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Hubble sphere
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Content
1. Cosmo warm-up
2. Expanding Universe
3. The Big Bang model
4. Black Holes
Problem 1
All galaxies inside the Hubble sphere recede subluminally (slower than light)
and all galaxies outside recede superluminally (faster than light). This is why
the Hubble sphere is sometimes called the "photon horizon". Does this mean
that galaxies and their events outside the photon horizon are permanently
hidden from the observer's view? If that were so, the photon horizon would also
be an event horizon. Is this correct?
5. CMB
solution
6. Thermodynamics
7. Perturbation theory
8. Inflation
9. Dark Energy
10. Dark Matter
11. Interactions in the Dark Sector
12. CDM model
[hide]
Problem 2
Toolbox
What links here
Show, by the example of static universe, that the Hubble sphere does not
coincide with the boundary of the observable Universe.
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solution
[hide]
The observable Universe is limited by the particle horizon, and if the Hubble
sphere and the observable Universe were the same, the latter in a static Universe
would be infinitely large (H 0 = 0 , so RH = ). But static Universes of finite age
have particle horizons at finite distance. So, the Hubble sphere cannot be the
boundary of the observable Universe.
Problem 3
Estimate the ratio of the volume enclosed by the Hubble sphere to the full
volume of a closed Universe. </div>
http://universeinproblems.com/index.php/Hubble_sphere
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Problem 4
Show that in a spatially flat Universe (k = 0 ), in which radiation is dominating,
the particle horizon coincides with the Hubble radius. </div>
Problem 5
Find the dependence of comoving Hubble radius R H /a on scale factor in a flat
Universe filled with one component with the state equation = wp . </div>
Problem 6
Express the comoving particle horizon through the comoving Hubble radius for
the case of domination of a matter component with state parameter w . </div>
Problem 7
Show that
dR H
= c(1 + q),
dt
(1)
where
q=
/a
a
H2
RH = H
[hide]
= a/ a
, the answer is obtained after one differentiation.
Problem 8
Show that
Lp
dLp
=1+
.
dt
RH
solution
Using the definition Lp
= a dta
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Problem 9
Show that in the Einstein-de Sitter Universe the relative velocity of the Hubble
sphere and galaxies on it is equal to c/2 . </div>
Problem 10
Find a(t) in a universe with constant positive deceleration parameter q .
solution
[hide]
Using
a
a2
H= 2,
a
a
and the condition q
1
http://universeinproblems.com/index.php/Hubble_sphere
= const , we get
d 1
H
= 1 + q,
dt
= (1 + q)t
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thus
H 1 = (1 + q)t and a t n
n=
Also q
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with
1
.
1+q
Problem 11
Show that in universes of constant positive deceleration q , the the ratio of
distances to the particle and photon horizons is 1/q. </div>
Problem 12
Show that the Hubble sphere becomes degenerate with the particle horizon at
q = 1 and with the event horizon at q = 1 . </div>
Problem 13
Show that if q is not constant, comoving bodies can be inside and outside of
the Hubble sphere at different times. But not so for the observable universe;
once inside, always inside.
solution
[hide]
From ((1)) we see that recession velocity of the Hubble sphere can be lesser or
greater than c, depending on the sign of q. As recession velocity of matter on it is
exactly c, be definition, this means that matter can cross the Hubble sphere in both
directions at different times. "Horizons are like membranes; the photon horizon
acts as a two-way membrane (comoving bodies can cross in both directions
depending on the value of q), and the particle horizon acts like a one-way
membrane (comoving bodies always move in and never out)." E. Harrison,
Science of the Universe.
Category: Horizons
http://universeinproblems.com/index.php/Hubble_sphere
Disclaimers
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