Bohemia

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For other uses, see Bohemia (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 50N 15E
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Bohemia
echy
Historical region
Karltejn Castle
Karltejn Castle
Flag of Bohemia
Flag
Coat of arms of Bohemia
Coat of arms
Bohemia (green) in relation to the current regions of the Czech Republic
Bohemia (green) in relation to the current regions of the Czech Republic
Location of Bohemia in the European Union
Location of Bohemia in the European Union
Country Czech Republic
Capital Prague
Area
Total
52,065 km2 (20,102 sq mi)
Population
Total
6,500,000
Density
120/km2 (320/sq mi)
Time zone
CET (UTC+1)
Summer (DST) CEST (UTC+2)
Bohemia (Czech: echy;[1] German: About this sound Bhmen (helpinfo); Polish: Czechy;
French: Bohme; Latin: Bohemia) is a region in the Czech Republic. In a broader m
eaning, it often refers to the entire Czech territory, including Moravia and Cze
ch Silesia,[2] especially in historical contexts: the lands of the Bohemian Crow
n. Bohemia was a kingdom in the Holy Roman Empire and subsequently a province in
the Habsburgs Austrian Empire. It was bounded on the south by Upper and Lower Au
stria, on the west by Bavaria, on the north by Saxony and Lusatia, on the northe
ast by Silesia, and on the east by Moravia. From 1918 to 1939 and from 1945 to 1
992 it was part of Czechoslovakia; and, since 1993, it has formed much of the Cz
ech Republic.[3]
Bohemia has an area of 52,065 km2 (20,102 sq mi) and today is home to approximat
ely 6 million of the Czech Republic s 10.3 million inhabitants. It is bordered b
y Germany to the west and northwest, Poland to the northeast, the historical reg
ion of Moravia to the east, and Austria to the south. Bohemia s borders are mark
ed with mountain ranges such as the Bohemian Forest, the Ore Mountains, and the
Krkonoe, the highest in the Sudeten mountain range.
Contents [hide]
1 Etymology
2 History
2.1 Ancient Bohemia
2.2 Pemysl dynasty
2.3 Luxembourg dynasty
2.4 Hussite Bohemia
2.5 Habsburg Monarchy
2.6 Twentieth century
3 Kladsko
4 Traditional administrative divisions

5 See also
6 References
7 Further reading
8 External links
Etymology[edit]
In the 2nd century BC, the Romans were competing for dominance in northern Italy
, with various peoples including the Boii. The Romans defeated the Boii at the B
attle of Placentia (194 BC) and the Battle of Mutina (193 BC). After this, many
of the Boii retreated north across the Alps.[4]
Much later Roman authors refer to the area they had once occupied as Boiohaemum,
the earliest mention[4] being in Tacitus Germania 28[5] (written at the end of
the 1st century AD). The name appears to include the tribal name Boi- plus the
Germanic element *haimaz "home" (whence Gothic haims, German Heim, English home)
. This Boiohaemum included parts of southern Bohemia as well as parts of Bavaria
(whose name also seems to derive from the tribal name Boii) and Austria. The Cz
ech name "echy" is derived from the name of the Slavic tribe of Czechs who settle
d in the area during the 6th or 7th century AD.
History[edit]
Further information: History of the Czech lands and History of Czechoslovakia
Historical map with Bohemia proper outlined in pink, Moravia in yellow, and Aust
rian Silesia in orange.
Ancient Bohemia[edit]
Bohemia, like neighbouring Bavaria, is named after the Boii, who were a large Ce
ltic nation known to the Romans for their migrations and settlement in northern
Italy and other places. Another part of the nation moved west with the Helvetii
into southern France, which was one of the events leading to the interventions o
f Julius Caesar s Gaulish campaign of 58 BC. The emigration of the Helvetii and
Boii left southern Germany and Bohemia a lightly inhabited "desert" into which S
uebic peoples arrived, speaking Germanic languages, and became dominant over rem
aining Celtic groups. Both Tacitus and Strabo refer to an area as Boiohaemum nam
ed after the Boii. The second component of this name is a Germanic word, related
to modern German heim, and English "home", so the term means "Boii-home". To th
e south, over the Danube, the Romans extended their empire, and to the southeast
in Hungaria, were Sarmatian peoples.
