APITECH 03 Decrypted

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK
7th Edition
CHAPTER 3
PETROLEUM FRACTION DISTILLATION
INTERCONVERSIONS
Revised Chapter 3 to the Fifth Edition (1992) and Seventh Edition (2005)
2005, The American Petroleum Institute and EPCON International - All Rights Reserved
Index
Chapter 3 Petroleum Fraction Distillation Interconversions
Preface ........................................................................................................................................................................ iii
Introduction .................................................................................................................................................................1
Figure 3-0.1 Typical ASTM D86 and Simulated Distillation Curves for a Petroleum Fraction.......................................... 1
Figure 3-0.2 ASTM, True Boiling Point, and Equilibrium Flash Vaporization Distillation Curves for a Naphtha-Kerosine
Blend ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 2
Figure 3-0.3 Distillation Conversion Routes ....................................................................................................................... 3
Table 3-0.4 Summary of Correlations for Converting Distillation Data.............................................................................. 4
Computer Methods......................................................................................................................................................5
ASTM, True Boiling Point and Simulated Distillation Relationships.....................................................................6
Procedure 3A1.1 Interconversion of ASTM D86-TBP Distillations at Atmospheric Pressure............................................ 6
Figure 3A2.1 Subatmospheric ASTM Distillation and True Boiling Point Distillation Relationship ................................. 9
Procedure 3A3.1 Conversion of Standard (ASTM D2887) to True Boiling Point Distillation at Atmospheric Pressure.. 11
Procedure 3A3.2 Conversion of Simulated (ASTM D2887) to ASTM D86 Distillation at Atmospheric Pressure........... 14
Procedure 3A4.1 Interconversion of Distillation Data for Petroleum Fractions at Subatmospheric Pressures.................. 17
Bibliography...............................................................................................................................................................19
3 - ii
7-2005
Preface
(1994)
The subject of distillation has been of continuing concern in the design and operation of petroleum refineries
and related industries. Most of the procedures for inter-conversion of various distillation data in the previous
editions had been developed in the 1940s and 1950s. During the past two years, continued interest has led to the
development of new analytical correlations for conversion of various distillation data. Detailed results of the
methods tested and developed in the course of this work, together with the rationale for inclusion of the procedures
in this chapter are available in Documentation Report No. 3-93 available from University Microfilms, Inc., Ann
Arbor, Michigan.
The majority of work on this chapter was carried out by Thomas E. Daubert assisted by Nancy Crane DAubert.
The chapter coordinating committee for the Technical Data Committee was Arthur E. Ravicz of Chevron Research
and Technology Company, Chair; Sheldon J. Kramer of Amoco Oil Company, Dale Embry of Phillips Petroleum
Company, and Peter Nick of Unocal.
7-2005
3 - iii
3 - iv
7-2005
Introduction
(1994)
ASTM and true boiling point (TBP) analytical
distillations are used to define the volatility
characteristics of petroleum fractions and other
complex mixtures. Both are batch distillations,
which differ mainly in the degree of fractionation
obtained during the distillation.
ASTM D86 and D1160 distillations are run in
an Engler flask. No packing is employed, and reflux
results only from heat losses through the neck of the
flask. ASTM distillations are more widely used than
TBP distillations because the former are simpler,
less expensive, require less sample, and require only
approximately one-tenth as much time. ASTM
distillations are standardized. TBP distillations vary
appreciably in procedure and apparatus. ASTM
distillation methods in use today are:
ASTM Method D86: This method is used for
the distillation of motor gasolines, aviation
gasolines, aviation turbine fuels, naphthas,
kerosenes, gas oils, distillate fuel oils, and similar
petroleum products. It is carried out at atmospheric
pressure. An exposed thermometer is used, and
temperatures are reported without stem corrections.
ASTM D86 distillations are plotted in volume
percent.
heavy petroleum products, which can be vaporized
partially or completely at a maximum liquid
temperature of 750 F at absolute pressures down to 1
mm Hg and condensed at the pressures of the test. It
is carried out at pressures between 1 mm Hg and 50
mm Hg, absolute. Temperatures are measured with a
thermocouple. ASTM D1160 distillations are plotted
in volume percent.
ASTM Method D2887: Simulated distillation
(SD) by gas chromatography appears to be the most
simple, reproducible, and consistent method to
describe the boiling range of a hydrocarbon fraction
unambiguously. This method is applicable to all
petroleum fractions with a final boiling point of
1000 F or less at atmospheric pressure. The method
is also limited to samples having an initial boiling
point of at least 100 F. Figure 3-0.1 shows a typical
relation between ASTM D86 and ASTM D2887
distillations for a petroleum fraction. Simulated
distillations are plotted in weight percent.
distillation of stabilized crude petroleum defined as
having a Reid vapor pressure less than 12 psi. It
employs a fractionating column of 14-18 theoretical
stages operated at a reflux ratio of 5. The
7-2005
method is a form of true boiling point distillation

