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Circulation Path Design In Community Market

By
Muhammad Fakhrullah Awang1, Mohammad Yazah Mat Raschid2

Bachelor Science of Architecture Students, Department of Architecture,

Faculty of Design and Architecture,


University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2Senior

Advisor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Design and Architecture


University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Email: fakhrullah_awang@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT
This research aims to examine the main problem that effect the social interaction on
client through the circulation planning consideration and also the understanding in the
circulation design planning to enhance the circulation pathway. In order to operate this
research, data collection are conduct through the survey method among the client and
also view through the physical observation from the three case study of shopping mall
around this state. Research finding in the lack of social interaction cause by the
circulation planning that view through element of design such as the vertical
transportation, design features and also the used of material itself. This matter are
having the relation with the social interaction of the community as client and also the
workers or sellers in the shopping mall. The research should afford the implementation
of well design and planning in circulation and also the facilities of the mall. Besides that,
the design features such as furniture and fixture should be exist in order to enhance the
social interaction towards the community circulation path. The design should be
implement the practical design planning for the circulation following the needs of client
including the universal design implementation to make sure that all that the mall design
for community market are useful.
Keyword - Client, Community networking, Shopping mall, Circulation.

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CHAPTER 1
1.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter introduces the research about the importance of circulation path
design for public spaces and also for the community market.
1.2 RESEARCH BACKGROUND
Circulation are part of important element in every kind of spaces or design no matter it is
outside or inside the building. Circulation are part of design that effects by the
arrangement of spaces in term of visibility, accessibility, and acceptable circulate
towards one spaces to one spaces. Affection through this matter involve the social
interaction towards ensuring the efficiency of community networking. Centre developers
and designers, according to the (leading) retailers interviewed, give insufficient thought
to the circulation patterns of consumers and, as a consequence, split flows,
impediments to free movement and poorly placed units with inadequate shopper
exposure have become common place (Brown, 1991). Social interaction is the
meaningful contact people have with one another. Meaningful is an important word
here, because it implies an exchange that includes real communication, even if only for
a moment, and leaves each party feeling that hes shared something with another
human being (Creating Good Place for Interaction, n.d).

Individual usage and social interactions in public spaces are influenced by many
factors, including how the spaces connect and the design, maintenance and
management of the natural and the built environment (Holland et al, 2007). There is a
case study about the Case of Pedestrian Movement and Social Interaction (Bohari et al,
2013) about the human behavior through the circulation of public spaces such as the
stadium that effecting social interaction. The circulation effecting the human behavior
such as the crowd movement pattern which involving the interaction between the social
communities. Social interaction and a better life style are achieved through well
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designed and properly managed public spaces (Varughese et al, n.d). This prove that
every element should be design with good arrangement and well organized design in
term of security, safety, and also the others matter that effect by this topic. Improving
safety in public spaces can be achieved by taking into consideration circulation patterns
and crowd management (Varughese et al, n.d).
The importance of this study is to ensure that the designers and also the
community understands the importance of having a good circulation patterns in term of
arrangement and include the design features and basic elements that should be exists
in every design such as corridors, stairs and many more. Elements of building such as
doors, corridors, stairs which impact on people circulation can be analyzed in details to
improve designs. (Varughese et al, n.d). The researchers also said that Cohesive and
safe social interactions that involve crowd gatherings require well designed and properly
managed public spaces (Varughese et al, n.d). This include the importance of
circulation as part of public spaces on community networking elements.
This prove that relations between circulation and social network are importance to
enhance the community networking. This should be consider mostly in designing a
public spaces. A careful consideration of people flow within circulation area during the
design process is important to check adequacy of the above parameters in providing a
safe environment users (Varughese et al, n.d). The way of understanding the circulation
importance and should be implement into design our design so that attraction of the
public spaces such as shopping mall are rising anytime and every moment. The
material layout, design and architecture of shopping centers and shopping malls is one
form of spatial arrangement that shape and influence the flow of visitors and logistics of
goods and information, and spatial practices is the social element rendering a social
space meaningful (Hagberg and Styhre, 2012).

