On April 5, 1942, Chief Justice Jose Abad Santos and Manuel Roxas met for the last time in

Dumaguete. After their meeting, Roxas flew to Mindanao, and Abad Santos left by boat bound for
Cebu to oversee the civil government in the area.

On April 4, 1868, Felipe Calderon, pedagogue, lawyer, writer, patriot and author of the Malolos
Consitution was born in Santa Cruz de Malabon (now Tanza), Cavite. He founded the Colegio de
Abogados de Filipina and the Escuela de Derecho de Manila.

On April 4, 1942, Field Marshal Douglas MacArthur (RIGHT), who was in Australia, cabled Lt. Gen.
Jonathan M. Wainwright (LEFT), who was in Corregidor, stating Under no conditions should this
command [in Bataan] be surrendered. Wainwright had assumed command following MacArthur's
departure.

On April 3, 1946, Lieutenant General Masahuru Homma, Commander-in-Chief of the Imperial

Japanese Forces in the Philippines, was executed. He was responsible for the Bataan Death March.

Felipe Buencamino III was a young journalist who became a junior officer in Bataan, assigned to
General Simeon de Jesus and his military intelligence unit. He kept a diary chronicling his
experience of the war.
"A pioneer "Neo-Realist" of the country, Cesar Legaspi is remembered for his singular achievement
of refining cubism in the Philippine context," writes the National Commission for Culture and the Arts.
"Legaspi belonged to the so-called "Thirteen Moderns" and later, the "Neo-realists". His distinctive
style and daring themes contributed significantly to the advent and eventual acceptance of modern
art in the Philippines. Legaspi made use of the geometric fragmentation technique, weaving social
comment and juxtaposing the mythical and modern into his overlapping, interacting forms with
disturbing power and intensity."

On April 2, 1906, Henry Clay Ide was officially appointed Governor-General of the Philippines. He
was one of the members of the First Philippine Commission and was also previously Vice Governor
of the Philippines.

On April 2, 1986, the reorganization of the Supreme Court began with the appointment of Claudio
Teehankee as Chief Justice.
The reorganization continued with the appointments of other Associate Justices such as Vicente
Abad Santos, Jose V. Feria, Pedro L. Yap, Marcelo B. Fernan, Andres R. Narvasa, Ameurfina
Melencio-Herrera, Nestor B. Alampay, Hugo E. Gutierrez Jr., and Isagani A. Cruz.

"Levi Celerio is a prolific lyricist and composer for decades. He effortlessly translated/wrote anew the
lyrics to traditional melodies: O MALIWANAG NA BUWAN (Iloko), AKO AY MAY SINGSING
(Pampango), ALIBANGBANG (Visaya) among others," writes the National Commission for Culture
and the Arts. "Born in Tondo, Celerio received his scholarship at the Academy of Music in Manila
that made it possible for him to join the Manila Symphony Orchestra, becoming its youngest
member. He made it to the Guinness Book of World Records as the only person able to make music
using just a leaf. A great number of his songs have been written for the local movies, which earned
for him the Lifetime Achievement Award from the Film Academy of the Philippines. Celerio, more
importantly, has enriched the Philippine music for no less than two generations with a treasury of
more than 4,000 songs in an idiom that has proven to appeal to all social classes."

On April 1, 1978, Ninoy Aquino appealed to teachers to uphold the freedom and integrity of the
elections for the Interim Batasang Pambansa to be held on April 7.

On April 1, 1901, nine days after Emilio Aguinaldo's capture in Palanan, Isabela, he swore an oath of
allegiance to the United States of America.
"Lucio D. San Pedro is a master composer, conductor, and teacher whose music evokes the folk
elements of the Filipino heritage," writes the National Commission for Culture and the Arts. "Cousin
to Carlos 'Botong' Francisco, National Artist for Painting, San Pedro has produced a wide-ranging
body of works that includes band music, concertos for violin and orchestra, choral works, cantatas,
chamber music, music for violin and piano, and songs for solo voice."
On March 31, 1521, the officially recognized first Mass in the Philippines was celebrated at
Limasawa Island. It was officiated by Fr. Pedro de Valderama and attended by Kolambu, Siagu,
Magellan, and their men.
On March 30, 1900, American General Elwell Otis formally constituted a Department of Public
Instruction for the Philippines now known as the Department of Education.

On March 29, 1521, Ferdinand Magellan and Rajah Kolambu of Limasawa Island entered into a
blood compact of friendship.
PHOTO: 1935 stamp commemorating the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan

On March 21, 1946, Field Marshal Douglas MacArthur, after reviewing the decision of the military
commission, affirms the death sentence of Lt. Gen. Masaharu Homma.
On March 11, 1942, under orders from U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt, Field Marshal Douglas
MacArthur and his family left Corregidor in a PT boat to head for Mindanao, where a plane would
take them to Australia.

