English Language

Revision

Revision
EMD 2

Vocabulary
Phrasal verbs
Prefixes
Grammar
Comparison and contrast
The -ing form
Writing
Pharmacy-related
Signs and symptoms
The profession of pharmacy

Comparison use in sentences

I)

Equivalence
Non-equivalence
One item compared with others
Parallel increase

Equivalence

The following words/ expressions are used to show similarities :

As + adj/ adv + as
As much/ many as ...
Similar to ...
As well as
Like
Both/all

II)

Non-equivalence

The following words / expressions are used to differences:

Not as +adj + as
Adj + er +than
More/ less ...than
Fewer than...
Not as many/ much ...as
Compared to/ with

Dr. S. Fiala

English Language

III)

Revision

Dr. S. Fiala

The superlative

The following expressions are used to show one item compared with others:
The adj + est
The most .....
The least .....

IV)

Parallel increase

Two comparatives:
The (adj + er) the.... The more/ the less ....
The more I rest, the better I feel.
The smaller the device, the more money it costs.
Sometimes the subject and the verb (to be) are omitted:
The sooner, the better.
The less said about it, the better.

Exercise
Use the following sentences to form parallel increase constructions:
As I forgot a lot, I know a little.
As I searched a great deal, I found a great amount of information.
Because the rates are low, there are a lot of borrowers.
Because you plan a little, your experiences are bad.

The ing form of verbs

I)

The ing form as a gerund

A gerund refers to an activity or process.

It replaces a noun.
Ex: Eating strawberries without washing them will make you ill (Eating acts as the subject.)
Ex: I enjoy editing pictures (Editing is the object).
Other uses of gerunds
Gerunds are used after prepositions:
Designers start a project by making a wireframe.
Some verbs are followed by the gerund:
Avoid, finish, give up, hate, imagine, involve, keep, mind, suggest, keep, deny, postpone,
resist.
After certain expressions: its no use, cant stand, get used to, be used to, there is no point in,
its not worth, cant help.
He cant get used to using this program.

II)

The ing form as a present participle

The present participle is used in continuous tenses:
We are designing a new car on computer.
It is also used in reduced relative clauses:
a representation showing the outlines of all ages. (which shows the outlines)

English Language

III)

Revision

Dr. S. Fiala

The ing form as an adjective

The ing form is used before nouns as an adjective.

Ex: Can you fix the running tap?
Cf.
The tap was running for an hour (present participle).
Running the tap will clear the air pocket (gerund).

Exercise: correct mistakes

Computer animation is the process of create objects which move across the screen.
Texturing involves add paint, colour, and filters to drawings and designs.
A lot of time and money is saved by test a car design before to make the product.
To render refers to the techniques used to making realistic images.
Zoom is like a magnify glass which changes your view of drawing.
She is to design a logo for the company.
The internet is a network links other networks.

Writing
Description of data
Defined input => predictable output
Information transfer
Speculated explanations that lie outside the given data
Types of graphs

Tables

Histogram/ vertical bar-chart

Horizontal bar-chart
Curve/ line
Scattergram (lines of best-fit)
Circle (to show contributions)

Vocabulary used for the description of graphs

Increase/ rise/ go up to ~
Decrease/ drop/ go down to ~
Reach a plateau/a stable value/ stabilise/ remain the same/ stay the same
Peak/ highest point/ highest value
Lowest point/ lowest value

Task 1
The graph illustrates variations in radio and television audiences throughout the day relating to
British population over 4 years old during the time period between October and December 1992.
The line corresponding to television shows that the percentage of audiences is zero percent in early
morning (6:00 am) but it increases gradually up to six percent at 8:00 am. After a slight drop in the
following two hours, the percentage rises sharply to reach fifteen percent at 2:00 pm. A minor fall

English Language

Revision

Dr. S. Fiala

between 2:00 pm and 3:00 pm was followed by a fast increase in the percentage of television
audiences to attain a peak of forty five percent at around 7:30 pm. The percentage then goes down
gradually to a value of two percent at 2:00 am.
With regards to radio audiences, a different trend is observed. Unlike television, a peak in the
percentage of radio audiences is observed in the morning around 8:30 am with a value of twenty
seven percent. Then, the percentage declines throughout the following hours of the day with only
slight increases at 4:00 pm and 10:00 pm to reach a minimum value of one percent around 2:00 am.
The percentage of radio audiences corresponds with that of television audiences at 1:00 pm.
To sum up, most British people listen to the radio in early morning. However, television is more
popular in the evening.

Task 2
According to the bar chart, the number of men and women in further education in Britain shows the
following patterns during the periods 1970/71, 1980/81 and 1990/91.
With regards to men in full-time education, the numbers increased steadily from 100,000 in 1970/71
to 150,000 in 1980/81 to 250,000 in 1990/91. On the other hand, the numbers of men in part-time
education were much higher. The highest number, which was 1,000,000 was recorded in the period
1970/71. Then, after a drop to 850,000 in 1980/81, the number of men in part-time education rose
again 900,000 in 1990/91.
Concerning women in full-time education, the lowest number (50,000) was recorded in the period
1970/71 and was only half that of men. This value, however, increased dramatically to 200,000 in
1980/81 outnumbering men in full-time education. In the period 1990/91, the numbers of men and
women in full-time education were equal (200,000). As observed with men, the numbers of women
in part-time education were much higher when compared to full-time education. Nevertheless,
unlike men there is a general increase pattern in the three periods to reach a maximum number of
1,080,000 in 1990/91, which was higher than that of men in part-time education (900,000) during the
same period.
To sum up, further education courses are taken more commonly as part-time. Back in the period of
1970/71, men in further education outnumbered women, however, trends changed and by 1990/91,
the number of women in further education was higher than that of men.

Good luck with your exams!