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DTIC
ECTFE
by
David J.
Albert
June 1993
Thesis Advisor
Jeffery Leader
93 8 '24 05.
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Hgh,#ra. Suite 1204. Atrlngton. VA 22202-4102 and to the Officeo Maageent
ksof
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PaftOerkot
2. REPORT DATE
June
I
Master's Thesis
1993
S. FUNDING NUMBERS
David J. Albert
7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES)
1. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION
9.
REPORT NUMBER
The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not
reflect
the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the
U.S. Government
IZ.
OISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY
STATEMENT
Difference,
Unc lass
NSN 7540.01-.230-5500
1B.
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OF THIS PAGE
PA
Finite
16. PRICE COOE
19.
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION
OF ABSTRACT
Unclass
Unclass
i
Unlimited
Standard Form 293 (Rev 2-89)
4,euirtid
by 4Nui
%1d Jill-
I@
by
B.S.,
David J. Albert
Lieutenant , United States Navy
University of North Carolina, 1985
Approved by:
__________________
aderThesis Advisor
ry
ii
ABSTRICT
The
transient
surface
temperature
distribution
is
boundary
value
and radiation.
problem
is
In
the study,
reduced
to
the
singular
Runge-Kutta method,
integral equation is
method
of orders
the
The
1, 3,
and
5.
In
addition,
the
finite
problem,
generated
results
and the
by the
are
solutions
Runge-Kutta
presented
are compared
method.
All
graphically.
with those
the
numerical
Limitations
numerical
algorithm
for
solving
the
At the
problem
Accesion For
proposed.
NTIS CRA&I
DTIC TAB
UWannounced
Justification
DITC Q
fl
.............
...... ...
LIjTY INBPEC-MD
koJl
and
is
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
INTRODUCTION
B.
STATEMENT
OF
THE
II.
..
FOR
......
OBTAINING
1
1
THE
................
C.
D.
19
E.
REMARKS
27
.........
...............
..
29
A.
INTRODUCTION
B.
.............
30
.............
33
III.
IV.
..........
PROBLEM
SURFACE TEMPERATURE
............
29
A.
INTRODUCTION ...............................
33
B.
34
C.
..
..
46
D.
..
48
E.
REMARKS
INTRODUCTION
....................
iv
..........
53
...........
55
55
CRANK-NICHOLSON SCHEME
C.
2.
The Sphere .
D.
STABILITY
E.
REFINEMENT
VI.
B.
.................
APPENDIX-A
..........
APPENDIX-B
..................
LIST OF REFERENCES
72
81
........................
CONCLUSIONS
71
71
INTRODUCTION
66
68
...............
...............
.
EXTRAPOLATION
AND
A.
61
64
.........
.........
PARTITION
.
61
...............
..............
OF
TECHNIQUES
V.
56
............
B.
..........
87
90
........
91
....
93
1.
INTRODUCTION
space
environment
became
crucial.
In
particular,
many
engineering
applications
motors.
is
the
applications.
temperature
An
example
distributions
of
of
these
rocket
Later,
various
finite
schemes
were
The
difference
On the other
kind
and
applied
of
successive
Milton and
Goss
the
method
(12)
is
commonplace
in
natural
phenomena.
the body
transfers
through
convection
and
the
wall
thermal
of
a body,
radiation.
two
The
When energy
cases
arise:
convective
heat
at
which
heat
is
transferred
from
the
body
to
which is
independent of surface
difference
proportional to the
occur
whenever
one
to the fourth
Pure radiation
mode
of
energy
or pure
transfer
is
combined
convective
radiative
and
heat
flux
with
the
methods which
are discussed
in
this study.
References to the
resulting
impractical
solutions
to use.
are not in
Hence,
closed
numerical
However,
form,
and thus
techniques
will
be
solution.
Numerical
results,
found
by
be
presented
and
compared.
3
In
the
conclusion,
It
is
Sections
1(C)
and
1(D)
of the
problem
radiative
boundary
to a combined convective
subjected
in
condition
rectangular
transform
and
the
eigenvalue
coordinate
system.
and
are
expansion,
presented.
Chapters
II
III,
and
numerical
for
methods
the
successive
outlined
in
advantages
detail.
and
In
and
A brief
limitations
in
the method
particular,
the
Runge-Kutta
remark
is
finding
given
method
for
solutions
of
are
their
to
the
integral equation.
Chapter IV describes a numerical method which is directly
applied to the governing partial differential equation.
technique
is
called the
finite difference
scheme proposed.
A suggestion
method.
The
It
is
techniques and an
is
Chapter V,
The implementation
and limitations.
the
statement,
the
basic
assumptions,
the
governing
STATEMENT
OF
THE
PROBLEM
FOR
OBTAINING
THE
SURFACE
TENPERATURE
Considering the
one-dimensional,
transient,
conduction
surface,
1.
2.
homogeneous,
and
3.
All
thermodynamic
and
transport
independent of temperature.
properties
are
4.
5.
The fluid is
6.
The
non-dimensional
differential
equation
form
for
the
of
the
governing
temperature
U(x,t)
partial
and
the
a2 =
ax2
0<x<l,
t>O;
7TE
(1.1)
with initial
condition
U(x,O)
(1.2a)
= g(x)
aU(Ot)
aU(lt)
Note:
a, and
2 U(O,t)
a3 U(1,t)
(l.2b)
-hU4(lt).
(1.2c)
next
section
differential
will
equation
deal
with
with
(1.1)
solving
initial
the
and
partial
ioundary
cases
of
with
considered,
specific
values
a,,
S2,
3,
and h will
be
It
C.
obtained
Next,
equations
by
for
the
transformed
temperature,
found
solved
are
taking
inverse
the
From experience,
transformed solution.
the Laplace inversion is
inverse
generality.
It
is
process
U2,
43,
of
transform
it
of some difficulty.
Laplace
the
can be expected,
To simplify the
practical
without
loss of
Now,
U(x,t),
function,
9[U(x,t)](s)
= fou(x,t)estdt = U(x,s).
(1.3)
derivatives
with
(differentiation
integration),
respect
can
we have
7
to
be
x pass
Assuming
through
accomplished
the
before
[au(xt) I
(S)
a2
u (x, t) J"
](S)
___[__ Ix
a2u(x,
2
0estdt
= a U(x,
dt =
-T-eD-T
(1.4)
s)
( .5
Thus,
the Laplace
(u(Ot)](s)
Now,
given by
cdt =U(Xt)e
sU(x,s) - U(x,0).
(1.6)
d2 U(xs)
dxT-
sU(x,s)
-g(x),
0<x<l
(1.7)
a, dU(O,s) -
2 U(O's)
- , for x = 0
(l.8a)
dU(l,s)
63U(1IS)
g(x),
we must first
corresponding
particular
(1.8b)
- -hg[U1(l,s)], for x= 1
incorporated in
homogeneous
solution of
is
satisfying
(1.7)
and
equation
Now,
(1.8a,b).
Uhom(x, s)
(1.9)
=Ae*'x + Be'2x,
where
11.2
+fs
(1.10)
12 _
s = 0.
(1.11)
Let
Up(x, s)
= U1v1 (X,s)
(1.12)
independent
homogeneous equation.
of
solutions
the
corresponding
and
(1.13)
(1.14)
By Cramer's rule,
v (x,vi S)
W(x)e-.-ic
~~-2v/s
(1.15)
1.5
and
v24xs) = g(x) e 1
we obtain
evzdz + v 1 (O,s)
10
(1.16)
(1.17)
x g(z) evdz
v 2 (x,Is) =
Thus,
_-v2 (,s)
(1. 18)
(l.X1S
that is,
U(x,s)
(x,s),
boundary
conditions
following procedure.
(1.20)
is
respectively.
(1.8a,b)
(1.20)
u 2 (x,s) are
To determine A and
are used
along with
the
found to be
dU(x, s)
Arse--" - Bfe-"
+ rsev"vi (x, s)
dx
eV-'xv (x, s)
Let x = 0.
+ e --v 1(x, s)
(l.18a),
- ve--'v
(1.20),
and (1.21)
'2 (0, s)
then imply
11
(x,vs)
(1.21)
A(alrs -
GO)
(1.22)
becomes
(1.22)
- S(aVs + a2) =
(1.23'
- a 2 )V 1 (0,s) '
Therefore (l.8a),
(1.20),
Arse-'- - Bve--
(1.24)
e--Vv(1,s) = 0
+ V/-eV-v 1 (1,s) -
3 v- (1,s)
1
- h9[U
se-V-V
+ e-*'v
(r-e-,vg
+ a 3 e-"')V 2
- B(r,/e-08 + a 3 e-v')
(1,s)
(1Is)
(/ev"
4 (i,
h[(U
)]t)
12
(1,s)] =
(1.25)
(1, t) ] .
(1.25) beccmes
=
cteV))v (1,s)
(1.26)
Equations (1.23)
(1.27)
numl
der
where
num! =
v1 (0, s) + (4 1V+C
{(alv-VS)
h9 IhErU(11,0)1 (alIS+a2),
and
den =
(C 2 -
+ (as-
a3a2) (ev'-e-v18)
B= num2
den
(1.28)
where
num2=
hg
(1, t) ] (alp-a
and den is
the same.
13
"+a 3 e-)
Thus,
(1.20) where A,
(1.28),
(1.17),
B,
u 1 (x,s),
(1.Ba,b) is given by
and (1.18),
respectively.
