Archives of Sexual Behavior Vol. 27 No.

1 1998

Ph erom on al Influences on Sociosexual Beh avior

in Men
Win n ifred B. Cutler Ph .D.1 4 Erika Friedm an n Ph .D.2
Norm a L. McCoy Ph.D.3

This study tested whether synthesized hu m an m ale pherom on es in crease the

sociosexual beh avior of m en . Thirty-eigh t heterosexu al m en ages 26 42
c o m p leted a 2 -w eek b aselin e perio d a n d 6-w ee k pla c ebo -c o n tro lled
dou ble-blin d trial testing a pherom one designed to im prove the rom an ce in
their lives. Each subject kept daily beh avioral records for 6 sociosexu al
behaviors: petting/affe ction/kissing formal date s informal date s slee ping
ne xt to a romantic partne r se xual inte rcourse a n d se lf-stimulatio n to
ejaculation (m asturbation ) an d FAXed them each week. Significantly m ore
pherom one than placebo users increased above baseline in se xual inte rcourse
and sle eping with a romantic partne r. There was a tendency for m ore pherom on e than placebo users to in crease abo ve baselin e in pe tting/affe ction/
kissing an d informal date s but not in self-stimulation to e jaculation or in
formal date s. A sign ificantly larger proportion of ph erom on e than placebo
users increased in 2 an d 3 of the 5 sociosexual beh aviors involving a
female partner. Thu s there was a significan t in crease in m ale sociosexual
behaviors in which a wom an s sexual in terest an d cooperation plays a role but
not in m ale m astu rbation which involves on ly the m an . Th ese initial data need
replication bu t suggest that hum an m ale ph erom on es affected the sexu al
attractiveness of m en to wom en.
KEY WORDS: human pheromone ; men; se xual attractivene ss; se xual be havior; social behavior.

Athena Institute for Women s We llness Research 1211 Braefield Road Cheste r Springs
Pe nnsylvania 19425.
2
Departme nt of Health and Nutrition Sciences Brooklyn College Brooklyn New York 11210.
3
Departme nt of Psychology San Francisco State University San Francisco California 94132.
4
To whom correspondence should be addre ssed.
1

1
0004-0002/98/0200-0001$15.00/0

1998 Plenum Publishing Corporation

Cu tler Fr iedm an n an d McCoy

INTRODUCTION
The te rm phe romone was introduce d to the scie ntific lite rature in
1959 by Karlson and Luscher who de fine d it as: a substance se creted by
an animal to the outside of that individual which is then re ceived by anothe r individual classically of the same spe cie s which the n e licits some
behavioral or developme ntal response in the latte r. According to most biologic views pe rception is not ne cessary. Rather a change in behavior is
sufficie nt e vide nce that phe romone s exist e ve n in the abse nce of aware ne ss
of be havioral change .
By 1986 phe romonal excretion from glands at the anus urinary outle t
bre asts mouth and axillae in a varie ty of spe cies was well e stablishe d
(Cohn 1994; Filsinge r et al. 1984; Gower 1972; Gower et al. 1985; Russell
1976) . Furthe rmore expe riments de monstrate d change s in spe cie s-specific
reproductive or social be havior as well as the fe male reproductive cycle in
response to both naturally occurring and artificially applie d phe romone s
(Bartoshuk and Beaucham p 1994; Cowle y and Brooksbank 1991; Gustavson et al. 1987; Singe r 1991) . The manufacture of chemical duplicate s
le d to efficient methods of artificial inse mination in swine dive rsion of destructive pe sts from vege tation and most re cently to se x attractants in cosmetics (Singe r 1991; Gower and Rupare lia 1993; Knowlton 1994) .
A discre te and highly specialize d anatomic locus for the reception of
phe romonal stimuli is well establishe d in nonhuman mammals within the
vome ronasal organ ( V NO ) a spe cialize d olfactory structure (Me redith
1991; Wysocki and Lepri 1991) . The V NO is e sse ntial for the full and rich
panoply of normal re productive function in some cases as e vide nce d by
both stimulation and ablation expe riments (Wysocki and Le pri 1991) . Recently the V NO was clearly identifie d as pre sent in normal human anatomy
(Garcia-V e lasco and Mondragon 1991). Putative phe romone s puffe d into
the nose were shown to cause a slow electrical pote ntial from the region
of the V NO (Monti-Bloch and Grosser 1991). Howe ver no studie s have
reporte d on behavior change in re sponse to stimulation of the human V NO
receptors.
In her landmark study McClintock (1971) de monstrate d menstrual
synchrony among women living toge ther and hypothe size d that such synchrony was due to phe romone s. She sugge sted that wome n in close contact
with each othe r transmitte d a phe romone that affected menstrual onset
timing.
Be tween 1979 and 1989 a serie s of relate d publications by Cutler and
her colle ague s demonstrate d that a woman s sexual e xposure to a man at
le ast once per wee k but not masturbation was associate d with an increased freque ncy of regular 29.5 3 day menstrual cycles (Cutle r et al.

