7 HydroERM 2014 E RiverModelling

Hydrology & Hydraulics
1D River Modelling
Hydrodynamic
Analysis
Numerical Simulation Tools
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
River Var Catchment Analysis

Flood Modelling Steps
GIS:
Digital Elevation Model analysis

DEM
Land Use
Rainfall
-> sub-catchment delineation

-> sub-catchment classification
-> station impact
Hydrology: Rainfall/Runoff analysis

Excel
MikeSHE
-> SCS Curve-Number method

-> integrated catchment hydrology
Hydraulics: 1D Hydrodynamic simulation

Mike11
HEC-RAS
ISIS1D
10.06.2014
-> numerical simulation tool

1D River Modelling
Overview Lecture
Software Tools for 1D River Modelling

examples for numerical simulation tools
1D Hydrodynamic Simulation
assumptions
river modelling elements
Theoretical Background
unsteady flow, Saint-Venant equations
numerical method Abbott-Ionesco scheme
Mike 11
introduction
simple test case
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
Part 1
Software Tools
1D River Modelling
Examples
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
Hydrodynamic Software Tools

Numerical Simulation
physics:
based on the Saint Venant Equations
numerics: mainly Finite Difference Method
examples:
Mike11
DHI (DK)
HEC-RAS U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)
Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC)
ISIS1D
Halcrow/CH2MHill (UK)
SOBEK
Deltares (NL)
Kalypso1D TU Hamburg-Harburg
Bjrnsen Consulting Engineers (D)
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
HEC-RAS
Overview
numerical simulation of
1D hydraulic water flow in
natural and artificial channels
subcritical, supercritical, mixed flow regime,

bridges, culverts, weirs and structures
simulation of:
- steady flow
- unsteady flow
- sediment transport
- mobile bed computations
- water quality
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
HEC-RAS
Overview
provider:
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Hydrologic Engineering Center
license:
public release (see web page for details) since 1995
version:
4.1 (2010)
approach: unsteady flow: 1D Saint-Venant equation
finite difference method
Preissmann implicit scheme or 4-point Box scheme
Web page: http://www.hec.usace.army.mil/software/hec-ras/
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
ISIS1D
Overview
full hydrodynamic simulator for flows and levels in open
channels and estuaries, complex looped and branched networks
complex structures and operating rules
unsteady, steady, subcritical, supercritical and transitional flows
water quality and sediment transport modules
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
ISIS1D
Overview
provider: CH2M HILL / Halcrow (UK)
license:
ISISFree and ISIS1D (see web page for details)
Preissmann implicit scheme or 4-point Box scheme
Web page: http://www.ch2mhill.com/isis
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
Mike11
Overview
steady and unsteady flow in branched and looped channel

networks, and flood plains
flow through a variety of standard and complex structures
subcritical and supercritical flow
additional modules:
- advection-dispersion
- water quality and ecology
- sediment transport
- rainfall-runoff
- flood forecasting
- real-time operations
- dam break
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
10
Mike11
Overview
provider: DHI (DK)

license:
commercial and DEMO mode
Abbott-Ionescu implicit scheme (6-points)
Web page: http://mikebydhi.com
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
11
Hydrodynamic Software Tools

Conclusion
several similar tools available

commercial, freeware, open source
similar functionality
same theoretical background
e.g. Saint Venant Equations
similar numerical approaches

e.g. implicit FDM scheme
-> software is no problem,

key factor of success
- data availability
- knowledge and expertise of the user!
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1D River Modelling
12
Part 2
River Modelling
for
1D Hydrodynamic
Simulation
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
13
1D River Modelling
Approach
reduction of the real-world flow processes to a 1D problem
Basic Assumptions
water is incompressible and homogeneous
no significant variations in density
the bottom slope is small
sin() = and cos() = 1
wave lengths are large compared to the water depth
flow everywhere can be regarded as having a direction parallel to the bottom

vertical acceleration can be neglected
hydro-static pressure variation along the vertical can be assumed
horizontal water level and equal velocity in a cross-section

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1D River Modelling
14
River Flood Modelling

What do we need ?
- steady or unsteady flow ?
- subcritical or supercritical flow ?
- sediment transport, morphodynamics ?
- water quality ?
Which physical state variables we are looking for ?
Which coordinates (space/time) are relevant ?
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
15

Steady and Unsteady Flow
steady -> all the time derivatives of a flow field vanish
=0
=0
unsteady (transient) -> some time derivatives 0
10.06.2014
0 examples for time derivatives
1D River Modelling
16