Theoretically, the
In
Also, the
each
case,
values
correspond
to
Case
=1,
0,
-1, h = 1
is
is
width of 1.
in
(is)
where,
14
+ e-rv
(1,s),
(1.29)
(v
AVV
(0(0S)
1
+ VR.V
2 (11,s)
,f-(""+
e-'g) + SWeV
+ (Cg
1s
3 a 1 )Vs(e"08
V,(1,S)
+ e-vsD)
-e
VI-
vfs
(1.30)
(a2
al
e-V
a3a2) (ev2
(r/se-*"O
a~2
(v-
-'6
e-
(.1
(1.31
(1.32)
and
+~~
f~g(x') e--,-sxdx'
e_______+______v_____
15
1, that is,
temperature is
g(x) - 1.
(1.35)
the parameters
cooling
initial
With
process.
condition
the
(1.35),
(1.35)
constitute
transformed
surface
temperature becomes
1((es) - e-_
(e(1,s)
+ e-OD-)
(ev-
U(11s)==(V-q
If
(1.36)
-b
- e-vas)
+ fs-( eVs -ei).
(1.36)
(-6
is multiplied through by
-a
e-VA- + ei
__1[ea+
V(eVi
e-)
U(1,s)
is
obtained.
Equation
is
(1.37)
e-i)
ready to be inverted.
(eVE + e-VE)
16(evr - e-vr)
-[
16
In
(1.37)
In
transform table.
the surface
U(1,t) = 1 -t
formula
[14],
(1.38:
(1.38)
can
be
written as
U(i,t) = 1 -f
Hence,
e-k21t-2
t[l+2 E.-
,(] [U'(1,'t)+U(i,?)]
dr . (1.39)
Case 2:
41
This
0, 12
set
of
-1,
values
43 =
1, h
corresponds
to
the
being
radiation.
heated
or
cooled
by
combined
case
where
temperature
convection
and
(1.18),
and (1.28).
(1.27),
After a tedious
f g(x') ev-x'dx'
fg(x')e-V'-'dx-
U(1,s)
( e v' - e-"V')
( e/"(ev6 + e
(1.40)
chosen to be
temperature is
g(x)
given by
h5f
(U(1, t)] (evi + e-V)
(e'a - e-va) - I-s(eva' + e-/B)
Then,
(1.41)
x.
process.
condition
With
again constitute a
(1.41)
(1.41),
the
transformed
surface
temperature becomes
U(1,s)
which is
_1
U[U4(1,t)]
-s(ev' + e-v0)
(ev"
e-V)
- (ev' - e-V-)
(1.42)
9-1
e-vrg)].
(evr'9/&(eV' + e-va)
18
(evrn - e-(%8)
The first
second one is
not so obvious.
However, the
[1].
The
is
U(1, t)
where
Pk
= 1
is
,+ 2E
the
kh
e k(C2
positive
(1.43)
U4(1,c)
root
of
the
transcendental
equation
Pk = tan
Hence,
the
combined
problem
of
convection
Pk
(1.44)
transient
cooling
thermal
radiation
and
of
has
sphere
been
by
again
one of the
In the next
introduced as an
transform
the
given
boundary
19
value
problem
by
the
eigenfunctions
associated
from the
obtained
eigenfunction
problem.
variables,
of
the
we
of eigenfunctions)
problem
expressed
as
separation
of
an
sum
the
of
of eigenfunctions.
property
boundary conditions
Applying
equation
these
(1.1)
and
main results
d 2X(x) + 0 2 X(x)
= 0,
< X< 1
(1.45)
0,
(1.46)
dx2
dX(O)
dx
a 2 X(O)
and
dX(1)
dx
Parameters a,
and
42
a 3 X(1)
(1.47)
= 0
a3 is
a non-zero real
number.
20
boundary conditions
(1.48)
(1.46)
and
(1.47)
to equation
(1.49)
U41c 2 = a2CI
problem
(1.45
1.47)
(1.50)
is
in
the
eigenvalues
are
to different
real and
the eigenfunctions
(1.50)
where
X,(x),
such
are specified,
1,2,...,
that
and
the
corresponding
(1.49)
corresponding
temperature
function,
Pn,
eigenfunctions,
U(x,t),
can be
U(x, t) =
. u,(t)x (x) ,
UM(t),
X.(x)dx.
21
(1.51)
are given by
(1.52)
Now,
d 1fC2U
dx.
(1.53)
equation
(1.53)
and
substituting
in
(1.52)
yields
the
dt
a(x)(1)
+ U(10, x(0)
factor
(1.46)
and
can be simplified.
method,
obtained.
(0)
- U(1, t)x,(i)
(1.54)
+ f1U(x, t)xf'(x) dx
side of (1.54)
the
solution
of
(1.47),
(1.54)
can
be
(1.54).
Lastly,
by putting x = 1,
the
for
second
kind
the
surface
temperature
U(1,t)
is
obtained.
As in the previous section, the integral equation for the
surface
temperature
will
be explicitly
determined
for two
Details of the
22
flat
of the sphere.
Case 1: 41
1,
a2
As mentioned
0,
in
-1, h = 1
section
1(C),
this
set of parameters
2,
and
in
plate.
where cos P,
=>
=(1.55)
* 0.
where n =
1,2,3,...,
cos (px) ,
and
({n)}-l"
(1.56)
is
Next,
heat equation
(1.1) yields
(1.54)
in
terms of Xn(x).
Using
8u(o, t)
ax
23
0 ,
(1.57)
+ U(1,t) = -hU'(1,t)
(',t)
rx
X'(1) + X(l)
X,(0)
(1.58)
(1.59)
(1.60)
x" (x)
produces
the
(X)
= -
following ordinary
differential
(1.61)
equation
for
U"(t)
dnu
(t)
-h x,(1)U
(1.62)
(1, t)
dt
Un(t) = Un(O)e-e
h X,(1)[fe-Pl(t-)U4(lI?) ch
(1.63)
where
U,(0)
f f 1 g(x)X.(x) dx.
24
(1.64)
Thus, with h = 1,
form
[ U (O)e-'
dt]xn(x)
f 1X (x)dx
where
UO(O)
and
respectively.
Xn(x)
are
defined
by
(1.64)
and
(1.56),
determined to be
ftx.(1) e -Tt-U4(ix)
dr
0,
(1.65)
f'xn (x) dx
where g(x)
is
the
initial
condition,
and XM(x),
and 0,
are
defined as above.
Case 2:
In
41 =
0,
this case,
42 = -1,
S3
-- 1,
a spherical
h= 1
body
is
considered.
In
Xn(x) = sin(P.x)
25
(1.66)
where n = 1,2,3,...,
tan p,
(1.67)
Thus,
PU (t)
obtained
_hX,(1))U'(1, t)
- h Xn(1) f'e
(1.68)
is
-P(t-:)U4(1,
) dt
(1.69)
where
U,(0) = f1g(x)X.(x)dx .
So therefore,
with h = 1,
(1.70)
u(x, 0)
=n
[u.(O)e-P0t - (13) X (
S
{1)f (0). e
fx
26
t)fe-P(t-)TU4(1,?)
(x2
(x,
ctt]x,(x)
where
U,(O)
and
X,(x)
are
defined
by
(1.70)
and
(1.66),
respectively.
-:X
U(i0fe
f 2
x;
f An (x) dx
e-02 (-T) U4 (
(1) e1
J0
T) dT
1}
f xn (x) dx
where g(x)
is
and Xn(x)
and
Pn
are
defined as above.
E.
REMARKS
some
of
the
specifically 3,
5,
literature
6,
listed
in
references,
the
and 11.
where F is
h
are
(1.72)
some
constants.
Equation
27
(1.72)
and
is
Ck,
bk,
a, and
nonlinear
Volterra
function
which
is
usually
integral equation.
to as the
called
The integral in
"Volterra" part
of the
the
*(t)
"lag"
(1.72)
is
part
is
of
the
often referred
integral
equation.
In
the
"kernel"
of the
integral
equation.
are
facts about
summarized as follows:
T approaches t,
2).
several
As these
All
of
infinite
series
satisfy
the
following
property:
If
then limt.,
3).
f(t-T)
f(t)
are
equations
is
*(t),
determined
by
the
of
geometry
the
of
integral
the
body
considered.
The above "facts" are concluded from the two special cases
without
loss
of
generality.
In
each
of
the
next
three
approximations
numerical
techniques
and
used
to
the
Runge-Kutta
deal
with
method
the
integral
28
are
II.
A.
INTRODUCTION
convective
and
Chapter I,
is
Volterra
radiative
boundary
condition,
as
integral equation is
not in
Since the
nonlinear,
in
numerical
seen
has
been
on
the
numerical
a lot of
solution
of
an
4(t)
- hf ta + El
bke-(e(t-')}F[U(1,') ] dt
(2.1)
the
functions defined by
k(t-r)
is
equal
to
the
term
in
braces
(2.2)
in
(2.1),
29
to be solved.
intervals.
For
the
first
time
partitioned into N
interval,
05titj
the
small
tlt't
U,. 1(l,t)
number.
2.
In
Next,
consider
is
the
less than a
second
time
this interval,
=*(t) - hfotk(t-.r)F(U,(1,z))
(2.4)
Un,. ('It)
Since U(l,t)
= 40( t) -
hfot'k(t-T)Y(U,(l,T)) d
the first
integral,
hfotkt-)(U,(,))dr.