for any petroleum mixture boiling above light
naphthas and mixtures with final boiling points
below 750 F.
ASTM Method D3710: This method is used to
determine the boiling range distribution of gasolines,
which do not exceed an atmospheric pressure final
boiling point of 500 F. It is a gas chromatographic
method otherwise similar to D2887. Results are
reported in volume percent.
In ASTM D86, D 1160, and D2892 distillations
there may be a residue left in the distillation
equipment as well as a difference between the
volume of the original charge and the sum of the
distillate and residue. This difference is usually
termed "loss" and is generally thought of as volatile
components of the charge, which have not been
recondensed. For preparation of an ASTM
distillation for conversion to a TBP distillation, the
percent distilled at the reported temperature is the
sum of the distillate collected and the loss.
When heated, petroleum fractions undergo
thermal cracking. Although a function of chemical
composition, the amount and severity of thermal
cracking increase with increasing boiling point,
contact time, pressure and temperature. Early
editions of this chapter included a correction for
cracking for observed ASTM D86 temperatures
above 475 F. No correction for cracking is now
recommended.
Figure 3-0.1 Typical ASTM D86 and

Simulated Distillation Curves for a Petroleum
Fraction
3-1
Introduction
(1994)
TBP distillations are performed in columns with
15 to 100 theoretical plates at relatively high reflux
ratios (i.e., 5 to 1 or greater). The high degree of
fractionation in these distillations gives accurate
component distributions for mixtures. The lack of
use of a standardized apparatus and operational
procedure is a disadvantage, but the variations
between various laboratories are small because a
close approach to perfect separation by boiling point
is usually achieved. A TBP curve is also shown in
Figure 3-0.2 for comparison with an ASTM D86
distillation.
Each point on the EFV curve represents a separate

equilibrium experiment. The number of equilibrium
experiments needed to define all portions of the EFV
curve varies with the shape of the curve. Normally,
at least five such experiments are required. Figure
3-0.2 also shows the EFV curves of a
naphtha-kerosene blend at atmospheric and several
super atmospheric pressures compared to ASTM
D86 and TBP distillations. The tedious procedures
necessary to obtain experimental EFV data have
made this type experiment quite rare at this time.
Thus, correlations involving, EFV have been
eliminated from this chapter.
Users are emphatically cautioned against
relying heavily on results obtained from these
correlations. Because of a lack of standardization
and other inherent inadequacies in the methods,
the existing ASTM, TBP, and SD data on the same
fractions are not sufficiently precise or consistent
to develop accurate correlations. Consult the
Comments on each Procedure for the accuracy of
each method before use.
The correlations of this chapter were developed
using data for hydrocarbon stocks and fractions,
which included many components and exhibited
smooth distillation curves. The correlations do not
apply to mixtures of few compounds with widely
different boiling points.
A schematic diagram of the interconversion
procedures is shown in Figure 3-0.3. Correlations
are summarized in Table 3-0.4.
Correlations in this chapter are empirical in
nature and are arranged according to the various
pairs between ASTM, TBP, and SD relations.
Section 3A1
Section 3A2
Section 3A3
Section 3A4
Figure 3-0.2 ASTM, True Boiling Point, and

