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CIRCUITS
Exercise 83, Page 236
1. Calculate the reactance of a coil of inductance 0.2 H when it is connected to (a) a 50 Hz,
(b) a 600 Hz and (c) a 40 kHz supply.
X L 2 f L 2 50 0.2
X L 2 f L 2 600 0.2
X L 2 f L 2 40 103 0.2
= 62.83
= 754
= 50.27 k
2. A coil has a reactance of 120 in a circuit with a supply frequency of 4 kHz. Calculate the
inductance of the coil.
X L 2 f L
hence, inductance, L =
XL
120
2 f 2 4 103
= 4.77 mH
3. A supply of 240 V, 50 Hz is connected across a pure inductance and the resulting current is 1.2 A.
Calculate the inductance of the coil.
Inductive reactance,
X L 2 f L
XL
V 240
I 1.2 = 200
hence, inductance, L =
XL
200
2 f 2 50
= 0.637 H
X L 2 f L 2 2 103 50 10 3
= 628
177
V 200
X
628 = 0.318 A
L
(b) Current, I =
5. A 120 mH inductor has a 50 mA, 1 kHz alternating current flowing through it. Find the p.d.
across the inductor
Inductive reactance,
X L 2 f L 2 1 103 120 10 3
= 753.982
3
P.d. across inductor, VL I X L 50 10 753.982 = 37.7 V
XC
1
1
2 f C 2 20 20 10 6 = 397.9
XC
1
1
XC
1
1
2 f C 2 4000 20 10 6 = 1.989
Capacitive reactance,
XC
1
2 f C
1
1
2 f X C 2 50 80
= 39.79 F
8. Calculate the current taken by a 10 F capacitor when connected to a 200 V, 100 Hz supply.
Capacitive reactance,
XC
1
1
2 f C 2100 10 10 6 = 159.155
178
V
200
Capacitive reactance,
XC
1
2 f C
1
1
2 f X C 2 25 400
= 15.92 F
V 100
X
400 = 0.25 A
L
Current, I =
10. Two similar capacitors are connected in parallel to a 200 V, 1 kHz supply. Find the value of
each capacitor if the current is 0.628 A.
XC
i.e.
V
200
I 0.628 = 318.47
1
1
CT
318.47
3
2 10 318.47
2 f C
, hence, total capacitance,
= 0.50 F
C1
0.50
2 = 0.25 F
179
Impedance, Z =
R 2 X L 2 122 162
= 20
Inductive reactance,
Impedance, Z =
X L 2 f L 2 100 80 10 3
R 2 X L 2 602 50.2652
= 50.265
V
200
tan
XL
R
50.265
60 = 39.95 lagging
tan 1
3. An alternating voltage given by v = 100 sin 240t volts is applied across a coil of resistance 32
and inductance 100 mH. Determine (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the p.d.
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis
180
across the resistance, and (d) the p.d. across the inductance.
Circuit impedance, Z =
R 2 X L 2 322 24 2
= 24
= 40
V 0.707 100
40
(b) Current flowing, I = Z
= 1.77 A
(Note r.m.s. current = 0.707 maximum value)
(c) P.d. across the resistance,
VR I R 1.77 32
VL I X L 1.77 24
= 56.64 V
= 42.48 V
4. A coil takes a current of 5 A from a 20 V d.c. supply. When connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz a.c.
supply the current is 25 A. Calculate the (a) resistance, (b) impedance and (c) inductance of the
coil.
V 20
5 =4
(a) From a d.c. circuit, resistance, R = I
V 200
25 = 8
(b) From an a.c. circuit, impedance, Z = I
2
2
2
(c) From the impedance triangle, Z R X L
2
2
2
2
from which, X L Z R 8 4 = 6.9282
XL
6.9282
2 f 2 50
= 22.05 mH
5. A resistor and an inductor of negligible resistance are connected in series to an a.c. supply. The
p.d. across the resistor is 18 V and the p.d. across the inductor is 24 V. Calculate the supply voltage
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Supply voltage, V =
VL 24
V
18
R
Tan =
VR 2 VL 2 182 242
= 30 V
from which,
24
tan 1
6. A coil of inductance 636.6 mH and negligible resistance is connected in series with a 100
resistor to a 250 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate (a) the inductive reactance of the coil, (b) the
impedance of the circuit, (c) the current in the circuit, (d) the p.d. across each component, and
(e) the circuit phase angle.