In the area of modern Bohemia the Marcomanni and other Suebic groups were led by
their king Marobodus, after suffering defeat to Roman forces in Germany. He too
k advantage of the natural defenses provided by its mountains and forests. They
were able to maintain a strong alliance with neighbouring tribes including (at d
ifferent times) the Lugii, Quadi, Hermunduri, Semnones, and Buri, which was some
times partly controlled by the Roman empire, and sometimes in conflict with it,
for example in the second century when they fought Marcus Aurelius.
In late classical times and the early Middle Ages, two new Suebic groupings appe
ared to the west of Bohemia in southern Germany, the Alemanni (in the Helvetian
desert), and the Bavarians (Baiuvarii), the latter being derived from the ancien
t name of the Boii. Many Suebic tribes from the Bohemian region took part in suc
h movements westwards, even settling as far away as Spain and Portugal. With the
m were also tribes who had pushed from the east, such as the Vandals, and Alans.
Other groups pushed southwards towards Pannonia. (The last known mention of the
kingdom of the Marcomanni, concerning a queen named Fritigil is in the 4th cent
ury, and she was thought to have lived in or near Pannonia. And the Suebian Lang
obardi, who moved over many generations from the Baltic Sea, via the Elbe and Pa
nnonia to Italy, recorded in a tribal history a time spent in "Bainaib".)
After this migration period, Bohemia was partially repopulated around the 6th ce
ntury, and eventually Slavic tribes arrived from the east, and their language be

gan to replace the older Germanic, Celtic and Sarmatian ones. These are precurso
rs of today s Czechs, though the exact amount of Slavic immigration is a subject
of debate. The Slavic influx was divided into two or three waves. The first wav
e came from the southeast and east, when the Germanic Lombards left Bohemia (c.
568 AD). Soon after, from the 630s to 660s, the territory was taken by Samo s tr
ibal confederation. His death marked the end of the old "Slavonic" confederation
, the second attempt to establish such a Slavonic union after Carantania in Cari
nthia.
Other sources (Descriptio civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubi
i, Bavaria, 800850) divide the population of Bohemia at this time into the Mereha
ni, Marharaii, Beheimare (Bohemani) and Fraganeo. (The suffix -ani or -ni means
"people of-"). Christianity first appeared in the early 9th century, but only be
came dominant much later, in the 10th or 11th century.
The 9th century was crucial for the future of Bohemia. The manorial system sharp
ly declined, as it did in Bavaria. The influence of the central Fraganeo-Czechs
grew, as a result of the important cultic centre in their territory. They were S
lavic-speaking and thus contributed to the transformation of diverse neighbourin
g populations into a new nation named and led by them with a united slavic ethni
c consciousness.[6]
Pemysl dynasty[edit]
Main article: History of Bohemia in the High Middle Ages
Coat of arms of the Pemyslid dynasty (until 1253/62)
Bohemia was made a part of the early Slavic state of Great Moravia, under the ru
le of Svatopluk I (r. 870894). After Svatopluk s death Great Moravia was weakened
by years of internal conflict and constant warfare, ultimately collapsing and f
ragmenting due to the continual incursions of the invading nomadic Magyars. Howe
ver, Bohemia s initial incorporation into the Moravian Empire resulted in the ex
tensive Christianization of the population. A native monarchy arose to the thron
e, and Bohemia came under the rule of the Pemyslid dynasty, which would rule the
Czech lands for the next several hundred years.
The Pemyslids secured their frontiers from the remnant Asian interlocurs, after t
he collapse of the Moravian state, by entering into a state of semi-vassalage to
the Frankish rulers. This alliance was facilitated by Bohemia s conversion to C
hristianity, in the 9th century. Continuing close relations were developed with
the East Frankish kingdom, which devolved from the Carolingian Empire, into East
Francia, eventually becoming the Holy Roman Empire.
