fiji and Japan.
2)
Locate any two islands located in Pacific Ocean and Atlantic Ocean
3)
List the countries located on Equator.
4) Discuss the research stations of various countries located in Antarcticaand its importance
Calculation of local time

The world is divided in to 24 time zones. It begins with the Prime Meridian, which is also
known as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). It is also known as Universal Time Coordinated
(UTC). Certain countries modify their standard time during the summer by advancing one
hour or a fraction of an hour in some areas. This is known as Day Light Saving Time.
To know the local time, the following steps may be followed. (Manual)
(a) Find out the GMT (Greenwich Mean Time/Universal Time Coordinated).
(b) Find the time difference between GMT and local time
(c) Calculate the local time by adding/deducting the time difference (from GMT) according
to the location from GMT.
e.g. 1. Find out the local time of Delhi if the GMT is12:00 hours.
95
To find the local time of Delhi, we should know the time difference from GMT
zz
Indian Standard Time is 5.30 hours ahead of G.M.T. (+5.30)
The local time at Delhi is 12:00 + 5.30 = 17:30 hours

e.g. 2. Find out the local time of Kingston (Jamaica) if the time at GMT is 12:00 hours
The standard time of Kingston is 5 hours behind GMT
Hence the local time at Kingston is 12:00 hours 5 hours =>07:00 hours.
Though various time format can be used, 24 hours clock is used to express time in air
and rail travel in India or International Travel as a standard time format.
e.g. 3. The local time at Delhi is 13:45 hours on 05 April 2012, what is the local time at
Bangkok. (Time difference from GMT: Delhi = +5.30 hours, Bangkok =+7 hours)

Local Time at Delhi
= 13:45 hrs.
Local Time at Bangkok = 13:45 + 1.30 hrs. (difference of time difference of Bangkok
time at Delhi Time)
Therefore local time at Bangkok is 15:15 hours on 05 April 2012, when it is 13:45
hours at Delhi on 05 April 2012.
e.g. 4. What is the local time at Manama (Bahrain) when the local time at Delhi is 15:30
hours on 06 August 2012.

GMT difference with Manama = + 3.00hrs.
Local time at Delhi
= 15:30 hrs. (GMT difference with India = 5.30 hrs.)
Local time at Manama = 5.30 -3.00 = 1.30 hrs (time difference between India and
Bahrain is 1.30 hrs.).
Therefore local time at Manama is 14:00 hrs (15:30-1.30) on 06 August 2012 when
it is the local time at Delhi is 15:30 hours on the said date.
e.g. 6.what is the local time at Delhi, when it is 08:00 hours in Caracas (Venezuela) on
15 September 2012. (GMT difference = -4 hrs).

96
GMT difference with Caracas = -4.00hrs.
Indian Standard Time is 5.30 hrs ahead of GMT, while Venezuela standard time is
4 hours behind GMT.

Hence, the total time difference between India and Venezuela is 5.30 + 4 = 9.30
hours.
Therefore the local time at Delhi is 17:30 hours on 15 September 2012, when it
is08:00 hours in Caracas (Venezuela) on 15 September 2012.
Review Question
1)
2)
List the countries located on Equator.

Discuss the research station of various countries located in Antarctica and its
importance.

Physical Geography deals with the earth and its features. As a science it
lithosphere (Earth, its crust, Weathering, soil Formation, Rocks, Agents of
Wind, Sea, etc. It also studies the astronomical aspects such as solar system,
Regions). Each area has developed in to sub branches such as Population
Environmental Geography, Economic Geography, Cultural Geography etc.
studies the
denudation,
and Natural
Geography,
Cultural Geography is associated with the cultural features of a place. The defined area
shares some common characteristics that is visible through the expressions of people
and their living. The cultural features are evolved out of some geographical phenomenon,
which has a greater significance in the everyday life of people in that area. The forms
of expression include traditions, rituals, worships, festivals and even behaviour of people.
For example, lakes are treated with reverence in Sikkim. Though this reverence is out of
religious beliefs, people staying nearby lakes carry it through generations. The space of
the lake remain holy, hence the local s and visitors dont attempt to pollute it.
River Ganga is another example. Ganga is the heritage river of India. Cities developed in
River Bank of Ganga also have numerous temples and important religious places. Festivals
are celebrated with great enthusiasm, and the matter of fact is devotion and faith remain
same and it is passed on to generations to generations.
A geographical phenomenon (River, Lake, Mountain, Hill, Forest, Rocks etc.) influence
the daily life of people and that churns out the gradual development of a system of life,
which defines the cultural life of people. Cultural Geography plays a crucial role in tourism.
97
First stage is local people are influenced. That results in a gradual and visible change in
living systems, which leads to the distinction of one place to another place. There are
several associations to be pointed out, but the geographical feature stands predominantly.
India : Himalaya, Kanchejunga
Rivers : Ganga, Yamuna, Narmada, Godavari etc.

Lakes: Tsangmo, Pushkar, Nainital, etc.
Jataras: Amarnath, Kavaria etc.
Melas: KumbhMela
Hot water springs: JwalaMukhi, Rajgir, Manikaran
In short, the following are the main features of Cultural Geography

zz
Importance of the location in terms of a distinct geographical phenomenon
zz
Influence of the geographical phenomena in daily life of people
zz
Recognition and acceptance of local people on the specific feature
zz
Evolution of culture, traditions, and its expressions and the interference of the
geographical feature in it.
Case study: River Ganga is treated with great reverence and for many people it is the
centre of life. People irrespective of age worship River Ganga, and for every important
ceremonies Water from River Ganga is used. Melas and festivals are organised along
the banks and confluences of its branches, and the social life is centeredaround River
Ganga in places like Gomukh, Haridwar, Allahabad, Varanasi, Patna and Ganga Sagar.
Review Question
1)
What are the main features of Cultural Geography?
6.5 Geographical Features and its role in Tourism

Various forms of geographical features act as pulling factor in tourism. Curiosity is the
Following examples show the different geographical features in different states of India
which attract tourists.
98
Kutch (Gujarat)
Ladakh (Jammu and Kashmir) Cold Desert
Yumthang (Sikkim) Valley
Jaisalmer (Rajasthan) Desert
Mt. Abu (Rajasthan) Hill Station but Rock forms in Aravalli Range
Mahabaleshwar (Maharasthra) view of Western Ghats
Gupt Godavari (Chitrakut) M.P. Caves
Almora (Uttarakhand) Hill station
Lahul and Spiti (Himachal Pradesh) Valley
Hampi (Karnataka) Heritage site, but also having rock formations
Chilka Lake (Odisha) Largest fresh water lake
Allappey (Kerala) Backwaters
Kanaykumari Meeting point of Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea
There are several examples that can be quoted from worldwide.
Tassili and Ajjer (Algeria) It is a desert but known for changing the sand
formations according to wind
Victoria Falls Located in Africa (Zambezi River)
Limestone formations Tsingy of Bamaraha, Mauritius
Stonehenge Can be seen in U.K
Meteora Massif Thesaly, Greece
Map of Chilka Lake
Cold Desert of Ladakh
99
Cappadocia, Turkey Uzundere Valley lunar like landscapes
Mountains of Guilin China
Uluru: Sacred site Australia
Great Barrier Reef Australia
Near to North Pole Aurora Borealis (also known as Northern Lights)
The Grand Canyon: Formation of Canyons can be seen in U.S.
Yellowstone National Park: Known for the lake and geysers (U.S.)
In general we can classify the geographical features in to the following sub heads.
Beaches
Lakes
Rivers
Canals Islets
Craters
Reefs
Volcanic Crate
sites
Mountains Polar
Glaciers Snow
regions
fields
Caves
Islands
Deltas
Estuaries Lagoons
Valleys
Forests
Hot
Springs
Waterfall Cliffs
Rock
Hills
Formation
Deserts
Canyons
Review Question
1)
Name and explain in brief about any two Geographical feature which attract tourism
in your City.
Stonehenge, U.K.
100