On March 1, 1896, the Supreme Council of the Katipunan appointed a committee composed of
Emilio Jacinto, Jose Dizon, Mariano Crisostomo, and Jose Ma. Basa, to negotiate the purchase of
arms and ammunition from Japan.

CONFLUENCE, a sculpture given to the Japanese Prime Minister Shinz Abe by President Benigno
S. Aquino III during his visit to the Philippines. It is customary for presidents to exchange gifts with
visiting heads of state or government. Gifts are chosen in order to showcase the skill of local
craftsmen and/or to highlight the bond shared by the two nations.
Former President Diosdado Macapagal issues a statement over Radio Veritas, urging President
Ferdinand E. Marcos to restore democracy.

On February 22, 1986, Defense Minister Juan Ponce Enrile and General Fidel V. Ramos held a
press conference to announce their withdrawal of support for Ferdinand E. Marcos, and to declare
Corazon C. Aquino as the President. They acknowledged cheating in the recent elections. Gen.
Ramos also called on the Armed Forces of the Philippines for their support.
On February 19, 1899, President Emilio Aguinaldo signed the Budget Act of 1899 for the First
Philippine Republic.

On February 6, 1964, Emilio Aguinaldothe first President of the Philippines, and the only President
of the First Republicdied of coronary thrombosis at the age of 94.
On February 5, 1945, the Japanese Noguchi Detachment set fire to buildings on the banks of the
river, in an attempt to delay the advance of American troops. They also exploded demolitions in
major buildings.
On January 30, 1911, Taal Volcano erupted, killing around 1,300 people and destroying 13 villages.
On January 12, 1777, a Spanish royal decree ordered the cultivation of flax in the Philippines for the
production of dungaree fabric and other industrial fibers.
On January 10, 1785, King Charles III of Spain granted the title Royal to the University of Santo
Tomas for its contribution to Manilas defense from the British forces.
On January 9, 1945, American troops under the command of Field Marshal Douglas MacArthur
landed in Lingayen and Blue Beach, Dagupan. During the initial landing, 68,000 troops landed,
followed by a total of 203,608 troops in the subsequent landings. These landings were part of the
campaign to liberate the Philippines from the Imperial Japanese Forces.
On January 5, 1899, President Emilio Aguinaldo issued a proclamation protesting the encroachment
of the American Government on the sovereignty of these Islands. To show their indignation, the
Filipinos tore down copies of William McKinleys Benevolent Assimilation proclamation of December
21, 1898 which had been posted around Manila.
On January 3, 1942, the Japanese High Command established the Japanese Military Administration
in the Philippines.
PHOTO: After the official call on Lieutenant General Masaharu Homma, Commander-in-Chief of the
Imperial Forces in the Philippines, by members of the Philippine Executive Commission.

On January 1, 1892, Manuel Roxas, the fifth President of the Philippines, the third President of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines, and the first President of the Third Republic, was born in Capiz
(now Roxas City), Capiz.
Roxas started his political career in 1917 as a member of the municipal council of Capiz. He then
served as governor from 1919 to 1921, after which he won election to the House of Representatives
and to the post of Speaker. Roxas worked closely with Quezon and Osmea in leading the campaign
for national independence. In 1934, Roxas became a member of the Constitutional Convention that
produced the 1935 Constitution, as well as Secretary of Finance in the Quezon administration.

During World War II in the Pacific theater, he served as liaison with United States Army Forces in the
Far East (USAFFE) and after his capture, served under the Japanese-sponsored government. After
the war, he became Senate President. Defeating Osmea in the 1946 elections, Roxas became the
last Commonwealth President and, with the formal recognition of Philippine independence by the
United States on July 4, 1946, first President of the Third Republic.

On December 19, 1896, Governor-General Camilo Polavieja issued a decree ordering that the
charges of sedition against Jose Rizal be tried under court martial. The decorated military man
replaced Ramon Blanco on December 13, 1896.
On December 9, 1941, President Manuel L. Quezon left Baguio to return to Manila, a day after he
issued his "Zero hour" statement to the press.
When he arrived in Manila, the President stayed in his Mariquina home where he would hold regular
meetings. It also had an air raid shelter where the President delivered messages over the radio.
President Quezon stayed there until December 24, 1941. Thereafter, he proceeded to Malacaan
Palace and evacuated to Corregidor.