After a decisive victory of the Holy Roman Empire and Bohemia over invading Magy
ars in the 955 Battle of Lechfeld, Boleslaus I of Bohemia was granted the March
of Moravia by German emperor Otto the Great. Bohemia would remain a largely auto
nomous state under the Holy Roman Empire for several decades. The jurisdiction o
f the Holy Roman Empire was definitively reasserted when Jaromr of Bohemia was gr
anted fief of the Kingdom of Bohemia by Emperor King Henry II of the Holy Roman
Empire, with the promise that he hold it as a vassal once he re-occupied Prague
with a German army in 1004, ending the rule of Boleslaw I of Poland.
The first to use the title of "King of Bohemia" were the Pemyslid dukes Vratislav
II (1085) and Vladislav II (1158), but their heirs would return to the title of
duke. The title of king became hereditary under Ottokar I (1198). His grandson
Ottokar II (king from 12531278) conquered a short-lived empire which contained mo
dern Austria and Slovenia. The mid-13th century saw the beginning of substantial
German immigration as the court sought to replace losses from the brief Mongol
invasion of Europe in 1241. Germans settled primarily along the northern, wester
n, and southern borders of Bohemia, although many lived in towns throughout the
kingdom.

Luxembourg dynasty[edit]
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Bohemia
The House of Luxembourg accepted the invitation to the Bohemian throne with the
marriage to the Premyslid heiress, Elizabeth and the crowning subsequent of John
I of Bohemia in 1310. His son, Charles IV became King of Bohemia in 1346. He fo
unded Charles University in Prague, central Europe s first university, two years
later. His reign brought Bohemia to its peak both politically and in total area
, resulting in his being the first King of Bohemia to also be elected as Holy Ro
man Emperor. Under his rule the Bohemian crown controlled such diverse lands as
Moravia, Silesia, Upper Lusatia and Lower Lusatia, Brandenburg, an area around N
uremberg called New Bohemia, Luxembourg, and several small towns scattered aroun
d Germany.
Hussite Bohemia[edit]
The more extreme Hussites became known as Taborites, after the city of Tbor that
became their center.
During the ecumenical Council of Constance in 1415, Jan Hus, the rector of Charl
es University and a prominent reformer and religious thinker, was sentenced to b
e burnt at the stake as a heretic. The verdict was passed despite the fact that
Hus was granted formal protection by Emperor Sigismund of Luxembourg prior to th
e journey. Hus was invited to attend the council to defend himself and the Czech
positions in the religious court, but with the emperor s approval, he was execu
ted on 6 July 1415. The execution of Hus, as well as five consecutive papal crus
ades against followers of Hus, forced the Bohemians to defend themselves. Their
defense and rebellion against Roman Catholics became known as the Hussite Wars.
The uprising against imperial forces was led by a former mercenary, Jan ika of Tro
cnov. As the leader of the Hussite armies, he used innovative tactics and weapon
s, such as howitzers, pistols, and fortified wagons, which were revolutionary fo
r the time, and established ika as a great general who never lost a battle.
After ika s death, Prokop the Great took over the command for the army, and under
his lead the Hussites were victorious for another ten years, to the sheer terror
of Europe. The Hussite cause gradually splintered into two main factions, the m
oderate Utraquists and the more fanatic Taborites. The Utraquists began to lay t
he groundwork for an agreement with the Catholic Church and found the more radic
al views of the Taborites distasteful. Additionally, with general war-weariness
and yearning for order, the Utraquists were able to eventually defeat the Tabori
tes in the Battle of Lipany in 1434. Sigismund said after the battle that "only
the Bohemians could defeat the Bohemians."
Despite an apparent victory for the Catholics, the Bohemian Utraquists were stil
l strong enough to negotiate freedom of religion in 1436. This happened in the s
o-called Basel Compacts, declaring peace and freedom between Catholics and Utraq
uists. It would only last for a short period of time, as Pope Pius II declared t
he Basel Compacts to be invalid in 1462.