Map is a diagrammatic or pictorial representation of an area of land, sea showing various
features (Political, Physical etc.). Maps represent the spatial features that maps aims to
represent. Maps are widely used to understand the political boundaries, roads, rail routes,
while features such as economic activities, population, physical resources, drainage,
weather, etc. are mainly used by scientists, researchers, officials etc. Cartography refers
to the study of maps and the process of map making. Usually maps are prepared in a
flat surface. Different projection methods are used to create maps.
Scale
It is an expression of ratio of distance in the map. It corresponds to the distance on the
earths surface. When maps are prepared according to scales, it represents the accuracy
of the distribution of space.
Legends
To understand the map easily map makers use various symbols. Colours, signs, pictures,
diagrams etc. are used to depict information related to rivers, roads rail routes, political
boundaries, monuments, etc. various types of graphs and colour pattern are also used to
represent the statistical information related to a particular area.
Projections
Projections mean the representation of an area of earth in a paper. As you know, the shape
of the earth is oblate spheroid, when the map is produced there are several issues faced
by a map maker. In order to avoid the distortions (angular relationships, correct directional
relations along the circle, area, lines, distance) the following types of projections are used.
Conic, Cylindrical and Azimuthal.
Review Question
1)
Prepare a tourist map of your city/village.

India stands at 7th largest country in the world in terms of area. It stretches from snow
capped Himalayas in the North to Coastal villages of South, tropical forests of SouthWest Coast, the Brahmaputra Valley in the East to the Desert in the West. Bounded by
101
Topography map of India
Himalayas in the North, it stretches southwards and at the tropic of cancer. The main land
of India lies in between 84 and 376 (latitudes) north, 687 and 9725 (longitudes). The
distance measured is about 3,214 k.m. from north to south between latitudes and 2,933
k.m. from east to west between longitudes. It has a land frontier of 15,200 k.m. and the
total length of the coast line of main land, Lakshadweep Islands, and Andaman & Nicobar
Islands is 7,516.6 k.m.
India shares border with Pakistan and Afghanistan to the north- west, China, Nepal and
Bhutan to the North Myanmar to the East and Bangladesh to the East of West Bengal.
Palk Strait separates India and Sri Lanka.
Physical Features
The main land comprised of 4 regions. They are Great Mountain Zone, The Plains of
Ganga and Indus, the Desert Region and the Southern Peninsula. Further, the subdivisions
102
can be made as follows,

Western Himalayas
Western Plains
North Central Highlands
North Deccan
Eastern Himalayas
Northern Plains
South Central Highlands
South Deccan
North Eastern Ranges
Eastern Plains
North Central High Lands
Eastern Plateau
South Central Highlands
Plains of Ganga and Indus ---> 2,400 k.m. long and 240-320 k.m. broad. (formed by river
basins of Indus, Ganga and Brahmaputra.
Desert Region is divided in to two :
The Great Desert =>extends from the edges of the Rann of Kutch to the northward
towards of River Luni.
The Little Desert=> extends from the River Luni between Jaisalmer and Jodhpur to the
northern wastes.
The Peninsular Plateau: located to the south of the plains of River Indus and Ganges.
It contains several mountain ranges like Aravalis, Vindhya, Satpura, Maikala and Ajanta.
The Western Coast has a narrow strip in between Western Ghats and Arabian Sea,
whereas The area between Eastern Ghats and Eastern Coast is broader. Eastern Ghats
and Western Ghats meet at Nilgiri Hills.
River systems
1.
Himalayan Rivers
2. Deccan Rivers
3. Coastal Rivers
4. Rivers of the Inland
Indus: Sutlej, Beas, Ravi Chenab and Jhelum
Ganga: Bhagirathi and Alakanada, Yamuna, Ramganga, Ghaghra, Kosi, Mahananda and
Sone
Brahmaputra: Subansiri, JiaBhareli, Dhansiri, Puthimari, Pagaldiya, and Manas
103
Meghna: Barak, Makku, Trang, Tuivai, Sonai, Rukni, Katakhal, Dhaleswari, Lagachini,,Maduva
and Jatinga Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri, Mahanadi, Narmada are other major river system
in the Deccan Region. Other major rivers include Sabarmati, Mahi, Pennar, Mahi and Topi.
Seasons
Spring (Vasanta), Summer (Grisma), Rain (Varsa), Early Autumn (Sarad), Late Autumn
(Hemanta) and Winter(Sisira)
Monsoon
The North East Monsoon commonly known as Winter Monsoon blow from land to seawhere
as South West Monsoon known as Summer Monsoon, blows from sea to land after crossing
the Indian Ocean. The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The south west monsoon
brings most of the rainfall during the year in the country.
Practical Activities
104
zz
Visit a destination near to the school and prepare an assignment on the destination
features in terms of the geographical features.
zz
Explain various factors that decide natural beauty of a destination.
zz
Watch a documentary on natural attractions of India by India Tourism/www.

youtube.com
zz
Conduct a discussion in the class on KumbhMela.
zz
Collect stories, list of events organised across the world which high light the
significance of natural environment.
zz
Conduct a visit/educational tour to the places of importance mentioned above,if

possible
zz
Watch documentaries/short films on the natural wonders of the world.
zz
Make a Power Point Presentation on a natural attraction near to your school/

residence.
zz
Conduct a visit/educational trip to important natural sites/natural heritages
zz
Make a small gallery in your school on the topic of the natural heritage of our
Country.
zz
Draw a physical map of India, and mark the following

zz
Mountain ranges: Aravallis, Vindya, Satpura, Great Himalayas, Western Ghats,

Eastern Ghats
zz
Collect the weather maps publish by various news papers, and understand how
various features are described.
6.7.2 Seasons
The seasons in India are always special. Even the slightest variation in season can
witnessed here. The seasons are:
zz
Spring (Vasanta)
zz
Summer (Grisma)
zz
Rain (Varsa)
zz
Early Autumn (Sarad)
zz
Late Autumn (Hemanta)
zz
Winter (Sisira)
6.7.3 Monsoon
Monsoon of India is not just a boon for the farmers but also a talking point among the
tourists. The greenery and sights during monsoon sets India apart from the other countries.
The monsoon also has direction and name. The North East Monsoon commonly known
as Winter Monsoon blow from land to sea where as South West Monsoon known as
Summer Monsoon, blows from sea to land after crossing the Indian Ocean, the Arabian
Sea and the Bay of Bengal. The south west monsoon brings most of the rainfall during
the year in the country.
The physical location of India is such that it has access to all the natural beauty whether it
is the great Himalayas or the Rivers system or the Forests, plateau, peninsula or beaches
and oceans. This gives India advantage in the global running as a Tourist Destination.
Review Question
1)
Collect the weather maps publish by various news papers, and understand how
105
6.8 Summary
This unit starts with an overview of the significance of Geography and its study in Tourism.
It also examines identification of locations, time calculation and map study. Activities like
visiting sites and preparing reports help the students to gain practical knowledge. The unit
also gives a brief outline on Indian Geography, which will be helpful to every student to
know the basic concepts.

1.
Visit a destination near to the school and prepare an assignment on the destination
features in terms of the geographical features.
2. Explain various factors that decide natural beauty of a destination.

3.
Watch a documentary on natural attractions of India by India Tourism/www.youtube.

com
4. Conduct a discussion in the class on KumbhMela.