Equilibrium Flash Vaporization Distillation
Curves for a Naphtha-Kerosine Blend
An equilibrium flash vaporization is an experiment
carried out at constant pressure to determine the
temperature-volume percent distilled relation. The
EFV curve is a plot of temperature against percent
by volume of liquid distilled, at a constant pressure.
3-2
ASTM-TBP
(Atmospheric)
ASTM-TBP
(Subatmospheric)
SD-TBP-ASTM (Atmospheric)
Interconversions at
Subatmospheric Pressures
Use of Procedures
Procedures in this chapter are interconnected
and are in most respects consistent. In addition, all
predicted distillation curves are of the correct shape.
Careful study of Figure 3-0.3 and Table 3-0.4 gives
the method(s) to be used for each conversion. It
should be noted that in some cases alternative paths
are possible. The narrative below describes the
procedures to be used in each case.
Procedure 3A1.1 (Step 1) allows interconversion
between ASTM D86 and TBP distillations. Expected
average errors are given in the Comment.
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Figure 3-0.3 Distillation Conversion Routes
(1994)
ASTM D2887/D3710
SIMULATED
DISTILLATION
(GAS CHROM.)
P
R
I
M
A
R
Y
4
ASTM D86
3
R
O
U
T
E
760 mm
TBP
760 mm
5
TBP
TBP
5
Subatmospheric
10 mm
ASTM D1160
ASTM D1160
5
Subatmospheric
10 mm
ASTM D1160
Reported at
760 mm
Step
1
2
3
4
5
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Procedure
3A1.1
3A2.1
3A3.1
3A3.2
3A4.1
3-3
Introduction
Procedure 3A3.1 (Step 3) allows direct
interconversion of ASTM D2887 (Simulated) and
TBP distillations with excellent accuracy as shown
in the Comments. D2887 was developed to be
equivalent to a TBP distillation. Many in the
industry use D2887 directly as a TBP input for
calculations and simulations.
Procedure 3A3.2 (Step 4) relates ASTM D2887
(Simulated) and ASTM D86 distillations with
accuracy as given in the Comments. This conversion
route should not be used for fractions with D86
distillation temperatures above 600 F. ASTM has
developed two procedures for conversion of D2887
data to D86 distillations. These are documented in
D2887-04a. They were developed from kerosene,
jet fuel, and diesel data.
The conversion of Simulated to TBP
distillations can also be carried out in two steps (4
and 1) with little degradation of the prediction. See
discussion in Procedure 3A3.1.
Figure 3A2.1 (Step 2) allows conversion of
ASTM D1160 to TBP distillations at 10 mm
mercury total pressure after which Procedure 3A4.1
(Step 5) can be used to convert the TBP to
(1994)
atmospheric pressure. This method is only
recommended for development of a TBP
distillation curve if neither an ASTM D86 or
simulated distillation are available as the curve,
though reasonably shaped, was not able to be
verified since insufficient experimental data were
available.
Equilibrium flash data, while probably more
reproducible than ASTM and TBP data, are obtained
using different types of apparatus and many
variations in procedure. A computer method for flash
calculations and estimation of equilibrium K-Values
for petroleum fractions using a modified
Soave-Redlich-Kwong (6) equation of state is
included in Chapter 8.
Note: A report which documents the basis upon
which the material in all editions of this chapter was
selected has been published by the American
Petroleum Institute as Documentation Reports No.
3-66, No. 2, 3-86, and No. 3-93. All data used for
development of prediction methods are referenced in
these reports.
Table 3-0.4 Summary of Correlations for Converting Distillation Data

Data Available
Data Desired
Pressure
mm Hg
Type
ASTM D2887 (SD)
ASTM D86
ASTM D1160
ASTM D1160
ASTM D1160
TBP
ASTM D2887 (SD)
ASTM D1160
ASTM D1160
ASTM D1160
ASTM D1160
760
760
10
10
10
10
760
1
1
100
100
Type
ASTM D86
TBP
TBP
TBP
ASTM D86
TBP
TBP
TBP
ASTM D86
TBP
ASTM D86
Pressure
mmHg
Conversion Method
Steps in Fig. 3-0.3
760
760
10
760
760
760
760
760
760
760
760
4
1
2
2, 5
2, 5, 1
5
3
5, 2, 5
5, 2, 5, 1
5, 2, 5
5, 2, 5, 1
Note: All ASTM D86 temperatures at 760 mm Hg are observed values.
3-4
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Computer Methods
(2005)
Program
7-2005
Procedure
Distillation
Interconversions
Distillation
Interconversions
3A1.1
Distillation
Interconversions
Distillation
Interconversions
3A3.2
3A3.1
3A4.1
Description
Interconversion of ASTM D86-TBP Distillations
at Atmospheric Pressure
Conversion of Standard (ASTM D2887) to True
Boiling Point Distillation at Atmospheric
Pressure
Conversion of Simulated (ASTM D2887) to
ASTM D86 Distillation at Atmospheric Pressure
Interconversion of Distillation Data for
Petroleum Fractions at Subatmospheric
Pressures
3-5
ASTM, True Boiling Point and Simulated Distillation Relationships