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

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There were lack of social interaction towards the circulation path because of
imperfection and inconvenience in circulation planning in the shopping mall design.
There is need to investigate this issue in order to study and make sure that people
understand more on the relation and the linkage between the circulation planning to
ensure that the social interaction taking the effect for the community networking
efficiency. Levine's (1982) work on You-are-Here maps also provides useful information
for the designer of orientation and circulation systems. Visually salient exhibits will draw
the attention of visitors and influence their circulation (S. Bitgood, n.d). In this situation,
the circulation would effecting the social interaction towards the community behavior
starting for the beginning of the mall such as the entrance on before that spaces. The
issue should be concern, which this matter would effecting mostly on repeat or common
clients for the shopping mall circulation for social interaction an attraction towards the
shopping mall itself. While systems of orientation and circulation are most critical for
first-time visitors, it would be a mistake to ignore the effects of these systems on repeat
visitors (S. Bitgood, n.d).
1.4 Main RQ/Aim
The aim is to know the facilities needed in the building especially in the and also the
importance of the proper facilities in the building design are also needed to be find out.
Other than that the aim of this study is to find out design features needed in circulation
path in shopping mall and also how the circulation facilities and path planning enhance
the social interaction in circulation pathway.
1.5 STRUCTURE OF THESIS
1.5.1 Chapter 1 - Introduction, describe the importance of shopping mall circulation as
the elements that enhance the social interaction towards the community
networking. Provide the information on the research background of this topic.
Finding on problem statement for this research base on the issue in shopping mall
and also state the aim of this research.

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1.5.2 Chapter 2 - State about the literature review found for this research according to
the elaboration of the topic through the knowledge mapping. List of the mini
introduction of the topic and also the literature scope explaining importance of
shopping mall and its interiors spaces, the importance of the circulation elements,
design features for circulation and the social behavior and their response towards
the community networking.
1.5.3 Chapter 3 - The method used in order to understand this research through the
physical observation and surveys. Analysis will be conduct through the results and
the conclusion for this chapter will be provided through the understanding of this
research topic.
1.5.4 Chapter 4 Finding and analysis collected from the methodology choosen such
as physical observation and also from the survey that have been made for this
research. The statistic from the survey stated in this chapter.
1.5.5 Chapter 5 - Describing the reflection from the methodologists through the analysis
that have been made and the recommendation given for the future studies. The
significance stated to strengthen the research.

CHAPTER 2
2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter describe the social interaction in shopping circulation path towards
community networking. This provide the research of the connection or the relation
between the circulation paths planning to enhance the community networking with the
social behavior effecting the interaction among the community.
2.2 LITERATURE SCOPE
2.2.1 Shopping mall and its Interior spaces
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The shopping center or shopping mall is arguable a scripted space in Kleins (2004)
sense of the term, designed to enhance a smooth flow of visitors while at the same time
increasing the visitors exposure to the goods and services being offered. Klein (2004)
speaks of scripted spaces as being based on a gentle repression of the visitor/viewer
in as much as the flow is carefully designed and controlled, and in shopping centers the
architectural layout of the shopping space in many ways structure and command the
flow of visitors. The literature on shopping spaces emphasizes that shopping malls are a
specific form of fabricated, engineered spaces, designed to produce certain effects on
part of the visitors (Hagberg and Styhre, 2012). The production of social space is thus a
delicate balancing of a variety of activities and interests that on the one hand fulfills
commercial objectives while on the other hand accommodates political and social goals
to not render shopping spaces policed and monitored confined spaces open to only
certain commercially attractive categories of visitors (Hagberg and Styhre, 2012). Social
space is that area within which the individual expects to make purely social contacts on
a temporary basis (Us Army Corps of Engineers, Sep 1997).
The public areas, which social and recreational activities are conducted and circulation
areas in shopping centers may make a great contribution to shopping center
sustainability (Hagberg and Styhre, 2012). The elements that must be considered in the
interior design of the store are store merchandising, space allocation and circulation,
furniture and fixtures, architectural finishes, lightning design, and codes (Piotrowski and
Rogers, 2007).