5. Collect stories, list of events organised across the world which high light the significance
of natural environment.
6. Conduct a visit/educational tour to the places of importance mentioned above,if
possible
7.
Watch documentaries/short films on the natural wonders of the world.
8.
Make a Power Point Presentation on a natural attraction near to your school/residence.
9. Conduct a visit/educational trip to important natural sites/natural heritages

10. Make a small gallery in your school on the topic of the natural heritage of our Country.
11. Draw a physical map of India, and mark the following
12. Mountain ranges: Aravallis, Vindya, Satpura, Great Himalayas, Western Ghats, Eastern
Ghats
13. Collect the weather maps publish by various news papers, and understand how
Review Question
1) Explain various factors that decide natural beauty of a destination.
2) Watch a documentary in the classroom on natural attractions of India by India Tourism.
106
UNIT 7:
INTER LINKAGE BETWEEN HISTORY

AND TOURISM INDUSTRY
Contents:
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Significance and Importance of History in Tourism
7.3 Defining - Heritage, Historical sites and Archaeological sites
7.4 Heritage Tourism - Types and Promotion
7.5 Guiding around Heritage Sites
7.6 Role of ASI
7.7 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India
7.8 Summary

This unit will provide the student information on the importance of history and historical
sites in Tourism. This unit will also help you to understand the importance and inter linkage
between History and Tourism. After reading this unit you will be able to:
zz
Key aspects of Heritage and Heritage
zz
Understanding the importance of History and its role in tourism
zz
Learn the World Heritage Sites in Tourism
zz
Brief study of ASI and ASI sites
107
Resource Material
zz
Tourism for development A strategic approach Prof. S P Bansal
zz

Mohinder Chand
zz
zz

MA
zz
Learning Outcomes
108
UNIT-7
OUTCOMES
7.1 Introduction

about relation between History And Tourism
Industry
7.2 Significance and Importance of

History in Tourism
Students will be able to understand the

Importance of Historyin Tourism Industry
7.3 Heritage Tourism
Students will be able to understand the about

the Heritage Tourism
7.4 Defining - Heritage, Historical

Sites and Archaeological Sites

definition of Heritage sites, Historical sites and
Archaeological sites
7.5 Guiding around heritage sites

importance of Guiding the Tourists around the
Heritage Sites
7.6 Role of ASI

Role of ASI
7.7 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in

India
Students will be able to Understand about

World Heritage Sites in India

Unit-1
Topic
Assessment Method
7.1
Introduction
Question & Answer
7.2
Significance and Importance Question & Answer

of History in Tourism
7.3
Heritage Tourism
Question & Answer
7.4
Defining - Heritage,
Historical Sites and
Archaeological Sites
Question & Answer
7.5
Guiding around Heritage

sites
Question & Answer
7.6
Role of ASI
Question & Answer
7.7
UNESCO world Heritage

sites in India
Question & Answer
Time Plan Remarks
7.1 Introduction
Websters dictionary defines history as a chronological record of significant events. It
also includes the explanation of the facts and reasons of the incident. In simple words it
can be said that events of the past can be treated as history. Heritage is inherited from
our ancestors. Heritage acts the identity of a society or civilization where as history is the
record of events that have taken place in the past. Heritage constitutes both tangible and
intangible i.e. elements of socio-cultural, economical, environmental and even psychological
that generations carry over. History, Culture and Heritage are Heritage are frequently used
terms.
According to Edward Burnett Tylor culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge,
belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man
as a member of society.
UNESCO Definition on Cultural Heritage the cultural heritage may be defined as the entire
corpus of material signs - either artistic or symbolic - handed on by the past to each
culture and, therefore, to the whole of humankind.
109
7.2 Significance and Importance of History in Tourism

As you know, we all have curiosity to know
about various places. When we learn about a
place, we also have to study the history of a
place in order to get a better understanding of
that place. When people visit a site of historical
importance, lot of questions arise in mind.
For example when you visit Nalanda, A.S.I.
excavated site, it can generate anxiety about the
time it was constructed, why it was used, who
constructed it? What is the meaning of each
structure? who were the students? where they
stayed? where all the structures disappeared etc. As discussed earlier, international tourists
visit India to learn about its rich cultural heritage. History of India here plays an essential
factor to recreate the significance of a historical and or heritage site.
For example: The Temple at Bodh Gaya was built during the period of Gupta is a
reminiscent of the past. When a tourist visits Bodh Gaya, the stories related to the life
of Buddha, Enlightenment act as an added value. Historical evidence in the temple are
the railings of Emperor Ashoka, The Bodhi Tree (Pipal Tree), and the temple built during
the Gupta Period which also gives clues to the rich architectural heritage. The legends,
historical facts and evidences add to the experience of visiting the Temple.
Similarly the monolithic sculptures in Mahabalipuram is an example of crafts man ship
and skill.
Review Question
1)
Write about any Tourist attraction with Historical significance in your city/ state or
region.
7.3 Heritage Tourism

The World Tourism Organisation defines Heritage Tourism as an immersion in the natural
history, human heritage, arts, philosophy, and institutions of another region or another country.
It means visit to a place mainly to appreciate the history of a place, and understand the
heritage. According to Timothy and Boyd (2003) Heritage can be classified in the three.
zz
110
Tangible/Immovable Resources (Buildings/ monuments, Rivers, unique occurrences

in the Nature). For example, Taj Mahal, Great Barrier Reef

zz
Tangible Movable Resources (Objects

in museums, documents in archives
etc.). For example, part of Ashok
Pillar, and so on.
zz
Intangible Resources: Values,

Customs, Ceremonies, life styles,
and festivals, arts, and cultural events.
For example, festivals, fairs, Ganga
Aarti and so on
Therefore, any tourism activity involving the

above mentioned resources is part of the
heritage tourism.
Chatt Puja Intangible Heritage
Points to remember:
1.
Heritage is our asset. It is our duty to protect it.
2. Commercial interests should not damage the values and our cultural systems. Hence
it is our collective responsibility to protect our intangible heritage
Review Question
1)
Define Heritage Tourism.
7.4 Defining heritage, Historical and

Archaeological Sites
(i)
Heritage Sites: Heritage sites related to events

World Religious Congress held at Chicago
(Conferences, Meetings, Conventions or Congress,
Declarations), personalities and their Belongings
- Ashram of Mahatma Gandhi in Sabarmati,
Incidences, Battles, Inventions, laboratories and
Factories are of historical importance.
(ii) Archaeological Sites: Sites declared as

archeologically important sites or monuments and
buildings (prehistoric sites to sites of historical
Sarnath
111
value). The site may be protected but explored or unexplored, excavated or excavation
in progress, materials, equipments of historical value. Many of the historical sites in
India are explored during the period of British Rule. After independence Archaeological
Survey of India continued to carry out its mission to protect our buildings, monuments
and sites.
(iii) Heritage Sites: Heritage sites are all those sites which are important in terms of
history and archaeology. UNESCO declares a site/monument/city/natural site in its
list based on fulfilling certain criterion.
Review Question
1)
Define Historical, Archaeological & Heritage Sties with examples.
7.5 Guiding around Heritage Sites