Subcritical or Supercritical Flow
v
Froude number Fr= =
c
v
(rectangle)
characteristic velocity
-> shallow water wave: average flow velocity
characteristic water wave propagation velocity
-> shallow water wave: cross-sectional area A, free-surface width B
interpretation
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1D River Modelling
17
River Flood Modelling - Assumptions

unsteady flow
subcritical flow
supercritical flow nearby structures only
no morphodynamics
no water quality study and or impact to HD
physical state variables: water level and discharge
coordinates: 1D along the river and time
2D cross-section vertical to river: value integration / average
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
18
1D Hydrodynamic River Modelling

River Model Components
geometry
river location by points (geospatial location)

cross section vertical to river branches
topology
physics
connection of branches -> channel network
structures
description of different hydraulics structures,

e.g. weir, culverts, bridges, pumps,
boundary cond.
physical state variables at spatial model boundary
initial condition
simulation
physical state variables at begin of simulation period
10.06.2014
parameter for physical descriptions

of phenomena's such as gravitation, friction,
period, time step, spatial approximation,

numerical parameter, stability criteria
1D River Modelling
19

Geometry and Topology Data
list of points in a 2D earth surface coordinate reference system

-> global 2D geospatial coordinates
connection of points to a line as river branch

-> local 1D coordinate along river -> chainage
upstream/downstream connections -> river network

-> topological network structure
cross section -> cut vertical to local 1D river longitudinal axis

-> 2D: local horizontal coordinate, global vertical coordinate
structures: bridge, culvert, weir, pump stations,

-> location by 1D river coordinate (chainage)
-> relevant geometry of structure
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
20

Physics Bed Resistance
friction between river bed and
water flow due to gravity in channels
depends on bed type and slope
-> less friction for smooth concrete

-> typical friction for normal gravel
-> high friction for rough stones/rocks and vegetation
part of Saint Venant equation
head loss (potential energy) due to friction along a channel to

the average velocity of the fluid flow
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
21

GaucklerManningStrickler formula (empiric)

1
v = 2/3 1/2
v
n
Rh
S
cross-sectional average velocity

Manning coefficient
hydraulic radius (-> wetted area / wetted perimeter)
slope of the hydraulic grade line, channel bed slope (constant water depth)
coefficients
Chezy coefficient
Manning coefficient
Strickler coefficient
C = 1/n R1/6
n
Ks = 1/n
mathematical relation between values

North American / UK and European point of view
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
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Manning values - examples
Minor Streams (top width at flood stage < 30 m)
Streams on Plain
1. Clean, straight, full stage, no rifts or deep pools
2. Same as above, but more stones and weeds
3. Clean, winding, some pools and shoals
4. Same as above, but some weeds and stones
5. Same as above, lower stages,
more ineffective slopes and sections
6. Same as 4, but more stones
7. Sluggish reaches, weedy, deep pools
8. Very weedy reaches, deep pools, or floodways
with heavy stand of timber and underbrush
10.06.2014
Manning n
0.0250.033
0.0300.040
0.0330.045
0.0350.050
0.0400.055
Strickler Ks
30-40
25-33
22-30
20-29
18-25
0.0450.060
0.0500.080
0.0750.150
17-22
12-20
07-13
1D River Modelling
23

Structures
weirs
culverts
control structures
bridges
pumps
dams
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
24

Boundary Conditions
location: at the border / boundary of model

time:
at any time within the simulation period
types of boundary conditions:
-> 1st type
Dirichlet
-> water level is given
Neumann
-> discharge is given
-> 2nd type
-> 3rd type
Cauchy
-> Q/h relationship
water level dependent discharge
values for boundary conditions

-> constant values
-> time series
additional application: external sources as inflow
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
25

Boundary Conditions for rivers
typical examples for upstream boundaries
-> constant discharge from a reservoir
-> discharge hydrograph of a specific event
typical examples for downstream boundaries
-> constant water level, e.g. in a large receiving water body

-> time series of water level, e.g. tidal cycle
-> rating curve (Q/H), e.g. from a gauging station
What do we need for lower part of the river Var ?
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
26

Initial Conditions
location: everywhere in the model

time:
for the begin of the simulation period
methods to specify initial conditions
-> manual specification of local and global values
-> steady state calculation
-> result of another simulation: hotstart
impact of initial conditions to results
strategies to specify initial conditions
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
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Simulation
time:
space:
numerics:
results:
10.06.2014
simulation period, time steps

simulation grid points
scheme parameter, iteration parameter,
stability criteria
implicit/explicit schemes -> solver type
storage frequency,
type of physical state variables
location of physical state variables
1D River Modelling
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Part 2
Theoretical
Background
(Mike11)
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
29
Abstraction Steps
reality
abstraction by physical system using assumptions, simplifications
physical system
physical behavior described by physical laws and principles
physical laws
described by differential equations
numerical method
differential equations -> system of algebraic equations
mathematical algorithm
solving the system of algebraic equations
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1D River Modelling
30
Reality
River Var
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1D River Modelling
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Physical System
river network
cross sections
flood plains
structures
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1D River Modelling
32
Physical Laws
1D Saint-Venant Equations
simplification of the shallow water equations in 2D

depth-integrated Navier-Strokes equations
Continuity Equation (Conservation of Mass)

