THE UNIVERSITY OF NEW SOUTH WALES

SCHOOL OF ECONOMICS
ECON1203/ECON2292 (ARTS)
BUSINESS AND ECONOMIC STATISTICS
FINAL EXAMINATION
SESSION 2, 2010

Time allowed: Three hours.

Total marks:

60 marks.

There are FIVE questions in this examination; each starts on a fresh page.
Answer ALL five questions; start each answer on a fresh page.
All questions carry equal marks.
The value of each sub-question is indicated in brackets.
On the front of your answer book, write the number of each question you have attempted.
Statistical tables and useful formulae are attached to this examination paper.
Non-programmable electronic calculators may be used.
The examination paper may be retained by the candidate.
Answers must be written in black or blue ink. Pencils may be used only for drawing,
sketching or graphical work.
Show the working steps in your answers.

Page 1 of 13

Question 1
(a) A commonly used discrete probability distribution in statistical analysis is the
binomial distribution.
(i)

What assumptions must underpin a sampling process before the binomial

model can be applied with confidence? [1 mark]

(ii)

Derive the mean and variance for the special case of a Bernoulli random
variable with parameters n=1 and p. [2 marks]

(iii)

An engineer is interested in assessing the proportion of defective

manufactured items in a group of 20 randomly selected items where, in
truth, 10% are defective (but this information is not known to the
engineer). She proceeds to draw a random sample (without replacement)
of size n=5 and counts the number of defective items in the group
selected. Explain briefly why you would not use a binomial model in this
situation. [1 mark]

(b) Suppose now that a sample of size 10 is taken from a large shipment of the items
under examination in (a)(iii) above, of which 10% are, in truth, defective.
(i)

Explain why the binomial model is now likely to work well. [1 mark]

(ii)

Find the exact probability that the number of defective components is 1, 2

or 3. [2 marks]

(iii)

Use the normal approximation to the binomial to evaluate the probability

found at (ii) and comment on the adequacy of the approximation.
[2 marks]

(c) An electronic gadget uses these components in its construction. In particular, it

requires two of them to be employed in series in its circuitry (i.e. one after the
other) and both must function satisfactorily for the gadget to work. What is the
probability that a randomly chosen gadget functions properly if everything else in
its construction is failsafe? [1 mark]
(d) In order to improve reliability, the engineer decides to install two components in
parallel for each one used in part (c) because she knows that a given part of the
circuitry will perform satisfactorily if either of the two installed in parallel
functions correctly at that point. What is the probability that a gadget chosen at
random functions properly with this enhanced design and comment briefly on the
usefulness of the enhancement? [2 marks]

Question 2
The Australian Bureau of Statistics has collected data on the part-time employment
patterns of full-time students in Australia and has found the hours worked to be well
approximated by a normal distribution with a mean of 15 hours.
(a) What would the key features of the distribution of hours worked have been that
led the ABS to believe that a normal model would be appropriate? [1 mark]
(b) If 10% of students work more than 25 hours per week, what is the standard
deviation of the number of hours worked by students? [2 marks]
(c) What is the probability that a student chosen at random works between 5 and 25
hours per week? [1 mark]
(d) Suppose that student asks all the members of his/her tutorial group in BES how
many hours they work and that there are 25 members of the group. Stating
carefully any assumptions you make, what is the probability that the average
number of hours worked is between 5 and 25? [2 marks]
(e) A researcher believes that female students may work less hours on average than
male ones. Accordingly, she selects 36 female students at random and finds the
average number of hours worked to be 13.5 to see if the belief is substantiated.
Using the population standard deviation evaluated in part (b), conduct the test at a
suitable significance level and explain what the Type I and Type II errors are in
the context of this example. [4 marks]
(f) Explain whether it is necessary to assume the distribution of hours worked is
normal when conducting the test of part (e) and discuss briefly the effect it would
have on the test procedure if the standard deviation of the population (as
determined in part (b)) were not known and had to be estimated from the sample
in part (e). [2 marks]

Question 3
(a) Explain the difference between a point estimator of a population parameter and an
interval estimator. [2 marks]
(b) The Human Resources Department (HRD) of a large hotel chain with hotels
worldwide is interested in analyzing the career paths of its general managers.
Accordingly, it sent a simple random sample of questionnaires to 160 such
managers and received 114 replies. The average time these 114 general managers
had spent with the chain was 10.88 years with a sample standard deviation of 3.20
years. Use this information to set up a 99% confidence interval for the mean
number of years general managers have spent with the chain. Comment carefully
on the sampling method used by the HRD to collect the sample data. [3 marks]
(c) Outline two ways in which the width of a confidence interval can be changed.
How many general managers should the HRD have sought to interview if it
wished to have a 95% confidence interval that was half the width of the answer
you obtained in part (b)? [3 marks]
(d) Discuss briefly whether it would be reasonable to assume that employment
duration of general managers is a normally distributed random variable. If you are
told the lower quartile employment span from the data was 8.85 years and the
sample median was 10.95 years, how does this influence your attitude to the
reasonableness or otherwise of such a normal assumption? [2 marks]
(e) Set up a 95% confidence interval for the population variance for the problem of
part (b) and explain why it is not symmetrical about the sample value. [2 marks]

Question 4
(a) You have been supplied with observations on a pair of variables (X,Y) and are
interested in modelling the relationship between them. Explain what the
covariance between the two variables measures and why the slope coefficient in
the simple regression of Y on X will have the same sign as the covariance.
[2 marks]
(b) Consider the simple linear regression model
Yi 0 1 X i i , i 1, n .
What assumptions are usually made about the error terms in this model and why
are they needed? [2 marks]
(c) The following summary output (Table 1) is from a regression equation estimated
using Microsoft Excel. The data consists of figures on deforestation (%
deforestation rate per year) as the dependent variable (Y) and population density
measured as inhabitants per hectare as the regressor variable (X) for 70 tropical
countries. The model is the simple regression model of part (b).