S..
m
.. ..
u~u- .
hfm
tnnmnmnnn(nUnunnnn)Ilnn
30
(2n5)
is
known(approximately),
t/C'*'k(t-T)F(U,(l,T))
()
U,I t
given by
-h ' k t -) (.1 -)
dft
(2.6)
where tjl-tftj.
continues,
As the procedure
is
Appropriately,
one has to know the nature of the singularity which the kernel
possesses.
f(z)
dz
(2.7)
(2.7)
Integral
possesses a singularity
a + (b-a) (1-x
31
2)
(2.8)
Then,
Normally,
formula,
the
one usually
Generally,
exact solution if
solution.
the
Thus,
choice
the
stated
temperature
problem
at
the
of
initial
approximation
is
continuous,
previous
time
one
can
level
as
choose
the
the
first
Chapter
particular,
II)
a
singularity,
to
solve
method
which
one
used
integral
to
equation
tackle
may encounter
a
when
(2.1).
simple
type
evaluating
In
of
the
32
111.
A.
INTRODUCTION
This
integral
chapter
considers
equation for
another way
to
deal
is
separable
with
based
kernel.
respect
[5]
on
an
in
1968.
approximation
of
time
and
transformed
the
problem,
introduced by
The basic
the
to
with
idea of the
kernel
by
differentiated
into
nonlinear
differential equation.
numerical
solutions
scheme
equations.
In
for
order
to
employ
of
ordinary
the
differential
method
the
surface
The order
first
reduced
differential
method is
to
equations
a
and
system
then
of
solved
nonlinear
ordinary
numerically.
The
not practical
if
In
33
is
In addition, as
an example,
Generally,
surface
integral equations
derived
in
Chapter I.
U(l,t),
temperature,
the
that
body
we
have
=4 (t)
- ftk(t--r)F(U(1,?)) dr
(3.1)
where
=
P0
is
k(t-,)
Pk's
Pke
in chapter 1,
03.2)
respectively.
34
P0
As shown
This is
applied.
differentiable function.
Now,
equation to
assume *(t) is
a bounded
So,
(3.2) becomes
- Po
k(t-?)
Substitute
(3.4)
in
"
(3.4)
dr..
(3.5)
-Pk,(t)
P
(3.6)
Pke-
rk.,
e'aIF(U(1,
Ijk(t) = e -'fo
))
U(1,t) becomes
U(I t) = 4(t)
- POf~oF(U(1,,)) Ch -
U()
(1, t)
= 4(l) (t)
-
u(2) (1, t)
= *(2)
-U3,[F(1),t))
- PoF(U(1, t))
(t)
(3.6) becomes
(3.7)
a-klk(t)]
PoFC') (U(1, t)
t))(t)]
35
(3.7a)
In
k.3. p'k
t.7 (_)
general,
the
NI'-order
temperature U(l,t) is
approximation
the
infinite
approximated
sum
by
are
considered,
(3.6).
differentiations
of
Then,
(3.6),
equations
1,
(3.8)
, N+1 for m in
UM (1, t)
+(1) (t)
is
so
by
the
integrodifferential
...
the
surface
of
that
obtained
N terms
U(1,t)
performing
resulting
in
system
is
N+1
of
by substitution of
found to be
PoF(U(1, t))
,9)
) - j p[F(U(j, t)k()J
j.Pk[F (I)(U(1,t))
36
(3.10)
Pk1"E'V.o
+
2",a I(t)]
(-1)v+
(3.12)
where k=l,...,N,
from (3.12),
(U(1, t))
(-1)I1iIF(NI)
PoF(M) (M(1, t)
(3.9)-(3.11) yields
~
~2pkjk(t)
+j
*.1
U"-, (1, t)
*()
(t)
p 0 F(U(1.t))
kaPxk(t) = U( 2) (1, t)
+
-_
- 4(2) (t)
37
jF(U(1, t))],
(3.14)
(-J)~
( t)
ipjrk
2N
(.)N+1
_.4(Nr-2) (t:)
if(N1)(1,~t)t)
= U~(N)
p~~-1)
+ r'
UO()t
(1, t)
ig
1)F(N-l-I)
2
+ P 0 F(M- ) (U(1, t))
+ P0 F(N1 (U(1, 0)
(3.16)
(U1,t)]
3.CC4
...
)4B
1 2 (t)
2C2-PA
B
-
i4p3.CgNXa
2N-2
(..)p
(t)
A2N-2
MgA
-2
2N
~U(I)
, t) - 4(l)(t)
38
+ P0 F(U(1, t))
(3.17)
B2 - U 2 (1, t)
- (,(t)
POP
"Pk[F)(U(1,t))
((,
-
0t))
(3.19)
9F (U(,t))]
EN
4
Now,
(3.21)
let
A. =
a2X-2 (_-1) jp
(---1
Cramer's
rule,
...
-1
- 1 OC
By
.i'.0
t2x;-2 .. ( -I)Xph42-2
O
V.
2-)- ...
(-1)-."
can
l,(t),...,IN(t)
quotient of N x N determinants,
39
(3.22)
given by
be
expressed
as
B,
P22
4;4w
B2
11
(t
(-1)'
=-B
B1~
N EN(-'
(..)
.) N.IP~2N2
Det (A)(.4
Cg
.. )Nlp
1()Det:(A)
3.3
...
PA2
B1
Ijal
..
a2M2
*
_,,pi~gV-
INt)
..
2'
B2
1 2=t
ss
...
(.lN.p~:
N-1
RG-1
pnl1N a~!B
(3.24)
a;2
40
where
2
-pal
Det (A)
by
determinants,
(N-l) x (N-l)
...
-p2CC4
...
-pam
...
"
"
Next,
pCg2
using
(- )
only
C)Hp~
-2 ... (a12m ...
the
,) 2Ar-2
(3.27)
M-+) 2,A,,,
fundamental
properties
of
Define
Det (A') =
(. -
(Cd-a4)22N
(-,)MN(C,2-2-cgH-2)
-(CC-60)
..-
(a2- 2)
(C;-a4)
...
(-4
(-,)XN(Cg2-2-CCJ-2)
.. (-l),,+(a2N-2_2-2.-)
(3.28)
41
1 1 (t)
(B2+42B)
(EN
-
..
-(C2-U2)
E)
a, (
(..-)
...
BX._(-_j) aV~2N
(B.
i
_j),,+a2N2
_j)(
-V)(420-4-_a2-4)
(2AF2
p2a
2-2)...(_j
92)
.(
...
-(42- 2)
...(-1),V'a2-4_G2N- 4)'
,j
_2H-2 _C2X/-2 j
Det (A')
(3.29)
and for k = 2,
...
, N-i,
42
(~.-a
-
'0..-(
(a2N
)4
(a. 2 -c.. 1
N~ _2-2
a2-
k*
..
(4-4..,B
-a-)
...
1(a'N-4)
,1
1N4gN
.. _
-I
MI(a 2F-2-
BN-..a
i )
____
B)
ks(3.30
_____
(M43lC2-
and
IN(t)
al-am-1)
(-2 *--1
...
-(4-2-C-1)
(_-
_)
11N.2X-4
.2N'-4
(-1)X, 9 -- ) .. (1
2M-2.
(_) ".(al2X.,-2
- ..
-czr-_M2
, (-1)
(_-V&
2,,,2-4B
2A-4_. 2-4)
Ik(t),
determined
Hence,
where k
explicitly
1,
by
...
N, in
equation
(3.29)
formulas
(3.12)
through
is
can be
(3.31).
reduced to
+ (-l)NlC4N421k(t)]
(3.32)
values
P-OF(U(1, 0))
Pk4F(U(4,0))]
-E.,
44
(3.34)
u12 1 (1, 0)
U(JO
E.,PkF(F)
(1, 0)
40(o)
(3.35)
a!F(U(1,0))]
(3.36)
rk-
(3.12),
(U(1,0))
...
by putting t
, I.(t)
in
(3.9)
through
through (3.31).
then applied to the nonlinear
through (3.36).
surface
conditions
temperature
solution of a (N+1)L
with initial
will
be
given
by
the
numerical
equation.
As an example, in the next section, formulas for the third
and the
presented.
fifth
order
approximation
of
the method
will
be
not be produced,
45
C.
( t)
=(4)
+2
(Plall
with initial
p 3 a)F(2) ((1,
+ P 24 2 + P 3
(I3 1
+ P2
(P 1 aI
2 +
((t) +
t))
F 1 (U(1, t) )
PAID)F(U(1,t))
2
(t)
I 3 (t))
(3.37)
conditions
U(I,0) = 4,(0)
UM (1),0) = 40()(0)
(2)(0)
U(2) (1,0)
+
(1p2
(0
(PO
2 +
P3 3)F(40(0))
P2
(3.38a)
+ PI + P2 + P3 )F(4*(0))
P1
and
46
+ P2 + P3)FM
,
(3.38b)
(4,(0)
(3.39)
3
U( M(1,0)
. 400)(0)
+
(plg + P,22
- (
I(t),
1 2 (t),
+ Pl + P2 + PO)r(2)(*(0)
(PO
in
P3C4)F(4(0))
(3.37)
r(B2+a2BS)
( 1
- (a2_42)
(3.41)
13()
(B2+2BJ)
(3.42)
(3 - 3B 1 )
P2
1_
Det(A')
(3.43)
2I)()I
where
B, = u'
(1, t)
-*()(t)
(3.40)
are
(eg2-42)
1 2 (t)
P3 a3)F(1)(#(0))
+ PA42 +
and 1 3 (t)
11 (t)
+ (PO +
47
3 )F(U(1, t))
B2 .