Ph erom onal In fluen ces in Men

1979a 1983 1985) an increased incide nce of fe rtile -type basal body temperature (BBT) graphs (Cutle r et al. 1985) and double the estroge n leve l
in the lute al phase (Cutle r et al. 1983; Cutle r Garcia et al. 1986; McCoy
et al. 1985) . Studie s that analyze d de tails of sporadic and celibate patte rns
of behavior re ve aled that whe n sexual activity occurred sporadically increases in total freque ncy were associate d with an increase d incide nce of
subfe rtile cycle s (Cutle r et al. 1979b 1980) . The se studie s found a relationship be tween sexual activity and menstrual cycle parame te rs (length
estroge n leve l fertile-type BBT graph) but provide d no de finitive evide nce
concerning the re ason for this association.
In 1983 V e ith et al. showe d that wome n who sle pt with a man two
or more times during a 40-day study period had a significantly highe r incide nce of ovulation than those who had slept with a man less often. In
1991 Burleson et al. defined se xual be havior according to the weekly sporadic and celibate criteria describe d by Cutle r et al. (1979a) and replicate d
the ir findings concerning menstrual cycle le ngth. They re porte d that wee kly
active wome n had significantly le ss variable cycle le ngths than did women
with either celibate or sporadic patte rns and that mean cycle le ngths were
not diffe re nt among the thre e behavioral groups just the variation about
the mean i.e . their abe rrance . They also replicate d Cutler et al.s findings
of a lack of association be tween masturbation fre quency and cycle length.
In a late r re port Burle son et al. (1995) attempte d to te st se xual behavior
fre quency patte rns using a 7-day moving ave rage without first dichotomizing behavior into weekly and < wee kly. They then reporte d that highe r ave rage coun ts of se xual be havior pe r we e k we re assoc iate d with le ss
fe rtile -type cycle le ngths. Be cause wome n with highe r ave rage wee kly
counts may be sporadically active Burleson et al. s failure e ithe r to cite
the ir own 1991 re plication of Cutle r et al. or to include an analysis and
explanation to account for the see mingly paradoxical effe ct of increased
sexual be havior associating with increase d infertility le aves the re ade r unable to interpre t the meaning of their 1995 pape r.
The search for the source of both the menstrual synchrony effe cts as
well as men s putative influe nce s on wome n s cycle le ngths led to the demonstration in double -blind place bo-controlle d trials that phe romone s appear to exist in humans (Cutle r et al. 1986; Preti et al. 1986 1987) . Furthe r
studie s of wome n sugge sted that application of fe male phe romone s to the
skin unde r the nose 3 times pe r wee k increase d the fre quency of their
sexual be havior (Cutler 1987; Cutle r and Stine 1988) .
Although studie s of menstrual cycle length and incide nce of wee kly
coitus sugge st that both men s and wome n s phe romone s may affect the
reproductive functioning of women studie s examining the effe ct of male
phe romone s on the sexual behavior of wome n have not bee n reporte d pre-