2.2.2 Circulation planning and facilities


This study reveals a number of circulation patterns, facilities and importance of the
circulation towards the social interaction of community networking.
Circulation pattern of client which is involve the pattern of Turning right at choice
points (and walking on the right side of pathways). While some studies have reported a
strong tendency to turn right at a choice point, others have not (S. Bitgood, 2005).
Author S. Bitgood (1995) reviewed literature that demonstrated the right-turn principle
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works only in the absence of other strong directional factors such as landmark
attractors. When people come to an intersection with the traditional four-path,
perpendicular arrangement, they are generally on the right side of the path (S. Bitgood,
2005).
Circulation facilities in public space-buildings is a space forming element that is
applied to accommodate the needs of users movement, both in horizontal circulation
(circulation within the floor) and the vertical circulation (circulation between floors).
Horizontal circulation facilities in the mall space building, can be flat (or with very gentle
slope) corridor as well as a bridge that uses different types of material. Vertical
circulation facilities in the mall space-building can include stairs, ramps, lifts (elevators),
escalators, and others. In the case of mall space-building, the circulation facilities (both
horizontal and vertical) can also became part of the building structure and composition
of the aesthetic elements in space malls (Kusumarini et al, 2012). This bring the
meaning of the usage of universal design consideration. Universal design is a design
approach for products and elements of building-space facilities that could be used by
every person without exception. This approach is truly needed particularly in public
building facilities so that every user can perform his activities independently, easily and
optimally (Kusumarini et al, 2012).
There also the seven principles of universal design that developed in 1997 by a
working group of architects, product designers, engineers and environmental design
researchers, led by the late Ronald Mace in the North Carolina State University:

Equitable Use: The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.

Flexibility in use : The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences


abilities

Simple and intuitive in use: Use of the design easy to understand, regardless of the
users experience, knowledge, language skill, or current concentration level.

Perceptible Information: The design communicates necessary information effectively


to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the users sensory abilities.

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Tolerance for Error: The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences
of accidental or unintended actions.

Low Physical Effort: The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a
minimum of fatigues.

Size and Space for Approach and Use: Appropriate size and space is provided for
approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of users body size, posture, or
mobility.

2.2.3 Design Features in Circulation pathway.


Providing versatile space, furniture and fittings that can be used for different activities
(UK Higher Education Space Management Project, 2006). It is the ideal identities (a
mutable, performativite one) they acquired through the act of participating/consuming
this organized and versatile space (Bousiou, 2008). Furniture can support and
encourage social interaction if its arrangement removes any barriers between and
among people (e. g., a circle of chairs would be preferable to lines of desks). The most
unfriendly arrangement for office furniture involves the traditional two-dimorphicchairs-facing-a-desk-between-them configuration. Of course, how many people need to
interact must inform furniture configurations as well, and the broader culture influences
what individuals consider friendly or unfriendly. (Brand, n.d) The management of
streetscapes requires a comprehensive approach based on a careful balance between
the often generic functional requirements of different modes of transport, the specific
characteristics of a place and the nature of human reactions and interaction. Effective
streetscapes add value to the community by providing (Kapiti Coast District Council,
n.d):

Health benefits (through greater pedestrian and cycle movements);

Social benefits (through greater contact between people and enhancement of


cultural awareness);

Economic benefits (through greater exchange between people);

Property value benefits (through the reflection of adjacent qualities onto the
desirability of a particular property);
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Environmental benefits (through reduced impermeable coverage and piped


storm water, vehicle emissions from less vehicle use, and carbon capture by
street trees).