I (1,t)
+
B3
U(3)
40(2) (t)
(P1 + 0 2
(1,t) - *(3
(PO
PI + P2
P3 )F(1) (U(1,, t)
2 + P3)F(U(1,t))
p2 +
(p~P2
and
Det(A')
D.
1-3)'M
(G4 2
of (3.1) is
48
U(6) (1, t)
40(6)(t)
(O
+ P2
( Pla
+ PS)F(5)(U(1,t))
F
Pg 2 + P3 'g + pga + p5 C4)F
+ (P"+
- (
+ 02 + P3 + P 4
+ P3 3 +
+ P2 2 +
(U(3 , t))
F'
2 I+Ppf3oc4
pgo
(P' 0 1 2 P2(t+' P46+t
+ (Pl
33(t)
3~
2
4.pr4'14 (t) +
MF
20)(U(lt))
3a +p + + p5C)
(u(1,4t
P5 ~m2 I(t))
0)F(u(1,
t))
(3.44)
U1(,0) = *(')(0)
u+ (1,o)
=(Pl(o)
4.l(1')
(0 (
4(P0 + P3
(Po0
+P4
+ P 1 +P2 +
PO +4.I+
P2
49
P3
P3
P4
P
+ 4
+ P 5 )F(l()))
al
F) (U(o)+
+. P 5 4+POF(40(0)9
.. 0(3)(t) - (P
) (F (0))
0 + P. + P2 + P3 + P4 + POF(2
5
u)(1 (,o)
U((P(,0
U(5
(1
- (PO
pI
+ p3
PI
+ P 2 42 +
(PO
p!,Cg)F(2)($(0))
P4a4
+Nat)F(4
3+~a
)are )(0 0
3 +P a4 +3.44
and Ia(t
I,(t),
+ P32 2 + A3
-Pal
P2 2
P3
P2 a2
(Plal + P2 a~42 + Na
+
+2
+ P1 + P2 + P3 + P4 +P5F(44()
+Pal
t,
-(Pla'
((0)
+ P2 + P3 + P4 + P5 )F(3) (4(0))
a2+
(P
)F
P3 a
P2 2 + P3~ 3
1 1 +P
(pl
0)= 40~(O)()
ItI()
C12
2 + P
=W
$)(o)
+
u(4) (1, o)
P4,a6
p3 :
pNa:
5 )F2(O)
a6F(1(4(0
P5 c4) F(4)(0)
50
(B2+g2BI)
2
(B3 _Cg4B")
2
(B4+alB,.)
2
l(B5-a2OB3.)
_(42_eg2)
3
2
(a4 _g4)
3
2
_(Cgllogl)
3
2
(al
_(Cg2_Cg2)
4
2
(Cg4_a4)
4
2
-(a6_a6)
4
2
-42)
pa2
(a:-09'2)
t)
(a2_a2)
(B2+a2BI)
_(a2_eg2)
_(a2_a2)
1
3
(a4_a4)
1
3
-a 6)
1
3
3
(B3 _Cg4BJ)
3
(B4+cg6B,)
3
4
3
(a4_Cg4)
4
3
-(a6-a6)
4
3
5
3
(a4_a4)
5
3
-(ccG-cg6)
5
3
(ael-C939)
(a4-a3
(B5-aeB,.)
2 a2 2 Det W)
-W
-cd)
1
4
(a4_a4)
1
4
_(a6_a6)
1
4
13 (-t)
8)
(0963-C4
_(42_CC2)
1
5
(Cg4_CC4)
1 5
6_ 6)
(Cgl
a5
(445
14(t)
(a'5-a26)
1)
9)
9
3
(Cgs-ego)
-(ct2-cg2)
(B2+a2BJ)
_ (a2_a2)
2
4
(a4 _al)
2
4
_(S6_Cg6)
2
4
8
9)
4
(B3_ogd
A
(B4 +a6BJ)
4
5
OBI)
-a4
5
4
(44_gg4)
5
4
_ (Cg6_a6)
5
4
-949)
(C985
_(a2_CC2)
(B2+Cg2BJ)
5
3
(Cg4_a4)
5
3
(B3-64BI.)
(G2-44
p3a23
_(a2_a2)
(B
De t (A)
2
5
(Cg4 _Cg4)
2
5
2
_(Cg6_a6)
5
(a28 -aa)
5
Cg2
P4 4
(3.45)
Det (A')
12
5 _Cg2)
2
(a4 _Cg4)
5
2
_(a6_aG)
5
2
(gg6_a6)
3
5
(a30 -d95)
Det (A)
51
(3.46)
(3.47)
5
5
(B, +Cg6BJ)
5
(B
-ae5B,).
(3-48)
1 5 ot)
a4-CC)
Ca4-S4)
(a4-_Cg)
B3_-4B )
(42-4)
(C3-C:)
5-G:Bl)
(3.49)
where
Det (A') =
B, = UM') (1, t)
- V(l) (t)
+ (PO + P.
B2 = U(2)(1, t)
- 4(2) (t)
+ (PO +
(1l
,2 +
B3 = U() (1, t) - 0(
-
(t)
P3
Pl
+ P2 +
1~
+(
P20942
P3
3 +
52
))(U(,
s) F(l) (U(1,t)
t))
+ P2 + P3 + P4 + PO)F(2 ) (U(1, t)
l + P 2 2 + P3 3 +
+ pO)F(U(1, t))
+ P2 + 03 + P
3 + P4 4
+ (PO +
I-
,(a-491) -
P4~
P4
) F()(U(1, t)5
B4 = UM4 ) (1, t)
- 0(4)
(p3,
(Wi
+P 2.
132
+(f3,2
p,
a2
+
13Cg2
p 5a2)F()(U(1,t))
t))
(2
5 )"(U(1,
*134+p
+ (Vp
))
and
B5
0~( 5 ) ( t)
U (5 (1,t)
(PO
Cg
P2 2 +
(P~~1
P3
N+
F()(U(1 ,))
+ p 5 a)
+ P
(Uj,
+p4)(2) a4
P34 4 + P 5 c5)
PA3+
[PO)F(4 ) (U(1, t)
t)
4)F(U(1, t))
RXJ
In
the
+ P2 +
(Pla + P a2 +
E.
PIL
+ P33 + Pa
I + P2
~ pja4
integral
problem
equation
with
combined
resulting
from the
convection
and
applied to solve
heat
conduction
In
radiation.
determined
approximations.
for both
It
the
third
and
the
fifth
order
not
The reason is that the smaller the time one takes, the
53
in
result
high-order
nonlinear
differential
ordinary
The number of
different
difference method.
numerical
method,
namely
the
finite
it
54
IV.
A.
INTRODUCTION
The
basic
idea
transform
replacing
the
of
continuous
all
replaced
by
unknowns in
finite
model
continuous
denumerable domain.
equations,
the
In
difference
into
domain
in
difference
in
the
the
solution
of
approximating
three elements.
stability.
system
by
with
approximations.
are
simply
Thus,
the
computed
to
to
idea to differential
solved numerically.
relation
is
model
the equation
discrete
applying this
the derivatives
finite
method
They
finite
the
are
the significance of
difference
exact
solution
consistency,
scheme
in
depends
upon
convergence,
and
also goes
to
zero.
It
implies that
the
finite
the stability.
55
The
stable
said to be conditionally
scheme is
which
is
determined
by
the
if
the roundoff
under a critical
differential
equation
considered.
It
stability
solving
analysis.
that
systems
are
available
in
numerical
on
particular
finite
difference
scheme
used
to
CRUNK-NICHOLSON SCHEME
56
to +
- 0,1,2,...,N,
where j
nAt,
uniform,
iAX,
x0 +
x -
by U.
previously
As
choosing
finite
If
derivatives.
are
mentioned,
there
difference
operator
replacing
for
of
the
of the
the average
ways
several
difference schemes is
t,+,,
(-2
It
-
is
(in
both x and t)
equation becomes a
finite difference
given by
2p Uy +1
=vjn+-J
(2
2p)U~j
(4.1)
U3
where
S-
AX2
At
it
is
of
second
order,
the
truncation
+ At
error
Notice
57
(4.2)
The equation at x - 1 is
Ux-,-+
( -2
0 ) Uj'
given by
+ Ela=1
(4.3)
where 0 is as before.
There is a fictitious point outside the computational domain
in (4.3),
that is,
as U,,n+.
denoted
2AX
where F is
-=3"*
F(U
6EI
1)
(4.4)
(1.2c).
Algebraically
Substituting
Uv:
(4.5)
+ 2Ax, 3 UV
into
(4.3),
becomes
59
2AxF(U')
the
resulting
(4.5)
expression
2Ux+ + (-2
which is
+ 2Ax63 )U 1
= -
Pu; - 2xF(Uf)
(4.6)
Observe
simultaneous
that
(4.1)
equations
(4.6)
and
at
each
constitute
time
step.
a
In
set
of
matrix
(4.7)
a tridiagonal matrix, B is
In the case of i
* d(N-1)
(4.8)
b((N)
60
which implies
.14+= -PU
with b(N),
4 1 ) - ratio
- 2AXF(U n b(fi)
d(N-1),
and ratio
loop(reference to appendix-B).