In 1458, George of Podebrady was elected to ascend to the Bohemian throne. He is
remembered for his attempt to set up a pan-European "Christian League", which w
ould form all the states of Europe into a community based on religion. In the pr
ocess of negotiating, he appointed Leo of Rozmital to tour the European courts a
nd to conduct the talks. However, the negotiations were not completed, because G
eorge s position was substantially damaged over time by his deteriorating relati
onship with the Pope.
Habsburg Monarchy[edit]

Bohemia as the heart of Europa regina, 1570

After the death of King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia in the Battle of Mohcs in
1526, Archduke Ferdinand of Austria became the new King of Bohemia and the coun
try became a constituent state of the Habsburg Monarchy.
Bohemia enjoyed religious freedom between 1436 and 1620, and became one of the m
ost liberal countries of the Christian world during that period. In 1609, Holy R
oman Emperor Rudolph II who made Prague again the capital of the Empire at the t
ime, himself a Roman Catholic, was moved by the Bohemian nobility to publish Mai
estas Rudolphina, which confirmed the older Confessio Bohemica of 1575.
After Emperor Matthias II and then King of Bohemia Ferdinand II (later Holy Roma
n Emperor) began oppressing the rights of Protestants in Bohemia, the resulting
Bohemian Revolt led to outbreak of the Thirty Years War in 1618. Elector Freder
ick V of the Electorate of the Palatinate, a Protestant, was elected by the Bohe
mian nobility to replace Ferdinand on the Bohemian throne, and was known as the
Winter King. Frederick s wife, the popular Elizabeth Stuart and subsequently Eli
zabeth of Bohemia, known as the Winter Queen or Queen of Hearts, was the daughte
r of King James VI of Scotland. However, after Frederick s defeat in the Battle
of White Mountain in 1620, 27 Bohemian estates leaders together with Jan Jeseniu
s, rector of the Charles University of Prague were executed on the Prague s Old
Town Square on 21 June 1621 and the rest were exiled from the country; their lan
ds were then given to Catholic loyalists (mostly of Bavarian and Saxon origin),
this ended the pro-reformation movement in Bohemia and also ended the role of Pr
ague as ruling city of the Holy Roman Empire.
Until the so-called "renewed constitution" of 1627, the German language was esta
blished as a second official language in the Czech lands. The Czech language rem
ained the first language in the kingdom. Both German and Latin were widely spoke
n among the ruling classes, although German became increasingly dominant, while
Czech was spoken in much of the countryside.
The formal independence of Bohemia was further jeopardized when the Bohemian Die
t approved administrative reform in 1749. It included the indivisibility of the
Habsburg Empire and the centralization of rule; this essentially meant the mergi
ng of the Royal Bohemian Chancellery with the Austrian Chancellery.
At the end of the 18th century, the Czech National Revival movement, in cooperat
ion with part of the Bohemian aristocracy, started a campaign for restoration of
the kingdom s historic rights, whereby the Czech language was to replace German
as the language of administration. The enlightened absolutism of Joseph II and
Leopold II, who introduced minor language concessions, showed promise for the Cz
ech movement, but many of these reforms were later rescinded. During the Revolut
ion of 1848, many Czech nationalists called for autonomy for Bohemia from Habsbu
rg Austria, but the revolutionaries were defeated. The old Bohemian Diet, one of
the last remnants of the independence, was dissolved, although the Czech langua
ge experienced a rebirth as romantic nationalism developed among the Czechs.
In 1861, a new elected Bohemian Diet was established. The renewal of the old Boh
emian Crown (Kingdom of Bohemia, Margraviate of Moravia, and Duchy of Upper and
Lower Silesia) became the official political program of both Czech liberal polit
icians and the majority of Bohemian aristocracy ("state rights program"), while
parties representing the German minority and small part of the aristocracy procl
aimed their loyalty to the centralistic Constitution (so-called "Verfassungstreu
e"). After the defeat of Austria in the Austro-Prussian War in 1866, Hungarian p
oliticians achieved the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867, ostensibly creating
equality between the Austrian and Hungarian halves of the empire. An attempt by
the Czechs to create a tripartite monarchy (Austria-Hungary-Bohemia) failed in
1871. However, the "state rights program" remained the official platform of all
Czech political parties (except for social democrats) until 1918.