Every monument/historical site, whether it is archaeological or heritage site has a lot of
stories to tell. For a tourist, just visiting a site or seeing the remains of building (Palace/
Forts) without a guide or site interpreter is meaningless. Trained guides helps a tourist to
understand the meaning of signs, figures, pictures, diagrams, scripts, sculptures, importance
112
of the site, monument and building. Write-ups and audio guides are available at several
places which help tourists to understand the importance of a site or monument. In India,
Government licensed tourist guides are permitted to guide tourists in monuments and
historical sites. Since the availability of trained guides are comparatively less in tourist
sites, several state governments also have come up with guide training programmes.
A tourist guide plays very important role in order to make the visit a complete tour for
every tourist. Ability to provide correct and factual information, ability to examine scripts and
pictures, interpret them to tourists in a simple and easy language, satisfying the curiosity
of visitors through factual information are the essential skills required for a tourist guide.
There is also visitor interpretation centres located near almost every important site. In
India, we can find that the concepts of visitor management and visitor interpretation centres
(V.I.C.) are an emerging concept. V.I.C.s are equipped with guide books and Information
office which enables a visitor to get a first hand information about a site. National Parks in
India also have visitor interpretation centres which help the visitors to know about nature,
eco system, flora and fauna and special features of the concerned National Park. V.I.C.
provide the significance of the site in terms of its history and heritage through photographs,
audio-visual media, touch screens, or special movie shows. Light and Sound Shows held
in important forts in India like Red Fort (Delhi), Gwalior Fort (Madya Pradesh), Chittorgarh
Fort (Rajasthan), and temple sites like Khajuraho (Madhya Pradesh), Somnath (Gujarat)
amuse the visitors. Light and Sound Shows recreate the history by using the combination
of colours, supported by proper audio background.
113
Audio tours are also available at many historical sites in India, which is really helpful for
foreign tourists. The audio guide (instrument used with headphone) allows a visitor to
choose his language from a limited number of options. The commentary is informative
and authentic. Usually a map of the site is also provided in order to locate different sites.
Numbered sign boards at different points help the visitor to stop at a particular place
and read the description. Though it enables a visitor to get clear information about a
historical site, but it lacks personal touch of a guide/ language interpreter who can also
relate the history of a place with the local customs and local people. Another advantage
of the audio guide is, its cheaper comparing to hire a licensed guide. But a guide is not
only an interpreter at many occasions, but also he/she can help the tourists to take right
directions and get appropriate information in crowded attractions. A good guide represents
mirror of Indian culture and for every visitor he/she act as an ambassador of our heritage.
The main criticism about guides is misrepresentation of facts, but this is due to permission
of unauthorised guides/unlicensed guides who use guiding as an amateur activity to make
additional income. It is found that tourists also seek the help of unauthorised/unlicensed
guides in order to save money. But at many times, it leads to misrepresentation of facts
about a site. Poor language skills of the guide can also lead to a bad experience for a
tourist. To summarise, guiding tourists in a historical site is very important as it gives right
information to the visitors, also it gives lot of employment opportunities to local people.
It is found that in many historical sites (Private Property to maintain the exhibits and sites
in proper way maintenance is taking place time to time. Tourist amenities are created
in order to facilitate the visitor that will give a good repute not only to the property, but
also to even Indian Heritage. For example Forts and Places in Rajasthan are maintained
very well. The staffs of the palace or fort are well trained and they can provide not only
directions to tourists, but also provide the historical facts and importance of sites. It is also
important that visitors should appreciate the artifacts, displays, the site and not damage
it by scribing, disfiguring, touching, or taking exhibits by own hands. In several sites Pan/
Gutka, tobacco products and food items are also prohibited in order to maintain purity of
site.
Points to remember
114
zz
A tourist guide is the representative of a culture, tradition or a heritage site
zz
It is the responsibility of the guide to provide correct information to visitors
zz
It is the duty of authorities to check the availability of trained guides at destinations
zz
Tourists look for authentic and factual information on a site or a place.
zz
Before tourists choose a site or attraction they should search all information
sources related to the site.
Review Question
1)
2)
What is the role of Tourist Guide?

Explain V.I.C concept.
7.6 Role of A.S.I.

The Archaeological Survey of India has safeguarded our rich history for 150 years. Sir
William Jones initiated the archeological and historical pursuits in India. Publication of
Asiatic Researches (1788) introduced a new area of interest on protection of the historical
remains and numerous monuments in India. James Princep, James Fergusson, and Sir
Alexander Cunningham played a crucial role in surveying the monuments and documenting
the explorations. In 1861, Sir Alexander Cunningham was appointed as Archeological
Surveyor and later in 1871 he was appointed as the Director General. The surveys of
Cunningham led to several discoveries such as monolithic capitals and other remains of
Asoka, specimens of architecture of Gupta and post-Gupta period, great stupa of Bharhut,
identification of ancient cities namely: Sankisa, Sravasti and Kausambi. He also brought
to prominence the Gupta temples at Tigawa, Bilsar, Bhitargaon, Kuthra, Deogarh and
Gupta inscriptions at Eran, Udayagiri and other places. Treasure Trove Act 1878 vested
all powers in Government to confiscation and safety of treasures and antiquities found
during chance digging. ASI is the premier institution in India concentrating on archaeological
researches, explorations, excavations and protection and preservation of monuments and
sites of national importance. ASI functions under Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
Its functions include
zz
Archaeological researches
zz
Explorations
zz
Protection of the cultural heritage of the nation
zz
Maintenance of ancient monuments and archeological sites
zz
Regulate all archaeological activities
Definition of a monument: structure, erection or monument tumulus, cave, rock sculpture,

inscription, monolith, historical, or archaeological, interest has been in existence not less
115
than 100 years ( A.S.I.). There are approximately 3650 monuments under A.S.I., which
include temples, mosques, tombs, churches, cemeteries, forts, palaces, step-wells, rock cut
caves, and secular architecture that represent the remains or mounts/sites of civilizations.
Every state also has a Department of Archaeology, under which monuments and sites,
which are not falling in the list of ASI Protected Monuments are taken care by the state
government.
Review Question
1)
Expand and Explain about A.S.I.
7.7 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India - Cultural

Sl
No.
116
Name of the
monument
Year of
Declaration
State
Brief Description
Agra Fort
1983
Uttar Pradesh
Fort, Jahangir Palace, Khas Mahal,

Diwan- i -Khas, and Mosques
Ajanta Caves
1983
Maharashtra
Cave monuments have paintings

and sculptures depict Buddhist
Religious Art
Buddhist Monuments
at Sanchi
1989
Madhya
Pradesh
Group of Monuments
Pillars, Palace, temples and
Monasteries
ChampanerPavagarh
Archaeological Park
2004
Gujarat
Prehistoric Sites
and Pillars, palaces, monasteries
dates up to 8-14 A.D.
Chatrapati Shivaji
Terminus
2004
Maharashtra
Known as Victoria Terminus earlier.

Gothic style building
constructed
Ellora Caves
1983
Maharashtra
34 monasteries, monuments
dating from 600-1000 devoted to
Buddhism, Jainism and Hinduism
Elephanta Caves
1987
Maharashtra
Fatehpur Sikri
1986
Uttar Pradesh
Chola Temples
1987
Tamil Nadu
FortBrihadiswara Temple: Tanjavur

Brihadiswara Temple:
Gangaikondacholisvaram
Airavateshwara Temple:
Darasuram
Sl
No.
Name of the
monument
Year of
Declaration
State
Brief Description
10
Group of Monuments
at Hampi
1987
Karnataka
Monuments and temples built

during the period of rulers of
Vijayanagara
(14th to 16th century A.D.)
11
Group of Monuments
at Mahabalipuram
1984
Tamil Nadu
Temples and sculptures

carved out of rock, located in
Coramandal Coast
(7th and 8th century A.D)
12
Group of Monuments
at Pattadackal
1987
Tamil Nadu
Group of temples belong to Hindus

and Jains built during the period of
Chalukyas (7th to 8th Century A.D.)
13
Humayuns Tomb
Delhi
1993
Delhi
The first garden tomb in India. Built

in 1570.
14
Temples of
Khajuraho
1986
Madhya
Pradesh
Group of Temples built during the

Chandella Kings (950 -1050 A.D.)
15
Mahabodhi Temple,
Bodh Gaya
2002
Bihar
One of the earliest Buddhist

temples built entirely in brick. The
present temple was built in 5th -6th
century A.D., but the 1st temple
was built during 3rd century B.C. by
Emperor Asoka.
16
Mountain Railways
1999
West Bengal
Tamil Nadu
Himachal
Pradesh
17
Qutb Minar
Monuments
Delhi
1993
Delhi
Built in the early 13th the red

sandstone tower of Qutb Minar
is 72.5 m high, The surrounding
archaeological area contains
funerary buildings, Alai-Darwaza
Gate, (built in 1311), and two
mosques, including the QuwwatulIslam, the oldest in northern India.
18
Redfort Complex
Delhi
2003
Delhi
The Red Fort Complex was built as

the palace fort of Shahjahanabad
by Emperor Shah Jahan. The
private apartments consist of a
row of pavilions connected by a
continuous water channel, known
as the Nahr-i-Behisht (Stream
of Paradise). The Red Fort is
considered to represent the zenith
of Mughal creativity.
Darjeeling Himalaya
Nilgiri Mountain Railways
Kalka- Shimla
117
Sl
No.
Name of the
monument
Year of
Declaration
State
Brief Description
19
Rock shelters of
Bhimbetaka
2003
Madhya
Pradesh
The Rock Shelters of Bhimbetka

are in the foothills of the Vindhyan
Mountains. The natural rock
shelters, display paintings that
appear to date from the Mesolithic
Period through to the historical
period.
20
Sun Temple, Konark
1984
Odisha
It is believed to be built during

