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ANOVA can be extended to analyze data generated from experiments utilizing any number of
independent variables, or factors. In a typical two factor design, A represents the first factor and
B represents the second factor. So, in an AxB design, where A has 3 levels, and B has two levels.
This design can be presented as follows:
Factor
A1
A2
A3
B1
AB11
AB21
AB31
B2
AB12
AB22
AB32
This is called an AB matrix, generally, the cell AB11 would contain scores, or the total or mean for
subjects in condition A1 and B1, AB22 would contain information on subjects in condition A2 and
B2. Take the following two factor 3x2 experiment. We have a group of 24 chimpanzees, whom
we've taught a discrimination task. We place three objects (two are the same) in front of the
chimpanzees and their task is to pick out the odd one. So, if we place two square blocks and a
poker chip in front of them, they have been trained to point to the poker chip. For doing this they
receive a reward. Chimpanzees assigned to condition A1 get one grape as a reinforcer, A2
chimpanzees get two grapes, and A3 chimpanzees get three grapes. Furthermore, chimpanzees
have either been fed within the past hour (B1) or 24 hours ago (B2). Therefore, the questions are
1)do chimpanzees perform differently in this task, depending upon the size of the reinforcement;
2)do chimpanzees perform differently in this task, depending upon how hungry they are; and, 3)do
chimpanzees perform differently in this task depending upon the level of reinforcement, given their
level of hunger (this is a different question than 1 & 2).
Step 1
We begin by arranging our data into what's called an ABS matrix (Factor A by Factor B by
Subject matrix) We calculate the sums, sum of AB squared, means, and standard deviations for
preliminary analysis. The data follow (numbers represent the number of correct discriminations in
20 trials):
Subj. #
A1B1
1 grape &
1 hr
A2B1
2 grapes &
1 hr
A3B1
3 grapes &
1 hr
A1B2
1 grape &
24 hrs
A2B2
2 grapes &
24 hrs
A3B2
3 grapes &
24 hrs
13
15
14
16
18
18
10
15
13
13
15
13
ABij
12
40
56
44
48
40
ABijk2
66
468
830
530
666
450
Mean ABij
3.00
10.00
14.00
11.00
12.00
10.00
sij
3.16
4.76
3.92
3.92
5.48
4.08
Step 2
Next, we rearrange our data into an AB matrix, as above, with totals in each of the cells as well as
marginal totals.
Drive (Factor B)
A2
A3
Bi
B1
12
40
56
108
B2
44
48
40
132
Ai
56
88
96
240
Step 3
We can now form bracket terms. For this we will need a, b, and s, where a=the number of levels
for factor A (3), b=the number of levels of factor B (2), and s=the number of subjects serving in
each AxB condition (4).
T2
[T] = ---------(a)(b)(s)
(240)2
= -----------------3x2x4
57,600
= ---------------= 2400
24
Ai2
(56)2 + (88)2 + (96)2
20,096
[A] = -------- = -------------------------- = --------- = 2512
(b)(s)
2x4
8
Bj2
[B] = ------(a)(s)
(108)2 + (132)2
= ------------------3x4
(ABij)2
[AB] = ---------- =
s
29,088
--------12
= 2424
= 56
24
= ---- = 24
1
SSA x B
MSA x B = ---------dfA x B
144
= ----- = 72
2
SSW 330
MSW = ---------= ----- = 18.33
dfW
18
Step 7
Computing Fratios:
FA =
MSA
--------- =
MSW
56
------- = 3.055
18.33
FB =
MSB
--------- =
MSW
24
------- = 1.309
18.33
MSA x B
FA x B = ---------- =
MSW
72
--------- = 3.928
18.33
Step 8
Arrange values into an ANOVA Summary Table
Source
SS
df
SSA
112
2
SSB
24
1
SSAxB
144
2
SSW
330
18
SSTOT
610
23
MS
56
24
72
18.33
F
3.055
1.309
3.928
Step 9
Determine significance of each F-ratio by using the F-table in your text. Using the df for
numerator and denominator, we find that only the interaction effect is significant for this
experiment [Fcrit (2,18) = 3.55].