Midterm 2 grade distribution

I will adjust rules/grading for final (details next week)

Magnetic Field
Chapter 27

Horseshoe
magnet

Bar magnet

Cylindrical
magnet

(= bent bar magnet)

Certain materials exhibit magnetism (e.g. loadstone mineral)
Every magnet has two poles (North and South)
NN and SS repel

while NS attract

Magnets rotate and align along NS axis

A compass needle is a bar magnet
The Earth acts as giant bar magnet and aligns compass needle

 If you cut a magnet in two you get two new magnets each
with N and S (there are no magnetic monopoles)

 Magnets attract certain materials (e.g. iron) but not others

(e.g. stainless steel, aluminium)
Both the S and the N pole attract these materials!
Magnets turn certain materials (e.g. iron) into magnets
temporarily
Non-magnetic materials (e.g. paper) do not shield mag. field
magnetic force decreases with distance
Electrical currents create magnetic field
In fact all magnetic fields are due to
electric currents;
moving electric charges create magnetic
fields. Charges at rest only create E-fields.

A bar magnet creates a dipole magnetic field

compass
needle

Magnetic field lines show the direction of a compass needle.

The distance between magnetic field lines indicates field strength

 Magnetic field lines continue inside

the magnet
Magnetic field lines are always closed
(unlike electric field lines)

The Earth is a magnetic dipole much like a bar magnet

Spinning liquid Earth core of iron and nickel constitutes a current.

Currents create magnetic fields.

Similarities between electric and magnetic dipoles

Magnetic dipole field

Magnets are always dipoles

Electric dipole field

Electric dipoles can be

broken up into monopoles

Magnetic dipole in
inhomogeneous B-field

Electric dipole in
inhomogeneous E-field

+
Net torque (i.e. rotation)

Net torque (i.e. rotation)

AND

AND

Net force toward higher field

Net force toward higher field

Magnetic dipole in
homogeneous B-field

Electric dipole in
homogeneous E-field

Net torque (i.e. rotation)

Net torque (i.e. rotation)

but NO net force

but NO net force

You can build a simple compass using a leaf on standing

water and a magnetized needle

Needle and leaf will

align to NS axis.

Question: Why does the leaf only rotate but does not move
toward the north pole?
Answer: Earth magnetic field is approximately
homogeneous on the Earths surface

The right hand rule applies to any vector (cross) product

y

pxpxpxpxpxpx

a Z (out of board)
x

y = z

z = x

x
= y

Right hand rule to determine direction of Lorentz force

velocity v
Field B

Force F

F =qv

B.

Question: in which direction does the magnetic force point?

Answer:
The magnetic force is zero since the charge is at rest

Question: in which direction does the magnetic force point?

Answer:
The magnetic force is zero since v is parallel to B

F = qvB sin( ) .

a
v||B means
a

pxpxpxpxpxpx

= 0 and sin( )=0 .

Question: in which direction does the magnetic force point?

indicates vector out of the board

Note:

Indicates vector into the board

Answer: to the right

indicates vector out of the board

Note:

Indicates vector into the board

Question: in which direction does the magnetic force point?

X
V

Answer:

down
Use left hand for negative charges

X
V

Large Hadron Collider

v
B down
7 TeV protons

Solar wind =
high speed
electrons & protons

Sun

NOT TO SCALE

Earth

The Earth is a magnetic dipole much like a bar magnet

Spinning liquid Earth core of iron and nickel constitutes a current.

Currents create magnetic fields.

Northern lights are caused when fast electrons from the sun
(solar wind) spiral along the Earths magnetic field lines and ionize
the air

This happens predominantly near the poles

Compass rose on nautical chart

shows difference between
true North and magnetic North

compass
rose for L.A.

Variation = 13o east for Los Angeles

Source of the magnetic field

Electric currents produce magnetic fields

that wrap circularly around a straight wire

B~I
B ~ 1/r

A current loop produces a dipole magnetic field

A solenoid coil
(= many current loops)
also creates dipole field

B ~ N, where N is number of loops

Solenoid coils can produce N times higher field than current loop

Electron in orbit around

nucleus is a tiny current loop
and thus magnetic dipole

A rotating electron
(spin) is a
magnetic dipole

A rotating nucleus (spin) is also

a magnetic dipole

Combined effect of orbital magnetic field, nuclear spin, and

electron spin determines whether or not an element is magnetic

Which of the following configurations create

dipole magnetic fields?

[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]

bar magnet
Earth
Sun
current loop
solenoid coil
straight wire

Which of the following configurations create

dipole magnetic fields?

[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]

bar magnet
Earth
Sun
current loop
solenoid coil
straight wire NO

Why does a bar magnet (i.e. magnetic dipole) align

itself to magnetic field lines?

More easily understood when treating bar magnet like

current loop.

Force on current carrying wire

Charges are confined to the conducting wire and

transmit their individual Lorentz force onto the wire
a

pxpxpxpxpxpx

F =I L

B.

same as

F =qv

B.

Current loop in homogeneous magnetic field

S
I

F
torque

Current loop torques around until net force on all four wires
is zero

F X

I
X

Current loop is aligned once the Net force is zero

Galvanometer (= current meter) is based on spring-loaded

Magnetic dipole in external magnetic field.
The higher the current the harder the dipole tries to align

Electromotor works by aligning electromagnet inside magnetic

field, then switching field and aligning again etc.