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. A faulty coolant sensor, oxygen sensor or thermostat can prevent the engine fr
om going into closed loop. This usually causes the engine to run rich and pollut
e.
Code Reader: A type of diagnostic tool that plugs into the OBD II diagnostic con
nector and displays fault codes. A code reader can also be used to clear codes,
and some will show OBD II readiness flags, but most are not capable of reading s
ensor data or other system information.
Downstream O2 sensor: The oxygen sensor located behind (downstream) of the catal
ytic converter. This sensor is used primarily to monitor the operating efficienc
y of the catalyst, but may also be used for long term fuel trim.
Drive Cycle: When the engine is started, allowed to reach operating temperature
and then shut down. It may or may not involve actually driving the vehicle.
Enable Criteria: The set of conditions needed for a diagnostic test or OBD II mo
nitor to run.
Fuel trim: This is the fine-tuning of the air/fuel mixture. There is both short
term fuel trim and long term fuel trim. Short term compensates for changing oper
ating conditions. Long term compensates for engine wear and other variables.
Loaded Mode Testing: A type of emissions testing that places a load on the vehic
le to simulate driving conditions. This is done on a dynamometer while the vehic
le is driven at various speeds. Loaded mode testing is used in both I/M 240 and
ASM emissions testing.
Misfire Detection: An OBD II monitor that detects misfire in one or more cylinde
rs. Misfire may be caused by ignition, fuel or compression problems. If misfires
exceed a certain rate, it sets a misfire code which corresponds to the cylinder
(s) involved. If the misfire jumps around from cylinder to cylinder, OBD II sets
a "random misfire" code (P0300) which maybe the result of a vacuum leak, EGR le
ak or low fuel pressure.
Monitor: A self-diagnostic check run by OBD II on a system or component.
Open Loop: An operating mode of the fuel feedback control system where the fuel
mixture is fixed (unchanging) and is predetermined by the computer. The engine r
emains in open loop after it is first started and until it reaches a certain tem
eprature and the oxygen sensor is hot enough to produce a good signal.
Readiness Code or Flag: An indication that a particular OBD II monitor has run o
r has been completed. Emission test requirements requires that all by one or two
readiness monitors be completed before a vehicle can pass an OBD II emissions t
est (NOTE: this requirement varies by model year and state).
Scan Tool: A type of diagnostic tool that plugs into the OBD II diagnostic conen
ctor to access system information including fault codes, history codes, sensor d
ata and other information. Professional grade scan tools are also "bidirectional
" and can be used to perform special tests. Some can also be used to reprogram t
he vehicle computer.
Trip: Driving the vehicle long enough and under the right conditions so that all
the OBD II system and component monitors have run at least once.
Upstream O2 sensor: The oxygen sensor located in the exhaust manifold and ahead
(upstream) of the catalytic converter. This sensor is used by the fuel feedback
control system to monitor the relative richness or leanness of the air/fuel mixt
ure for emissions, fuel economy and performance.
Warm-up Cycle: Starting a cold engine and allowing it to warm up at least 40 deg
rees F (22 degrees C) and reach a minimum of 160 degrees F (70 degrees C).