Cu tler Fr iedm an n an d McCoy

viously. This double -blind place bo-controlle d study be gun in Se pte mber
1994 te ste d the effe ct of human male phe romone s on the sociose xual behaviors of men and by implication the sexual response s of the wome n they
encounte re d as well as the men s perception of the se e ffects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Su bject Recru itm ent
From local pre ss rele ase s and ne ws announce ments men responde d
to an opportunity to participate in an e xpe riment that was de scribe d as
testing whethe r a male phe romone adde d to the ir afte rshave lotion would
increase the romance in the ir live s. Participants were re quire d to be
male hete rosexual be twee n the age s of 25 and 42 in se lf-re porte d good
he alth ne ithe r unusually handsome nor unattractive have a cle an-shave n
appe arance shave re gularly and have ade quate social skills vis- -vis
wome n.
The men were scree ned for ade quate social skills base d upon the Eyese nck Pe rsonality Inve ntory (EPI-Q ). Any man whose score was more than
2 standard deviations above the Eyesencks Manual standardize d ne uroticism e xtrave rsion and psychoticism statistic was disqualifie d. Me n also
signe d the following state ment that was include d in the application materials: I furthe r affirm that my basic social skills are already ade quate to
allow me to e njoy the company of a romantic partne r and to treat he r in
a manne rly way.
The men comple ted an extensive history an application form acknowle dging willingne ss to fulfill the te rms of the study and a medical history
form that detaile d sickne ss dise ases family history and se xual history. Concurre nt use of recreational or pre scribed drugs or serious disease were furthe r crite ria for disqualific ation. Each man s signature atte sting to the
accuracy of his data was accepte d and no furthe r atte mpt at verification
was made.
As an induce me nt to comple te the study the me n we re inform e d
that the ir tre atme nt condition would be re ve ale d at the e nd of the study
and at that time all place bo subje cts would re ceive a vial of the phe romone .
A que stionnaire comple ted at the end of the study aske d whe the r the
man had followe d the protocol prospe ctively recording data or had waited

Ph erom onal In fluen ces in Men

to fill in the daily records whe n it was time to FAX. Any man indicating
that he backfille d was disqualifie d.
Sam ple
O f 53 responde nts 48 arrive d for an intake inte rview and 1 of the se
was eliminate d base d on EPI-Q score . Thirty-e ight men comple te d the trial:
17 phe romone ; 21 place bo. O f the 9 subje cts lost 3 did not comple te the
base line pe riod 1 lost his job 1 move d away 2 quit without e xplanation
and 2 othe rs were disqualifie d for failing to follow the protocol. Although
no restrictions were provide d for race all but one initial applicant and all
38 who comple te d the study were White .
Average age of the men was 33.5 ye ars (SD = 5.0). The initial status
of the ir re lationships was e ithe r not dating but wou ld like to be (ND) dating
(D) keeping steady com pan y (KC) or m arried (M). Table I shows the number of men in each of these four cate gorie s as well as their mean age
he ight and we ight by group assign m e nt ( phe romone plac e bo) . A 2
(Group) 4 (Relationship Status) chi-square analysis reve ale d no significant diffe re nce be tween the two groups in relationship status c 2(3 N =
38) = 4.82 p = 0.19. Analyse s also reveale d no significant diffe re nce s between the two groups for age t( 36) < 1 height t(36) = 1.4 p = 0.16 and
weight t( 25.17) < 1. The de gre es of fre edom for the analysis of group
differences in weight were adjuste d because of une qual variance s re ve aled
by Le vene s Te st for Equality of V ariance s.
Table I. Initial Age He ight Weight and Re lationship Status for Subjects by
Tre atment Group
Pheromone
(n = 17)

Placebo
(n = 21)

SD

SD

Age (years)

33.1

4.9

33.8

5.2

He ight (inches)

69.6

2.5

71.7

2.7

189.7

32.4

187.0

19.7

7
2
2
6

41.2
11.8
11.8
35.3

9
8
1
3

42.8
38.1
4.8
14.3

Weight (pounds)
Relationship status
Not dating but would like to be (ND)
Dating (D)
Ke eping steady company (KC)
Married (M)