13th century A.D. Located on the
shores of the Bay of Bengal,
this sun temple at Konarak is a
monumental representation of
the sun god Suryas chariot; its
24 wheels are decorated with
symbolic designs and it is led by a
team of six horses.
21
Taj Mahal, Agra
1983
Uttar Pradesh
Taj Mahal is during the period of

Emperor Shah Jahan in 1631 and
1648 in memory of his favourite
wife. Taj Mahal remain as one of
the seven wonders of the World.
22
Jantar Mantar, Jaipur
2010
Rajasthan
The Jantar Mantar, is an

astronomical observation site
built in the early 18th century. It
includes a set of some 20 main
fixed instruments to observe the
movement of sun, planets and to
study the solar system.
Natural Reserves
Kaziranga: 1985
Keoladeo : 1985
Manas : 1985
Nanda Devi and Valley of Flowers: 1988
Sunderbans : 1987
Western Ghats: 2012
118
7.8 Summary
This unit helps you to know the linkage of tourism with history. In brief the importance
of heritage is explained. Guiding around archaeological sites will help the visitors to
understand the value of our heritage. It is also imperative to learn the role of UNESCO
in protecting the heritage sites.

1) Conduct a tour to ASI protected monument. Understand its importance, special
features. Prepare a report on how a monument is being protected by A.S.I.
119
UNIT - 8
TOURISM ORGANISATIONS AND

TRENDS
Contents

8.1 Introduction
8.2 Role of Ministry of Tourism, Government of India
8.4 Public-Private Partnerships in tourism
8.6 Functions of some Important Organisations
8.7 Factors Responsible for Growth and Development of Tourism
8.9 Summary

This unit will introduce students to the various tourism organisations; the concept of
Public-private Partnerships; factors for tourism growth and the general trends in national
and international tourism. It will help students to:
120
zz
understand the importance and role of organisations in tourism development
zz
comprehend the power of partnership
zz
understand the correlation between Local bodies and tourism development
zz
know the factors for tourism growth and development
zz
know the general trends in national and international tourism
Resource Material
zz
zz
Basics Of Tourism: Theory, Operation And Practice by Krishan K Kamra

Mohinder Chand
zz
zz

MA
zz
Learning Outcomes
UNIT-8
OUTCOMES
8.1 Introduction

about Tourism Organisations
8.2 Role of Ministry of tourism,

Government of India
Students will be able to understand the about the

Role of Ministry of tourism, Government of India
8.3 Role of State Tourism

Development Corporations
Students will be able to understand the about the

Role of State Tourism Development Corporations
8.4 Public-Private Partnerships in

tourism
Students will be able to understand about the role

of PPP in tourism infrastructure
8.5 Role of Local Bodies and

NGOs
Students will be able to Understand about the Role

of Local Bodies and NGOs in Tourism Industry
8.6 Functions of some Important

Organisations

Functions of UNWTO, IATA, IATO& TAAI
8.7 Factors Responsible for

Growth and Development of
Tourism

Classification of Factors responsible for growth
and development of tourism
8.8 General Trends in National and Students will be able to Understand about the
International Tourism
Emerging Trends in Tourism Industry
121

Unit-1
Topic
Assessment Method Time Plan
8.2
Role of Ministry of tourism,

Government of India
Question & Answer
8.3
Role of State Tourism

Development Corporations
Question & Answer
8.4
Public-Private Partnerships in
tourism
Question & Answer
8.5
Role of Local Bodies and NGOs
Question & Answer
8.6
Functions of some important

organisations
Question & Answer
8.7
Factors responsible for growth

and development of tourism
Question & Answer
8.8
General Trends in National and

International Tourism
Question & Answer
Remarks
8.1 Introduction
Today, tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the world and indeed
a remarkable phenomenon having socio, economic, cultural and environmental ramifications.
A multifaceted industry like tourism also warrants the operation and active involvement of
a multitude of players, out of which tourism organizations comprises a prominent group.
With the rapid expansion of tourism across the globe, numerous Tourism organizations have
emerged both in the Public and Private Sector and also at different levels- international,
national, regional, state or local. Organisations like the United Nations World Tourim
Organisation (UNWTO), Pacific Asia Tourism Association (PATA), World Tourism and Travel
Council (WTTC) operating at the international level; governmental ministries/departments/
divisions of tourism; various associations of travel agencies and tour operators; tourism
clubs etc are all examples of tourism organizations.
This Unit discusses the importance, role and functions of some selected organizations
and also addresses the concept of Public-Private partnership (PPP) in tourism. The role
of Local bodies and Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) is another aspect dealt here.
Further as the concluding Unit of the Course and as a summing up of all what we have
covered in the preceding Units, the factors responsible for the growth and development of
tourism and the general trends in national and international tourism has been highlighted.
122
This will enable the students to have a comprehensive view of the way tourism industry
develops and operate.
8.2 Role of Ministry of Tourism, Government of India

All countries which are engaged in tourism need a national tourist organization (NTO)
for proper direction and control of its tourism developmental activities. This NTO may
be a full fledged ministry, a directorate general, a department, a corporation or a board
with the structure differing from country to country. The United Nations Conference on
International travel and tourism held in Rome in 1963 had stressed upon the formation
of a national tourist organization in every country as an essential foundation for building
up a prosperous and dynamic tourist industry. In India, the Ministry of Tourism functions
as the national tourist organization of the country and is headed by the Union minister of
State for tourism (Independent Charge) with the Secretary (Tourism) doubly as both the
administrative head and the ex-officio Director General (DG) of Tourism. It has under its
charge:
zz
20 field offices within the country,
zz
14 overseas offices.
zz
a sub-ordinate office/project i.e. Indian Institute of Skiing and Mountaineering

(IISM)/ Gulmarg Winter Sports Project.
zz
a public sector undertaking, the India Tourism Development Corporation (ITDC)
zz
two autonomous institutes- the Indian Institute of Tourism and Travel Management
(IITTM) and the National Council for Hotel Management and Catering Technology
(NCHMCT)
The primary role of the Tourism Ministry is the formulation of national policies and
programmes for the development and promotion of tourism in consultation and collaboration
with other stakeholders in the sector including various Central Ministries/agencies, the
State Governments/Union Territory Administrations and the representatives of the private
sector. For your easy reference, the main functions of the ministry are outlined below:
123
(i) All policy matters

including:
a. Development Policies
b. Incentives
c. External Assistance
d. Manpower Development
e. Promotion & Marketing
f. Investment Facilitation
g. Growth Strategies
(vi) International Cooperation and External

Assistance:
h. International Bodies
(xi)Official Language:
Implementation of
Official Language
Policy
(ii) Planning
(vii) Legislation and

Parliamentary Work
(xii) Plan Coordination
(iii) Infrastructure & Product

Development:
a. Central Assistance
b. Distribution of Tourism
Products
(viii) Co-ordination with

other Ministries,
Departments, State/
Union Territory
Administrations
(xiii) Budget Coordination and

Related Matters
(iv) Regulation:
a. Standards
b. Guidelines
ix) Overall Review of the

Functioning of the Field
Offices
(xiv) Vigilance Matters
i. Bilateral Agreements
j. External Assistance
k. Foreign Technical
Collaboration
(v) Research, Analysis,

(x) Integrated Finance
Monitoring and Evaluation
matters
(xv) Overseas
Marketing (OM)
Work
Review Question
1)
What is the role of Ministry of Tourism Government of India?

