The respiratory system Apparatus respiratorius

1. Fill in the blanks in each text.

Nose
nasal cavity, sphenoid, maxillary, sputum, paranasal sinuses, ethmoid, sinus, nares, cilia, frontal,
inspire, conchae,
When we inhale, or __________, air enters the body through the
nose via the external nasal ________ (nostrils) and passes
through the _________ ________. This cavity is lined with a
mucous membrane and fine hairs called ___________ that warm
and moisten the air and filter out foreign bodies (such as dust
and pollen) toward the throat for elimination. Material that is
eliminated from the respiratory tract by coughing or clearing the
throat is called ____________. In the bones of the skull and face
near the nose are air-filled cavities lined with mucous
membranes that open to the nasal cavity. Each of these cavities is called a _________, and they are
named specifically for the bones in which they are located, such as the __________ (at the
forehead), __________, _________, and ____________ sinuses. Together, because they are near the
nose, these cavities are referred to as the _____________. Receptors for the sense of smell are
located within bony side projections of the nasal cavity called turbinate bones or ___________.
Pharynx
pharyngeal tonsil, oropharynx, palatine, laryngeal pharynx, lingual, pharynx, nasopharynx,
After passing through the nasal cavity, air reaches the throat or _________, which is made up of
three parts. The ____________ is behind the nasal cavity and contains the __________ _________ or
adenoid, which is a mass of lymphatic tissue. The middle portion, the ____________, can be found
behind the mouth where the __________ tonsils on either side of the soft palate are located. The
third part of the pharynx is the ____________ ______________ behind the larynx. The __________
tonsils are at the posterior of the tongue.
Larynx
glottis, vocal cords, larynx, thyroid, epiglottis,
The voice box or _________ is shaped by
cartilages, the most prominent of which is the
_________ cartilage at the front that forms the
Adams apple. The opening between the
vocal cords is the _________. The small leafshaped cartilage at the top of the larynx is
called the _________. When one swallows, this
covers the opening of the larynx and helps to
prevent food from entering the respiratory
tract. The larynx contains the ____________
___________, which are important in speech
production.

2
Lower Respiratory Passageways
Windpipe And Bronchi
mediastinum, bronchi, capillaries, alveoli, trachea, bronchioles,
The larynx conducts air into the windpipe or_______, a tube reinforced with C-shaped rings of cartilage to
prevent its collapse. The trachea is contained in a region known as the _________, which consists of the
space between the lungs. The trachea divides into two branches called the _________. Each bronchus (the
singular form of bronchi) goes to a separate
lung and subdivides into smaller tubes, like
the branches of a tree. The smallest of the
bronchial branches are called ___________.
At the end of the bronchioles are clusters of
air sacs called __________. Each alveolus is
made up of a layer of epithelium. This very
thin wall permits exchange of gases between
the alveolus and _____________ that
surround and come in close contact with it.
Lungs
lobes, visceral pleura, pleura, parietal pleura, pleural space
Each lung is covered by a membrane called the__________. The outer layer nearest to the ribs is
___________ ____________. The inner layer closest to the lungs is the ___________ __________. The right
lung is divided into three __________, the left lung has two lobes. There is a narrow, fluid-filled space
between the two layer, the __________ ___________. The moist pleural membranes slide easily over each
other allowing the lungs to expand during breathing. During breathing or technically
Breathing
inspiration, ventilation, phrenic, diaphragm, respiration, expiration, intercostal
Air is moved into and out of the lungs by the process of breathing, technically called __________ or
___________. This consists of a steady cycle of ___________ (inhalation) and (exhalation), separated by a
period of rest. The cycle begins when the _________ nerve stimulates the muscle called ___________ to
contract and flatten, thus enlarging the chest cavity. The resulting decrease in pressure within the thorax
causes air to be pulled into the lungs. The ___________ muscles between the ribs aid in both phase of
respiration. Expiration occurs as the breathing muscles relax, the lungs spring back to their original

3
2. Identify the structures by a number from the diagram.

16

capsula articularis cricothyroidea,

cartilagines tracheales,
cartilago cricoidea,
cartilago thyroidea,
conus elasticus,
cornu inferius,
cornu superius,
incisura thyroidea superior,
lig. cricothyroideum medianum,
lig. thyrohyoideum laterale,
lig. thyrohyoideum medianum,
linea obliqua,
m. cricothyroideus,
membrana thyrohyoidea,
n. et a. laryngealis superior,
os hyoideum,

bronchi principales
cavitas/cavum nasi
epiglottis
larynx
lobus inferior pulmonis dextri
lobus inferior pulmonis sinistri
lobus medius pulmonis dextri
lobus superior pulmonis dextri
lobus superior pulmonis sinistri
mediastinum
pars laryngea pharyngis
pars nasalis pharyngis
pars oralis pharyngis
pharynx
pulmo dexter
pulmo sinister
sinus paranasales
trachea
nares

4
Suffixes of the declensions

Declension

I.