Cu tler Fr iedm an n an d McCoy

Proced ure
The men attende d an initial intake inte rview to comple te scree ning
sign informe d conse nt forms previously approve d by the Athena Institute s
Human Studie s Committee adopt a code identity and revie w the study
protocol. Each man brought his afte rshave lotion with him and the technician examine d it to make sure it was a nonspray alcohol-base d product.
The name of the afte rshave was re corde d and each subje ct was instructe d
to use it after e ach shave and at least three times pe r week.
Subje cts were give n printe d be havioral calendars for FAXing. The six
behaviors to be recorded daily and FAXed weekly to the senior author s
office for the ne xt 8 wee ks were pettin g/affection /kissing form al dates (prearrange d) inform al dates (not arrange d before that day) sleepin g next to a
rom an tic partn er sexual intercou rse and self-stim ulation to ejacu lation (masturbation) . The men were also re que sted to re port wee kly whe ther they
had notice d any change in their expe rience s with women. Data were gathere d from men only; this study did not gathe r data from the women who
inte racted with our subje cts.
At the e nd of the base line pe riod lasting 2 weeks each man re turne d
with his afte rshave lotion and sele cted a code d 5-ml vial containing either
ethanol or phe romone with e thanol. The technician poure d the vial s conte nts into 2 ounce s of the subje cts aftershave . V ials were ide ntical in appe arance and ne ithe r the te chnician nor the subje ct kne w whe the r the
sele cted vial containe d phe romone or place bo. The code from the sele cted
vial was recorde d on the subje cts be havioral cale ndars for FAXing.
Ph erom on es
The phe romone formulation was a synthe tic ve rsion of a phe romone
naturally se creted by men and describe d in earlie r work (Pre ti et al. 1987) .
The developme nt of the phe romone involve d re fining a proprie tary formula characte ristic of heterose xual men in their se xually most active ye ars.
The identity of the se substance s will be disclose d whe n the pate nt proce ss
is comple te d.
Statis tical Evalu ation
The occurrences of e ach of the six sociose xual behaviors and men s
perception of a change in their e xpe rie nce with wome n was evaluate d. SPSS
for Windows (SPSS 1993) was utilize d for all data analyse s as detaile d
below.

Ph erom onal In fluen ces in Men

Behavior
For e ach man the total numbe r of days on which a measure d event
occurre d was score d for each of the six behaviors for e ach wee k of the
2-we ek baseline and the 6-wee k trial period. A subje ct was characte rized
as showing an incre ase ove r baseline whe n (i) his average wee kly score for
the expe rimental period excee de d his ave rage weekly score for the base line
wee ks and (ii) his highe st weekly base line score was excee ded at le ast once
during the expe rimental pe riod if his base line score was not already at
maximum. For each be havior as appropriate to the sample size a chisquare or Fisher exact probability te st was use d to te st for diffe re nce s between the two groups in the numbe r of subje cts showing an incre ase over
base line .
Perceptions
Each wee k men were asked to report whethe r they had notice d any
change in the ir e xpe riences with women. The numbe r of individuals perceiving positive change s during any of the e xpe rime ntal weeks was counte d.
A Z test was used to compare those using place bo with those using phe romone ; the te st e xamine d the proportions of men who pe rceive d positive
change in sexual behavior as a function of which additive (phe romone or
place bo) the y use d.

RESULTS
Aftershave Usage
During the 6 e xpe rime ntal weeks daily cale ndars showe d an ave rage
use of the afte rshave of 5.82 ( 0.98) time s pe r week for phe romone users
and 5.29 ( 1.24) times per week for place bo users. Usage did not differ
significantly be tween the two groups t(36) = 1.49 p = 0.15.
Socios exu al Beh avior
The re porte d wee kly behaviors are presented in Table II. Data that
fulfille d the de finition of increase above base line are unde rline d. Contingency table s (2 2) were use d to assess the significance of the difference
betwee n the two groups in the numbe r of men who increased ove r base line
for each of the six sociose xual behavior categorie s. With the exception of

Cu tler Fr iedm an n an d McCoy

Table II. We ekly Number of Days of Occurrence of Each of Six Sociosexual Behaviors for
Each Subject for the Two Baseline and Six Experimen tal Weeks a

Se xual
intercourse

Slee ping
ne xt to a
romantic
partner

Petting
affection
kissing

Informal
dates

Formal
dates

Selfstimulation to
ejaculation

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
D
D
KC
KC
M
M
M
M
M
M

00000001
00000010
00000000
01111231
00000000
00000001
00000001
00000000
00000000
42445445
00000000
22223232
00011000
32233202
31111122
21120221
00000000

00012001
00000010
00001000
30121221
00000000
00000001
00000000
00000000
10000000
66445445
00000000
71767777
77576774
57655243
75774777
76777774
67263476

23453345
10100111
01021010
00122221
00000001
00001011
00000000
00000000
10000000
66045445
33213312
75777777
00011000
64475223
11111101
76777774
12000000