All states and union territories in India have a department/directorate of tourism
responsible for routine functioning; planning and coordinating and acting as a catalyst for
all developmental and promotional activities in the field of tourism within their jurisdiction.
This includes development of tourist sites; printing promotional literature on different tourist
destinations, holding of fairs and festivals, making films and video tapes on various themes
and tourist attractions, exploring new tourist destinations, encouraging and assisting the
124
private sectors etc. With the increasing thrust on tourism by almost all states in recent years
especially for economic development, the functioning of these departments/directorates had
diversified. This led to the need for a separate wing to look into the development of tourism
infrastructure and to handle its promotional and commercial aspects more professionally.
Consequently, more proactive tourism states started establishing State tourism development
corporations (STDCs) following the pattern of the India Tourism development Corporation
(ITDC) set up by the central government in 1996 under the Ministry of Tourism. Some of
the STDCs are outlined below:
zz
Andhra Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation
zz
Karnataka Tourism Development Corporation
zz
Kerala Tourism Development Corporation
zz
Madhya Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation
zz
Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation
zz
Maharashtra Tourism Development Corporation
zz
Jammu & Kashmir Tourism Development Corporation
zz
Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation
zz
Bihar Tourism Development Corporation
In almost all the cases, the primary objective of a STDC is the development of tourist
infrastructure and the commercialisation of tourist resources. Many of them develop, run
and manage hotel properties and tourist bungalows. Depending on the level of development
and the potential value to tourism to the states economy, the role and responsibility of the
STDCs differs. However, some of the common broad areas of operation of STDCs are:
zz
accommodation
zz
transport facilities
zz
catering services
zz
package tours
zz
cafeteria etc
Review Question
1)
What is it necessary to have state developent corporation for tourism.
125
8.4 Public-Private Partnerships in tourism

Public-Private Partnership (PPP) is a globally utilized collaborative means for achieving
certain desirable shared objectives benefiting both the parties involved. PPP in tourism
infrastructure is advocated as a means of development of tourism in India. Considering
its importance, UNWTO proposes PPP ventures for overcoming the slump in the travel
business after the recent 2008-09 global economic crisis. Let us now examine the role of
PPP in tourism development by answering the following:
Public sectors (Government) Interest
Industry advancement;
private sector promotion;
capital investment,
need to leverage available state finances,
administrative cost reduction;
Quality and time-bound delivery
Private sectors Interest
Attractive business environment

Encouragement and Pro- industry policies
Low interest finance options
Elimination of red tapism
Incentives and promotional support
Why Public Private Partnership?

PPP is used as a mechanism to develop the infrastructure and service sector. It is aimed
to boost up development by maximum utilisation of resources, where the state is not in
a condition to take up such project due to financial constraints. There are several states
in India introduced tourism projects with the help of Public Private Partnership. State
government allows private parties to invest in tourism projects with certain contributions
from the state government, or aid from central bodies. Airports, Express ways, Hotels
and restaurants, parks development, shopping malls, convention centres etc. are some
attractive investment options where PPP model is successfully implemented.
Review Question
1)
126
What is PPP? Elaborate on the need of PPP.

Destination attractiveness is a key factor that determines the overall satisfaction level of
a tourist. When a tourist decides to go on a holiday, he/she visualizes a tension free getaway with certain expectations, something out of the everyday routine cycle. A comfortable
stay at the destination is considered almost a birthright of a tourist and for this to happen,
the amenities at the destinations should be in place and functional. Local Bodies play a
greater role in tourism development at a destination. Though Policy formations are usually
done at higher levels of governance, for example at national and state levels in India, the
onus of implementing those lies with the Local Bodies. Examples of local bodies in the
Indian context may be a Municipality Corporation, a District council, village Panchayat or
a developmental authority like the Delhi Development Authority etc. They have a profound
impact on the image of the area as a tourist destination. It is an acknowledged fact that
tourists enjoy visiting places where the general environment is secure and hygienic with
high connectivity and well-laid infrastructure.
Some of the facilities which come under the purview of local bodies and absence of which
act as detrimental to the development of tourism are listed below:
1) Roads
2)
Management of general traffic
3) Installation and Maintenance of signage

4) Sanitation and toilets
5)
Garbage disposal
6)
Water Supply
7) Recreation and parks development

8)
Pollution monitoring and control
9)
Health hazards and Medical Aid
10) Shopping Centres

11) Local Transport- Providing local transport in the cities and towns and also from
the cities/towns to the places of tourist interest is the responsibility of the local
bodies concerned.
12) Security, Law and Order
The above said amenities provided by the local body are common-pool or shared resources
127
in the sense that they cater to the needs of both the residents and the tourists. When
the resources are either scarce or only provided to tourists and ignored local people, this
will create hostility between local people and tourists.
Review Question
1)
List the facelitates in Tourism Deshnation that come under preview of local bodies.
8.6 Functions of some important organisations

8.6.1 United Nations World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO)
World Tourism Organisation (UNWTO) is an agency of United Nations responsible for
the development of sustainable and universally accessible tourism in the world. Its focus
is economic growth, inclusive development and environmental sustainability. The Head
Quarters of UNWTO is located in Madrid in Spain.
The history of UNWTO
zz
1925 : International Congress of Tourist Association, set up in Hague.
zz
1946: First International Congress of National Tourism Bodies, meeting in L

ondon,
decides to create a new international non-governmental organization to replace
the International Union of Official Tourist Propaganda Organizations (IUOTPO)
zz
1947: The First Constitutive Assembly of the International Union of Official

Travel Organisations (IUOTO) is held in The Hague. The temporary IUOTO
headquarters are established in London.
zz
951: IUOTO transfers its headquarters to Geneva, Switzerland, where it remains

until 1975.
zz
1970: On 27 September, the IUOTO Special General Assembly meeting in Mexico

City adopts the Statutes of the World Tourism Organization (WTO). From 1980
onwards, this day is celebrated as World Tourism Day
zz
1975: First WTO General Assembly meets in May in Madrid
zz
2003: Renamed as UNWTO
Important Years & Highlighted areas
128
zz
1967: International Tourism Year, with the slogan: Passport to Peace
zz
1980: Manila Declaration on Tourism

zz
1991: Agenda 21-(Rio Declaration) adopted
zz
1999: Approves Tourism Satellite Accounts (TSA).
zz
2002: International Year of Ecotourism
There are five regions under UNWTO, viz. The Americas, Africa, Asia Pacific, Europe
and Middle East. UNWTOs membership includes 155 countries, 6 Associate Members
and over 400 Affiliate Members representing the private sector, educational institutions,
tourism associations and local tourism authorities. Various functions of UNWTO are:1.
Generate Market knowledge through market research and intelligence system
eg. Learning market trends, measurement of tourist arrivals and economic impacts
of tourism, risk and crisis management.
2.
Promote Sustainable tourism Policies
eg. Sustainable Tourism and Elimination Poverty Initiatives (STEP)-part of UN

Millenium Development Goals (UNMDG)
3.
Fosters tourism education and training
eg. UNWTO-TedQual. It is a certification of a voluntary nature that seeks to

facilitate the continual improvement of tourism education, training and research
programmes through the definition of a set of minimum standards of quality for
tourism education.
4. To make tourism an effective tool for development

Great Himalaya Trail in Nepal is the outcome of a three years ST-EP project
that started in 2009 with funding from the tripartite alliance between SNV Nepal,
the ST-EP Foundation and UNWTO.
The main objective was to create a trekking route that crosses both well-known
areas as well as other lesser-known sites that are very poor but have enormous
tourism potential.
5. Coordination in Destination Management