2.2.4 Social Behavior and Response


People's perception of their environment influences their social interaction within that
environment. Social interaction can be discussed in terms of four concepts such
privacy, personal interaction levels, territoriality, and crowding (Us Army Corps of
Engineers; Sep 1997). Besides needing enough space to move about and perform
various tasks, each person moves within a domain that expands and contracts to meet
individual needs and social circumstances. The size of a space determines perceptions,
experiences, and uses of that particular environment. (Us Army Corps of Engineers;
Sep 1997). Crowd are containing of diverse people with different age, gender and
fatigue that will determine the walking speed (Principles of Pedestrian Network Planning
Report, n.d). Crowding occurs when personal space and territoriality mechanisms
function ineffectively, resulting in an excess of undesired external social contact.
Sociologically, people respond to crowding in different ways depending upon the
situation. Sometimes humans tolerate crowding, though it may be unpleasant, because
they know it is only temporary. In some situations crowding may be considered
desirable, it may even be sought after if it is perceived as "part of the fun" or the
expectation within a social setting. In either situation, however, psychological discomfort
may be experienced if the crowding is perceived as too confining (Us Army Corps of
Engineers; Sep 1997).
2.3 SUMMARY
This section bring the understanding of social interaction through the interior design of
shopping mall relate with the circulation planning and effecting the social interaction in
term of their behavior. The circulation path with the furnishing or fitting and become one
of versatile space effecting the social interaction towards the community networking in
shopping mall.
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CHAPTER 3
3. METHODOLOGISTS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
This section describe the methodologist through the use of physical observation and
also the surveys that have been carried out. In order to understand and learns about
this issue, the method use for find out and getting the results for more information on
this matter. This results would be the material for analysis section and explanation more
about the issue happen in this topic.
3.2 Research methodology
The usage of surveys and descriptive case study such as physical observation choose
as research methodology. A descriptive case studies presents a detailed picture of
phenomena but does not attempt to test or build theoretical models. Sometimes,
descriptive case studies are historical in naure, and sometimes they are done for the
purpose of achieving in better understanding of the present status (Thomas J.R et al,
2010). Descriptive case studies frequently serve as initial step or database for
subsequent comparative research and theory building (Meriam, 1998). Surveys may be
used for descriptive, explanatory and exploratory research. A descriptive survey design
was used. A survey is used to collect original data for describing a population too large
to observe directly (Mouton 1996:232). A survey obtains information from a sample of
people by means of self-report, that is, the people respond to a series of questions
posed by the investigator (Polit and Hungler 1993:148). A descriptive survey was
selected because it provides an accurate portrayal or account of the characteristics, for
example behavior, opinions, abilities, beliefs, and knowledge of a particular individual,
situation or group. This design was chosen to meet the objectives of the study, namely
to determine the knowledge and views of patients and family members with regard to
diabetes mellitus and its treatment regimen (Burns and Grove 1993:29).

3.2.1 Case Studies Description


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Three mall such as Aeon Cheras Selatan, The Mines Mall, and Bangi Gateway has
been chosen as the case studies in order to understand more on the circulation path
design. The first mall chosen which is known as Aeon Cheras Selatan located at Lebuh
Tun Hussein Onn in Balakong, Selangor. It was officially opened in December 2006 and
has been a popular shopping place for people living. The Mines Mall located at Jalan
Dulang, Seri Kembangan, Selangor. The Mines, which previously known as Mines
Shopping Fair launch its new name & logo on 10th March 2010. Over the years,
CapitaMalls Asia had transformed The Mines to a contemporary neighborhood
shopping mall with a major upgrading work inclusive of creating additional retails space,
revamped the Car park system, and many more. Bangi Gateway located at Seksyen 15,
Bandar Baru Bangi, Selangor. The mall start to operate in 2013. Bangi Gateway
Shopping Complex is a vibrant, distinctive and highly sought after commercial address
where dining, entertainment & leisure converge.

3.2.2 Survey
Survey has been done at these three mall in order to understand the parameters and
also the issue happen on circulation path design. Each mall have been distributed with
50 survey which the total of the survey distributed are 150.
3.3 CONCLUSION
The methodology of survey and physical observation used to analyze these three mall
chosen. Many participants response to the circulation issue through the survey that
have been answer by them.
Chapter 4
4.1 INTRODUCTION
This Chapter describe the methodology of this research. There are many type of
research methodology including physical observation, survey or interview.
4.2 FINDING AND ANALYSIS
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4.2.1 Finding from Physical Observation


Parameters
Streetscape

Aeon Cheras Selatan

The Mines Mall

Bangi Gateway

Welcoming design with the


decorative material of
streetscape

The streetscape of this mall


are very welcoming with
thegreen element

Streetscape along the street


towards main entrance

Figure 4.2.1

Figure 4.2.2

Vertical transportation located


near the entrance

Vertical transportation at
the centre of the building
create a welcoming feeling.