Table 1. Excel Output for Linear Regression of Deforestation on Population density

Regression Statistics
R Square
Observations

0.436
70

Coefficients Standard Error

Intercept
0.600
0.112
Pop. density 0.842
0.117
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)

t Stat
A
7.228

P-value
B
0.000

What are the values of A and B? [2 marks]

What is the interpretation of the two parameter estimates? Do they
correspond with your prior expectations? [1 mark]
Construct a 95% confidence interval for 0. [1 mark]
Test the null hypothesis that 1 = 0.5 against the one-sided alternative that
1 >0.5. [1 mark]
What is the sample correlation between the two variables? [1 mark]
Nicaragua has a population density of 0.640 inhabitants per hectare. What
do you predict the degree of deforestation to be from the model? If, in fact,
Y=2.6% for Nicaragua, what is the residual for this country and how is it
to be interpreted? [2 marks]

Question 5
(a)

Explain what the coefficient of multiple determination, R2, measures in a multiple

regression model. [1 mark]

(b)

Black et al. in their book Australian Business Statistics (2nd ed., 2010) have a
multiple regression example where they regress sale price of houses (in thousands
of dollars), Y, on the total square metres of the house, X, and the age of the house
in years, Z. Table 2 provides the regression output produced by Excel for a sample
of 23 house sales
Table 2: Excel output from multiple regression model

Regression Statistics
R Square
0.741102
Adjusted R
Square
0.715212
Standard
Error
119.6039
Observations
23

Intercept
Square
metres
Age (years)

Coefficients
573.5

Standard
Error
100.072

t Stat
5.731

P-value
0.000013

1.772
-6.663

0.315
2.280

5.633
-2.923

0.000016
0.008418

(a)

Discuss the signs and significance of the regression coefficients in the

fitted model. [2 marks]

(b)

Obtain a 99% confidence interval for the coefficient on Square metres.

[2 marks]

(c)

Test the null hypothesis that Age (years) has no effect on selling price.
What is the minimum significance level that would lead you to reject this
hypothesis? [2 marks]

(d)

Does it make sense to say that because the larger coefficient (in absolute
terms) on the regressors in the fitted model is that for Age (years), then
this is the more important predictor? If not, why not? [2 marks]

(e)

Consider a 10 year old house that has a total of 220 square metres. What
do you predict its selling price to be? [1 mark]

(f)

Comment briefly on whether you think this is likely to be a well-specified

regression model and suggest what other variables might be relevant in a
modelling exercise of this kind. [2 marks]

USEFUL FORMULAE
Sample Mean:
1 n
X Xi
n i 1
Population Variance: 2

1 N
( X i ) 2

N i 1

Sample Variance:

s2

Population Mean:

1 n
( X i X )2

n 1 i 1

1 N
Xi
N i 1

P( A B) P( A) P( B) P( A B)

Additive Law of Probability:

or

P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A and B)

Multiplicative Law of Probability: P( A B) P( A B) P( B) P( B A) P( A)
or
P(A and B) = P(A|B) P(B) = P(B| A)P(A)
Binomial Distribution:

P( X x ) nCx p x q nx ; E(X) = np; Var(X) = npq

Z

Standardizing transformations:

(X )

(X )

/ n

(X )
s/ n

n 1s 2
2
X z

Confidence intervals for :

X t

s
,n 1
2

X t

Confidence interval for p:

Confidence interval for 2:

s
,n 1
2

p z

n
p q
n

X z

p p z

2 / 2,n 1

, known

unknown

(n 1)s 2

p q
, where q 1 p
n

(n 1)s 2

12 / 2,n 1

(o i e i ) 2
,
ei
i 1
K

Goodness of Fit Test:

Independence Test:

i 1 j 1

(o ij eij ) 2
eij

df = K-1

df = (K-1)(H-1)

Sample Correlation Coefficient:

r

s XY

s X sY

( X

( X

X )(Yi Y )

X )2

(Y

Y )2

Least Squares Estimators of 1 and 0 in the equation: Yi 0 1 X i ei

s XY X i X Yi Y

; 0 Y 1 X
2
s X2
Xi X

Forecast Intervals:
( X p X )2
1

n Xi X 2

Yp t , s e

( X p X )2
1
1
n Xi X 2

Yp t , s e

se

for Yp

where n 2 and

for E(YpXp)

i 1

( n 2)

is the estimated standard error of the

regression.
Distribution of 0 and 1 :

