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Abstract
A constant-electric-current method (CECM) developed by the present author is a kind of conductance method. The
characteristics of the CECM are (1) a constant-current power source is used for supplying the electric power and (2)
two kinds of electrodes are installed. One is used for supplying electric power and the other is for detecting the
information of hold-up or film thickness. The main merits of the CECM are (1) the output from the sensor electrode
is independent of the location of gas phase, for example radial location in a tube cross-section, (2) the sensitivity of
detecting the change in the hold-up is higher in the case of the thinner film thickness, and (3) the interaction among
the electrodes is negligible. The basic idea, calibration and examples of the application of the CECM will be discussed
in the present paper. 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Liquid films flowing with high speed gas flow
are widely encountered in various kinds of industrial equipment. It is understood that the characteristics of the liquid films are closely related to
the performance and the safe operation of those
equipment. The surface of the liquid film is usually accompanied by various kinds of complicated
waves. Therefore the film thickness changes with
time and space. The configuration of the interface
depends on the flow conditions of gas and liquid,
* Corresponding author. Tel.: + 81 92 6423392; fax: + 81
92 6419744; e-mail: fukanot@mech.kyushu-u.ac.jp
0029-5493/98/$ - see front matter 1998 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.
PII S0029-5493(98)00209-X
364
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(1)
RL
I0RL
VL
=
=
RTP I0RTP VTP
(2)
I0RL
V
= L
I0RTP0 VTP0
(3)
I0RTP0
V
h = TP0 h
I0RTP 0 VTP 0
(4)
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Fig. 4. (a) Schematic view of the experimental apparatus for the type A proves of the CECM. (b) Schematic view of the system of
Type A proves of the CECM.
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The output from the sensor electrode considerably fluctuates depending on the fluctuation of the
local film thickness as will be shown later, but the
output voltage of the power electrodes is small
especially in the case of an annular flow or thin
film flow with small scale of disturbance waves
because the axial distance between the power
electrodes is usually long and the resistance is
averaged in that section
5. Calibration
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measure time fluctuating instantaneous void fraction even in the case of intermittent flows like the
slug flow.
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width and the horizontal axis, jG, is the air superficial velocity. In the figure the boundary of the
flow patterns observed are also shown, A being
for the annular flow, D for the disturbance wave
flow, P for the pebble wave flow, R for the ripple
flow, S for the smooth surface flow, T for the
two-dimensional wave flow and V for the viscous
wave flow. NW stands for the non-wetting flow in
which the break of the liquid film occurred at
some parts on the bottom surface of the duct.
Distinct feature of waves appearing on the gasliquid interface in the respective flow regime can
be recognized by the time traces of the film thickness measured by the CECM. Typical examples
are shown in Fig. 11 with the notation of the flow
pattern on the right side of the figure.
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disturbance wave flow. Then the wave height increases abruptly at the boundary. On the other
hand the transition region between the disturbance wave flow and the ripple flow is wide and
the distribution gradually changes with increasing
in the both air and water flow rates as shown in
Fig. 14.
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This line is on the contour line of the film thickness of (tf)m 0.26 mm. The agreement of those
two lines expressing the onset of the viscous wave
is quite satisfactory.
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Fig. 19. Correspondence between output from the electrode and the location of a small bubble.
6.3.2. Vertical upward flow in a circular pipe (Furukawa and Fukano, 1996a)
A similar test section with multiple sensor electrodes was used to investigate the effect of liquid
viscosity on the flow pattern and the characteristic parameters in the vertical upward slug (Furukawa and Fukano, 1998a) and annular flows
(Furukawa and Fukano, 1998b). The examples
of the measurements of the time-spacial distribution of hold-up are shown in Fig. 22(a) and (b)
for the cases of ( jG =2.0 m s 1 and jL = 0.5 m
s 1) and ( jG =2.0 m s 1 and jL =0.1 m s 1),
respectively.
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7. Concluding remark
In the present paper are discussed a new idea,
its measuring system and the some examples of
the application of the constant current method
(CECM) for measurement of hold-up or film
thickness. Special arrangement of the electrodes
for supplying electric power and the sensor elec-
trodes for detecting signal makes the electric current density distribution uniform in the measuring
section of the channel. And accordingly the output from the sensor electrode is basically independent of the location of the gas phase in the
transverse direction to the applied constant current, which enables us to successfully use the
CECM to wider range of flow patterns of two-
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phase flow than that in the case of the conventional conductance method. The CECM is especially advantageous in thin liquid film flow
because the output becomes highly sensitive to the
change of the film thickness when the film is thin
due to the increase in the electric resistance. Any
way, however, it is required that the liquid must
be electro-conductive and the difference in the
electric resistance between the gas and the liquid
phases must be large.
Acknowledgements
The present author is grateful to all the colleagues who performed many collaborating research works with him by using the CECM.
References
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