Procedure 3A1.1 Interconversion of ASTM D86-TBP Distillations at Atmospheric Pressure
(1994)
Discussion
The following equation is used to convert an ASTM D86 distillation 50% point temperature to a true boiling
point distillation 50% point temperature.
TBP (50) = 0.87180 (ASTM D86 (50)) 1.0258
(3A1.1-1)
Where:
TBP (50) = true boiling point distillation temperature at 50 volume percent distilled,
degrees Fahrenheit.
ASTM D86 (50) = observed ASTM D86 distillation temperature at 50 volume percent
distilled, degrees Fahrenheit.
To determine the difference between adjacent cut points, use the following equation:
Yi = AX iB
(3A1.1-2)
Where:
Yi = difference in true boiling point distillation temperature between two cut points, degrees F
Xi = observed difference in ASTM D86 distillation temperature between two cut points, degrees F
A, B = constants varying for cut point ranges, described as follows.
i
1
2
3
4
5
6
Cut Point
Range
100% - 90%
90% - 70%
70% - 50%
50% - 30%
30% - 10%
10% - 0%
A
0.11798
3.0419
2.5282
3.0305
4.9004
7.4012
B
1.6606
0.75497
0.82002
0.80076
0.71644
0.60244
Maximum
Allowable
Xi, (F)
100
150
250
250
100
To determine the true boiling point temperature at any percent distilled, add or subtract the proper difference (s)
from the predicted 50% true boiling point temperature.
TBP (0) = TBP (50) -Y4 -Y5 -Y6
TBP (10) = TBP (50) -Y4 -Y5
TBP (30) = TBP (50) -Y4
TBP (70) = TBP (50) + Y3
TBP (90) = TBP (50) + Y3 + Y2
TBP(100) = TBP (50) + Y3 + Y2 + Y1
(3A1.1-3)
Procedure
Step 1: Use equation (3A1.1-1) to calculate the TBP distillation temperature at 50% distilled.
Step 2: Use equation (3A1.1-2) to calculate necessary TBP differences.
Step 3: Use equation(s) (3A1.1-3) to calculate desired TBP distillation temperatures.
To determine the ASTM D86 distillation temperatures from the TBP distillation temperatures, reverse the
procedure. Thus, equation (3A1.1-1) becomes
( ASTM D86 (50) ) = exp
ln (TBP (50) / 0.87180)
1.0258
(3A1.1-4)
Similarly, all equations (3A1.1-2) can be reversed, and all equations (3A1.1-3) can be modified by
changing TBP to ASTM
3-6
7-2005

Comments on Procedure 3A1.1
(1994)
Purpose
The purpose of this procedure is to predict a TBP distillation at atmospheric pressure from an ASTM D86
distillation or the reverse by hand or by computer.
Limitations
Because experimental data on higher boiling fractions are quite scattered, all derivations were carried out on
fractions having an ASTM 50% point temperature of 480 F and below. However, the correlation extrapolates well
to fractions with ASTM 50% point temperatures up to 600 F. Care should be taken in extrapolating above this
point. In addition, initial and final boiling point data are scarce and inaccurate. Thus, values for these points should
be taken as rough approximations.
Reliability
Differences between the estimated and experimental TBP values at various volume % distilled points are given
below.
TBP (predicted) TBP (experimental)
Volume % Distilled
Average
Bias
0
21.9 F
-7.8 F
10
9.0
-1.8
30
5.7
-0.4
50
4.7
-0.1
70
5.6
1.1
90
7.1
2.3
100
4.2
4.0
Seventy-one sets of data were used in development, although fewer points were available at the 0 and 100%
points. Average error is defined as the sum of the absolute values of the differences between predicted and
experimental temperatures divided by the number of data points, while bias error sums the actual values of the
differences.
Special Comment
This method was derived from all data available to the project and was judged to be the most appropriate form
for interconversion among the various types of distillations. As additional data become available, the constants in
equations (3A1.1-1 and 3A1.1-2) can easily be improved. In addition, users may wish to check the correlation with
their proprietary data before using it.
Literature Source
This method was developed by the API TECH DATA BOOK Project at The Pennsylvania State University.
Example
Estimate the atmospheric TBP distillation temperatures for a petroleum fraction having the
experimental ASTM D86 distillation temperatures given in the following table. The experimental TBP temperatures
are given for comparison with the predicted temperatures.
Volume percent distilled . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
ASTM D86 temperature, F . . . . . . . . . . 350
TBP temperature, F . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
30
380
371
50
404
409
70
433
447
90
469
491
Using equation (3A1.1-1)

TBP (50) = 0.87180 (404)1.0258 = 411.2F
Using equation (3A1.1-2) at the 30% point
Y4 = 3.0305 [X4]0.80076
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3-7

Comments on Procedure 3A1.1 (Continued)
(1994)
Where: X4 = 404 - 380 = 24 F
therefore, Y4= 38.6 F
TBP(30) = TBP(50) Y4
= 411.2 38.6 = 372.6 F
Similarly, using equation (3A1.1-2) and (3A1.1-3) at the other cut points,
Y2 = 45.5
Y3 = 40.0
Y5 = 56.0
TBP(10) = 372.6 56.0 = 316.6 F
TBP(70) = 411.2 + 40.0 = 451.2 F
TBP(90) = 451.2 + 45.5 = 496.7 F
The reverse conversion from experimental TBP temperatures to ASTM D86 temperatures is illustrated only
for the 50% and 30% points.
(1) Use equation (3A1.1-4) to convert the experimental TBP 50% point temperature.
ln(409 / 0.87180)
ASTM D86(50) = exp
= 401.9 F
1.0258
(2) Use equation (3A1.1-2) to determine the 50 to 30% ASTM increment.