n ( X i X )2

0 N 0 , e

2
i

and

e2
.
1 N 1,
( X X )2
i

Table 1:
Binomial Probability: P(X = k)
p
n

0.05

0.10

0.15

0.20

0.25

0.30

0.35

0.40

0.45

0.50

0.55

0.60

0.65

0.70

0.75

0.80

0.85

0.90

0.95

0
1
2

0.9025

0.8100

0.7225

0.6400

0.5625

0.4900

0.4225

0.3600

0.3025

0.2500

0.2025

0.1600

0.1225

0.0900

0.0625

0.0400

0.0225

0.0100

0.0025

0.0950

0.1800

0.2550

0.3200

0.3750

0.4200

0.4550

0.4800

0.4950

0.5000

0.4950

0.4800

0.4550

0.4200

0.3750

0.3200

0.2550

0.1800

0.0950

0.0025

0.0100

0.0225

0.0400

0.0625

0.0900

0.1225

0.1600

0.2025

0.2500

0.3025

0.3600

0.4225

0.4900

0.5625

0.6400

0.7225

0.8100

0.9025

0
1
2
3

0.8574

0.7290

0.6141

0.5120

0.4219

0.3430

0.2746

0.2160

0.1664

0.1250

0.0911

0.0640

0.0429

0.0270

0.0156

0.0080

0.0034

0.0010

0.0001

0.1354

0.2430

0.3251

0.3840

0.4219

0.4410

0.4436

0.4320

0.4084

0.3750

0.3341

0.2880

0.2389

0.1890

0.1406

0.0960

0.0574

0.0270

0.0071

0.0071

0.0270

0.0574

0.0960

0.1406

0.1890

0.2389

0.2880

0.3341

0.3750

0.4084

0.4320

0.4436

0.4410

0.4219

0.3840

0.3251

0.2430

0.1354

0.0001

0.0010

0.0034

0.0080

0.0156

0.0270

0.0429

0.0640

0.0911

0.1250

0.1664

0.2160

0.2746

0.3430

0.4219

0.5120

0.6141

0.7290

0.8574

0
1
2
3
4

0.8145

0.6561

0.5220

0.4096

0.3164

0.2401

0.1785

0.1296

0.0915

0.0625

0.0410

0.0256

0.0150

0.0081

0.0039

0.0016

0.0005

0.0001

0.0000

0.1715

0.2916

0.3685

0.4096

0.4219

0.4116

0.3845

0.3456

0.2995

0.2500

0.2005

0.1536

0.1115

0.0756

0.0469

0.0256

0.0115

0.0036

0.0005

0.0135

0.0486

0.0975

0.1536

0.2109

0.2646

0.3105

0.3456

0.3675

0.3750

0.3675

0.3456

0.3105

0.2646

0.2109

0.1536

0.0975

0.0486

0.0135

0.0005

0.0036

0.0115

0.0256

0.0469

0.0756

0.1115

0.1536

0.2005

0.2500

0.2995

0.3456

0.3845

0.4116

0.4219

0.4096

0.3685

0.2916

0.1715

0.0000

0.0001

0.0005

0.0016

0.0039

0.0081

0.0150

0.0256

0.0410

0.0625

0.0915

0.1296

0.1785

0.2401

0.3164

0.4096

0.5220

0.6561

0.8145

0
1
2
3
4
5

0.7738

0.5905

0.4437

0.3277

0.2373

0.1681

0.1160

0.0778

0.0503

0.0313

0.0185

0.0102

0.0053

0.0024

0.0010

0.0003

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.2036

0.3281

0.3915

0.4096

0.3955

0.3602

0.3124

0.2592

0.2059

0.1563

0.1128

0.0768

0.0488

0.0284

0.0146

0.0064

0.0022

0.0004

0.0000

0.0214

0.0729

0.1382

0.2048

0.2637

0.3087

0.3364

0.3456

0.3369

0.3125

0.2757

0.2304

0.1811

0.1323

0.0879

0.0512

0.0244

0.0081

0.0011

0.0011

0.0081

0.0244

0.0512

0.0879

0.1323

0.1811

0.2304

0.2757

0.3125

0.3369

0.3456

0.3364

0.3087

0.2637

0.2048

0.1382

0.0729

0.0214

0.0000

0.0005

0.0022

0.0064

0.0146

0.0284

0.0488

0.0768

0.1128

0.1563

0.2059

0.2592

0.3124

0.3602

0.3955

0.4096

0.3915

0.3281

0.2036

0.0000

0.0000

0.0001

0.0003

0.0010

0.0024

0.0053

0.0102

0.0185

0.0313

0.0503

0.0778

0.1160

0.1681

0.2373

0.3277

0.4437

0.5905

0.7738

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

0.7351

0.5314

0.3771

0.2621

0.1780

0.1176

0.0754

0.0467

0.0277

0.0156

0.0083

0.0041

0.0018

0.0007

0.0002

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.2321

0.3543

0.3993

0.3932

0.3560

0.3025

0.2437

0.1866

0.1359

0.0938

0.0609

0.0369

0.0205

0.0102

0.0044

0.0015

0.0004

0.0001

0.0000

0.0305

0.0984

0.1762

0.2458

0.2966

0.3241

0.3280

0.3110

0.2780

0.2344

0.1861

0.1382

0.0951

0.0595

0.0330

0.0154

0.0055

0.0012

0.0001

0.0021

0.0146

0.0415

0.0819

0.1318

0.1852

0.2355

0.2765

0.3032

0.3125

0.3032

0.2765

0.2355

0.1852

0.1318

0.0819

0.0415

0.0146

0.0021

0.0001

0.0012

0.0055

0.0154

0.0330

0.0595

0.0951

0.1382

0.1861

0.2344

0.2780

0.3110

0.3280

0.3241

0.2966

0.2458

0.1762

0.0984

0.0305

0.0000

0.0001

0.0004

0.0015

0.0044

0.0102

0.0205

0.0369

0.0609

0.0937

0.1359

0.1866

0.2437

0.3025

0.3560

0.3932

0.3993

0.3543

0.2321

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0001

0.0002

0.0007

0.0018

0.0041

0.0083

0.0156

0.0277

0.0467

0.0754

0.1176

0.1780

0.2621

0.3771

0.5314

0.7351

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

0.6983

0.4783

0.3206

0.2097

0.1335

0.0824

0.0490

0.0280

0.0152

0.0078

0.0037

0.0016

0.0006

0.0002

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.2573

0.3720

0.3960

0.3670

0.3115

0.2471

0.1848

0.1306

0.0872

0.0547

0.0320

0.0172

0.0084

0.0036

0.0013

0.0004

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0406

0.1240

0.2097

0.2753

0.3115

0.3177

0.2985

0.2613

0.2140

0.1641

0.1172

0.0774

0.0466

0.0250

0.0115

0.0043

0.0012

0.0002

0.0000

0.0036

0.0230

0.0617

0.1147

0.1730

0.2269

0.2679

0.2903

0.2918

0.2734

0.2388

0.1935

0.1442

0.0972

0.0577

0.0287

0.0109

0.0026

0.0002

0.0002

0.0026

0.0109

0.0287

0.0577

0.0972

0.1442

0.1935

0.2388

0.2734

0.2918

0.2903

0.2679

0.2269

0.1730

0.1147

0.0617

0.0230

0.0036

0.0000

0.0002

0.0012

0.0043

0.0115

0.0250

0.0466

0.0774

0.1172

0.1641

0.2140

0.2613

0.2985

0.3177

0.3115

0.2753

0.2097

0.1240

0.0406

0.0000

0.0000

0.0001

0.0004

0.0013