On October 12, 1868, revolutionary leader and de facto vice-president of the Biak-na-Bato Republic,
General Mariano Trias was born. Trias was born in San Francisco de Malabon, now known as
General Trias, Cavite.
On September 12, 1896, thirteen Filipinos were executed by the Spanish authorities at Plaza de
Armas, near Fort of San Felipe, Cavite City. They were Maximo Inocencio, Luis Aguado, Victoriano
Luciano, Hugo Perez, Jose Lallana, Antonio San Agustin, Agapito Conchu, Feliciano Cabuco,
Maximo Gregorio, Eugenio Cabezas, Severino Lapidario, Alfonso de Ocampo, and Francisco
Osorio. They are now known as the Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite or Trece Martires.
On September 10, 1902, Vol. 1, No. 1 of the Official Gazette was published. The Official Gazette was
created by decree of Act No. 453, An Act providing for the publication by the Insular Government of
an Official Gazette, under the general direction of the Department of Public Instruction. It was
enacted by the Philippine Commission on September 2, 1902, by authority of the United States of
America.
On August 20, 1899, American General John C. Bates signed a formal agreement with Sultan
Jamalul Kiram II of Sulu, known as the Bates Treaty.

On August 2, 1799, Father Mariano Gomez, one of the three secular priests implicated in the Cavite
Mutiny (more popularly known as the GomBurZa) was born in Sta. Cruz, Manila.
On July 24, 1898, Aguinaldo wrote a letter to General Anderson in effect warning him not to
disembark American troops in places conquered by the Filipinos from the Spaniards without first
communicating in writing the places to be occupied and the object of the occupation.
On July 23, 1864, Apolinario Mabinithe brilliant legal luminary and statesman who built the
bureaucratic foundation of the First Republic, was born.
On June 21, 1574, King Felipe II of Spain granted the title of Distinguished and Ever Loyal City to the
City of Manila

On May 25, 1934, Governor-General Frank Murphy signed an act providing for the holding of a
Constitutional Convention.
On May 19, 1944, during the Commonwealth government-in-exile, the position of Cabinet Secretary
was created. Col. Manuel Nieto was appointed Secretary to the Cabinet by President Manuel L.
Quezon in Asheville, NC, with right to discuss and vote on matters taken up and decided by the
Cabinet.
On April 29, 1949, former First Lady Aurora Aragon Quezon was buried at the Manila North
Cemetery, with her daughter Maria Aurora and son-in-law Felipe Buencamino III. They were killed by
the HUKBALAHAP on their way to Baler.
On April 20, 1654, Archbishop Miguel Poblete lays the cornerstone of the Manila Cathedral.
Today, March 22, marks the 117th anniversary of the Tejeros Convention.
On March 22, 1897, a meeting was held gathering the two factions of the Katipunan, the Magdiwang
and the Magdalo, at the administration building of the friar estate in Tejeros, San Francisco de
Malabon. The intention, according to the memoirists Artemio Ricarte and Santiago Alvarez, was
twofold. First, there was a need to discuss the ways in which to defend the liberated territory of
Cavite against the Spanish offensive led by General Jos de Lachambre and second, to elect a
revolutionary government.

On February 17, 1872, three Filipino secular priestsMariano Gmez, Jos Burgos, and Jacinto
Zamorawere publicly executed, by garrote. The priests had been accused of masterminding the

Cavite Mutiny; they were consequently charged with treason and sedition by the Spanish military
tribunal.

By virtue of Republic Act No. 7805, s. 1994, January 28 is Julian Felipe Day, commemorating the
birth of the famed composer on this day, in 1861, in Cavite City.
Felipe composed the Marcha Nacional Filipina, which was played during the Proclamation of
Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898. The composition was derived from the three musical
pieces mentioned abovethe Marcha Real, the Aida, and the La Marseillaise.

On January 26, 1821, Governor-General Mariano Fernndez de Folgueras and Archbishop Luis de
Arrejola issue instructions for the election of Filipino deputies to the Spanish Cortes.
On January 22, 1878, after the collapse of the American Trading Company of Borneo, Baron
Gustavus von Overbeck, an Austrian, and Alfred Dent, an Englishman, take over the lease of the
defunct Trading Company. Mr. Dent organizes the North Borneo Company, which is given aid and
protection by the British Government. To strengthen its control over North Borneo, a deed is signed
on this date providing for an annual lease of $5,000 to the Sultan of Sulu.
On January 7, 1901, Major General Arthur MacArthur Jr. ordered the deportation to the island of
Guam a number of politicians and leaders of the Revolutionincluding Apolinario Mabini, Artemio
Ricarte, and Pio del Pilarfor aiding and supporting the guerrilla war against the Americans.
On December 30, 1896, at 7:03am, Dr. Jose P. Rizal was executed by musketry, for sedition and for
inciting an uprising.
Today in history: On December 28, 1896, the military court decides that Dr. Jose Rizal will be
executed by musketry; Governor-General Camilo Polavieja confirms the sentence. Teodora Alonzo
writes the Governor-General asking for clemency for her son

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