Vertical transportation from


the basement directly to the
ground level

Figure 4.2.5

Figure 4.2.6

Figure 4.2.7

Figure 4.2.8

Figure 4.2.9

Circulation along the shop

Circulation path with the


curvy shops arrangement
show the visibility of shop.

Wide circulation path


smooth the client circulation

Figure 4.2.10

Figure 4.2.11

Figure 4.2.12

Massage chair provide along


the circulation path

Less furniture in this mall

Furniture design around the


circular column structure in
the mall

Figure 4.2.3

Vertical
Circulation

Figure 4.2.4

Circulation Path

Furniture for
Interaction

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Based on figure 4.2.1 the streetscape of the mall are decorative but less welcoming
compared to figure 4.2.2 which celebrate people with green along besides the
streetscape. For the vertical circulation, based on figure 4.2.4 and figure 4.2.5 the
location of the escalator are in the proper position and well designed. The circulation
path of these three are well designed based on figure 4.2.7, figure 4.2.8 and figure
4.2.9. Aeon Cheras Selatan mall are having many design features and facilities such as
massage chair that located besides the circulation which given them a place to rest. For
the Mines mall based on figure 4.2.11, there is a kiosk located in the middle of the
circulation which sometimes crowded in the peak hours. Bangi Gateway design features
were well design which taking the opportunity of the circle column structure to make the
permanent chair around it based on figure 4.2.12.
4.2.2 Findings from Survey
Question 5-8 Circulation Path Design

Chart Title
80
60
40
20
0
Aeon Cheras
Selatan

The Mines
Mall
Agree

Bangi
Getaway

Neutral

Disagree

Chart 4.1

70% agree that circulation path design in Aeon Cheras Selatan Mall are well design and
easy to access. 40% feel that circulation path design in The Mines Mall are confusing
and not well design. 80% percent of respondent feel that Bangi Gateway have a good
circulation path planning and well design.
Question 9-11 Vertical Transportation
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Chart Title
60
40
20
0
Aeon
Cheras
Selatan

The Mines
Bangi
Mall
Getaway

Agree

Neutral

Disagree

Chart 4.2

50% agree the facilities in Aeon Cheras Selatan are well planned ad well design. 20%
of them disagree with this situation. For the Mines Mall 40% agree and 30% disagree
with this situation. 40% agree and 40% disagree with the vertical transportation in Bangi
Gateway. This prove that the vertical transportation provide in the Aeon Cheras Selatan
are good and well planned.
Question 12 and 13 Streetscape

Chart Title
80
60
40
20
0
Aeon
Cheras
Selatan

The Mines
Bangi
Mall
Getaway

Agree

Neutral

Disagree

Chart 4.3

60% feels that Aeon Cheras Selatan are well design with design features such as the
streetscape. 80% feels that the Mines Mall are welcoming along towards the main
entrance. 55% percent feels that Bangi Gateway have a good design with its
streetscape.

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Question 14 and 15 Furniture

Chart Title
100
50
0

Aeon Cheras The Mines


Selatan
Mall
Agree

Bangi
Getaway

Neutral

Disagree

Chart 4.4

80% feels that Aeon Cheras Selatan provided a lot of furniture for them to rest and
relax. 50% disagree with the furniture that have been provide in the Mines Mall. 60%
agree and feel very welcoming with the furniture that well design in the Bangi Gateway.
Question 16-18 Social Behavior

Chart Title
80
60
40

20
0
Aeon Cheras
Selatan

The Mines
Mall

Agree

Bangi
Getaway

Neutral

Disagree

Chart 4.5

40% agree that the mall are having a crowd during peak hours in the Aeon Mall. 70%
agree that The Mines Mall are crowded mostly during holiday and also peak hours. This
make them feel uncomfortable. 45% from the Bangi Gateway disagree with this
problem.
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4.3 ANALYSIS
No.

Parameters

4.3.1 Streetscape

Analysis
The data collected from these three malls shows that
people are concern with the streetscape that lead their
journey to the entrance of the mall. The design of the
streetscape welcome them to the mall and all of the
passion to enter the mall are start from the beginning of
the mall.