0.0036

0.0084

0.0172

0.0320

0.0547

0.0872

0.1306

0.1848

0.2471

0.3115

0.3670

0.3960

0.3720

0.2573

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0001

0.0002

0.0006

0.0016

0.0037

0.0078

0.0152

0.0280

0.0490

0.0824

0.1335

0.2097

0.3206

0.4783

0.6983

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

0.6634

0.4305

0.2725

0.1678

0.1001

0.0576

0.0319

0.0168

0.0084

0.0039

0.0017

0.0007

0.0002

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.2793

0.3826

0.3847

0.3355

0.2670

0.1977

0.1373

0.0896

0.0548

0.0313

0.0164

0.0079

0.0033

0.0012

0.0004

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0515

0.1488

0.2376

0.2936

0.3115

0.2965

0.2587

0.2090

0.1569

0.1094

0.0703

0.0413

0.0217

0.0100

0.0038

0.0011

0.0002

0.0000

0.0000

0.0054

0.0331

0.0839

0.1468

0.2076

0.2541

0.2786

0.2787

0.2568

0.2188

0.1719

0.1239

0.0808

0.0467

0.0231

0.0092

0.0026

0.0004

0.0000

0.0004

0.0046

0.0185

0.0459

0.0865

0.1361

0.1875

0.2322

0.2627

0.2734

0.2627

0.2322

0.1875

0.1361

0.0865

0.0459

0.0185

0.0046

0.0004

0.0000

0.0004

0.0026

0.0092

0.0231

0.0467

0.0808

0.1239

0.1719

0.2188

0.2568

0.2787

0.2786

0.2541

0.2076

0.1468

0.0839

0.0331

0.0054

0.0000

0.0000

0.0002

0.0011

0.0038

0.0100

0.0217

0.0413

0.0703

0.1094

0.1569

0.2090

0.2587

0.2965

0.3115

0.2936

0.2376

0.1488

0.0515

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0001

0.0004

0.0012

0.0033

0.0079

0.0164

0.0313

0.0548

0.0896

0.1373

0.1977

0.2670

0.3355

0.3847

0.3826

0.2793

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0001

0.0002

0.0007

0.0017

0.0039

0.0084

0.0168

0.0319

0.0576

0.1001

0.1678

0.2725

0.4305

0.6634

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0.6302

0.3874

0.2316

0.1342

0.0751

0.0404

0.0207

0.0101

0.0046

0.0020

0.0008

0.0003

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.2985

0.3874

0.3679

0.3020

0.2253

0.1556

0.1004

0.0605

0.0339

0.0176

0.0083

0.0035

0.0013

0.0004

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0629

0.1722

0.2597

0.3020

0.3003

0.2668

0.2162

0.1612

0.1110

0.0703

0.0407

0.0212

0.0098

0.0039

0.0012

0.0003

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0077

0.0446

0.1069

0.1762

0.2336

0.2668

0.2716

0.2508

0.2119

0.1641

0.1160

0.0743

0.0424

0.0210

0.0087

0.0028

0.0006

0.0001

0.0000

0.0006

0.0074

0.0283

0.0661

0.1168

0.1715

0.2194

0.2508

0.2600

0.2461

0.2128

0.1672

0.1181

0.0735

0.0389

0.0165

0.0050

0.0008

0.0000

0.0000

0.0008

0.0050

0.0165

0.0389

0.0735

0.1181

0.1672

0.2128

0.2461

0.2600

0.2508

0.2194

0.1715

0.1168

0.0661

0.0283

0.0074

0.0006

0.0000

0.0001

0.0006

0.0028

0.0087

0.0210

0.0424

0.0743

0.1160

0.1641

0.2119

0.2508

0.2716

0.2668

0.2336

0.1762

0.1069

0.0446

0.0077

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0003

0.0012

0.0039

0.0098

0.0212

0.0407

0.0703

0.1110

0.1612

0.2162

0.2668

0.3003

0.3020

0.2597

0.1722

0.0629

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0001

0.0004

0.0013

0.0035

0.0083

0.0176

0.0339

0.0605

0.1004

0.1556

0.2253

0.3020

0.3679

0.3874

0.2985

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0001

0.0003

0.0008

0.0020

0.0046

0.0101

0.0207

0.0404

0.0751

0.1342

0.2316

0.3874

0.6302

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

0.5987

0.3487

0.1969

0.1074

0.0563

0.0282

0.0135

0.0060

0.0025

0.0010

0.0003

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.3151

0.3874

0.3474

0.2684

0.1877

0.1211

0.0725

0.0403

0.0207

0.0098

0.0042

0.0016

0.0005

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0746

0.1937

0.2759

0.3020

0.2816

0.2335

0.1757

0.1209

0.0763

0.0439

0.0229

0.0106

0.0043

0.0014

0.0004

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0105

0.0574

0.1298

0.2013

0.2503

0.2668

0.2522

0.2150

0.1665

0.1172

0.0746

0.0425

0.0212

0.0090

0.0031

0.0008

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0010

0.0112

0.0401

0.0881

0.1460

0.2001

0.2377

0.2508

0.2384

0.2051

0.1596

0.1115

0.0689

0.0368

0.0162

0.0055

0.0012

0.0001

0.0000

0.0001

0.0015

0.0085

0.0264

0.0584

0.1029

0.1536

0.2007

0.2340

0.2461

0.2340

0.2007

0.1536

0.1029

0.0584

0.0264

0.0085

0.0015

0.0001

0.0000

0.0001

0.0012

0.0055

0.0162

0.0368

0.0689

0.1115

0.1596

0.2051

0.2384

0.2508

0.2377

0.2001

0.1460

0.0881

0.0401

0.0112

0.0010

0.0000

0.0000

0.0001

0.0008

0.0031

0.0090

0.0212

0.0425

0.0746

0.1172

0.1665

0.2150

0.2522

0.2668

0.2503

0.2013

0.1298

0.0574

0.0105

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0001

0.0004

0.0014

0.0043

0.0106

0.0229

0.0439

0.0763

0.1209

0.1757

0.2335

0.2816

0.3020

0.2759

0.1937

0.0746

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0001

0.0005

0.0016

0.0042

0.0098

0.0207

0.0403

0.0725

0.1211

0.1877

0.2684

0.3474

0.3874

0.3151

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0001

0.0003

0.0010

0.0025

0.0060

0.0135

0.0282

0.0563

0.1074

0.1969

0.3487

0.5987

10

Table 2:

Binomial Probability: P(X k)

p
n

k 0.05

0
1

0.9025

0.8100

0.7225

0.6400

0.5625

0.4900

0.4225

0.3600

0.3025

0.2500

0.2025

0.1600

0.1225

0.0900

0.0625

0.0400

0.0225

0.0100

0.0025

0.9975

0.9900

0.9775

0.9600

0.9375

0.9100

0.8775

0.8400

0.7975

0.7500

0.6975

0.6400

0.5775

0.5100

0.4375

0.3600

0.2775

0.1900

0.0975

0
1
2

0.8574

0.7290

0.6141

0.5120

0.4219

0.3430

0.2746

0.2160

0.1664

0.1250

0.0911

0.0640

0.0429

0.0270

0.0156

0.0080

0.0034

0.0010

0.0001

0.9928

0.9720

0.9393

0.8960

0.8438

0.7840

0.7183

0.6480

0.5748

0.5000

0.4253

0.3520

0.2818

0.2160

0.1563

0.1040

0.0607

0.0280

0.0072

0.9999

0.9990

0.9966

0.9920

0.9844

0.9730

0.9571

0.9360

0.9089

0.8750

0.8336

0.7840

0.7254

0.6570

0.5781

0.4880

0.3859

0.2710

0.1426

0
1
2
3

0.8145

0.6561

0.5220

0.4096

0.3164

0.2401

0.1785

0.1296

0.0915

0.0625

0.0410

0.0256

0.0150

0.0081

0.0039

0.0016

0.0005

0.0001

0.0000

0.9860

0.9477

0.8905

0.8192

0.7383

0.6517

0.5630

0.4752

0.3910

0.3125

0.2415

0.1792

0.1265

0.0837

0.0508

0.0272

0.0120

0.0037

0.0005

0.9995

0.9963

0.9880

0.9728

0.9492

0.9163

0.8735

0.8208

0.7585

0.6875

0.6090

0.5248

0.4370

0.3483

0.2617

0.1808

0.1095

0.0523

0.0140

1.0000

0.9999

0.9995

0.9984

0.9961

0.9919

0.9850

0.9744

0.9590

0.9375

0.9085

0.8704

0.8215

0.7599

0.6836

0.5904

0.4780

0.3439

0.1855

0
1
2
3
4

0.7738

0.5905

0.4437

0.3277

0.2373

0.1681

0.1160

0.0778

0.0503

0.0313

0.0185

0.0102

0.0053

0.0024

0.0010

0.0003

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.9774

0.9185

0.8352

0.7373

0.6328

0.5282

0.4284

0.3370

0.2562

0.1875

0.1312

0.0870

0.0540

0.0308

0.0156

0.0067

0.0022

0.0005

0.0000

0.9988

0.9914

0.9734

0.9421

0.8965

0.8369

0.7648

0.6826

0.5931

0.5000

0.4069

0.3174

0.2352

0.1631

0.1035

0.0579

0.0266

0.0086

0.0012

1.0000

0.9995

0.9978

0.9933

0.9844

0.9692

0.9460

0.9130

0.8688

0.8125

0.7438

0.6630

0.5716

0.4718

0.3672

0.2627

0.1648

0.0815

0.0226

1.0000

1.0000

0.9999

0.9997

0.9990

0.9976

0.9947

0.9898

0.9815

0.9688

0.9497

0.9222

0.8840

0.8319

0.7627

0.6723

0.5563

0.4095

0.2262

0
1
2
3
4
5

0.7351

0.5314

0.3771

0.2621

0.1780

0.1176

0.0754

0.0467

0.0277

0.0156

0.0083

0.0041

0.0018

0.0007

0.0002

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.9672

0.8857

0.7765

0.6554

0.5339

0.4202

0.3191

0.2333

0.1636

0.1094

0.0692

0.0410

0.0223

0.0109

0.0046

0.0016

0.0004

0.0001

0.0000

0.9978

0.9842

0.9527

0.9011

0.8306

0.7443

0.6471

0.5443

0.4415

0.3438

0.2553

0.1792

0.1174

0.0705

0.0376

0.0170

0.0059

0.0013

0.0001

0.9999

0.9987

0.9941

0.9830

0.9624

0.9295

0.8826

0.8208

0.7447

0.6563

0.5585

0.4557

0.3529

0.2557

0.1694

0.0989

0.0473

0.0158

0.0022

1.0000

0.9999

0.9996

0.9984

0.9954

0.9891

0.9777

0.9590

0.9308

0.8906

0.8364

0.7667

0.6809

0.5798

0.4661

0.3446

0.2235

0.1143

0.0328

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0.9999

0.9998

0.9993

0.9982

0.9959

0.9917

0.9844

0.9723

0.9533

0.9246

0.8824

0.8220

0.7379

0.6229

0.4686

0.2649

0
1
2
3
4
5
6

0.6983

0.4783

0.3206

0.2097

0.1335

0.0824

0.0490

0.0280

0.0152

0.0078

0.0037

0.0016

0.0006

0.0002

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.9556

0.8503

0.7166

0.5767

0.4449

0.3294

0.2338

0.1586

0.1024

0.0625

0.0357

0.0188

0.0090

0.0038

0.0013

0.0004

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.9962

0.9743

0.9262

0.8520

0.7564

0.6471

0.5323

0.4199

0.3164

0.2266

0.1529

0.0963

0.0556

0.0288

0.0129

0.0047

0.0012

0.0002

0.0000

0.9998

0.9973

0.9879

0.9667

0.9294

0.8740

0.8002

0.7102

0.6083

0.5000

0.3917

0.2898

0.1998

0.1260

0.0706

0.0333

0.0121

0.0027

0.0002

1.0000

0.9998

0.9988

0.9953

0.9871

0.9712

0.9444

0.9037

0.8471

0.7734

0.6836

0.5801

0.4677

0.3529

0.2436

0.1480

0.0738

0.0257

0.0038

1.0000

1.0000

0.9999

0.9996

0.9987

0.9962