ln(Y4 / 3.0305)
X 4 = exp
= 23.5 F
0.80076
Where: Y4 = 409 371 = 38 F

(3) ASTM D86(30) = ASTM D86(50)-X4
= 401.9 23.5
= 378.4 F
3-8
7-2005

Figure 3A2.1 Subatmospheric ASTM Distillation and True Boiling Point Distillation Relationship
(1994)
7-2005
3-9

Comments on Figure 3A2.1
(1994)
Purpose
This figure relates ASTM D 1160 and TBP distillation data at 10 mm Hg absolute pressure.
Reliability
No quantitative evaluation of the correlation could be made because of lack of data. The original reference
indicates that temperatures from this method will be within 25 F of the actual values.
Special Comment
The ASTM D 1160 and TBP 50-percent points at 10 mm Hg are assumed to be equal.
Literature Source
Adapted from Edmister and Okamoto, Petrol. Refiner 38 [9] 271(1959); copyrighted in 1959 by Gulf
Publishing Company, Houston, Texas.
Example
Estimate the TBP curve at 10 mm Hg for a petroleum fraction having the following ASTM D 1160 distillation
temperatures at 10 mm Hg:
Distillation, percent by volume . . . 10
Temperature, deg F . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
30
400
50
475
70
550
90
650
First, from Fig. 3A2.1, find the temperature differences for each segment of the TBP curve at 10 mm Hg:
Segment of Curve
(Percent by volume)
10 mm Hg
ASTM D 1160
Temperature
Difference
(Degrees Fahrenheit)
10 to 30
30 to 50
50 to 70
70 to 90
100
75
75
100
10 mm Hg TBP
Temperature
Difference
from (Fig 3A2.1)
(Degrees Fahrenheit)
106
82
75
100
The TBP temperatures are then calculated. The ASTM D 1160 and TBP distillation 50-percent temperatures
are assumed to be equal at 10 mm Hg absolute pressure. Here, the 50-percent temperature is 475 F:
30-percent temperature = 475 82 = 393 F
10-percent temperature = 393 106 = 287 F
3 - 10
70-percent temperature = 475 + 75 = 550 F

90-percent temperature = 550 + 100 = 650 F
7-2005

Procedure 3A3.1 Conversion of Standard (ASTM D2887) to True Boiling Point Distillation at
Atmospheric Pressure
(1994)
Discussion
The true boiling point temperature at 50 volume percent distilled is taken to be equal to the simulated
distillation temperature at 50 weight percent distilled.
TBP (50) = SD (50)
(3A3.1-1)
Where:
TBP (50) = true boiling point temperature at 50 volume percent distilled, degrees Fahrenheit.
SD (50) = simulated distillation temperature at 50 weight percent distilled, degrees Fahrenheit.
To determine the difference between adjacent cut points, use the following equation.
Wi = CVi D
(3A3.1-2)
Where:
Wi = true boiling point temperature difference between two cut points, degrees Fahrenheit.
Vi = simulated distillation temperature difference between two cut points, degrees Fahrenheit.
C, D = constants varying for cut point ranges, described as follows.
Cut Point
i
Range
1
100% - 95%*
2
95% - 90%
3
90% - 70%
4
70% - 50%
5
50% - 30%
6
30% -10%
7
10% - 5%
*approximate-use with care
C
0.02172
0.97476
0.31531
0.19861
0.05342
0.011903
0.15779
D
1.9733
0.8723
1.2938
1.3975
1.6988
2.0253
1.4296
Approximate
Maximum
Vi, (F)
30
40
75
75
75
75
40
To determine the true boiling point temperature at any percent distilled, add or subtract the proper difference(s)
from the predicted 50% true boiling point temperature.
TBP (5) = TBP (50) - W5 - W6 -W7
TBP (10) = TBP (50) - W5 - W6
TBP (30) = TBP (50) - W5
TBP (70) = TBP (50) + W4
TBP (90) = TBP (50) + W4 + W3
TBP (95) = TBP (50) + W4 + W3 + W2
TBP (100) = TBP (50) + W4 + W3 + W2 + W1
(3A3.1-3)
Procedure
Step 1: Use equation (3A3.1-1) to calculate the TBP at the 50% distilled point.
Step 2: Use equation (3A3.1-2) to calculate necessary TBP differences.
Step 3: Use equations(s) (3A3.1-3) to calculate desired TBP temperatures.
7-2005
3 - 11

