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Em
12 1
Em 1
12 1
0
Em
2 1
0
Em 1 2
replacement rule: Emstar
, star
1
1 2
Em
12
Em
Check this should be the plane stress E matrix:
12
0
Em
12
Em
12
Em
22
0
0
Figure E14.2. Solution for Exercise 14.1. Plane strain to plane stress.
(1 + 2)
.
and = 1 +
(1 + )2
Here is to go from plane stress to plane strain:
It gives E = E
ClearAll[Em,,Emstar,star]; Efac=Em/(1-^2);
Emat=Simplify[Efac*{{1,,0},{,1,0},{0,0,(1-)/2}}];
Print["Plane stress E matrix:", Emat//MatrixForm];
EEmat=Simplify[Emat/.{Em->Emstar,->star}];
sol=Solve[{EEmat[[1,1]]==Em*(1-)/((1+)*(1-2)),
EEmat[[1,2]]==Em*/((1+)*(1-2))},
{Emstar,star}]; sol=Simplify[sol];
Print["replacement rule:",sol];
Print["Check - this should be the plane strain E matrix:",
Simplify[EEmat/.sol[[1]]]//MatrixForm];
Em
12
Em
Plane stress E matrix:
12
0
Em
12
Em
12
Em
22
0
0
Em
replacement rule: Emstar
, star
1
1 2
Em 1
12 2
Em
Check this should be the plane strain E matrix:
12 2
0
Em
12 2
Em 1
12 2
0
Em
22
Figure E14.3. Solution for Exercise 14.1. Plane stress to plane strain.
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Solutions to Exercises
It gives E =
E=
+ 2
E
2(1 + )
0
+ 2 0
0
2
0
0
0 0
2 0
0 1
=
2
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
1
+
E
(1 + )(1 2)
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(E14.10)
= E + E .
2
0
2
0
0
2 1 0
+ 2
+ 2
2
4( + ) =
E=
0
2 0 + 1 2 0
+ 2
+ 2 0
0
0
0 0 0
0
0
2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 1
1 1 0
1 1 0
0 0 0
E
2(1 + )
2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 1
E
1 2
1 1 0
1 1 0
0 0 0
(E14.11)
= E + E .
(The second step above is actually unnecessary, one could go directly to the third expression.) Here =
).
2/( + 2) = E/(1 2 ) is a modified Lame constant; the inverse relation being = 2/(2
EXERCISE 14.3 A solution using Mathematica is shown in Figure E14.4. In this script gxy stands for 2ex y .
ClearAll[Em,,,Gm,exx,eyy,gxy,sxx,syy,sxy,T]; Gm=Em/(2*(1+));
s={sxx,syy,sxy}; e={exx,eyy,gxy};
eqs={exx==(sxx-*syy)/Em+*T,eyy==(syy-*sxx)/Em+*T,gxy==sxy/Gm};
s=Simplify[s/.Solve[eqs,s][[1]]];
Emat=Simplify[Table[Coefficient[s[[i]],e[[j]]],{i,1,3},{j,1,3}]];
Tmat=Simplify[Table[Coefficient[s[[i]],T],{i,1,3}]];
Print["Emat=",Emat//MatrixForm,", Tmat=",Tmat];
Emat=
Em
1+ 2
Em
1+ 2
Em
1+ 2
Em
1+ 2
0
0
Tmat=
Em
2+2
Em
Em
,
,0
1 +
1 +
x x
yy
x y
1
0
0
ex x
1
E
(E14.12)
e yy
0
1 T,
1
1
2ex y
0
2
The only difference with respect to the first of E14.1 is the thermal stress vector, which vanishes if T = 0.
This form may be found in any book on elasticity.
E
=
1 2
EXERCISE 14.4
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EXERCISE 14.5
The verification of (a) and (b) is immediate on expanding the quadratic forms. Item (c) is more difficult. A
brute force solution using Mathematica for an arbitrary material matrix E is shown in Figure E14.5.
ClearAll[exx,eyy,gxy,sxx,syy,sxy,E11,E22,E33,E12,E13,E23];
Emat={{E11,E12,E13},{E12,E22,E23},{E13,E23,E33}};
s={sxx,syy,sxy}; e={exx,eyy,gxy}; m={exx,eyy,sxy};
eqs={sxx==E11*exx+E12*eyy+E13*gxy,syy==E12*exx+E22*eyy+E23*gxy,
sxy==E13*exx+E23*eyy+E33*gxy};
sol=Simplify[Simplify[Solve[eqs,{sxx,syy,gxy}]]];
Print[sol]; U=Simplify[(e.Emat.e/2)/.sol[[1]]];
fac[i_,j_]:=If[i==j,1,1/2];
A=Table[fac[i,j]*Coefficient[U,m[[i]]*m[[j]]],{i,1,3},{j,1,3}];
Print["A=",A//MatrixForm];
E13 E13 exx E23 eyy sxy
sxx E11 exx E12 eyy
,
E33
E23 E13 exx E23 eyy sxy
E13 exx E23 eyy sxy
syy E12 exx E22 eyy
, gxy
E33
E33
E13 E11 E33
2 E33
2
E13
E232
E12 E33
A
4 E33
0
2
0
1
2 E33
0
E E E2
11 33
13
2E 33
A=
E 12 E 33 2E 13 E 23
4E 33
2
E 22 E 33 E 23
2E 33
symm
(E14.13)
1
2E 33
ex x
e yy
2ex y
=
1
0
E 13 /E 33
0
1
E 23 /E 33
0
0
1/E 33
ex x
e yy
x y
(E14.14)
or e = Tm, in which m is the mixed vector of strains and stresses required for this item. The last relation
in (E14.14) follows on solving x y = E 13 ex x + E 23 e yy + E 33 (2ex y ) for 2ex y . Since the energy density U is
invariant,
2U = eT Ee = mT TT E T m = mT A m.
(E14.15)
So A = TT E T, which would reproduce (E14.12).
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