-PUR
* d(N-1)
computed
in
the
(4.9)
first
Do-
- 2AxF(Uma') - ratio
* d(N-1)
_-U += 0 .
(4.10)
b(jV)
be represented by f.
It
follows that
2
f(U'n*
) = 0
(4.11)
sphere
will
be
considered
to
obtain
the
respective
tridiagonal systems.
C.
1.
61
above
to the
governing
equations
leads
to
the
following
results.
Consider the Crank-Nicholson scheme for j For j = 0,
U_n1
+ (-2 - 2
)U O1 + Ul=
-U!,
0,
+ (2-2P)Uo-
...
.UI
N-1.
(4.12)
2Ax
(4.13)
(4.14)
Thus,
=
and
ulf = u.
(4.15)
in
(4.12) produces
62
(4.16)
For j -
1,
...
, N-1
(-2
S+
When j = N,
2p)U1 A3 +
(4.17)
=20--
+ (2-2 )L_1
- UN
(4.18)
2UjZj + (-2
+ 2AX0 3 )U
pUN
where j = 0,...,
- 2AxF(U')
values
N,
we have
A =
(-2-2p)
...
...
1
0
(-2-2p)
...
1
(-2-2p)
.-
...
...
...
...
...
00
0.:"...
... .....
0
...
1 (-2-2p)
0
63
1
(-2-P+2AXa 3 )
(4.19)
(2-2P) UJ
Uo" + (2-2)2
- 2U1"
U1
-U U2
B-
UN2
Q
(4.20)
U-
Qv
Uv
2AxCF(UxO1 )
+(2-2P)
-I3U,,
2.
and
The Sphere
The parameters again can be obtained in Chapter I and
equations
leads
to the
following:
Consider the Crank-Nicholson scheme for j = 1, ...
, N-I.
For j = 1,
U+
(-2
20)Uj' 1 + U2+1=
-Uo
+ (2-2p)Ur1-
Un
(4.21)
However,
U'
= 0
Substituting (4.22)
(-2 - 2P)Uf1 2i
For j -
2,
...
in
and
Uo"=0
(4.22)
(4.21) produces
+ U+ = (2-2 P)Uf - U
N-1
64
(4.23)
(-2 - 20)U1
rJ+
When j
(-2 - 2
U3n"=
)Uvn-+1 + US
-Ui
-U,
+ (2-20) U~n
+ (2-2)2
(4.24)
U3,
Ux- 1
(4.25)
as shown before,
N,
used.
Thus,
2U1n-* + (-2
+ 2Ax
In matrix representation,
U
= jAx,
)U'
PUj-
with initial
where j = 1,
...
2XF(U
1 )
values
,
N,
we have
(-2-2p)
...
...
(-2-2p)
...
(-2-2p)
...
...
...
...
00
A
0
1
1..(-2-2p)
...
65
(-2-0 +2Axa 3 )
(4.26)
(2-2p)U Ua
E2
(2-2p) Un - El
un+
B-
UN+ (2-20)Us!
-PUm
D.
U-
(4.37)
Uxs
- 2AXF(U~x1
and
STABILITY
Even though the backward analog is
radiative boundary,
on the
implemented
imposed.
of
an
implicit
boundary
formulas of the
literature [7],
finite
conditions.
related problems,
However,
which
scheme
two
with
stability
are found
in
the
for
difference
The first
one is
due to
Crank-Nicholson
equation
with
linear
boundary
conditions as
At < 2Ax
(4.28)
it
66
requirement
for an explicit
finite difference
It
scheme
with
2fuX_! - uD -
AX(uf)i
-n'
(4.29)
AUN
AU=
BUN - C(UN)'
AUVUN,
2 uT_
A
(AX)2
B - 2[Ax - 1]
(AX)2
67
2Ax 2
(A.X)
(4.28)
formula
this
Because
in
is
actual
use,
of the
by knowledge
determined
is
Here,
numerical experimentation.
problem
the numerical
chosen to be implemented in
and
methods.
One
way
improve
to
accuracy
is
the
so
called
We first
prolongation.
the
and then refine the partition and then repeat the computation.
If
the comparison
the process
is
achieved.
second
way
idea
of
ingenious
Richardson in
One
solves
interval,
smaller
1910,
the
is
called
the
which
technique,
dates
simple
back
to
is the following:
same
type
of
The
extrapolation.
sizes.
problem
over
prescribed
Thus,
one
approximations
68
obtains
sequence
of
y(1, h) , y(1,h)
i = 0,1,2,
(4.31)
....
integer
(ni).
sequence
The
following are
some
(Romberg sequence)
(1,2,4,6,8,12,...)
(Bulirsch sequence)
(1,2,3,4,...)
(harmonic sequence)
size
hi and
denoted
by Tj, 0 -
y(l,hi).
Then,
the
extrapolation tableau,
Too
T10 , T 11
,
is
T2 1 , T 2 2
extrapolation schemes
a).
Aitken-Neville algorithm
69
For i
and k = 1,2,3,...i
1,2,...
TI,k =
T1,k.
+ TI'kl
(4.32)
Ti-"k
nj-k}
b).
Rotational extrapolation
For i = 1,2,...
riT
= Ti,,_-
and k
k- 1
. ]- 1
Ti li,k
Ti,k- 1
T,-'
(Tn,_
(i-k)[
(4.33)
- Ti-1,k-1
ri'k-
70
used
V.
NUMZRICAL RESULTS
INTRODUCTION
A.
The
problem
described
in
section
h=l).
2=0,
43=-1,
h=l)
1(B)
namely,
solved
(&,=O,
results
was
62=-1,
93=1,
of the problem
the Amdahl 5990 model 500 mainframe computer and are set up to
allow input for the time step.
Numerical
results
In particular, three
method motivates
technique.
of the
finite
difference
71
various
time
steps.
Some
of
the
numerical
results
are
not applied to
The reason
the
is
lag parts
zero,
of those
and thus,
integral
the initial
3,
[5],
and 5.
The first
order
respectively.
Solutions
of the
nonlinear
ordinary
(15].
approximation
fall
below
Fig.
those
of
72
lower
order
Surface Teap
Ist order
---
0.9
3rd order
-"
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.6
....
0.4
(Wt-O.01)
0.2
0.4
0.8
0.6
1.
(Runge-Kutta
0* Method).
Surface Teup
A.0
0.98
0.01
o0.004 0.660. 60.0
0N0J
60
0.961
0.94O.4
0.92
S'.
--
lstorder
--
3rd order
0.9
0.88
th order
(At a 0.0001)
Fig. 3.2 Surface temperature of a Flat Plate
cooled by convection end radiation
-
(Runge-Ktta Method).
Surface Temap
0.02 0.04 0.06 0.o08
0.965
---
-"
0.9
0o.i
Ist order
rd order
-Sth order
0.86
0.8
(&t -0.001)
in
the
order
of
approximation method,
approximation.
In
fixed
order
step fall below those for a larger time step at small times
(approx.
Surface Temp
0.9
0.8 \0.1
--
5.4).
0.01
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.2
0.4
0.6
O.8
ttite
Eig. 5.4 Surface temperature of a Flat Plate
cooled by convection and radiation
(Runge-Kutta Method of the first Order)
0.1,
As observed earlier,
0.01,
and 0.001,
respectively.
of
heuristic
nonlinear
that it
requires the
ordinary
differential
This leads to an
the
(1.1)
and (1.2a,b,c)
(4.32).
presented in
the Aitken-Neville
tables 1 and 2,
the
step fall
situation where solution curves for a smaller time
the finite
below those for a larger time step holds in
difference method.
table I
The finite Difference Method for Various Time Steps
Time
-F2
At
at
WA
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.849395
0.797214
0.764701
0.740419
0.720827
0.704316
0.689998
0.677333
0.659595
0.843059
0.793829
0.762365
0.738609
0.719340
0.703048
0.688893
0.676351
0.665075
0.842539
0.793609
0.762256
0.738559
0.719328
0.7o303
0.688927
0.676400
0.665137
0.10
0.655626
0.654821
0.654893
020
0.583564
0.583127
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.496573
0.461310
0.428810
0.398614
0.496292
0.461056
0.428575
0.398394
0.80
0.90
1.00
0.370501
0.344321
0.319948
0.370296
0.344130
0.319770
0.30
0.535891
0.535564
75
SurftcS TORp
0. 8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.m
tibia 2
The Finite bifferetice Method tor Various Time Steps
- At
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.916249
0.882656
0.860270
0.842779
0.912694
0.880526
0.858708
0.841514
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.803988
0.793626
0.784073
0.803134
0.792846
0.7745"5
0.05
0.06
0.827055
O.81431
0.828134
0.815380
0.10
0.20
0.775178
0.706513
0.5O
O.4O
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
0.656561
0.616906
0.584412
o0.557215
0.534052
0.514033
0.496514
1.00
0.481017
0.9130I
16
Surface T'ep
0.02
0.95.
0.04
'01tine
0.06 -0.0
0.9
0.001
0.01
0.85
Even
though
boundary,
the
implicit
numerical
scheme
experiments
is
implemented
show that
on
solutions
the
still
77
Table 3.
Ist Order
3rd Order
0.10
0.712925
0.667017
Finite
Diff.
0.655626
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
0.619477
0.562454
0.516209
0.475091
0.437583
0.403124
0.371405
0.342189
0.567586
0.514915
0.477480
0.445843
0.417183
0.390595
0.365742
0.342459
0.583564
0.535891
0.496573
0.461310
0.428810
0.398614
0.370501
0.344321
.0
0.320636
0.315274
0.319948
Surface Temp
----
0.9
--
order
3rd order
finite Diff.