Twentieth century[edit]
Bohemia (westernmost area) within Czechoslovakia between 1918 and 1938
The Bohemian town of Karlovy Vary
After World War I, Bohemia (as the largest and most populous land) became the co
re of the newly formed country of Czechoslovakia, which combined Bohemia, Moravi
a, Czech Silesia, Upper Hungary (present-day Slovakia) and Carpathian Ruthenia i
nto one state. Under its first president, Tom Masaryk, Czechoslovakia became a lib
eral democratic republic but serious issues emerged regarding the Czech majority
s relationship with the native German and Hungarian minorities.
Following the Munich Agreement in 1938, the border regions of Bohemia historical
ly inhabited predominantly by ethnic Germans (the Sudetenland) were annexed to N
azi Germany; this was the only time in Bohemian history that its territory was p
olitically divided. The remnants of Bohemia and Moravia were then annexed by Ger
many in 1939, while the Slovak lands became the separate Slovak Republic, a pupp
et state of Nazi Germany. From 1939 to 1945 Bohemia, (without the Sudetenland),
together with Moravia formed the German Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (Rei
chsprotektorat Bhmen und Mhren). Any open opposition to German occupation was brut
ally suppressed by the Nazi authorities and many Czech patriots were executed as
a result. After World War II ended in 1945, the vast majority of remaining Germ
ans were expelled by force by the order of the re-established Czechoslovak centr
al government, based on the Potsdam Agreement, and their property was confiscate
d by the Czech authorities. This severely depopulated the area and from this mom
ent on locales were only referred to in their Czech equivalents regardless of th
eir previous demographic makeup. In 1946, per the Potsdam Agreement, and under t
he stipulation that it be placed "under Polish administration" the post war Comm
unist Party backed by the Soviet Union re-established Czechoslovakia. The Party
won the most votes in free elections but not a simple majority. Klement Gottwald
, the communist leader, became Prime Minister of a coalition government. In Febr
uary 1948 the non-communist members of the government resigned in protest agains
t arbitrary measures by the communists and their Soviet protectors in many of th
e state s institutions. Gottwald and the communists responded with a coup d tat a
nd installed a pro-Soviet authoritarian state.
Beginning in 1949, Bohemia ceased to be an administrative unit of Czechoslovakia
, as the country was divided into administrative regions. Between 1949 and 1989
Czechoslovakia (from 1960 officially called Czechoslovak Socialistic Republic) b
ecame a Soviet satellite even though there was not a Soviet army present until 1
968 (interestingly enough, surrounding countries including Eastern Austria were
occupied by the Red Army) when Czechoslovak Communist Party started to reform an
d democratize itself. This "Prague Spring" process was stopped abruptly by an in
vasion of brotherly armies of Warsaw Pact in August 1968. "Temporary stationin
g" of Soviet army following the invasion ended in 1991. In 1989, Agnes of Bohemi
a became the first saint from a Central European country to be canonized by Pope
John Paul II before the "Velvet Revolution" later that year. After the dissolut
ion of Czechoslovakia in 1993 (the "Velvet Divorce"), the territory of Bohemia b
ecame part of the new Czech Republic.
The Czech constitution from 1992 refers to the "citizens of the Czech Republic i
n Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia" and proclaims continuity with the statehood of t
he Bohemian Crown. Bohemia is not currently an administrative unit of the Czech
Republic. Instead, it is divided into the Prague, Central Bohemia, Plze, Karlovy
Vary, st nad Labem, Liberec, and Hradec Krlov Regions, as well as parts of the Pardu
bice, Vysoina, South Bohemian and South Moravian Regions.