II.

III.

Gender

Dictionary
form

-a

-us/-er

-um

IV.

m/f

-is
-ior

m.

n.

f.

-e
-ius

-us,
-us

-u,
-us

-es,
-ei

-ns
Singular
Nom.

-a

-us

-um

-is/-ior/ns

-e/-ius/ns

-us

-u

-es

Singular Gen.

-ae

-i

-i

-is

-is

-us

-us

-ei

Plural Nom.

-ae

-i

-a

-es

-a/-ia

-us

-ua

-es

Plural Gen.

-arum

-orum

-orum

-um/-ium

-um/-ium

-uum

-uum

-erum

1.Fill in the missing endings according to the concord of genders.

a. pulmonal__ (is/e) dext___ (er/ra/rum)
bronchus principal___ (is/e) dext___ et sinist___
bronchus lobar___ (is/e)

(er/ra/rum)

bronchus segmental___ basal___ lateral___ (is/e)

margo anter___ (ior/ius)

cornu super___ (ior/ius)

margo poster___ (ior/ius)

facies diaphragmatic___ (us/a/um)

nodus lymphatic___ tracheobronchial___ (is/e)

fissura horizontal___ (is/e)

super___ (ior/ius)

fissura obliqu___ (us/a/um)

pars larynge___ (us/a/um)

impressio cardiac___ (us/a/um)

pleura parietal___ (is/e)

lig. pulmonal___ (is/e)

recessus pleural___ (is/e)

lobus infer___ (is/e)

segmentum anter___ (ior/ius)

lobus medi___ (us/a/um)

segmentum apical___ (is/e)

lobus super___ (ior/ius)

segmentum basal___ (is/e) poster___ (ior/ius)
segmentum lingular___ (is/e)
segmentum poster___ (ior/ius)

2. Put the following terms into Plural Nominative form.

bronchiolus terminalis
____________________________________
bronchus lingularis

____________________________________

cartilago trachealis

____________________________________

lig. anulare

____________________________________

m. intercostalis externus

____________________________________

nodus lymphaticus tracheobronchialis superior

____________________________________

ramus bronchialis sinister

____________________________________

recessus pleuralis

____________________________________

segmentum bronchopulmonale

____________________________________

sinus paranasalis

____________________________________

vena pulmonalis dextra

____________________________________

3. Form phrases by putting the terms in brackets into Singular Genitive.

lobus superior (pulmo dexter) _____________________
cornu majus (os hyoideum)

_____________________

ramus (lobus medius)

_____________________

pars costalis (pleura parietalis) _____________________

pars nasalis (pharynx)

_____________________

rima (glottis)

_____________________

4. Give the Latin equivalent of the definition.

thin wall in the nose

___________________

ring-like cartilage of larynx_________________

turbinate bone

___________________

nerve of the diaphragm ___________________

lymphoid tissue in the throat_______________

cartilage of the windpipe___________________

upper pointed part of the lungs ____________

nostrils

division of the windpipe

gate of the lungs

____________

_______________
_______________

middle part of pharynx __________________

muscles lifting the ribs _______________

5. Form adjectives from the following nouns

diaphragma
__________________

paries

__________________

pulmo

__________________

bronchus

__________________

respiratio

__________________

larynx

__________________

alveolus

__________________

trachea

__________________

lobus

__________________

mucus

__________________

pectus

__________________

serum

__________________

6. Diminutive suffixes
Suffix
-culus,
-cula,
-culum
E.g.
musculus

-ellus,
-ella,
-ellum
cerebellum

-illus,
-illa,
-illum
mamilla

-olus,
-ola,
-olum
arteriola

-ulus,
-ula,
-ulum
cellula

ossiculum
Form diminutive forms of the following nouns.
Pl. valva, ae f valvula
alveus, i m
____________

area, ae f

___________

luna, ae f

___________

venter, ventris m _________

testis, is m

____________

vesica, ae f

____________

os, ossis n

lingua, ae f

_____________

caput, itis n

____________

corpus, corporis n ________

moles, molis f _____________

vena, ae f

____________

follis, is m _______________

navis, is f

_____________

fovea, ae f

____________

fons, fontis m __________

tubus, i m

_____________

fossa, ae f

____________

rete, retis n

___________

glomus, glomeris n (!) _________

circus, i m

____________

clavis, is f

___________

fascis, is m

______________

tuber, tuberis n ____________

pars, partis f

___________

canis, is f

______________

lobus, i m

____________

malleus, i m

___________

pupa, ae f

______________

vas, vasis n

____________

glans, glandis f ___________

__________

Vocabulary
Latin term
aer, aeris m
alveolus pulmonis
apparatus respiratorius
bronchiolus, -i m
bronchus principalis
bronchus, bronchi m
cartilago arytenoidea
cartilago cricoidea
cartilago thyroidea
cavitas/cavum nasi
concha nasalis
diaphragma, -matis n