22210221
00100010
00010110
43001001
00100111
00010001
00000000
00000000
00000000
00001002
10112011
33000000
00000000
11021000
00000000
00000000
00000000

01003001
10000101
01011000
00120010
00001001
00001011
00001000
00000000
10000000
66544443
23301322
00002000
00000000
00010031
00000000
00000000
00000000

21223232
00000000
77565473
25333303
00000000
00000000
11111110
77773777
10010000
10231221
00000000
11211116
01000031
00000000
12101111
00000000
34035434

ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
D
KC
M
M
M

00000000
00010110
00000000
01010000
00000000
00000000
00000000
01000000
00000000
22423434
00000000
00000000
11011000
22001102
04200000
10100100
20212210
00000000
24114410
12101011
01010101

00000000
01100112
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
25433535
00000000
00000000
00001000
34222343
04000000
10000000
20101110
00000000
77777777
77777777
77777575

00000111
04242522
00000000
01010010
00000000
00000000
00000000
01200000
00000000
06323534
00002300
20000000
23222241
54223303
04000000
21211300
41423221
41411140
77777777
13202202
11010101

00001101
11020110
00000000
01010000
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000100
00000000
12100001
00000000
01111110
20020121
22000000
00000000
00000000
20222221
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000

00000010
12113323
00100000
00000010
11000110
00000000
00000001
01000010
00000000
10000503
11123301
32120222
33213120
32302030
00000000
32421310
21202110
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000

45545444
21202100
22123222
00000000
00000000
00000000
76646357
00000000
00000000
00001100
00000000
32231222
76677474
00000000
11030111
10000000
00000000
21331221
10221222
77507777
00000000

Condition

Initial
re lationship
status

Pheromone
Subject
S10
S16
S21
S45
S46
S47
S34
S14
S36
S39
S08
S06
S09
S42
S02
S07
S51
Placebo
Subject
S33
S48
S03
S17
S24
S25
S29
S30
S35
S18
S41
S05
S13
S20
S23
S32
S38
S15
S11
S27
S40
a

Cells that are underlined show an increase over baseline.

Ph erom onal In fluen ces in Men

Table III. Number of Subjects with an Incre ase Over Baseline for Each of Six
Sociose xual Behaviors by Treatme nt Group
Treatment
Pheromone
(n = 17)
Sociosexual behavior

Place bo
(n = 21)

Sexual intercourse

47.0

9.5

.01

Sleeping next to a romantic partne r

35.3

4.8

.02

Petting/affection/kissing

41.2

14.3

.07

Informal dates

35.3

9.5

.06

Formal dates

41.2

33.3

.62 a

Self-stimulation to ejaculation

23.5

9.5

.23

c (1 N = 38) = 0.25.

a 2

the analysis of form al dates all probability le vels are from Fishe r exact probability tests. For e ach be havior the numbe r of subje cts in the phe romone
and place bo groups who incre ase d ove r base line and the Fishe r e xact probability leve ls are presented in Table III.
A significantly highe r proportion of phe romone use rs than place bo users showe d an incre ase over base line for sexual in tercourse and sleeping next
to a rom an tic partn er. The re was a tende ncy for a gre ater numbe r of phe romone users to incre ase above base line in petting/affection/kissin g and in form al dates. The proportions of phe romone and place bo users showing an
increase over base line in self-stim ulation to ejacu lation and form al dates did
not diffe r significantly.
The numbe r of participants showing incre ases above base line in more
than one of the five sociose xual be haviors involving a fe male partne r revealed that incre ase s above baseline in two behaviors or more were significantly more fre quent for those in the phe romone (n = 10/17 58% ) than
those in the place bo (n = 4/21 19% ) group c 2(1 N = 38) = 6.4 p <
0.02. In addition significantly more me n in the phe romone (n = 7/17 41% )
than in the place bo (n = 2/21 9.5% ) group showe d an increase above base line in three or more be haviors (Fisher e xact te st p = 0.03) .

Perception s
A statistically significant and substantially highe r proportion of phe romone use rs perceived positive results during the expe rimental 6-wee k pe-

Cu tler Fr iedm an n an d McCoy

10

riod than did the place bo use rs (phe romone use rs 47% vs. place bo users
24% ; Z = 5.05 p < 0.001) .