Momentum Equation (Conservation of Momentum)
Assumptions
- incompressible and homogenous fluid

- flow is mainly one-dimensional
- bottom slope is small
- small longitudinal variation of cross-sectional parameters
- hydrostatic pressure distribution
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1D River Modelling
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Physical Laws - 1D Saint-Venant Equations

h(t+dt)
h(t)
at time t+dt
at time t
Q
Q
dx
Q dt (Q +
Q
A
dx)dt = dA dx = dx dt
x
t
Q
h
B = 0
x
t
increase of mass from t1 to t2 =

mass flux into control volume (t1 to t2) + mass flux out of control volume (t1 to t2)
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
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Momentum
Momentum Flux
Pressure Force
Friction Force
Gravity Force
h(t)
H
P
F
P+
P
= Mass per unit length * velocity

= Momentum * velocity
= Hydrostatic Pressure P
= Force due to Bed Resistance
= Contribution in X-direction
z(t)
M
( M U )
P
Ff
Fg
=
+
+
t
x
x
x
x
Momentum = Momentum Flux

+ Pressure - Friction + Gravity
increase of momentum from t1 to t2 =
momentum flux into control volume (t1 to t2) + sum of external forces acting over
the same time
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
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q = lateral inflow
acceleration
local convective pressure friction/gravity
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1D River Modelling
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Numerical Methods
Finite Difference Method
implicit Abbott-Ionescu 6-point scheme
Implicit Abbot-Ionescu 6-point scheme
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
37
Numerical Methods
Continuum Equation
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
38
Numerical Methods
Momentum Equation
Implicit scheme
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1D River Modelling
39
Mathematical Algorithm
equation system structure (one branch, no connection)
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1D River Modelling
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equation system transformation
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1D River Modelling
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node point solution

-> branch network
boundary equations
-> h known
-> Q known
-> Q/h relationship
matrix bandwidth minimization
Double Sweep algorithm
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1D River Modelling
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Part 3
MIKE11
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
43
Mike11
Demonstration Live
set-up of a new model
straight channel
10 km length
cross section width = 10m, height = 10m
slope: 0%, 1%
material: concrete
initial condition
horizontal water level 5 m, discharge 0 m/s
boundary condition:
upstream:
water level time series 5 m with 7m wave
downstream: discharge = 0 (wall)
10.06.2014
1D River Modelling
44

7 HydroERM 2014 E RiverModelling

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Hydrology & Hydraulics

Hydrology & Hydraulics

River Var Catchment Analysis

Digital Elevation Model analysis

-> sub-catchment delineation

Hydrology: Rainfall/Runoff analysis

-> SCS Curve-Number method

Hydraulics: 1D Hydrodynamic simulation

-> numerical simulation tool

Hydrology & Hydraulics

Software Tools for 1D River Modelling

Hydrology & Hydraulics

Hydrology & Hydraulics

Hydrodynamic Software Tools

Hydrology & Hydraulics

subcritical, supercritical, mixed flow regime,

Hydrology & Hydraulics

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Hydrology & Hydraulics

Hydrology & Hydraulics

Hydrology & Hydraulics

steady and unsteady flow in branched and looped channel

Hydrology & Hydraulics

provider: DHI (DK)

Hydrology & Hydraulics

Hydrodynamic Software Tools

several similar tools available

similar numerical approaches

-> software is no problem,

Hydrology & Hydraulics

Hydrology & Hydraulics

reduction of the real-world flow processes to a 1D problem

the bottom slope is small

sin() = and cos() = 1

wave lengths are large compared to the water depth

flow everywhere can be regarded as having a direction parallel to the bottom

horizontal water level and equal velocity in a cross-section

Hydrology & Hydraulics

River Var Catchment Analysis

River Flood Modelling

Hydrology & Hydraulics

River Var Catchment Analysis

steady -> all the time derivatives of a flow field vanish

unsteady (transient) -> some time derivatives 0

0 examples for time derivatives

Hydrology & Hydraulics

River Var Catchment Analysis

Hydrology & Hydraulics

River Var Catchment Analysis

River Flood Modelling - Assumptions

Hydrology & Hydraulics

1D Hydrodynamic River Modelling

river location by points (geospatial location)

connection of branches -> channel network

description of different hydraulics structures,

physical state variables at spatial model boundary

physical state variables at begin of simulation period

parameter for physical descriptions

period, time step, spatial approximation,

Hydrology & Hydraulics

1D Hydrodynamic River Modelling

list of points in a 2D earth surface coordinate reference system

connection of points to a line as river branch

upstream/downstream connections -> river network