English term

epiglottis, epiglottidis f
exspiratio, -onis f
glottis, glottidis f

epiglottis
exspiration
glottis

hilus, -i m / hilum, i n

hilum

inspiratio, -onis f
larynx, laryngis f
lobus, -i m
meatus nasi
mediastinum, -i n
parietalis 2
pectus, pectoris n
pharynx, pharyngis f
pleura, -ae f
plica vocalis

inspiration
larynx
lobe
meatus
mediastinum
parietal

pulmo, -onis m
respiratio, -onis f
segmentum, i n
septum nasi
sinus paranasales
sinus, sinus m
trachea, tracheae f
visceralis 2
vox, vocis f

alveolus
respiratory tract
bronchiole,
principal / primary bronchus
bronchus
arytenoid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
thyroid cartilage
nasal cavity
concha
diaphragm

pharynx
pleura
vocal cords

respiration
segment
nasal septum
paranasal sinuses
sinus
trachea
visceral

Definition
air
air sac in the lungs
small bronchus
main stem bronchus

ring-like cartilage of larynx

shield-like cartilage of larynx
cavity of the nose
turbinate bones
muscle between chest and
abdomen
cartilage over the
breathing out
opening at the upper part of
the larynx
the part of an organwhere
nerves and vessels enter
breathing in
voice box
part of an organ (e.g. lung)
a passage or channel
space between the lungs
located toward the wall
chest
throat
membrane around lungs
folds of tissue responsible for
production of voice
lung
breathing
sections of the lobes
thin wall dividing b/w the two
parts of nasal cavity
airspaces near the nose
airspace
windpipe
related to the inner organs
voice

1.Fill in the blanks in the text.

haemothorax, pneumothorax, dyspnoe, hydrothorax, orthopnoe, apnoea, empyema,
If fluids are acuumulated in the chest it is called ________________, if blood is found between the
two pleurae, its name is ________________, and if pus is detected in a body cavity, it is called
____________________. Nevertheless, when air gets into the plural space, the condition is called
___________________. Asthma involves difficulty in breathing (_____________), of which a severe
form is when the patient needs an upright position to relieve brethlessness, which is called
______________. Sleep _____________ means intermittent periods of breath cessation during
sleep.
2.Give the term
visual examination of the nasal cavity

_________________

visual examination of the larynx

_________________

visual examination of the bronchi

_________________

surgical incision into the voice box

_________________

decreased respiratory rate

_________________

increased respiratory rate

_________________

inflammation of the airspaces near the nose

_________________

narrowing of the windpipe

_________________

chronic dilation of the bronchi

_________________

bluish discoloration of the skin

_________________

3-4. Match the pairs.

Latin
English
asphyxia
stridor
epistaxis
haemoptysis
tussis
sputum
pertussis
abscessus

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)

cough
collection of pus
harsh respiratory sound
nosebleed
spitting blood
suffocation
substance coughed up
whooping cough

Latin
sputum
pus
punctio
aqua
sanguis
aer
pulmo
diaphragma
rectus 3
nasus
vox

Grg
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)

hydrhaemrhinphrenpy-ptoe
pneumorthophonpneumon-centesis

5. Explain the meaning of the following terms.

atelectasis
__________________
pleurocentesis

__________________

emphysema pulmonis __________________

pneumoconiosis

__________________

carcinoma pulmonis

__________________

pneumomycosis

__________________

lobectomy

__________________

spirometry

__________________

pleural effusion

__________________

6. What are these drugs used for?

expectorant
___________________

antitussive

__________________

bronchodilator ___________________

mucolytic

__________________

7. True or false?
Musculi intercostales externi help inhalation.

_____ ____________________

Surgical opening of the chest wall is called thoracocentesis.

_____ ____________________

Hyperventilation results in acidosis.

_____ ____________________

Pleura parietalis is the pleura toward the lungs.