(1994)
Purpose
The purpose of this procedure is to predict a TBP distillation at atmospheric pressure from a simulated distillation by hand
or by computer.
Limitations
Data sets with TBP 50% points between 250 and 700 F were used in deriving this correlation. Although the correlation
extrapolates well, use of the resulting temperature-% distilled data outside the limits is not encouraged. Also, as final boiling
point data are not generally accurate, values for these points should only be taken as rough approximations.
Reliability
Differences between the predicted and experimental TBP temperatures at various %-distilled points are given below.
TBP (predicted) - TBP (experimental)
% Distilled
Average
Bias
5
21.7 F
2.1 F
10
19.7
0.2
30
12.3
1.0
50
9.6
0.6
70
11.0
-1.4
90
12.6
-1.4
95
12.1
-2.6
l00
8.1
-8.0
Twenty-one data sets were used in development of this procedure, except at the 100% point where only 8 sets were
available. The initial boiling point is not included, as the data scatter is so great that the correlation is meaningless.
Special Comment
This method was derived from all data available to the project and was judged to be the most appropriate form for
interconversion among various types of distillations. As additional data become available, the constants in equations (3A3.1-2)
can easily be improved. In addition, users may wish to check the correlation with their proprietary data before using it.
A two-step procedure giving essentially equivalent results for materials with TBP temperatures below 600 F consists of step
4 followed by step 1 of Figure 3-0.3. The table below shows an error analysis, carried out on 19 sets of data for which ASTM
D86, TBP, and SD were available, which confirms this conclusion. This method should be limited to fractions boiling below 600
F.
Conversion of Simulated to TBP Distillation Comparison of Two-Step Procedure with OneStep Procedure-Error Analysis
Conversion of SD to ASTM D86
by step 4 followed by Conversion
of Calculated ASTM D86 to TBP
by step 1
Conversion of SD to TBP
by step 3
Errors, F
Errors, F
%
Distilled
0
10
30
50
70
90
100
3 - 12
Data
points
Ave
Bias
Ave
Bias
18
19
19
19
19
19
8
32.3
12.2
8.4
7.4
9.0
11.3
5.6
-29.0
-9.2
-2.7
0.3
2.3
3.0
4.5
19.7
12.3
9.6
11.0
12.6
8.1
0.2
1.0
0.6
-1.4
-1.4
-8.0
7-2005

Comments on Procedure 3A3.1 (Continued)
(1994)
Literature Source
This method was developed by the API Technical Data Book Project at The Pennsylvania State University.
Example
Estimate the atmospheric TBP distillation temperatures for a petroleum fraction having an
experimental simulated distillation as given in the following table. Experimental TBP temperatures are
given for comparison with the calculated temperatures.
% distilled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
SD temperature, F . . . . . . . . . . 293
TBP temperature, F . . . . . . . . . 321
10
305
322
30
324
326
50
336
332
70
344
337
90
359
345
95
369
348

TBP (50) = SD (50) = 336 F
W5= 0.05342[V5]1.6988
where V5 = 336 324 =12
therefore W5 = 3.6 F
TBP (30) = TBP - W5
= 336 - 3.6 = 332.4 F
Similarly, using equations (3A3.1-2) and (3A3.1-3) at other cut points
W2 = 7.3 F
W3 = 10.5 F
W4 = 3.6 F
W6 = 4.6 F
W7 = 5.5 F
7-2005
TBP (95)
TBP (90)
TBP (70)
TBP (10)
TBP (5)
= 350.1 + 7.3 = 357.4 F

