39

CHAPTER III
RESERCH METHODOLODY

3.1 Research Design

This is a

quantitative

research.

This

research

will

be

in correlational research design. The correlational study is meant to find the

relationships between two or more variables (Arikunto, 1998: 326). Furthermore,
Ary (1985:118) states that correlational procedures show the extent to which
change in one variable is assosiated with change in another variable.
There are two kinds of variables, namely: independent and dependent
variable. Ary states that variable is an attributive that is regarded as reflecting or
expressing some concept or construct (1985: 30). Moreover, he states that the
dependent variable is the phenomenon that is the object of study and
investigation. The independent variable is the factor that is measurably separate
and distinct from the dependent variable, but may relate to the dependent variable.
In this research reading habit is the first independent variable (X 1), vocabulary
mastery is the second independent variable (X2), and reading comprehension is the
dependent variable (Y).
Figure 3.1 The Relationship between X1 and Y, X2 and Y, and X1 and X2 toward Y

Reading Habit
(X1)
Reading Comprehension
(Y)
Vocabulary Mastery
(X2)
3.2 Population and Sample

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A population is the group to which the results of the study are intended to
apply (Fraenkel and Wallen, 1993: 78). According to Creswell (2008: 151),
population is a group of individuals who have the same characteristics.
In this research the population is all the students of MAN 1 Surakarta, in
XI Science classes (XI IPA 1, XI IPA 2, IPA 3, IPA 4) in the academic year
2011/2012.
Table 3.1 The Total of Students of XI Science Class

No
1.
2.
3.
4.

Class
XI IPA 1
XI IPA 2
XI IPA 3
XI IPA 4

Total (students)
16
22
24
33
95

Source: Doc. MAN 1 Surakarta. 2011/2012

A sample is a subgroup of the target population that the researcher plans to

study for generalizing about the target population (Creswell, 2008:152). Fraenkel
and Wallen (1993: 78) state that a sample is a group in a research study on which
information is obtained. To determine the size of sample, based on Suharsimi
(2006: 134), only for estimation, so if the subject less than 100, it would be better
if we take all the subjects. Therefore, the research is a population research.
However, if the total of the subject is big, we can take around 10-15% or 20-25%
or more. This research uses the sample from all of the total of population. It is
based on the total of students in the science class of XI in MAN 1 Surakarta in the
academic year of 2011/2012, those are 95 students from four classes.
Further, the researcher took 34 students randomly to be the sample of tryout and 56 students to be the sample of research. However, 5 students did not
attend when the researcher held the research. The researcher uses simple random

41

sampling to take the sample. So, every student of the eleventh grade science
classes has an equal and independent chance of being included in the sample. The
steps of choosing the sample as follows:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Making a list of 90 students

Giving each student a code
Writing each code on a piece of paper and enrolling them
Filling the rolled papers in the box
Taking the rolled papers in the box randomly and the result will e the

sample of try-out, it was repeated 34 times

6. The rest of rolled papers in the box will be the sample of research (56
students)
3.3 Techniques of Collecting Data
The writer uses test and questionnaire as the techniques to collect the data
for research. The test is used to collect the data of students vocabulary mastery
and reading comprehension whereas the questionnaire will be used to obtain the
data of students reading habit. The instruments of collecting data are:
3.3.1 The instruments
a. Test
A test is a set of stimuly presented to an individual in order to elicit
responses on the basis of which a numerical score can be assigned (Ary, 1985:
189). While according to Suharsimi, test is a sequence of quenstions or exercises
or other devices to measure skill, knowledge, intelligence, ability or talents
person which has by people or group (1998: 139).
The test of vocabulary mastery is intended to collect data about students
vocabulary mastery. The test is an objective test in the form of multiple choice
type consisting of 30 items. There are five options (A, B, C, D, E) in each item,
and the students are required to choose the correct answer by crossing one of the
five letters provided in the answer sheet.