_____ ____________________

8. Odd one out.

septum - nares - mediastinum - conchae

___________________________

sinus - cartilago thyroidea - epiglottis - plica vocalis

___________________________

segmentum - hilum - bifurcatio - alveolus

___________________________

diphtheria - pertussis - asthma - influenza

___________________________

hydrothorax - haemothorax - pneumothorax - hemithorax

___________________________

9. Analyse the terms.

tracheobronchial
___________________

epipharynx

___________________

bronchopulmonary

___________________

hypopharynx

___________________

cricothyroid

___________________

intrapleural

___________________

thyrohyoid

___________________

infiltration

___________________

10.Identify the terms related to the physical examination.

palpatio, auscultatio, audientia, inspectio, visio, percussio, punctio, palpitatio, concussio

10
11. Explain the meaning of the highlighted terms of the text.
A 20 year old male with persistent cough (CLINICAL PRESENTATION)
A 20 year old male with persistent cough was evaluated for surgical and anesthesia risk. The patient did not
report fever, weight loss or night sweats. He was a smoker but quit 5yrs ago. No history of exposures to
asbestos or industrial dusts was elicited.
The patient was never hospitalized for pneumonia as a child but was diagnosed with bronchiectasis at the
age of 15 and underwent bronchoscopy every 3-4 month since then. He also reported a history of blunt
chest injury from trauma at age 19, with chest x-ray showing patchy areas of airspace opacity involving
predominantly the upper lobes bilaterally, these findings interpreted as suggestive of upper lobe
bronchiectasis. Family history was negative for cystic fibrosis or bronchiectasis. His previous sputum
cultures for mycobacterium tuberculosis were negative as was testing for alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency.
Physical examination showed a clear chest with no rales, rhonchi, or wheezes. No organomegaly or
adenopathy were identified. A CT chest study showed upper lobe predominant bronchiectatic changes.
Pulmonary function tests displayed a mildly reduced FEV1/FVC ratio. Laboratory investigations did not
reveal any significant abnormalities except for elevated serum IgG and IgE. ACE was within normal limits.
Based on these findings the physician considered bronchiectasis of unknown etiology; peripheral blood was
sent for genetic testing for cystic fibrosis (CF).
http://path.upmc.edu/cases/case716.html
Contributed by Arivarasan Karunamurthy, MD. and Jeffrey A. Kant, MD, PhD

__________________ abnormal chest sounds heard when air enters small airways containing fluid
__________________ abnormal chest sounds produced in in airways with accumulated fluids
__________________ a whistling or sighing sound
__________________ cause of the disease
persistent

__________________

anesthesia

__________________

pneumonia

__________________

bronchoscopy

__________________

bronchiectasis

__________________

sputum

__________________

bilaterally

__________________

organomegaly

__________________

adenopathy

__________________

cystic fibrosis

__________________

11
Clinical terms
Prae-/Suffixes
acidalcalhydrorthopy-capnia
-centesis
-coniosis
-dilator
-mycosis
-metry
-oxia
-phonia
-ptysis
-stomy
-ventilation

Definition
acidic
alcaline
water
upright
pus
level of carbon-dioxide
puncture,
condition caused by aspiration of dust
widening
condition caused by a fungus
measurement
level of oxygen
voice
spitting or coughing up of a substance
surgical opening into an organ
gas exchange

Term
abscess
acidosis
alkalosis
antitussive
asphyxia
asthma bronchiale
atelectasis
carcinoma pulmonis
cyanosis
diphtheria
emphysema
empyema
epistaxis
expectorans
hyperventilatio
pleural effusion
pertussis
pleurocentesis
pneumoconiosis
pneumomycosis
spirometry
sputum
stridor
tracheostomy
tussis

Example
acidosis
alcalosis
hydrothorax
orthopnoe
pyothorax
hypercapnia
thoracocentesis
pneumoconiosis
bronchodilatator
pneumomycosis
spirometry
hypoxia
dysphonia
haemoptysis
tracheostomy
hyperventilation

Definition
localized collection of pus
abnormal acidity of body fluids
abnormal alkalinty of body fluids
drug that prevents or relieves coughing
suffocation, condition caused by inadequate intake of oxygen
a disease characterized by dyspnea, wheezing and spasm of bronchial tubes
incomplete dilation of lung tissue
malignant tumor of the lungs
bluish discoloration of the skin caused by lack of oxygen in the blood
acute infectious disease characterized by formation of a pseudomembrane
enlargement and destruction of the alveoli of the lungs
accumulation of pus in a body cavity, especially the pleural space
nosebleed, haemorrhage from the nose
drug used to help expel mucus from the chest
increased rate and depth of breathing
flowing of fluid into the pleural space
whooping cough, an acute infectious disease
puncture of the pleurae
disease of respiratory tract caused by inhalation of dust particles
fungal infection of the lungs
measurement of breathing volumes
substance coughed up from the respiratory tract
a harsh, high-pitched sound caused by obstruction of an upper air
passageway
surgical opening into the trachea
cough

12