0. 8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
(6t-o.Ol)
0.2
ti ze
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.
78
Table 4
Ist Order
3rd Order
Finite
0.10
0.785102
Dlff,
0.754306
0.775178
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.705908
0.651471
0.609637
0.665482
0.622430
0591087
0.706513
0.656562
0.616906
0.90
0.488156
0.491399
0.496514
0.477772
0.481017
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
I.0
0.576138
0.548557
0.525344
0.505453
0.472926
0.565188
0542988
0.523640
0.506582
0.584412
0.557215
0.534052
0.514033
time
0.4
0.6
0.8
0.8
1.
lst order
0.61
66e
C
(t
0.01
0.6o.~
0.4
Fig. 5.8 Comparnion of results for cooling
of a sphere.
79
Lastly,
in
The
a flat
believe that it
at
We
the
and
difference
the
in
coefficient
convective term.
Surface Temp
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0. 1
0.05
2.
6.
4.
8.
.ce leap
Sur
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
2.
4.2.
6.
4.tiae
8.
10. tm
of
the
VI.
CONCLUSIONS
convective
and
radiative
boundary
conditions
in
to
thermal
radiation
and
to
isotropic, and
have
temperature
The difficulty
of the problem
is
to the laws
of physics,
the heat
flux of the
of
this
type
are
first
solved
by
analytic
In
surface for two special cases, namely, the flat plate and the
sphere, are singular nonlinear Volterra integral equations of
the
second
determining
kind.
Although
the temperature
they
at
81
are
not
a particular
practical
time,
in
these
integral
equations
can
help
us
to
deduce
some
useful
Additionally, the
directly applied to
It
is the well
Runge-Kutta
programmed
equations
for
methods
(1.39)
and
of
(1.43)
orders
3,
1,
which
are
and
the
are
integral
respectively.
The
numerical
results
are
presented
First,
with
The data
the solutions of a
Second, the
first
is
that
smaller
step
size determines
the
surface
1-,
3r,
and 5t
for
temperature
Physically,
total volume ratio is largest for the sphere and smallest for
the plate.
The
fourth phenomenon
is
is
reduced,
as would be
(1.1)
and
(1.2a,b,c)
are
solved
numerically
using the finite difference method for both the flat plate and
the sphere.
The table shows that the second phenomenon found in the Runge83
Kutta method
Again, as
step
size
surface
the
determines
more
temperature
Finally,
is
The first
solutions.
are
comparisons
made
of
the
numerical
cases.
The
second
comparison
was made
between
the
The finite
for
the
transient
boundary conditions.
exposed
plate
the
heat
conduction
with
linear
the
uniform
boundary
layer.
the
dimensionless
temperature
approaches
This
Physically,
or initial temperature
the adiabatic
required
surface is
5.
meet
a set accuracy
is
determined
by which
temperature
environment
initial
to
temperature
solid
increases.
To conclude this thesis, a numerical scheme is proposed as
an alternative to the existing numerical methods.
The method
approximation
for
of that method is
the
iteration
One
choosing the
procedure.
As
method
(without the
to
temperature
Then, by treating it
the method
obtain
the
obtained
approximation
for
the
of successive
solution.
by
using
exact
We
approximations
believe
the
solution
as an initial
finite
would
that
However,
proved
this
technique
would
allow
be
is
larger
aware,
better
time
In
steps.
86
the
difference
is
and numerical
APPENDIX-A
and
(3.29)
to
corresponding
and
13
P, 2 P33 .
j
I-
2- 2 -pA3
I1 (
3 in
respectively,
(3.17):
X2-(t)
B2
(t)
B3
D']
"
(3.30)
(A. 1)
where
P2 2 P3a28
-PAa42
2a
P4 P242
(A.2)
P343J
1~
B2
1 1 (B)
P2 2
P2 2
P2A
P3
_P 3 3
P~A3
where
87
(A.3)
P2
14 1
Det(A)
-P2442
alPU
Using a
0 36 3
P3U93
2d 2
property
fundamental
(A.4)
-P33
of determinants
(A.4)
can be
written as
Det(A) =-PPP3
(A 5)
13 2
G444
Ma
131
42 a4 -,3,g4)
0
-(a2-Cg)
. 1
W-4
(A.6)
Define
0
A'l= .al2
21
01
-(-133
1)
1-
then
88
(A.7)
Det (A')
(A.B8)
(B3 a4,2)
=T)
-2
2,
-3Z
(at -a4)
3
(A.9)
B3
2 + B 2 (cd + 2)+
B14t2C9a
p14 [MC2_C2(g + 2)+G
89
Without
APPENDXX-B
and N is
in the domain.
The algorithm is
as follows:
DO 10 i =
=
ratio
bi =
di =
2,N
ai/bi
bi - ratio
di - ratio
* ci-,
* di-,
10 CONTINUE
UN =
dN/bN
DO 20 i = N-l,1
Ui= (d, - ci * di.1)/bi
20 CONTINUE
90
-. ST OF REFERENCES
1.
Saul S. Abarbanel,
'Time dependent temperature
distribution in radiation solids', Math. Phys. 39, #4,
246-257(1960).
2.
D. L. Ayers, 'Transient cooling of a sphere in space',
Heat Transfer, Feb., pp. 180-181(1970).
pp.
J.
3.
A. L. Crosbie and R. Viskanta, 'Transient heat or cooling
of one-dimensional solids by thermal radiation' in Proceedings
of the Third International Heat Transfer Conference, Vol. V,
pp.1 4 6-153. A.I.Ch.E., New York(1966).
4.
A. L. Crosbie and R. Viskanta, 'Transient heating or
cooling of a plate by combined convection and radiation', Int.
J. Heat. Mass. Transfer 11, p.p. 345-347(1968).
5.
A. L. Crosbie and R. Viskanta, ' A simplified method for
solving transient heat conduction problems with nonlinear
boundary conditions',
J.
Heat Transfer,
Aug.,
pp.
358359(1968).
6.
R. S. Fairall, R. A. Wells, and R. L. Belcher, 'Unsteadystate heat transfer in solids with radiation at one boundary',
J. Heat Transfer, Aug., pp. 266-267(1962).
7.
J. D. Lawson and J. L. Morris, 'The extrapolation of first
order method for parabolic partial differential equations, I',
SIAM Num. Analy. 17, pp. 641-655(1980).
8.
J. L. Milton and W. P. Gross, 'Stability criteria for
explicitly finite difference solutions of the parabolic
diffusion equation with nonlinear boundary conditions', Int.
J. Num. Meth. Engn. 7, pp. 57-67(1973).
9.
J. L. Milton and W. P. Goss, 'On solving the transient
conducting slab with radiating and convecting surfaces', J.
Heat Transfer, Nov., pp. 547-548(1974).
10. D. U. von Rosenberg, Methods for the numerical solutions
of Partial
Differential Equations.
American Elsevier
Publishing Co., New York, 1969, pp. 75-77.
11. P. J. Schneider,
'Radiation cooling of finite heating
conducting solids',
J.
Aero/Space Science 27,
pp.
548549(1960)
91
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Address:
84
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an operating agency which assigns a specified amount of money
to subordinate units.
The amount allotted by the agency
cannot exceed the amount apportioned by the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB).
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
None
None
COMMENT:
Synonyms:
&, tonyms:
85
AWARD
None
None
COMMENT:
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
86
CERTIFICATION
The formal act of acknowledging in writing and affirming by
signature that:
- some act has or has not been performed;
- some event has or has not occurred;
None
None
COMMENT:
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
87
CONSULTAULT
Advisor, Expert,
None
(SME)
COMMENT:
Synonyms:
Antonyms:-
88
COST OBJECTIVE
Target Cost
COMMENT:
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Antonyms:
89
ZSCKATATI
(1) A term traditionally used to indicate an upward or (more
rarely) a downward movement of price.
"Economic Price
Adjustment" is
the contemporary term used to express the
application of escalation by specified procedures.
(2) In Government contracting refers to an amount or percent
by which a contract price may be adjusted if
predefined
contingencies occur, such as changes in the vendor's raw
material costs or labor costs. The amount of the "escalation"
is usually tied to some predetermined price index.
Synonyms:
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COMMENT:
Synonyms:
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90
EXPESE
Costs of operation and maintenance of activities on the
accrual basis for a fiscal period, as distinguished from
capital costs that will be depreciated over their approximate
service life.
Synonyms:
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Costs
Revenue,
Income
STRONGLY
AGREE
AGREE
AGREE W1
RESERVATION
DISAGREE W1 DISAGREE
RESERVATION
COMMENT:
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91
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DISAGREE
None
None
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92
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None
Setoff
COMMENT:
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93
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STRONGLY
AGREE
AGREE
AGREE W1
RESERVATION
DISAGREE W/ DISAGREE
RESERVATION
COMMENT:
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94
STRONGLY
DISAGREE
Al location
Funding: An amount of money transferred from one agency,
bureau or account that is set aside in an appropriation of the
various committees having spending responsibilities to carry
out the purposes of the parent appropriation or fund.
Within DOD, the money is being transferred from the services
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Financial: A cost accounting procedure which results in a
reasonable distribution of costs among one or more cost
contracts,
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products,
programs,
objectives
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COMMENT:
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95
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STRONGLY
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COMMENT:
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96
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97
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Consideration,
COMMENT:
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(1)
Failure,
omission,
or violation of contractual
obligation or duty.