The circuit is shown in the diagram below.
X L 2 f L 2 50 636.6 103
R 2 X L 2 1002 2002
= 223.6
= 200
V
250
VR I R 1.118 100
= 111.8 V
VL I X L 1.118 200
= 223.6 V
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis
182
tan
XL
R
X
200
tan 1 L tan 1
R
100
= 63.43 lagging
Supply voltage, V =
VR 2 VC 2
i.e.
V 2 VR 2 VC 2
352 212 VC 2
i.e.
2
2
from which, voltage across the capacitor, VC 35 21 = 28 V
XC
(a) Capacitive reactance,
Impedance, Z =
1
1
2 f C 2 100 20 106
R 2 X C 2 502 79.577 2
= 79.577
= 93.98
183
V
200
(c)
tan
XC
R
tan 1
XC
79.577
tan 1
R
50 = 57.86 leading
3. A 24.87 F capacitor and a 30 resistor are connected in series across a 150 V supply. If the current
flowing is 3 A find (a) the frequency of the supply, (b) the p.d. across the resistor and (c) the p.d. across the
capacitor.
V 150
3 = 50
(a) Impedance, Z = I
Also, impedance, Z =
from which,
R 2 XC2
502 302 X C 2
Capacitive reactance,
XC
i.e. 50 =
and
1
2 f C
frequency, f =
302 X C 2
X C 502 302 = 40
from which,
1
1
2 X C C 2 40 24.87 10 6
= 160 Hz
VC I X C 3 40
= 120 V
4. An alternating voltage v = 250 sin 800t volts is applied across a series circuit containing a 30
and 50 F capacitor. Calculate (a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing, (c) the p.d.
across the resistor, (d) the p.d. across the capacitor, and (e) the phase angle between voltage and
current.
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis
184
XC
(a) Capacitive reactance,
Impedance, Z =
1
1
1
2 f C C 800 50 106
R 2 X C 2 302 252
= 25
= 39.05
V 0.707 250
39.05
(b) Current, I = Z
= 4.526 A
(c) P.d across the resistor, VR I R 4.526 30 = 135.8 V
(d) P.d across the capacitor,
(e)
tan
XC
R
VC I X C 4.526 25
= 113.2 V
tan 1
XC
25
tan 1
R
30 = 39.81 leading
5. A 400 resistor is connected in series with a 2358 pF capacitor across a 12 V a.c. supply.
Determine the supply frequency if the current flowing in the circuit is 24 mA.
The circuit is shown below.
V
12
3
Impedance, Z = I 24 10 = 500
185
2
2
2
From the impedance triangle (as in the previous problem), Z R X L
2
2
2
2
from which, capacitive reactance, X C Z R 500 400 300
1
1
2 f C 2 f 2358 1012
Hence,
300 =
1
2 300 2358 1012
= 225 kHz
X L 2 f L 2 100 80 10 3 50.265
XC
Capacitive reactance,
1
1
39.789
2 f C 2 100 40 106
R 2 X L X C 82 10.4762
2
Impedance, Z =
= 13.18
186
V 200
(c)
tan
XL XC
R
from which,
phase angle, =
(d)
tan 1
XL XC
10.476
tan 1
R
8 = 52.63 lagging
= 772.1 V
VC I X C 15.17 39.789
= 603.6 V
V
2400
and
X L X C 91.772
Hence,
i.e.
XC
Now,
X L 79.577 91.772
1
1
2fC 2 50 40 106
from which,
= 79.577
171.349
2 50
= 0.545 H
3. Three impedances are connected in series across a 100 V, 2 kHz supply. The impedances
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comprise:
Assuming no mutual inductive effects between the two inductances calculate (a) the circuit
impedance, (b) the circuit current, (c) the circuit phase angle and (d) the voltage across each
impedance. Draw the phasor diagram.
The circuit is shown below.