= 339.6 + 10.5 = 350.1 F
= 336. + 3.6 = 339.6 F
= 332.4 - 4.6 = 327.8 F
= 327.8 - 5.5 = 322.3 F
3 - 13

Procedure 3A3.2 Conversion of Simulated (ASTM D2887) to ASTM D86 Distillation at
Atmospheric Pressure
(1994)
Discussion
The ASTM D86 temperature at the 50 volume percent-distilled point may be calculated from the simulated
distillation temperature at the 50 weight percent distilled point.
ASTM (50) = 0.77601 (SD (50))1.0395
(3A3.2-1)
Where:
ASTM (50) = ASTM D86 temperature at 50 volume percent distilled, degrees Fahrenheit.
SD (50) = simulated distillation temperature at 50 weight percent distilled, degrees Fahrenheit.
To determine the difference between adjacent cut points, use the following equation.
U i = ETi F
(3A3.2-2)
Where:
Ui = ASTM D86 distillation temperature difference between two cut points, degrees Fahrenheit.
Ti = SD temperature difference between two cut points, degrees Fahrenheit.
E,F = constants varying for cut point ranges, described as follows.
Approximate
Maximum
Cut Point
Allowable
i
Range
E
F
Ti, (F)
1
100% - 90%
2.6029
0.65962
100
2
90% - 70%
0.30785
1.2341
100
3
70% - 50%
0.14862
1.4287
100
4
50% - 30%
0.07978
1.5386
100
5
30% - 10%
0.06069
1.5176
150
6
10% - 0%
0.30470
1.1259
150
To determine the ASTM D86 temperature at any percent distilled, add or subtract the proper difference(s) from
the predicted 50% ASTM D86 temperature.
ASTM (0) =
ASTM (10) =
ASTM (30) =
ASTM (70) =
ASTM (90) =
ASTM (100) =
ASTM (50) - U4 - U5 - U6
ASTM (50) - U4 - U5
ASTM (50) - U4
ASTM (50) + U3
ASTM (50) + U3 + U2
ASTM (50) + U3 + U2 + U1
(3A3.2-3)
Procedure
Step 1: Use equation (3A3.2-1) to calculate the ASTM D86 at the 50% distilled point.
Step 2: Use equation (3A3.2-2) to calculate necessary ASTM D86 differences.
Step 3: Use equation(s) (3A3.2-3) to calculate desired ASTM D86 temperatures.
3 - 14
7-2005

(1994)
Purpose
The purpose of this procedure is to predict ASTM D86 distillation temperature from simulated distillation data by
hand or by computer.
Limitations
Data sets with ASTM D86 50% points between 150 and 600 F were used in deriving this correlation. Although
the correlation extrapolates well, use of the resulting temperature-% distilled data outside the limits is not
recommended. Some evidence shows errors to be significantly higher above a 600 F boiling point. As initial and
final boiling point data are inaccurate, values for these points are only rough approximations and should not be used
for design.
Reliability
Differences between the predicted and experimental ASTM D86 temperatures at various %-distilled points are
given below.
D86 (predicted) D86 (experimental)
% Distilled
Average
Bias
0
21.5 F
8.0 F
10
8.6
3.2
30
5.3
0.9
50
7.8
< 0.1
70
4.5
-0.1
90
9.6
-1.8
100
19.5
-9.6
Approximately 125 data sets were used in development.
Special Comment
This method was derived from all data available to the project and was proven to be the most accurate form for
interconversion among all types of distillations. As additional data become available, the constants in equations
(3A3.2-1 and 3A3.2-2) can easily be improved. In addition, users may wish to check the correlation with their
proprietary data before using it. This procedure can be used for D3710 to D86 conversions, but the reliability is not
known.
Literature Source
This method was developed by the API Technical Data Book Project at The Pennsylvania State University.
Example
Estimate the atmospheric ASTM D86 distillation temperature of a petroleum fraction having an experimental
simulated distillation as given in the following table. Experimental ASTM D86 temperatures are given for
comparison with the calculated temperatures.
% distilled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0
SD temperature, F . . . . . . . . . . 77
ASTM D86 temperature, F . . . 104
10
93
134
30
148
163
50
215
208
70
285
269
90
360
335
100
408
390

ASTM (50) = 0.77601(215) 1.0395 = 206.3 F
U4 = 0.07978 T41 .5386
where T4 = 215 - 148 = 67,
therefore U4 = 51.5 F
ASTM (30) = 206.3 - 51.5 =154.8 F.
7-2005
3 - 15

Comments on Procedure 3A3.2, Continued
(1994)
Similarly, using equation (3A3.2-2) and (3A3.2-3) at other cut points
U1
U2
U3
U5
U6
3 - 16
=
=
=
=
=
33.5 F
63.4 F
64.3 F
26.5 F
6.9 F
ASTM (100) = 334.0 + 33.5

ASTM (90) = 270.6 + 63.4
ASTM (70) = 206.3 + 64.3
ASTM (10) = 154.8 26.5
ASTM (0) = 128.3 6.9
=
=
=
=
=
367.5 F
334.0 F
270.6 F
128.3 F
121.4 F
7-2005

Procedure 3A4.1 Interconversion of Distillation Data for Petroleum Fractions at Subatmospheric
Pressures
(1994)
Discussion
The following procedure is recommended to convert ASTM or TBP distillation data between subatmospheric
pressures (usually 1, 10, 100 mm Hg) and between subatmospheric pressures and atmospheric pressure (760 mm
Hg).
Procedure
A. Data at Subatmospheric Pressure
Step 1: Assume the Watson K of the petroleum fraction is 12, and convert the data using Procedure 5A1.19.
Step 2: Since the Watson K is set at 12, no Watson K correction is necessary.
B.
7-2005
Data at Atmospheric Pressure