0.9910

0.9812

0.9643

0.9375

0.8976

0.8414

0.7662

0.6706

0.5551

0.4233

0.2834

0.1497

0.0444

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0.9999

0.9998

0.9994

0.9984

0.9963

0.9922

0.9848

0.9720

0.9510

0.9176

0.8665

0.7903

0.6794

0.5217

0.3017

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

0.6634

0.4305

0.2725

0.1678

0.1001

0.0576

0.0319

0.0168

0.0084

0.0039

0.0017

0.0007

0.0002

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.9428

0.8131

0.6572

0.5033

0.3671

0.2553

0.1691

0.1064

0.0632

0.0352

0.0181

0.0085

0.0036

0.0013

0.0004

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.9942

0.9619

0.8948

0.7969

0.6785

0.5518

0.4278

0.3154

0.2201

0.1445

0.0885

0.0498

0.0253

0.0113

0.0042

0.0012

0.0002

0.0000

0.0000

0.9996

0.9950

0.9786

0.9437

0.8862

0.8059

0.7064

0.5941

0.4770

0.3633

0.2604

0.1737

0.1061

0.0580

0.0273

0.0104

0.0029

0.0004

0.0000

1.0000

0.9996

0.9971

0.9896

0.9727

0.9420

0.8939

0.8263

0.7396

0.6367

0.5230

0.4059

0.2936

0.1941

0.1138

0.0563

0.0214

0.0050

0.0004

1.0000

1.0000

0.9998

0.9988

0.9958

0.9887

0.9747

0.9502

0.9115

0.8555

0.7799

0.6846

0.5722

0.4482

0.3215

0.2031

0.1052

0.0381

0.0058

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0.9999

0.9996

0.9987

0.9964

0.9915

0.9819

0.9648

0.9368

0.8936

0.8309

0.7447

0.6329

0.4967

0.3428

0.1869

0.0572

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0.9999

0.9998

0.9993

0.9983

0.9961

0.9916

0.9832

0.9681

0.9424

0.8999

0.8322

0.7275

0.5695

0.3366

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

0.6302

0.3874

0.2316

0.1342

0.0751

0.0404

0.0207

0.0101

0.0046

0.0020

0.0008

0.0003

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.9288

0.7748

0.5995

0.4362

0.3003

0.1960

0.1211

0.0705

0.0385

0.0195

0.0091

0.0038

0.0014

0.0004

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.9916

0.9470

0.8591

0.7382

0.6007

0.4628

0.3373

0.2318

0.1495

0.0898

0.0498

0.0250

0.0112

0.0043

0.0013

0.0003

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.9994

0.9917

0.9661

0.9144

0.8343

0.7297

0.6089

0.4826

0.3614

0.2539

0.1658

0.0994

0.0536

0.0253

0.0100

0.0031

0.0006

0.0001

0.0000

1.0000

0.9991

0.9944

0.9804

0.9511

0.9012

0.8283

0.7334

0.6214

0.5000

0.3786

0.2666

0.1717

0.0988

0.0489

0.0196

0.0056

0.0009

0.0000

1.0000

0.9999

0.9994

0.9969

0.9900

0.9747

0.9464

0.9006

0.8342

0.7461

0.6386

0.5174

0.3911

0.2703

0.1657

0.0856

0.0339

0.0083

0.0006

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0.9997

0.9987

0.9957

0.9888

0.9750

0.9502

0.9102

0.8505

0.7682

0.6627

0.5372

0.3993

0.2618

0.1409

0.0530

0.0084

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0.9999

0.9996

0.9986

0.9962

0.9909

0.9805

0.9615

0.9295

0.8789

0.8040

0.6997

0.5638

0.4005

0.2252

0.0712

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0.9999

0.9997

0.9992

0.9980

0.9954

0.9899

0.9793

0.9596

0.9249

0.8658

0.7684

0.6126

0.3698

0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0.5987

0.3487

0.1969

0.1074

0.0563

0.0282

0.0135

0.0060

0.0025

0.0010

0.0003

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.9139

0.7361

0.5443

0.3758

0.2440

0.1493

0.0860

0.0464

0.0233

0.0107

0.0045

0.0017

0.0005

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.9885

0.9298

0.8202

0.6778

0.5256

0.3828

0.2616

0.1673

0.0996

0.0547

0.0274

0.0123

0.0048

0.0016

0.0004

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.0000

0.9990

0.9872

0.9500

0.8791

0.7759

0.6496

0.5138

0.3823

0.2660

0.1719

0.1020

0.0548

0.0260

0.0106

0.0035

0.0009

0.0001

0.0000

0.0000

0.9999

0.9984

0.9901

0.9672

0.9219

0.8497

0.7515

0.6331

0.5044

0.3770

0.2616

0.1662

0.0949

0.0473

0.0197

0.0064

0.0014

0.0001

0.0000

1.0000

0.9999

0.9986

0.9936

0.9803

0.9527

0.9051

0.8338

0.7384

0.6230

0.4956

0.3669

0.2485