(2)
The actual failure by the contractor to meet the
contract delivery or performance schedule, or the potential
failure to do so by failing to maintain required progress in
contract performance as required by the contract delivery or
performance schedule
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
STRONGLY
AGREE
2 ----------
AGREE
3 ----------
AGREE W/
RESERVATION
4----------
COMMENT:
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
100
6---STRONGLY
DISAGREE
5 ---------
DISAGREE W/ DISAGREE
RESERVATION
Executed Contract
None
None
COMMENT:
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
101
COMMENT:
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
102
Novation Aareement
A legal instrument, executed by the parties to a contract and
a successor in interest, which transfers all obligations and
rights under the contract to the successor.
The government may recognize a third party as a successor of
a government contract when the third party's interests arises
out of the transfer of 1) all the contractor's assets, or 2)
the entire portion of the assets involved in the performing a
contract.
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
None
None
-------S1
2----------3---------- 4---------- 5---------6---STRONGLY
AGREE
AGREE W1
DISAGREE W/ DISAGREE
STRONGLY
AGREE
RESERVATION RESERVATION
DISAGREE
COMMENT:
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
103
Royalty
Commission Payment,
Royalty Free Use
Use Fee
1-2
STRONGLY
AGREE
AGREE
AGREE W/
RESERVATION
DISAGREE W/ DISAGREE
RESERVATION
COMMENT:
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
104
STRONGLY
DISAGREE
APPENDIX C:
FOLLOW-UP QUESTIONNAIRE
FOLLOW-ON QUESTIONNAIRE
106
Original Definition:
ALLOTUMT
None
Antonyms:
None
Survey Results
Allotment
First
70%
Round
60.0%
En
0..
3c
L
2t.
3OX
C
0.
Pating Scale
Couuiets:
Allotments can be made by other than "heads" to "subordinate
units".
Allotments go farther than to subordinate agency units.
They
end up being made to programs/projects and individual
contracts.
107
Periodicity of allotments,
Add to end of first
i.e. quarterly/annually.
sentence ",
projects or activities."
Antonyms:
Revised Definition:
ALLQ~UIT
An authorization by the head (or other authorized employee) of
an operating agency which assigns a specified amount of money
The amount
to subordinate units, projects or activities.
allotted by the agency cannot exceed the amount apportioned by
the Office of Management and Budget (OMB).
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
Funding.
None
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
108
Original Definition:
AWARD
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
Survey Results
Award
First Round
34%
32
28%2.
(0
C
-6
24
25.6%
23.1K
22%
a
(1)
2fi
a:
18%
0
44
1 2%
I)
U
L
lax
10.o
2%
as
Rating Scale
Coumments:
In (2) change "give" to 4let".
Very essential to establish clear and concise communication
between contractor and Government contracting personnel.
Delete (2).
Notification of intent to award does not
constitute award.
Enhance definition by adding "Notice of
Award, Notice to Proceed" to (3).
109
(2)
is
too broad
leaves
out
FAR/DFAR.
Item (3)
is a conditional award.
in
a contract depending on
intent is
(3)
not an award.
are a result of Item
Contract,
Loss
110
Revised Definition:
AWARD
None
None
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
iii
Original Definition:
CERTIFICATION
None
None
Survey Results
59. 0%
so%
In
0
In
a
0
a,_
30m
20.20
CL
10%
5.10l
SA
AR
OR
5D
Rating Scale
Comments:
Needs to follow FAR/DFARS/CFR more closely.
Need to mention legal accountability of certifier.
Reword definition as a positive statement.
not" and "or does not" from sentences.
112
Strike
"or has
None
Antonyms:
None
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
113
Original Definition:
Advisor, Expert,
Antonyms:
None
(SME)
Survey Results
Consultant
First Round
(n
0
a.
in
30
0LO
0
23. 1%
4-A
0)
U
20
Rating Scale
Coients:
Change "them" to "him/her".
Change "broad" to "extensive".
Consultants may be called upon to furnish guidance or to
advocate, for the benefit of an individual or entity.
Add after "expert advice" - "or opinions".
114
nature."
Is
deliverable required?
Specialist,
Employee.
Facilitator, Authority.
Revised Definition:
(SME),
STRONGLY
AGREE
C
AGREE
0
---------- 3--
---------- 4
AGREE W/
RESERVATION
M
56----------5---------- 6----
DISAGREE W/ DISAGREE
RESERVATION
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
115
STRONGLY
DISAGREE
T
Original Definition:
COST OBJECTIVE
Cost Objective
First
so%
Round
46. 2
40
C
0
30S
28.09
U
L
SA
OR
0S
Rating Scale
comuents I
116
"and/or required".
Change definition to
"Cost objective is
a measure of
applicable dollars to a defined task/work effort.
Can apply
to a contract, organization or other work unit."
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
Cost Segment.
None
Revised Definition:
COST OBJECTIVE
Aacounting:
A function, contract, or other work unit for
which cost data is desired and for which provision is made to
accumulate and measure the cost of processes, products,
capitalized projects, and so forth.
Program Management: Cost goal established for the completion
of an element of work.
Negotiations:
Goal established for contract
achieved during contract negotiations.
Synonyms:
Cost Goal, Target Cost
Antonymst None
cost
to be
STRONGLY
AGREE
C
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
117
.........
Original Definition:
is
the
contemporary
term
used
to express
the
0.5
F
0
0.4
La
0.3
0
4-,
U
L
20.5%
0.2
15.4%
0.1
Rating Scale
Coents:
sentence in
(1) "/cost."
(1).
"upward or downward".
application
EPA is
definition,
i.e.
of
CP or
"escalation" to "adjustment".
index"
price
(2)
"predetermined
end
of
Change
"predetermined public or Government price index."
to
Cost Growth.
Deescalation.
Revised Definition:
ESCALATION
A pricing term traditionally used to indicate an upward
movement of price/cost due to inflation or market adjustment.
119
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
None
Deescalation
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
120
Original Definition:
EXPENSE
Costs
Revenue,
Income
Survey Results
Expense
First Round
6O
4B. 7
50%
in
c
o
40
0.
CL
30%
25. a
0
C
U
15.4%
10%
7.7%
SA
A0O
D5
Rating Scale
Coments:
Change definition to "A cost incurred in performance of a
business operation or contract to be accounted for on an
accrual basis for a fiscal year or tied to a specific
contract.
As distinguished from capital .....
Delete "Revenue,
" to
Is
it
Overhead
Revised Definition:
EXPENSE
Costs of operation and maintenance of activities on the
accrual basis for a fiscal period, as distinguished from
capital costs that depreciate over their approximate service
life.
Synonyms:
Costs
Antonyms-
Revenue,
Income
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
122
Original Definition:
INDUSTRIAL PLANT EOUIPKINT
(IPE)
None
None
Survey Results
Industrial
Plant
First
60%
Equipment
Round
51.X
In
C
0
40%
Q
cc
40
30% -28.2%
4-,
0)
U
20%
10%
BA
AR
2.6%
2.6s
DR
5D
Pating Scale
Coments:
Add to end of definition "anticipated to have value and use
after the contract is completed."
Delete "exceeding an established acquisition cost threshold".
IPE is IPE if it is within or in excess of a cost threshold.
123
DFARS 245.301.
Add to definition "This equipment is Government Furnished
Equipment (GFE) for the contractors' use in furtherance of the
Government contract."
Delete listing type of equipment - too limiting.
IPE is
cases.
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
in
all
None
None
Revised Definition:
INDUSTRIAL PLANT EQUIPMENT (IPE)
Plant equipment acquired by either Government or industry,
exceeding an established acquisition cost threshold, used for
the purpose of altering the physical, electrical or chemical
properties of materials,
components or other end items
entailed in manufacturing, maintenance, supply, processing,
assembly or research and development operations.
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
None
None
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
124
Original Definition:
Counterclaim, Setoff
None
Survey Results
Offsets
First Round
70
0
U
L
205
Bo
Rg
MM
SA
2.G
AAR
DDW
Rating Scale
125
0..3
Comenta:
"
Counterclaim, Setoff
None
COMMENT:
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
127
Original Definitions
zIQGZTI
None
None
Survey Results
Weighted
Average
Cost Method
First Round
acm
69. 2
C
0
4D
40
00
U
L
10
Rat. I ng 5<co Ie
PD
cowments 3
Change "goods made, sold, or held..." to "goods made
process, sold to regular customers or held...".
in
128
Revised Definition:
WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST METHOD
A method of determining the average unit cost of inventory and
by implication an aid in determining the cost of goods made,
sold, or held for future sale or incorporation into higher
level end items. Under this technique, costs are periodically
computed by adding the sum of the costs of beginning inventory
with the sum of the costs of subsequent purchases and dividing
by the total number of units.
Synonyms: Unit Cost Comparison Technique
Antonyms:
None
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
129
Original Definitions
Allggati2&
Funding: An amount of money transferred from one agency,
bureau or account that is set aside in an appropriation of the
various committees having spending responsibilities to carry
out the purposes of the parent appropriation or fund.
Within DOD, the money is being transferred from the services
to the appropriate MAJCOMS.
Financial: A cost accounting procedure which results in a
reasonable distribution of costs among one or more cost
and
contracts,
programs,
products,
(e.g.,
objectives
activities). This includes both direct assignment of costs and
the reassignment of a share from an indirect pool.