4.3.2 Circulation Path Design

People are concern about the circulation path design


whether it is simple or complicated. 40% from the surveys
sate that sometimes they are lost because of the
circulation on the mall are complicated and direct them to
the dead end. The flow of the mall are not very good and
not concerning the people behavior.

4.3.3 Vertical Transportation

43% of the data from these three malls shows that the
vertical transportation are well design with the universal
design standards applied in these three mall which
concerned the disable people. The design of the vertical
transportation itselves are users friendly to every type of
age of the users no matter from young people to older
people.

4.3.4 Furniture

Furniture provided in the circulation spaces are well


design for the mall except for the Mines mall which is not
very well design and too little. The spaces provides for
resting and relaxing for reviving their energy are very
important for them so that they can continue their journey
from the spaces to the other shops. The furniture also
important for them to be as the waiting area.

4.3.5 Social Behavior

In the mall, the thing that often happen in the mall is


crowd. 30% of community said that its often happen
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during the public holiday and peak hours. From the


surveys stated that its happen because of improper
circulation planning and also concerning the size of the
circulation spaces.

4.4 Conclusion
The parameters shows that circulation are one of the main issue that concerned
by the people mostly the community that visit the public building such as community
market or shopping malls. They are concerned mostly on the flow and how the
circulation direct them so that they will not feel lost in their path.
Chapter 5
5.1 Introduction
This Chapter introduce the results from the previous research that have been
conducted with the recommendation for the future to improve the circulation path design
based on the data and analysis from this research.
5.2 Reflecting the Methodologists
From the previous chapter of the studies, it is obvious that the community are
concern with the circulation design either in facilities design or the streetscape. Create a
good circulation path design with the features will give an impact to the community or
client that visit the market. It can be enhance by designing a good circulation path to
make sure that community are enjoyed with their shopping and make them feels want to
visit the mall again. The circulation design included circulation path design from outside
the shopping mall towards the entrance should be welcoming with the streetscape
design so that community or the client of the shopping mall will have a passion to come
to the mall. The others circulation design such as the vertical transportation from the
basement to the top of the floor should be located and design well to accommodate
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people well and easy for them to access to the every level of the floor. Furniture are one
of the thing that people will find either for resting after shopping, or a place for one
person to wait for the his or her couple or family while they are shopping. The design of
the furniture itself will give the feeling of welcoming and relaxing to them.
5.3 Recommendation
In order to design a good circulation path, one should learn about the people
behavior, what they want and what they would do in shopping mall. One should control
the journey of the community in shopping mall so that people not lost or feel the
circulation are complicated. The designer should put their selves on the community
condition. They should feel and learn about the social behavior of the community that
will visit the mall so that they will understand what the visitors or the community of the
mall or market actually want. In term of every design include the vertical transportation,
design features and the journey of the community in the mall starting from the outside of
the mall to the entrance until to the shops or place that they want to go in the mall. The
designers also should make sure that the circulation are wide enough (minimum
2000mm clear) to make sure that the users of the space are not having a crowd which
make the users feel uncomfortable. The spaces of the circulation should have a spaces
to sit for rest to make sure that they can revive their energy while relaxing. The access
from one floor to another floor also should be easy to access and the location of the
vertical transportation are not complicated to make sure that people will not lost.
5.4 Significance
Within all of the mall, most designers are concern about the circulation path
design. The implementations of the universal design in vertical transportations with the
use of lifts. The circulation path are importance for people which the only connection of
people from one spaces to one spaces. This could be benefit for the mall as if they have
a good circulation design, people are remember it the first mall they would like to visit
and come are the one that provide them with a good circulation. This will give the mall
and the seller a great profit just in a short time. Its also will make people often come to

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the mall because of the great vertical transportation design and also good design
features inside and outside the mall.
5.5 Conclusion
It is obvious that circulation path design are one of the matter that the community
or the visitors of the mall think. They will consider whether every mall will provide
enough elements in the circulation spaces so they will be direct to the right spaces
through the circulation path and also the size of the design will avoided the crowd to
happen even in the peak hours and also in holiday.

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