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The reading comprehension test is intended to collect data about students

reading comprehension. The test is an objective test in the form of multiple choice
type consisting of 30 items. There are five options (A, B, C, D, E) in each item,
and the students are required to choose the correct answer by crossing one of the
five letters provided in the answersheet.
The way to score the answer is if the answer is correct, it is scored 1;
however, if the answer is incorrect, it is scored 0.
b. Questionnaire
Questionnaire is a list of questions which are distributed via pos to fill out
and to return it back or it can be answered under researcher countrol (Nasution,
2003: 128). According to Suhasimi, questionnaire is a set of questions which are
given to other people in order to willing give a response based on researcher
required (1998: 136). In this study, the questionnaire is given to the students to
find numerical data of their reading habit. The questionnaire consists of 30 items
and each item has five options (A, B, C, D, E) with the scale of scoring from 1 to
5. The students are required to choose one of them based on what the students
actually experienced. If it has not happened, it is also an actual response of the
students toward the situation given in the questionnaire.
Likert scale is used to measure attitude, opinion, peoples or groups
perception about social phenomenon. The way to score the questionnaire is as
follows:
Table 3.2 Category Score of Likert Scale

Statement
Option
Positive
Negative
3.3.2

Validity and Reliability

5
1

4
2

3
3

2
4

1
5

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Before the instrument is used, there is a try-out. It is intended to find the

validity and reliability of instrument. The instruments of this research: reading
habit questionnaire, vocabulary mastery test and reading comprehension test is
given to the students joining the try-out. To know the validity and reliability, the
researcher is assisted by SPSS 16.0 program for Windows.
a. The validity of the instrument
An instrument is valid if it is able to measure what the researchers are going to
measure (Nasution, 2003: 74). To measure the validity of reading habit
questionnaire, vocabulary mastery test, and reading comprehension test, it is
used Pearson Product Moment. The formula is as follows:
r XY =

N XY ( X )( Y )

{ N X ( X ) }{N Y ( Y ) }
2

(Suharsimi Arikunto, 2006: 274)

rxy = the correlation coefficient between X and Y
N = the number of the students
X = the score of each item
Y = the score of each student
The result of the try out indicates that:
1. From 30 items of reading habit questionnaire, 29 items are valid and 1 item is
invalid.
2. From 30 items of vocabulary mastery test, 18 items are valid and 12 items are
invalid.
3. From 30 items of reading comprehension test, 19 items are valid and 11 items
are invalid.
b. The reliability of the instrument
Reliability refers to the consistency of the scores obtained-how consistent
they are for each individual from one administration of an instrument to another
and from one set of items to another (Fraenkel and Wallen, 1993: 146). According

44

to Ary (1985: 225), the reliability of a measuring instrument is the degree of

consistency with which it measures whatever it is measuring.
To determine the reliability of reading habit questionnaire, vocabulary
mastery test, and reading comprehension test, it is used Alpha Cronbach technique
because it has a flexibility to measure a scale which has characteristic dichotomy
and non dichotomy. The formula is as follows:

[ ][

k
S
r 11 =
1 2 1
k1
St

r11
k
S12
St 2

(Suharsimi Arikunto, 2006: 196)

= the coefficient of reliability
= the number of items
= the total variance of each item
= the total variance
The computation shows that the coefficient of reliability of reading habit is

0.918. While, the coefficient of vocabulary mastery is 0.780 and the coefficient
reading comprehension is 0.778.
3.4 Techniques of Analizing Data
This research is to test the hypothesis using Product Moment and Multiple
Linear Regression. Product Moment is used to describe the strength of
relationship between two variables, while Multiple Linear Regression is used to
describe the strength of the relationship between several indendent variables and
one dependent variable (Borg and Gall in Suharsimi Arikunto, 1998: 253). To
analyse all the hypothesis, the researcher is assisted by SPSS 16.0 program for
Windows.
To test the first hypothesis where it says; there is a positive significant
correlation between reading habit and reading comprehension, and the second

45

hypothesis; there is a positive significant correlation between vocabulary mastery

and reading comprehension, Pearson Product Moment used. The formula is:
r XY =

N XY ( X )( Y )

{ N X ( X ) }{N Y ( Y ) }
2

To test the third hypothesis; there is a positive significant correlation

between reading habit, vocabulary master, and reading comprehension,
multiple linear regression is used as the technique. The formula is:

Y = a + b1 X1 + b2 X2 + .... + bn Xn.

Y = dependent variable
a

= constant

= coefficient regression each independent variable

To find out the contribution of each predictor (independent variables) to

the dependent variable, the researcher uses coefficient of determination.