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YANISA H. MOKSIR
Diagnostic Test
EKG
Procedure
Normal Range
Cardiac range is 60 to
100 bpm
Cardiac rhythm is
normal sinus rhythm
P wave precedes each
QRS complex
PR interval lasts 0.12
to 0.20 second
QRS complex lasts
0.06 to 0.10 second
ST segment is not more
than 0.1 mV
T wave is rounded and
smooth and positive in
lead 1, 2, V3, V4, V5
and V6
QT interval duration
varies but usually lasts
0.36 to 0.44 seconds
Interpretations for
Abnormalities
Nursing Responsibilities
nearby electrical
equipment should be
properly grounded
Make sure that
electrodes are firmly
attached
ST-segmant elevation
of 0.2 mV or more
above above the
baseline may indicate
myocardial injury; STsegment depression
may indicate
myocardial ischemia or
injury
T wave inversion in
leads 1, 2, and V3 to
V6 may indicate
myocardial ischemia;
peaked T waves may
indicate T wave
hyperkalemia or
myocardial ischemia;
variation in T wave
amplitude may indicate
electrolyte imbalances
A prolonged QT
interval may suggest
life-threatening
ventricular
arrhythmias.
Diagnostic Test
Arterial Blood Gas
Procedure
Explain the arterial blood
gas analysis evaluates
how well the lungs are
delivering oxygen to the
blood and eliminating
carbon dioxide.
Tell the patient that the
test requires a blood
sample.
Explain who will
perform the arterial
punctue, when it will
occur, and where the
puncture site will be;
radial, brachial, or
Normal Range
Interpretations for
Abnormalities
Nursing Responsibilities
femoral artery.
Inform the patient that he
need not restrict food and
fluids
Instruct the patient to
breathe normally during
the test, and warn him
that he may experience a
brief cramping or
throbbing pain at the
puncture site.
Perform arterial
puncture, place it on
ice immediately, and
prepare to transport it
for analysis
Before sending the
sample to the
laboratory, note on the
laboratory request
whether the patient was
breathing room air or
receiving oxygen
therapy when the
sample was collected
Note the flow rate of
oxygen therapy and
method of delivery. If
on a ventilator, note the
fraction of inspired
oxygen, tidal volume
mode, respiratory rate,
and positive-end
expiratory pressure
Note the patients
rectal temperature
Diagnostic Test
Central Venous Pressure
Procedure
Normal Range
2 to 6 mm Hg
Interpretations for
Abnormalities
Nursing Responsibilities
Elevated:
Overhydration which
increases venous return
Heart failure or PA
stenosis which limit
venous outflow and
lead to venous
congestion
Positive pressure
breathing, straining
Decreased:
Hypovolemic shock
from hemorrhage, fluid
shift, dehydration
Negative pressure
breathing which occurs
when the patient
demonstrates
retractions or
mechanical negative
pressure which is
sometimes used for
high spinal cord
injuries
Monitor cardiac
monitor and
hemodynamic wave
form during catheter
insertion
Diagnostic Test
Pulmonary Capillary
Wedge Pressure
Procedure
Normal Range
Interpretations for
Abnormalities
Nursing Responsibilities
Elevated pulmonary
capillary wedge
pressure suggests
failure of left
ventricular output and
mitral stenosis
(>20mmHg)
http://www.healthline.com/health/swan-ganz-right-heart-catheterization#Overview1 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_wedge_pressure
using an
electrocardiogram
machine (EKG)
Patient will be awake
during the procedure