0.1503

0.0781

0.0328

0.0099

0.0016

0.0001

1.0000

1.0000

0.9999

0.9991

0.9965

0.9894

0.9740

0.9452

0.8980

0.8281

0.7340

0.6177

0.4862

0.3504

0.2241

0.1209

0.0500

0.0128

0.0010

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0.9999

0.9996

0.9984

0.9952

0.9877

0.9726

0.9453

0.9004

0.8327

0.7384

0.6172

0.4744

0.3222

0.1798

0.0702

0.0115

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0.9999

0.9995

0.9983

0.9955

0.9893

0.9767

0.9536

0.9140

0.8507

0.7560

0.6242

0.4557

0.2639

0.0861

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

1.0000

0.9999

0.9997

0.9990

0.9975

0.9940

0.9865

0.9718

0.9437

0.8926

0.8031

0.6513

0.4013

10

0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30

0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50

0.55 0.60 0.65 0.70 0.75

0.80 0.85 0.90 0.95

10

Table 3: Standard Normal Probabilities: P(0 Z z)

z
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9
2.0
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9

0.0000

0.0040

0.0080

0.0120

0.0160

0.0199

0.0239

0.0279

0.0319

0.0359

0.0398

0.0438

0.0478

0.0517

0.0557

0.0596

0.0636

0.0675

0.0714

0.0753

0.0793

0.0832

0.0871

0.0910

0.0948

0.0987

0.1026

0.1064

0.1103

0.1141

0.1179

0.1217

0.1255

0.1293

0.1331

0.1368

0.1406

0.1443

0.1480

0.1517

0.1554

0.1591

0.1628

0.1664

0.1700

0.1736

0.1772

0.1808

0.1844

0.1879

0.1915

0.1950

0.1985

0.2019

0.2054

0.2088

0.2123

0.2157

0.2190

0.2224

0.2257

0.2291

0.2324

0.2357

0.2389

0.2422

0.2454

0.2486

0.2517

0.2549

0.2580

0.2611

0.2642

0.2673

0.2704

0.2734

0.2764

0.2794

0.2823

0.2852

0.2881

0.2910

0.2939

0.2967

0.2995

0.3023

0.3051

0.3078

0.3106

0.3133

0.3159

0.3186

0.3212

0.3238

0.3264

0.3289

0.3315

0.3340

0.3365

0.3389

0.3413

0.3438

0.3461

0.3485

0.3508

0.3531

0.3554

0.3577

0.3599

0.3621

0.3643

0.3665

0.3686

0.3708

0.3729

0.3749

0.3770

0.3790

0.3810

0.3830

0.3849

0.3869

0.3888

0.3907

0.3925

0.3944

0.3962

0.3980

0.3997

0.4015

0.4032

0.4049

0.4066

0.4082

0.4099

0.4115

0.4131

0.4147

0.4162

0.4177

0.4192

0.4207

0.4222

0.4236

0.4251

0.4265

0.4279

0.4292

0.4306

0.4319

0.4332

0.4345

0.4357

0.4370

0.4382

0.4394

0.4406

0.4418

0.4429

0.4441

0.4452

0.4463

0.4474

0.4484

0.4495

0.4505

0.4515

0.4525

0.4535

0.4545

0.4554

0.4564

0.4573

0.4582

0.4591

0.4599

0.4608

0.4616

0.4625

0.4633

0.4641

0.4649

0.4656

0.4664

0.4671

0.4678

0.4686

0.4693

0.4699

0.4706

0.4713

0.4719

0.4726

0.4732

0.4738

0.4744

0.4750

0.4756

0.4761

0.4767

0.4772

0.4778

0.4783

0.4788

0.4793

0.4798

0.4803

0.4808

0.4812

0.4817

0.4821

0.4826

0.4830

0.4834

0.4838

0.4842

0.4846

0.4850

0.4854

0.4857

0.4861

0.4864

0.4868

0.4871

0.4875

0.4878

0.4881

0.4884

0.4887

0.4890

0.4893

0.4896

0.4898

0.4901

0.4904

0.4906

0.4909

0.4911

0.4913

0.4916

0.4918

0.4920

0.4922

0.4925

0.4927

0.4929

0.4931

0.4932

0.4934

0.4936

0.4938

0.4940

0.4941

0.4943

0.4945

0.4946

0.4948

0.4949

0.4951

0.4952

0.4953

0.4955

0.4956

0.4957

0.4959

0.4960

0.4961

0.4962

0.4963

0.4964

0.4965

0.4966

0.4967

0.4968

0.4969

0.4970

0.4971

0.4972

0.4973

0.4974

0.4974

0.4975

0.4976

0.4977

0.4977

0.4978

0.4979

0.4979

0.4980

0.4981

0.4981

0.4982

0.4982

0.4983

0.4984

0.4984

0.4985

0.4985

0.4986

0.4986

0.4987

0.4987

0.4987

0.4988

0.4988

0.4989

0.4989

0.4989

0.4990

0.4990

0.4990

0.4991

0.4991

0.4991

0.4992

0.4992

0.4992

0.4992

0.4993

0.4993

0.4993

0.4993

0.4994

0.4994

0.4994

0.4994

0.4994

0.4995

0.4995

0.4995

0.4995

0.4995

0.4995

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4996

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4997

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4998

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.4999

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

0.5000

Table 4: Upper-tail Critical Values of t-Distribution: t(, )