DISCUSSION
In this prospe ctive double -blind place bo-controlle d study of six discrete sociose xual be haviors human male phe romone s cause d a statistically
significant and distinct increase in the two most intimate behaviors: sexual
inte rcourse and slee ping with a woman. These are sociose xual be haviors
in which the willingne ss of a fe male partne r plays a major role. The re was
a te nde ncy for phe romone s to increase the ne xt most intimate be haviors
of petting/affe ction/kissing and informal date s. Human male phe romone s
did not cause an incre ase in those be haviors in which a woman doe s not
play a major role. Neithe r masturbation which may re flect a simple increase of libido nor formal dating which re quire s advance d planning and
assertion were incre ased by the phe romone .
The perception of effe cts while significantly highe r in phe romone users than in place bo users was not as substantial as the actual increase over
base line of the prospe ctive ly re corde d sociose xual be haviors. Me n it
see ms did not always accurate ly perceive the romance in their live s.
It is particularly note worthy that the masturbation rate did not increase
in men who use d the phe romone compare d with men who use d place bo
while the numbe r of days of slee ping with a partne r and of se xual intercourse did. If replicate d in large r and more dive rse sample s these re sults
would sugge st that phe romone s in humans have e ffects that are not fundame ntally diffe re nt from those in othe r animals and insects; the unde rlying
physiologic mechanisms are probably similar give n that phe romone s appe ar
to have mediate d sexual attraction be tween our subje cts and the ir partne rs.
A good candidate for the pote ntial site of neuronal reception would be
the V NO (Gowe r and Rupare lia 1993; Takami et al. 1993) .
The the saurus define s attraction as the quality that elicits admiration or pleased responsive ne ss or a re lationship of pe ople . . . that are
drawn toge the r and e xert influe nce on e ach othe r. Sexual attraction
would refer to this quality in the se xual sphe re. Although we have gathe red
data only from he te rosexual me n we deduce that male se xual attractive ness
must have incre ase d because the male phe romone users increased their
rate of intimate be haviors with wome n while the rate of masturbation and
formal dating did not differ significantly from that of place bo use rs.
The more subtle issues that could influe nce the pote ntial response to
phe romone s should be addre ssed in future studie s. For example the role
of an establishe d re lationship in the re sponse to phe romone s is of consid-

Ph erom onal In fluen ces in Men

11

erable inte re st. The presence of a partne r (dating or married) may make
it e asie r to se e re sults due to the availability of a partne r. O n the othe r
hand if the re lationship is a trouble d one an ongoing relationship may
make it more difficult to see positive effe cts of phe romone s. Thus both
the existence of an e stablishe d relationship and the le ngth and quality of
that re lationship are important variable s for future re se arch studying the
effe cts of men s phe romone s on sociose xual behavior.
Initial re lationship status was not held constant in this study and varie d
from not dating but would like to be to marrie d. Howe ve r we suspe ct
that the status not dating but would like to be probably re pre se nts the
group most unlike ly to be subje ct to compe ting relationship influe nce s that
might obscure e vide nce of incre ase d sexual attraction due to phe romone s.
Forty-one pe rcent (n = 7) of the men who use d phe romone and 43% (n =
9) of the men who used place bo had this status. All 7 of the not dating
men ( 100% ) who use d the phe romone showe d increase s above base line
for at least two of the five sociose xual be haviors involving a female partne r;
6 of the 7 (86% ) incre ased in thre e or more such categorie s. In comparison
only 2 (22% ) of the 9 not dating subje cts in the place bo condition showed
increases over base line in two or in thre e or more of these sociose xual
behaviors. Thus the stronge st support for the effe cts of male phe romone s
occurre d in men who it can be argue d were pote ntially most like ly to
reveal it.
Although both phe romone and place bo users had reason to have the
same e xpe ctations signifi cantly more phe rom one than place bo use rs
showed an increase over base line in the two most intimate be haviors requiring the willingne ss and participation of a fe male partne r but not those
in which the partne r playe d a minor role . Thus it is sugge ste d that human
male phe romone s as applie d here incre ase d the se xual attractive ness of
men to women in our study.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Ms. Brooke Wolle nberg is thanke d for he r valuable work in reference
colle ction manuscript re view and e valuation.

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