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1.
What are the eight word classes? Copy a short text and identify three examples of each word class
from the text.
Noun: man, girl, engineer, friend
Verb: jump, stop, explore
Adjective: an exciting adventure, a green apple, a tidy room
Adverb: She nearly lost everything. He walked slowly. The town is easily accessible by road.
Preposition: in bed, from Mary, at home
Pronoun: I, you, we, he, she, it, we
Article: the, a/an
Conjunction: Patrick plays guitar and Jane Sings. Haru and Loki sang a duet. They went when the rain
eased off.
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the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function.
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Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone as a word. boy, car, desire, gentle, man.
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Bound morpheme is a morpheme (or word element), such as a prefix or suffix, that cannot stand alone as
a word.
What is affixation? Give five examples of words formed with the affixes.
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Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of the words in a phrase or tittle
and pronuncing them as a word. UNICEF, NASA, NATO, AIDS, SARS
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Blending is created from non morphemic parts of two already existing items.
Brunch, smog (smoke&fog), spam (spiced&ham), telethon (telephone&marathon),
aerobicise (aerobics&exercise)
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Clipping is a process that shortens a word by deleting one or more syllables. Names Liz, Ron, Rob.
Prof, burger, fax, doc.
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Allomorphs are the variant forms of a morpheme. Cats (s), dogs (z), judges (ez), an orange, a building
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Simple words are the word in it's basic form. or the root word. Lock, teach, kind,
book, modern.
13. What are complex words? Give five examples and identify the number of morhemes making up the
words.
The complex word is the root word with either another stand alone word or with the
attachment of a prefix or suffix.un + lock, destroy+ed, un+kind, modern+ize,
re+play.
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The symbols are arbitrary in that there is no necessary relation between sounds and
their meaning.
15.
Root is the core of the word and carries major component of its meaning. Teach
(teacher), kind (kindness), hunt (hunter), legal (illegal), accurate (inaccurate).
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Base is the element to which an affix is added. repainted obviously has three
elements--a prefix, a base, and a suffix: re + paint + ed.
17.
Stem is the form of a word before any inflectional affixes are added. Stupidities root: stupid, stem:
stupidity.
18.
What is derivation?
Derivation forms a word with meaning and/or category distinct from that of its base
through the addition of an affix. Sell+er.
19.
What is inflection?
20.
Derivational operations
Inflectional operations
Lexical category Do not change the lexical category of Often change the lexical category of
the word.
the word
Location
Affixes used
Productivity
May be used to coin new words of the May eventually lose their meaning and
same type.
usually cannot be used to coin new
terms
Grounding
21.
What is a sentence?
A sentence is a group of words that makes complete sense, contains a main verb, and begins with a
capital letter.
22.
23. Traditionally, sentences are the product of the combination of what phrases? Provide two
examples.
an NP with a VP. the S rules: S NP VP
S
NP
VP
NP
Det
Det
scientist
discovered
the
answer
24. According to the current view, what is the head of a sentence? What is it dubbed? Provide two
examples of sentences and analyze them.
I (Infl) is the head of the sentence, and it is used to refer to inflection. it is dubbed Infl.
25.
What is the specifier of a sentence according to the current view? Give examples.
26.
What is the complement of a sentence according to the current view? Give an example.
27.
Can Infl take a word? What are the words? Give examples in context and analyze your sentences.
auxiliary verbs
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formed by joining two (or more) elements of the same type with the help of a conjuction such as and or
or.
29.
What is a modifier?
30.
What are the most common modifiers? Provide examples of NP with modifiers.
31.
What is a constituent?
the existence of the syntactic units that make up tree structures can be independently verified with the
help of special tests.
32.
How do you test that a group of words is a constituent? Provide an example of each of the tests.
Substitution test: The little boy fed the cat. He fed the cat.
Movement test: they stopped at the corner at the corner, they stopped.
Coordination Test: the children often sweep the floor but never make the bed.
B.
Practice
Express the following ideas in good English WITHOUT looking at your notes. Then COMPARE your
sentences with your notes. See how many you get them correct.
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