Step 1: If the specific gravity and mean average boiling point are known or can be calculated, determine the
Watson K from the defining equation (2-0.8). Otherwise assume K =12.
Step 2: Follow Procedure 5A1.19.
3 - 17

(1994)
Purpose
The purpose of this procedure is to convert petroleum fraction ASTM or TBP distillations from one pressure to
another up to atmospheric pressure. This procedure is intended for both desk and computer use.
Limitations
Limitations are the same as given for Procedure 5A1.19.
Reliability
Reliability is the same as given for Procedure 5A1.19. If the Watson K is taken to be 12, larger errors will
result, especially for highly aromatic fractions.
Example
Consider 31.4 API Saudi Arabian crude for which extensive TBP data are available. Four experimental TBP
distillation data points are:
Measured TBP
Temperature, F
450
252
463
403
Pressure,
mm Hg
760
10
10
1
Volume
% Distilled
30
34
58
62
API
Gravity
44.5
40.8
26.3
24.7
Interconvert these data to distillation temperatures at each of 1, 10, and 760 mm Hg pressure.
Although it is not necessary in this case, assume K = 12 and read results directly from Figure 5A1.20b. The
measured temperature at one pressure can be converted to each of the other two pressures. The results are given
below:
Volume % Distilled
30
34
58
62
Pressure, mm Hg
760
10
1
TBP Temperature, F
450*
218
144
492
252*
175
742 782
463* 498
370 403*
_________________
*Experimental values.
Each tabulation slows good consistency. In this case, note that the actual Watson K is calculable for the first
point and could be used with the full Procedure 5A1.19. For example, for the first point:
K = (450 + 460) 1/3/ [141.5/ (131.5 + 44.5)] = 12.06
The Watson K for the entire crude, assuming a MeABP of 617 F, is 11.8 and could be used as an estimate for
all fractions distilled at subatmospheric pressure.
3 - 18
7-2005
Bibliography
(1994)
1.
2.
3.
Daubert, T.E., Daubert, N.C.,

Documentation of the Basis for Selection of
the Contents of Chapter 3 in Technical Data
Book-Petroleum Refining, Documentation
Report No. 3-93, University Microfilms, Ann
Arbor, Michigan.
Daubert, T.E., Riazi, M.R., Danner, R.P.,
the Contents of Chapters 2 and 3 in
Technical Data Book-Petroleum Refining,
Documentation Report No. 2,3-86,
University Microfilms, Ann Arbor,
Michigan.
Edmister, W.C., Okamoto, K.K., Applied
Hydrocarbon Thermodynamics-Part 13:
Equilibrium Flash Vaporization Correlations
7-2005
4.
5.
6.
for Heavy Oils Under Sub-atmospheric

Pressures, Petrol. Refiner 38 [9] 271 (1959);
Applied Hydrocarbon Thermodynamics, 133,
Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, (1961).
Edmister, W.C., Pollock, D.H., Phase
Relations for Petroleum Fractions, Chem.
Eng. Progr 44 905 (1948).
Maslanik, M.K., Daubert, T.E., Danner, R.E,
the Contents of Chapters 2 and 3 including
Portions of Chapters 3, 4, and 8 in
Technical Data Book-Petroleum Refining,
Documentation Report No. 2-81, University
Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
Soave, G., Chem. Eng. Sci. 27 1197 (1972).
3 - 19

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API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

method is a form of true boiling point distillation

Figure 3-0.1 Typical ASTM D86 and

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

Each point on the EFV curve represents a separate

Figure 3-0.2 ASTM, True Boiling Point, and

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

Table 3-0.4 Summary of Correlations for Converting Distillation Data

Note: All ASTM D86 temperatures at 760 mm Hg are observed values.

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

ASTM, True Boiling Point and Simulated Distillation Relationships

ln (TBP (50) / 0.87180)

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

Using equation (3A1.1-1)

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

(2) Use equation (3A1.1-2) to determine the 50 to 30% ASTM increment.

Where: Y4 = 409 371 = 38 F

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

70-percent temperature = 475 + 75 = 550 F

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

Using equation (3A3.1-1)

= 350.1 + 7.3 = 357.4 F

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

Using equation (3A3.2-1)

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

ASTM (100) = 334.0 + 33.5

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

Data at Atmospheric Pressure

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

API TECHNICAL DATA BOOK

Daubert, T.E., Daubert, N.C.,

for Heavy Oils Under Sub-atmospheric

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