0.100

0.050

0.025

0.010

0.005

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
60
120

3.078

6.314

12.706

31.821

63.657

1.886

2.920

4.303

6.965

9.925

1.638

2.353

3.182

4.541

5.841

1.533

2.132

2.776

3.747

4.604

1.476

2.015

2.571

3.365

4.032

1.440

1.943

2.447

3.143

3.707

1.415

1.895

2.365

2.998

3.499

1.397

1.860

2.306

2.896

3.355

1.383

1.833

2.262

2.821

3.250

1.372

1.812

2.228

2.764

3.169

1.363

1.796

2.201

2.718

3.106

1.356

1.782

2.179

2.681

3.055

1.350

1.771

2.160

2.650

3.012

1.345

1.761

2.145

2.624

2.977

1.341

1.753

2.131

2.602

2.947

1.337

1.746

2.120

2.583

2.921

1.333

1.740

2.110

2.567

2.898

1.330

1.734

2.101

2.552

2.878

1.328

1.729

2.093

2.539

2.861

1.325

1.725

2.086

2.528

2.845

1.323

1.721

2.080

2.518

2.831

1.321

1.717

2.074

2.508

2.819

1.319

1.714

2.069

2.500

2.807

1.318

1.711

2.064

2.492

2.797

1.316

1.708

2.060

2.485

2.787

1.315

1.706

2.056

2.479

2.779

1.314

1.703

2.052

2.473

2.771

1.313

1.701

2.048

2.467

2.763

1.311

1.699

2.045

2.462

2.756

1.310

1.697

2.042

2.457

2.750

1.303

1.684

2.021

2.423

2.704

1.296

1.671

2.000

2.390

2.660

1.289

1.658

1.980

2.358

2.617

1.282

1.645

1.960

2.326

2.576

12

Table 5: Upper-tail Chi-square Critical Values: 2(,)

Chi2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

0.995

0.99

0.975

0.95

0.9

0.1

0.05

0.025

0.01

0.005

3.93E-05

0.0002

0.0010

0.0039

0.0158

2.7055

3.8415

5.0239

6.6349

7.8794

0.0100

0.0201

0.0506

0.1026

0.2107

4.6052

5.9915

7.3778

9.2103

10.5966

0.0717

0.1148

0.2158

0.3518

0.5844

6.2514

7.8147

9.3484

11.3449

12.8382

0.2070

0.2971

0.4844

0.7107

1.0636

7.7794

9.4877

11.1433

13.2767

14.8603

0.4117

0.5543

0.8312

1.1455

1.6103

9.2364

11.0705

12.8325

15.0863

16.7496

0.6757

0.8721

1.2373

1.6354

2.2041

10.6446

12.5916

14.4494

16.8119

18.5476

0.9893

1.2390

1.6899

2.1673

2.8331

12.0170

14.0671

16.0128

18.4753

20.2777

1.3444

1.6465

2.1797

2.7326

3.4895

13.3616

15.5073

17.5345

20.0902

21.9550

1.7349

2.0879

2.7004

3.3251

4.1682

14.6837

16.9190

19.0228

21.6660

23.5894

2.1559

2.5582

3.2470

3.9403

4.8652

15.9872

18.3070

20.4832

23.2093

25.1882

2.6032

3.0535

3.8157

4.5748

5.5778

17.2750

19.6751

21.9200

24.7250

26.7568

3.0738

3.5706

4.4038

5.2260

6.3038

18.5493

21.0261

23.3367

26.2170

28.2995

3.5650

4.1069

5.0088

5.8919

7.0415

19.8119

22.3620

24.7356

27.6882

29.8195

4.0747

4.6604

5.6287

6.5706

7.7895

21.0641

23.6848

26.1189

29.1412

31.3193

4.6009

5.2293

6.2621

7.2609

8.5468

22.3071

24.9958

27.4884

30.5779

32.8013

5.1422

5.8122

6.9077

7.9616

9.3122

23.5418

26.2962

28.8454

31.9999

34.2672

5.6972

6.4078

7.5642

8.6718

10.0852

24.7690

27.5871

30.1910

33.4087

35.7185

6.2648

7.0149

8.2307

9.3905

10.8649

25.9894

28.8693

31.5264

34.8053

37.1565

6.8440

7.6327

8.9065

10.1170

11.6509

27.2036

30.1435

32.8523

36.1909

38.5823

7.4338

8.2604

9.5908

10.8508

12.4426

28.4120

31.4104

34.1696

37.5662

39.9968

8.0337

8.8972

10.2829

11.5913

13.2396

29.6151

32.6706

35.4789

38.9322

41.4011

8.6427

9.5425

10.9823

12.3380

14.0415

30.8133

33.9244

36.7807

40.2894

42.7957

9.2604

10.1957

11.6886

13.0905

14.8480

32.0069

35.1725

38.0756

41.6384

44.1813

9.8862

10.8564

12.4012

13.8484

15.6587

33.1962

36.4150

39.3641

42.9798

45.5585

10.5197

11.5240

13.1197

14.6114

16.4734

34.3816

37.6525

40.6465

44.3141

46.9279

11.1602

12.1981

13.8439

15.3792

17.2919

35.5632

38.8851

41.9232

45.6417

48.2899

11.8076

12.8785

14.5734

16.1514

18.1139

36.7412

40.1133

43.1945

46.9629

49.6449

12.4613

13.5647

15.3079

16.9279

18.9392

37.9159

41.3371

44.4608

48.2782

50.9934

13.1211

14.2565

16.0471

17.7084

19.7677

39.0875

42.5570

45.7223

49.5879

52.3356

13.7867

14.9535

16.7908

18.4927

20.5992

40.2560

43.7730

46.9792

50.8922

53.6720

20.7065

22.1643

24.4330

26.5093

29.0505

51.8051

55.7585

59.3417

63.6907

66.7660

27.9907

29.7067

32.3574

34.7643

37.6886

63.1671

67.5048

71.4202

76.1539

79.4900

35.5345

37.4849

40.4817

43.1880

46.4589

74.3970

79.0819

83.2977

88.3794

91.9517

43.2752

45.4417

48.7576

51.7393

55.3289

85.5270

90.5312

95.0232

100.4252

104.2149

51.1719

53.5401

57.1532

60.3915

64.2778

96.5782

101.8795

106.6286

112.3288

116.3211

59.1963

61.7541

65.6466

69.1260

73.2911

107.5650

113.1453

118.1359

124.1163

128.2989

67.3276

70.0649

74.2219

77.9295

82.3581

118.4980

124.3421

129.5612

135.8067

140.1695

13