6. Information and communication
In addition to the above it also promote the Global Code of Ethics for the protection of
children, Women, who are the victims of trafficking, climate change and tourism issues,
saving water, development of tourism in less developed nations.
129
8.6.2 International Air Transport Association (IATA)

IATA was founded in Havana in 1945. The main aim of IATA is to ensure safe air travel,
by inter airline cooperation. It is the apex body of airlines that deals with standardisation
of air transport at global level. It helps in scheduling services, routes, and traffic. Its head
quarters is located in Montreal, Canada. Main functions of IATA include
zz
To promote safe, regular and economic air transport
zz
To foster air commerce
zz
To study problems connected with airline industry
zz
To provide a means of collaborating between air transport companies and agencies
zz
To co-operate with other international air transportation organization
At present IATA has 240 members from 118 different nations. IATA works as a multi level
interface for Airlines, Airports, Freight Forwarders, Ground Handlers, Government Policy
Makers, Passengers and Travel Agents.
In brief, IATA is an International body that regulate international air services, maintains
standard of operations and act as a clearing agent for airlines and travel agents (Billing
and Settlement Plan) IATA BSP. Through IATA BSP, passengers are enabled to make
their travel arrangements to any country without any hassle, such as booking tickets,
making payment etc. For eg. eticketing is a drastic cost effective mechanism that brought
down costs for airlines and travel agents. IATA also helps the passengers as well as travel
agents by simplifying the procedures and make travel an easy affair.
Under Training and Education programme of IATA, it offers various courses which are
related to Travel and Tourism Management, Airline, Air Navigation Services, Airport, Cargo,
Civil Aviation, Ground Services and Travel Agency.
8.6.3 Indian Association of Tour Operators (IATO)

The Indian Association of Tour Operators (IATO) was established in 1982 as an apex
body of the tourism industry with its membership limited not only to Tour Operators as
the nomenclature suggests but also extended to cover all other segments of the Industry
including academic institutions. There are five categories of membership, namely, Active,
Allied, Associate, International and Honorary.
Founded in the general interest to promote international understanding and goodwill, the
major functions of the IATO are:
130
i)
Unification of various associations representing different interest within the entire

industry by putting together a common platform and working programme.
ii) Creation of a strong lobby with the Government to ensure prompt participation
in decision making with the Government, prior to enacting of new laws, revision
of policies and/or otherwise and protect the interest of travel trade.
iii) Interaction with related Government Ministries / Departments, Chambers of
Commerce and Industry, Diplomatic Missions etc for addressing crucial industry
issues at various levels. Co-ordination with other International Tourism Bodies
and Associations worldwide.
iv) Arrangements of special quotas with domestic airlines for offering fixed discount
fares for members and/or IATO teams taking business travel within the country.
v) To take all steps which may be necessary for promoting, encouraging and assisting
in the development of tourism throughout the country and to take initiatives to
secure the welfare of the Tourism Trade in all respects.
vi) To set up and maintain high ethical standards in the industry
vii) To get affiliation with similar organisation in other countries.
viii) To promote equal opportunities for all visitors to enjoy the Tourism & Travel
facilities without distinction of race, colour, creed or nationality.
ix) To assist students by scholarship to pursue higher education, study and research
particularly in the field of Development of Tourism and International Brotherhood,
both in India and outside the country
8.6.4 Travel Agents Association of India (TAAI)

The Travel Agents Association of India (TAAI) was formed in the year 1951
by leading travel agents in India. The primary purpose of TAAI is to protect
the interests of those engaged in the industry, to promote its orderly growth
and development and to safeguard the travelling public from exploitation.
There are approximately 2500 members consisting of Active, Associate, Allied, Government
and Non-Resident of TAAI. It is the professional body of different segments of travel and
tourism industry.
Objectives
TAAI aims at the development of the travel and tourism industry in India by constantly
131
improving the standard of service and professionalism in the industry so as to cater to

the needs of the travelers and tourists from within India and overseas. It is also engaged
in promoting mutual co-operation among the different segments of the travel and tourism
industry, among TAAI members, by contributing to the sound progress and growth of the
industry as a whole.
Functions
To promote, maintain and stimulate the growth of travel and tourism in the industry.
To educates and equips the members to meet the challenges of tomorrow

through conventions and seminars.
To draws the attention of the controlling and regulatory authorities in the country
and discusses with them the problems of the industry and works for the survival
and betterment of its members.
To maintains close contact with world bodies and represents matters affecting
the travel and tourism industry of the country.
To gathers useful information on travel and tourism and disseminates the same
to its members for their guidance.
TAAI helps develop better understanding among the different segments of the travel
industry and brings them into its fold by offering membership under different categories
TAAI fosters fraternity among its members.
Review Question
1)
Expand UNNTO, IATA, TAAI and IATO.
8.7 Factors responsible for growth and development of

tourism
Tourism is the largest income earner and has become a very popular leisure activity.
According to the estimates of UNWTO international tourist arrivals exceeded 1.02 billion
in 2012. There are several factors responsible for the growth of tourism worldwide. These
can be broadly classified as
132
Socio-Economic and Political developments
New ideas and innovative business strategies

Growth in Business
Changes and development in technology
In detail, the causes of rapid growth of tourism can be listed as

1. Increased mobility (increased ownership of cars, improvements in infrastructure)
2. Increase in income level (Prosperity and increased standard of living motivate
people to travel)

3.
Availability of less expensive tour packages, and low cost travel
4. Increased network of roads, rail tracks and flights top several lesser known
destinations
5.
Holiday entitlement by government employees
6. Increased opportunities in MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences and

Exhibitions) Tourism as a result of GATT (General Agreement on Trade and
Tariff) and WTO (World Trade Organisation) agreements in international business
scenario.
7. Increased international cooperation in business and political environment
8. Innovative tourism products (safaris, tree houses, house boats), ecotourism and
wildlife tourism
9.
Advancement of information technology (use of social networking sites, smart

phones, increased use of internet for making travel arrangements self.
10. Innovative marketing strategies and improved product offering as an outcome

of highly competitive business environment.
Review Question
1)
What are factors responsible for growth and dew of tourism.
133
The above diagramme illustrates the growth of tourism worldwide. It shows that international
tourist arrivals (inbound tourism) has recorded a steady increase from 2000 to 2012 (627
million to 1.035 billion). According to the reports of UNWTO, many countries have recorded
a double digit growth in the year 2012. Performance of emerging economies was fairly
better than that of the advanced economies considering the economic recession. Further,
countries located in Asia and Pacific recorded highest growth (7%).
India also recorded a sound growth in Foreign Tourist Arrivals. According to the estimates
of Ministry of Tourism, Foreign Tourist Arrivals to India is 6.29 million in the year 2011.
Year
Foreign Tourist Arrivals