Total resistance,
RT
= 2 + 5 + 3 = 10
Inductive reactance,
Capacitive reactance,
1
1
7.958
2 f C 2 2000 10 10 6
188
R 2 X L X C 102 4.862
2
(a) Impedance, Z =
= 11.12
V 100
(c)
tan
XL XC
R
from which,
phase angle, =
(d)
tan 1
X L XC
4.86
tan 1
R
10 = 25.92 lagging
V1 I Z1 8.99 5.998
= 53.92 V
V2 I Z 2 8.99 8.735
= 78.53 V
Z2 R 2 2 X L2 2 32 7.9582 8.505
V3 I Z3 8.99 8.505
V1
and
= 76.46 V
V2
Draw the phasor diagram and hence determine the supply voltage V and the circuit phase angle.
X L1 2 f L 2 1000 1.9110 3 12
Z1 R X L1 5 12 13
2
1
and
tan 1
XL
12
tan 1 67.38
R
5
lagging
189
Voltage,
X C2
V1
I Z1 2 13
1
1
32
2 f C 2 1000 4.974 10 6
Z2 R 2 X C2 10 32 33.526
2
and
tan 1
XC
32
tan 1 72.65
R
10
leading
I Z2 2 33.526
Voltage, V2 =
= 67.05 V at 72.65 leading
The voltages are shown in the phasor diagram (i) below.
(i)
(ii)
V1
and
V2
diagram (ii).
In triangle abc, b = 180 - 72.65 67.38 = 39.97
Using the cosine rule,
from which,
ac = 50 V
26.0
50
26.0sin 39.97
sin
0.3340
sin sin 39.97 from which,
50
1
from which, sin 0.3340 19.51 and from diagram (ii), 72.65 19.51 53.14 leading.
Hence,
190
fr
Resonant frequency,
2 LC 2
50 10 0.05 10
3
= 3.183 kHz
V 100
At resonance, current, I = R 10 = 10 A
2. The current at resonance in a series L-C-R circuit is 0.2 mA. If the applied voltage is 250 mV at
a frequency of 100 kHz and the circuit capacitance is 0.04 F, find the circuit resistance and
inductance.
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis
191
V 250 10 3
3
i.e. resistance, R = I 0.2 10 = 1.25 k
V
At resonance, current, I = R
C 2f
fr
1
2 LC
i.e.
2f
1
LC
and
2f
1
LC
= 63.3 H
fr
1
1
= 1.453 kHz
V 200
L 1 100 103
C 25 0.12 10 6 = 36.51
4. A coil of 0.5 H inductance and 8 resistance is connected in series with a capacitor across a 200 V, 50 Hz
supply. If the current is in phase with the supply voltage, determine the capacitance of the capacitor and the
p.d. across its terminals.
If the current is in phase with the supply voltage, then the circuit is resonant.
At resonance,
X L XC
2 f L
i.e.
capacitance, C =
1
2 f C
from which,
1
1
2
2
2f L 2 50 0.5
= 20.26 F
192
VC IX C
2 f C
200
2 50 20.26 10 6
= 3928 V = 3.928 kV
5. Calculate the inductance which must be connected in series with a 1000 pF capacitor to give a resonant
frequency of 400 kHz.
Resonant frequency,
fr
2 LC
from which,
and
2 f r
LC =
1
2 LC
1
fr
LC
and
1
2 f r
and
inductance, L =
1 1
1
1
12
3
C 2 f r
1000 10 2 400 10
= 158 H or
0.158 mH
6. A series circuit comprises a coil of resistance 20 and inductance 2 mH and a 500 pF capacitor.
Determine the Q-factor of the circuit at resonance. If the supply voltage is 1.5 V, what is the
voltage across the capacitor?
1
Q-factor = R
VC
Q= V
L 1
2 103
VC VQ 1.5 100
= 150 V
193
2
Power dissipated in the resistor, P = I R
200 / 2
V
1500 = 0.09428 A
Current, I = R
(note that in the formula for power I has to be the r.m.s. value)
I 2 R 0.09428 (1500)
2
= 13.33 W
194
2. A 50 F capacitor is connected to a 100 V, 200 Hz supply. Determine the true power and the
apparent power.
XC
Capacitive reactance,
1
1
2fC 2 200 50 10 6
= 15.915
V
100
= 1875 W
Energy = power time = (1.875 kW)(7 24) = 315 kWh
Hence, cost of running motor for 1 week = 315 12.20 = 3843 p = 38.43
4. A motor takes a current of 12 A when supplied from a 240 V a.c. supply. Assuming a power
factor of 0.70 lagging find the power consumed.