Synonyms:
None
Antonyms:
None
Survey Results
AI Iocation
First
70%
Round
66.7
to
1.
C
0
30%
0..
L
0 20%
4 .2%
4 .2
'4-
130
Comments:
Perhaps
change
distribution.
reasonable
distribution
to
appropriate
resources
manpower,
in
the
skills,
to Funding.
allocation could
having
spending
which
131
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
132
Original Definition:
Amortization
5cm
0
4
25.0
.J
C
U
1.
Rat~ng Scale
Coments:
"asset
value",
calculated
"usually
to
occur
depreciable
over
capital
"account".
"reduction of an indebtedness"
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
Depreciation(?), reduction,
Expense item, Expensed.
to "extinguishment
of
redemption.
Revised Definition:
Amortization
The systematic liquidation of an indebtedness or recorded
asset value over a specific period of time by periodic
payments to a creditor or charges to an expense account, in
accordance with generally accepted accounting procedures or
principles.
Synonyms:
Liquidation, Writeoff
Antonyms:
None
_________________________
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
134
Original Definition:
None
None
Survey Results
Bid
First Round
45. W
40
C
o0C1
31. 3
31.
0
1
20%3
18.8s
Uon
L
10%
2.41
AR
DR
2.1%
D51
Rating Scale
Comenta:
to
first
irrevocable,
sentence,
"A
offer to perform
...
firm-fixed-price,
usually
"
aid
An offer to perform a contract by providing goods or services
for a specific price. In Federal Government contracting, it
is the technical term for an irrevocable offer in response to
an Invitation For Did (XFB).
136
Synonym:
Antonymas
Offer,
None
Proposal.
----------2
3----------- 4 ---------- 5---------- 6---AGREE
AGREE W/
DISAGREE W1 DISAGREE
STRONGLY
RESERVATION RESERVATION
DISAGREE
COMMENT:
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
137
Original Definition:
None
None
Survey Rexulta
Commitment
"Flrst Round
W--
1st3ngScale
138
~O
Comments:
Change first paragraph to "An engagement by contract involving
financial obligation."
Change last paragraph to "Accounting: The total accumulated
financial obligation against a contract or other objective at
a specific point in time."
Note:
Second paragraph
obligations."
add
"It
indicates
intention(s)
to incur
item."
to
change
"division
(wing
or
base)"
to
Funding can
interagency
"firm procurement
directions"
to
None
None
Revised Definition:
CgQimLmnt
The act by an authorized individual affirming the intent of an
agency or company to take or accept a defined action not yet
formalized by execution of a contract.
139
None
None
3----------4----------5----------6------------S-----STRONGLY
AGREE W/
DISAGREE W/ DISAGREE
AGREE
DISAGREE
RESERVATION RESERVATION
COMMENT:
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
140
Original Definition:
Cost
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
Survey Results
Cost
First
45%
Round
0)
(n
0.
Cr
I+-
1.e
20%
15o
,4.21
SA
AR
2.1%
DR
51)
Rating Scale
coments:
Change
(1)
to
"The
total
amount
of
money
or
equivalent
Remove
"Total Cost"
from Synonyms
because
total
cost may
include fee.
Remove "Consideration" from Synonyms.
Add (3) "A direct or indirect charge of a specific or unique
element allocated to a particular cost objective."
Consider type of contract
separate from profit.
cost
is
Actual
Revised Definitions:
Coat
(1) For the Seller:
The amount of money or equivalent
incurred for supplies or services exclusive of profit or fee.
(2) For the Buyer: The amount of money or equivalent paid
for supplies or services including the seller's profit or fee.
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
Expense,
None
Consideration,
STRONGLY
AGREE
AGREE
3 -----------
AGREE W/
RESERVATION
4 ----------
DISAGREE W/
RESERVATION
COMM!ENT:
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
142
6---STRONGLY
DISAGREE
5 ----------
DISAGREE
Original Definition:
DPlinumnv
(1)
Failure,
omission,
or violation of contractual
obligation or duty.
The actual failure by the contractor to meet the
(2)
contract delivery or performance schedule, or the potential
required progress
failure to do so by failing to maintain
in contract performance as required by the contract delivery
or performance schedule
Overdue, Tardy, Late
Early, Accelerated, Timely
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
Survey Results
Delinquency
First
355
Round
33.35
31.
28. 1
155
0)
U
L
3.5
Rating Scale
Comments:
In
(2)
(2)
to
"The actual
failure by a contractor,
Change
subcontractor or supplier to meet the contract delivery or
performance schedule, or the potential failure to do so by not
143
In
(2)
delete "potential".
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
144
Original Definitiont
Executed Contract
None
Antonyms:
None
Survey Results
Executed Contract
First Round
34.
3MR
Rises=
28
26.
to
29.1%
0.. 24%
00)
U
L
ICRS
Comen tax
Change "A written document which..." to "A written document in
the hands and under control of all parties which..."
Executed or Executory Contract.
Change "and mailed or otherwise" to "and".
Should price/consideration be added?
145
Change
"which
expresses"
to
"which
clearly
expresses
the
mutually agreed".
Does definition cover new technology,
i.e. EDI,
FAX, etc.?
Revised Definition:
Executed Contract
A written document which has been signed by both parties and
furnished to each party, which expresses the requirements,
terms, and conditions to be met by each party.
Synonyms:
Definitized Contract
Antonyms:
None
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
146
Original Definition:
Indemendent Cost Estimate
40%
Cost Estimate
Round
38.
35%
29.9%
U)
C1
25X
24.6
UO
0
.J
t
U
L
5%
3 5%
SA
AR
DR
D0S
Rating Scale
coments:
from"
"one or more
areas
of
Revised Definitions
Indeoendent Cost Estimate
A cost estimate developed independent of any cost information
provided by the offeror, used for the purpose of comparing
with bids or proposals. Preparation of independent costs
estimates generally includes representations from one or more
of the areas of cost/price analysis, procurement, production
management, engineering, and program management.
Synonyms:
Independent Government Cost Estimate (IGCE)
Antonyms:
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
148
Original Definition:
Novation Areement
None
None
Survey Results
Novation
First
Agreement
Round
5so
45.0
40X
0
30.
03
21.
U
L
la?.xO.N-
0. C
Rating Scale
Comments:
Change "performing" to "performance of".
Change "under the contract to the successor" to "under the
contract of one party to its successor in interest."
149
interest".
Antonyms:
Revised Definition:
Novation Agreement
A legal instrument, executed by the parties to a contract and
a successor in interest, which transfers all obligations and
rights under the contract of one party to the successor in
interest.
The government reserves the right to recognize or not
recognize a third party as a successor in interest of a
government contract when the third party's interests arises
out of the transfer of 1) all the contractor's assets, or 2)
the entire portion of the assets involved in the performance
of a contract.
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
None
None
STRONGLY
AGREE
AGREE
AGREE W/
RESERVATION
DISAGREE W/ DISAGREE
RESERVATION
COMMENT:
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
150
STRONGLY
DISAGREE
Original Definition:
RQYAlty
Compensation paid to the owner, vendor or lessor of personal,
real, tangible or intangible property for the use of that
property. Usually a percentage of the selling price of goods
and services, production of which employs the property.
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
Round
43.,
40%
W)
C
0
35%
U)
30
i25.3
4-
25%
21.1%
C
L
q)
U
15%
10%
3.5
SA
4etec
2Mntcer
AARDDW
Rating Scale
Comments:
Delete "production of which employs the property".
Sentence 2 not clear.
Do not consider a fee for rental of property to be royalty.
Protected rights of the owner.
Synonyms:
Antonyms:
Revised Definition:
real,
Commission Payment,
Fee.
Antonyms:
Royalty Free Use
SYNONYMS:
ANTONYMS:
152
LIST OF REFERENCES
1.
Purchasing
Barlow,
C.
Wayne
and Eisen,
Glen P.,
Negotiations, Boston: CBI Publishing Company, Inc., 1983.
2.
"Incorporating
Basu, Shankar and Schroeder, Roger G.,
Judgments in Sales Forecasts: Application of the Delphi
Method at American Hoist and Derrick," Interfaces, Volume
7, Number 3, May 1977.
3.
and
Brown,
Mark A.,
A Dictionary of Acquisition
Contracting Terms, Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate
School, Monterey, CA, 1991.
4.
S.
Dobler, Donald W., Burt, David N., and Lee, Lamar Jr.,
Purchasing and Materials Management Text and Cases (Fifth
Edition), New York: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company, 1990.
6.
7.
8.
9.
(FAR),
Chicago:
Commerce
13.
14.
Roe,
Russell G.,
A Dictionary of Acquisition and
Contracting Terms Master's, Thesis, Naval Postgraduate
School, Monterey, CA, 1991.
15.
Ryan,
Daniel
F.,
A Dictionary of Acquisition and
Contracting Terms, Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate
School, Monterey, CA, 1988.
16.
Sackman,
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
Wilson,
Robert E.,
A Dictionary of Acquisition and
Contracting Terms, Master's Thesis, Naval Postgraduate
School, Monterey, CA, 1990.
154
Lexington Books,
1975
1.
2.
3.
Library, Code 52
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93943-5002
4.
5.
6.
SC, USN
7.
LT Gerald A. Rivas,
407 LaVista Rd.
Pueblo, CO 81005
USN
SC,
155