(in Million)
Foreign Exchange Earning

(US Dollar-Million)
2000
2.65
3460
2004
3.46
6170
2008
5.28
11832
2011
6.29
16564
(Source: India Tourism)
The above table indicates that Foreign Tourist arrivals have increased consistently with
a share of 0.64% in international level and Indias position is 38 in the world in terms
of Foreign Tourist Arrivals. Receipts from tourism accounts for 1.61% and Indias rank is
134
17th in the world. Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan are the
top states attract highest number of foreign tourists. The report also shows that the main
source market for India is USA, UK, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Canada.
Domestic tourism also shows an upward trend. According to the reports of Ministry of
Tourism, the total no. of domestic tourists visits are estimated at 850.86 million. Uttar
Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu Karnataka and Maharashtra are top 5 states which
attract domestic tourists.
The above table explains major source market for India.
New tourism products and innovative ideas are getting wide popularity in Indian markets.
Adventure tourism, ecotourism, health and wellness tourism, special events, theme
destinations, wedding tourism, rural tourism etc. are welcomed by all segments of travel
trade. North Eastern States, and the rural India is still unexplored.
Emerging trends
Tourism is a very dynamic activity. Along with the changes of time, tourist preferences and
interests are also changing. It can be seen from emerging trends in tourism. Motivations
of tourists, facilities available decide the choice of destinations. Some interesting concepts
are given below
Weekend destinations: Youth who are working prefer to visit a near by attraction to their
work place in the weekend. Placed located near to cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata,
Bangalore, Hyderabad are often busy in the weekends as lot of working people spend
their weekends in these places.
Environment friendly tourism: Ecotourism, green tourism are generally used terms in
tourism, but these days tour operators and hospitality units also adopt environment friendly
measures.
Volunteering: Volunteering is a option for mainly those who are interested to work in
N.G.O sector, or interested in social welfare or development activities. It is also a practice
among reputed employers to depute their employees to take up such initiatives as part
of Corporate Social Responsibility.
Meditation/Rejuvenation: Hectic schedules and stressful work environment often force
people to choose an off from routine life and go for meditation or rejuvenation therapies.
135
Self drive
Visit isolated or haunted places: Though it look awkward, some people are really found
interested to explore isolated buildings, areas or places associated with mysteries.
Participate in local festivals: Participate in local festivals is an attractive option for the
new tourists, where the traditions and local culture is experienced. Participating in local
festivals give a chance for the interested people to revisit the rich cultural heritage and
its diversity
Culinary Tours: It is found that many people often find food is a reason to travel. Exploring
culinary traditions, experiencing preparation of various types of food (traditional or modern)
is a strong motivation for tourism.
Woman owned, woman operated and woman only tourists: Lot of woman tourists
travel these days. They prefer to opt a woman owned, Woman operated Tour Operator,
stay in Woman Owned Hotels etc. This is a modern concept and in some of the cities
there are exclusive restaurants only for woman.
International Tours (visit neighbouring countries): Introduction of low cost airlines,
and increasing disposable income among youth are two major factors promotes travel
to neighbouring destinations. Dubai, various places in Thailand, Malaysia, and Singapore
have become a very popular destination for tourists from India.
Exercise
zz
Collect Sunday editions of news papers, in which new dimensions of tourism,

interesting trips, travelogues, and local cuisines are mentioned.
zz
Prepare a list of near by tourist attractions of your place.
zz
Prepare a list of local cuisines and collect the recipe.
zz
Watch T.V. Programmes which are devoted to travel and food.
8.9 Summary
Tourism is recognised as a major economic booster by many countries. Its role in economic
development, employment generation, peace, better understanding between nations are the
driven forces for placing tourism as a priority for these countries. Traditional methods of
development is replaced by Public Private Partnership through which government, public
sector and private sector have an active role in development of tourism infrastructure.
136
International organisations such as UNWTO, IATA etc. Coordinate tourism and tourist
movements, destination management, destination development etc. IATO and TAAI
coordinate the travel and tourism industry in India in order to have a better coordination
with various sectors and offer enhanced quality and value based services to tourists.
The last part of the unit explains the growth of tourism along with the latest trends in
tourism.

1)
Visit a nearby tourist site and list out the tourist amenities. Understand the gaps in
services and try to find out how to sort it out through local authorities.
137
Learning Objectives
138
S.No.
Unit/Chapter Name
Theory+
Practical
Key Learning Objectives
Introduction to Tourism
15 Hrs.
1. Explain & Define Tourism &Elements of

Tourism
2. Identify the Tourist
3. Understand about the Linkage between
Leisure, Recreation and Tourism
4. Identify the Characteristics & Components
of Tourism Industry
Tourism: A Historical Account
17 Hrs.
1. Understand about Travel in Early Times

2. Explain about the Renaissance and the
Grand Tour
3. Understand about the relationship between
Industrial Revolution and Tourism
4. Elaborate upon the Tourism in Modern
times
5. Explain about the Tourism in India
Concepts of Tourism
26 Hrs.
1. Explain the System, Motivators, Barriers

and Forms of Tourism
2. List the Types of Tour packages
3. Define the impact of Tourism on Society
Tourism Components - I
26 Hrs.
1. Define Attractions and Explain the Types of

Attractions
2. Explain the Modes of Transportation and
significance in Tourism
3. Understand the Importance of Amenities
such as health , hygiene and security for
Tourist
Tourism Components-II
26 Hrs.
1. Identify the Significance and Types of

accommodation in tourism
2. Explain the Types of Meal plan
3. Elaborate on the Available packages
4. Explain the importance of Activitiesin
Tourism Industry
5. Identify the Ancillary services
Inter Linkage between Geography and Tourism Industry
26 Hrs.
1. Understand the Significance of geography

in tourism
2. Define latitude and longitude
3. Identification of locations and Time
Calculation
4. Explain the Physical and cultural geography
5. List the Geographical features and its role
in tourism
6. Importance of Map reading and cartography
7. Understand the Indian geography
S.No.
Unit/Chapter Name
Theory+
Practical
Key Learning Objectives
Inter Linkage Between History

and Tourism Industry
26 Hrs.
1. Understand
the
Significance
and
importance of History in Tourism
2. Define Heritage, Historical sites and
Archaeological sites
3. Heritage Tourism - Types and Promotion
4. Importance of Guiding around heritage
sites
5. Understand the Role of ASI
6. List UNESCO world heritage sites in India
Tourism Organisations and

Trends
18 Hrs.
1. Understand the Role of Ministry of tourism,

Government of India, State Tourism
Development Corporations & Local Bodies
and NGOs
2. Explain the Public-Private Partnerships in
tourism
3. Explain the Functions of some important
organisations such as UNWTO,IATA,IATO
& TAAI
4. Elaborate on the Factors responsible for
growth and development of tourism
5. Explain the General Trends and Emerging
Trends in National and International
Tourism
139

Tourism Concepts and Practices

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Tourism Concepts and Practices

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Tourism Concepts and Practices

Central Board of Secondary Education

Shiksha Kendra, 2 Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110301

Tourism Concepts and Practices

First Edition 2013 CBSE, India

This Book or part thereof may not be reproduced by any

Published By : The Secretary, Central Board of Secondary

Travel Resources in India (Travel and Tourism)

Travel Resources in India

Vineet Joshi, IAS

Text Book (Class XI))

material Production group

Editing and Coordination

Travel Resources in India

Unit-1: Introduction to Tourism

1.0 Unit Overview & Description

1.2 Defining Tourism

1.3 Elements of Tourism

1.4 Identifying the Tourist

1.5 Linkage between Leisure, Recreation and Tourism

1.6 Characteristics of Tourism Industry

1.7 Components of Tourism

1.8 Practical Activity

Unit-2: tourism: a historical account

2.0 Unit Overview & Description

2.2 Travel in Early Times

2.3 Renaissance and the Grand Tour

2.4 Industrial Revolution and Tourism

2.5 Tourism in Modern Times

2.6 Tourism in India: An Account

2.8 Practical Activities

Unit-3: concepts of tourism

3.0 Unit Overview & Description

3.2 Tourism System

3.4 Barriers to Tourism

3.5 Forms of Tourism

3.6 Types of Tourism

3.7 Types of Tour Packages

3.8 Defining Tourism Impact

3.10 Practical Activity

Unit-4: Tourism components-I

4.0 Unit Overview & Description

4.2 Attraction Resources, products, sites, destinations

4.3 Types of Attractions

4.4 Accessibility Modes of Transportation of significance

4.5 Amenities: Health and hygiene, security

4.7 Practical Activity

Unit-5: Tourism components-II

5.0 Unit Overview and Description

5.2 Significance of Accomodation Tourism

5.3 Types of Accommodation

5.4 Meal Plan of booking accommodation

Travel Resources in India

5.5 Available packages

5.6 Ancillary services

5.8 Practical Activity

Unit-6: inter linkage between geography and tourism industry

6.0 Unit Overview & Description

6.2 Significance of Geography in Tourism

6.3 Defining latitude and longitude

6.4 Physical and Cultural Geography

6.5 Geographical features and its role in tourism

6.6 Map Reading and Cartography

6.7 Indian Geography