Power consumed, P = V I cos = (240)(12)(0.70)
= 2016 W or 2.016 kW
5. A transformer has a rated output of 100 kVA at a power factor of 0.6. Determine the rated power output and
the corresponding reactive power.
John Bird Published by Taylor and Francis
195
Hence,
and
from which,
150 103
0.75
3
sin = 200 10
1
= sin 0.75 = 48.59
and
3
Thus, power, P = V I cos = 200 10 cos 48.59 = 132 kW
and
7. A load takes 50 kW at a power factor of 0.8 lagging. Calculate the apparent power and the reactive power.
True power P = 50 kW = VI cos and power factor = 0.8 = cos
P
50
Apparent power, S = VI = cos = 0.8 = 62.5 kVA
1
196
Inductive reactance,
Impedance, Z =
X L 2 f L 2 400 0.20
R 2 X L 2 4002 502.652
= 502.65
= 642.39
V
75
tan
XL
R
tan 1
and
XL
502.65
tan 1
R
400 = 51.49
I 2 R 0.11675
400
= 5.452 W
9. An 80 resistor and a 6 F capacitor are connected in series across a 150 V, 200 Hz supply. Calculate
(a) the circuit impedance, (b) the current flowing and (c) the power dissipated in the circuit.
XC
1
1
2 f C 2(200)(6 10 6 ) = 132.63
R 2 X L 2 802 132.632
= 154.9
V 150
tan
XC
R
and
tan 1
XC
132.63
tan 1
R
80 = 58.90
I 2 R 0.968
80
= 75 W
10. The power taken by a series circuit containing resistance and inductance is 240 W when
connected to a 200 V, 50 Hz supply. If the current flowing is 2 A find the values of the
resistance and inductance.
197
240
2 R
i.e. 240 =
V 200
2 = 100
Impedance, Z = I
2
2
Power, P = I R
from which,
resistance, R =
= 60
2
2
2
From the impedance triangle, Z R X L
from which,
i.e.
X L Z2 R 2 100 2 602 = 80
2 f L = 80
80
2 50
= 0.255 H or 255 mH
11. The power taken by a C-R series circuit, when connected to a 105 V, 2.5 kHz supply, is 0.9 kW and the
current is 15 A. Calculate (a) the resistance, (b) the impedance, (c) the reactance, (d) the capacitance,
(e) the power factor, and (f) the phase angle between voltage and current.
900
2
(a) Power, P = I R
0.9 10 15 R
3
i.e.
from which,
resistance, R =
15
=4
V 105
15 = 7
(b) Impedance, Z = I
2
2
2
(c) From the impedance triangle, Z R X L
2
2
2
2
from which, capacitive reactance, X C Z R 7 4 = 5.745
XC
1
2 f C
1
i.e. 5.745 = 2 (2500) C
1
from which, capacitance, C = 2(2500)(5.745) = 11.08 F
R 4
4
(f) Tan = R
and the phase angle between voltage and current, =
5.745
4 = 55.15 leading
tan 1
198
12. A circuit consisting of a resistor in series with an inductance takes 210 W at a power factor of
0.6 from a 50 V, 100 Hz supply. Find (a) the current flowing, (b) the circuit phase angle, (c) the
resistance, (d) the impedance and (e) the inductance.
i.e.
Hence,
current, I =
210
50 0.6
=7A
1
circuit phase angle, = cos 0.6 = 53.13 lagging
210
2
(c) Power, P = I R
i.e.
7
210 =
= 4.286
V 50
7 = 7.143
(d) Impedance, Z = I
2
2
2
(e) From the impedance triangle, Z R X L
from which,
i.e.
2 f L = 5.71425
5.71425
2 100
= 9.095 mH
13. A 200 V, 60 Hz supply is applied to a capacitive circuit. The current flowing is 2 A and the
power dissipated is 150 W. Calculate the values of the resistance and capacitance.
2
Power, P = I R
i.e.
150 =
150
= 37.5
V 200
2 = 100
Impedance, Z = I
2
2
2
From the impedance triangle, Z R X C
from which,
199
i.e.
1
92.702 = 2 f C
1
2 60 92.702
= 28.61 F
200