Kladsko[edit]
Main article: County of Kladsko

The area around Kodzko (Czech: Kladsko; German: Glatz; Latin: Glacio) in south-we
stern Poland was culturally and traditionally a part of Bohemia. Kodzko Land has
now been a part of Lower Silesia since its conquest by the Kingdom of Prussia in
1763. Referred to as "Little Prague" (German: Klein-Prag), the Kodzko Valley reg
ion on the Nysa Kodzka river was the focus of several attempts to reincorporate t
he area into Czechoslovakia, one of several PolishCzechoslovak border conflicts.
The last attempt occurred in May 1945 when Czechoslovakia tried to annex the are
a on behalf of the Czech minority present in the western part of the Kodzko Valle
y and known as the "Czech Corner". Pressure brought on by the Soviet Union led t
o a ceasing of military operations, with the Czech minority being expelled to Ge
rmany and Czechoslovakia. According to canon law of the Roman Catholic Church ho
wever, the area remained part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Prague until
1972.
Capitalizing on interest regarding the Kladsko area in the Czech national psyche
, a special tourist area in the Nchod District has been designated as the Kladsko
Borderland Tourist Area[7] (tourism district; Czech: turistick oblast Kladsk pome
z). This area, entirely within the Czech Republic, was formerly known as the Jirse
k s Region (Czech: Jirskv kraj), Adrpach rocks (Czech: Adrpask skly ).
A panorama of Kodzko, the capital city of Kodzko Land which is referred to as "Lit
tle Prague"
Traditional administrative divisions[edit]
Lands of the Bohemian Crown (until 1635), map by Josef Peka, 1921
Kraje of Bohemia during the Kingdom of Bohemia
Bechyn (German: Beching)
Boleslav (German: Jung-Bunzlau)
slav (German: Tschaslau)
Chrudim
Hradec Krlov (German: Kniggrtz)
Kladsko (German: Glatz)
Kouim at Prague (German: Prag)
Litomice (German: Leitmeritz)
Loket (German: Elbogen)
Vltava (German: Moldau)
Plze (German: Pilsen)
Podbrdsko at Beroun (German: Beraun)
Prche at Psek
Rakovnk (German: Rakonitz)
Slan (German: Schlan)
atec (German: Saaz)
See also[edit]
Portal icon
Austria-Hungary portal
Moravia
Czech Silesia
Bohemianism
Crown of Bohemia
German Bohemia
History of the Czech lands
Lech, Czech and Rus
List of rulers of Bohemia
Sudetenland
Bohemia at the 1908 Summer Olympics
References[edit]
Jump up ^ There is no distinction in the Czech language between adjectives refer
ring to Bohemia and to the Czech Republic; i.e. esk means both Bohemian and Czech.
Jump up ^ The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 200105

Jump up ^ "Bohemia". Retrieved June 2, 2012.

^ Jump up to: a b Collis, John. The Celts: Origins, Myth and Inventions. Tempus
Publishing, 2003. ISBN 0-7524-2913-2
Jump up ^ "Tacitus: Germania". Thelatinlibrary.com. Retrieved 2013-11-19.
Jump up ^ Petr Charvt: "Zrod eskho sttu" [Origin of the Bohemian State], March 2007,
ISBN 80-7021-845-2, in Czech
Jump up ^ Kladsko Borderland
Further reading[edit]
Hugh, Agnew (2004). The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. Hoower Press
, Stanford. ISBN 0-8179-4491-5
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bohemia.
Bohemia
Province of Bohemia - Czech Catholic Church - official website
[hide] v t e
The Czech Lands
Map indicating the extent of Bohemia within the Czech Republic
Bohemia
Coat of Arms of Bohemia
Map indicating the extent of Moravia within the Czech Republic
Moravia
Coat of Arms of Moravia
Map indicating the extent of Czech Silesia within the Czech Republic
Czech Silesia
Coat of Arms of Czech Silesia
Authority control
GND: 63739-7
Categories: BohemiaGeography of the Czech RepublicHistory of BohemiaHistorical r
egions in the Czech RepublicBoii
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