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This paper focuses on equity valuation using multiples. Our basic conclusion is that multiples nearly
always have broad dispersion, which is why valuations performed using multiples may be highly debatable. We
revise the 14 most popular multiples and deal with the problem of using multiples for valuation: their dispersion.
1,200 multiples from 175 companies illustrate the dispersion of multiples of European utilities, English utilities,
European constructors, hotel companies, telecommunications, banks and Internet companies.
However, multiples are useful in a second stage of the valuation: after performing the valuation using
another method, a comparison with the multiples of comparable firms enables us to gauge the valuation performed
and identify differences between the firm valued and the firms it is compared with.
We show that PER, EBITDA and Profit after Tax (the most commonly used parameters for multiples)
were more volatile than equity value.
We also provide additional evidence of the analysts recommendations for Spanish companies: less than
15% of the recommendations are to sell.
3. Relative multiples
1. With respect to the firms history. 2. With respect to the market. 3. With respect to the industry
I would like to thank Laura Reinoso and Laura Parga for their impressive work with data collection and Charlie
Porter for his wonderful help revising previous manuscripts of this paper.
CH5- 1
Pablo Fernandez
IESE Business School, University of Navarra
This paper focuses on equity valuation using multiples. The basic conclusion is that multiples
almost always have broad dispersion, which is why valuations performed using multiples are highly
debatable.
However, multiples are useful in a second stage of the valuation: after performing the valuation
using another method, a comparison with the multiples of comparable firms enables us to gage the
valuation performed and identify differences between the firm valued and the firms it is compared
with.
PER to Growth
EV/Plant
EV/FCF
P/Sales
EV/Sales
P/CE
FCF
P/BV
DCF
EV/EG
Residual Income
EV/EBITDA
PER
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
CH5- 2
Pablo Fernandez
IESE Business School, University of Navarra
Morgan Stanley Dean Witters Report How We Value Stocks, 15 September 1999.
The value of the firm (E+D) is often called Enterprise Value (EV). However, the initials are also used
sometimes to indicate the value of the shares (Equity Value)
5
Investments in existing businesses are those in businesses that the company already has. They do not include
growth-oriented investments, either for new businesses or to increase capacity.
4
CH5- 3
Pablo Fernandez
IESE Business School, University of Navarra
3. Relative multiples
All of these multiples by themselves can tell us very little. They need to be placed in a context.
There are basically three relative valuations:
1. With respect to the firms own history
2. With respect to the market
3. With respect to the industry
1. With respect to the firms history
History-referenced multiple = multiple / mean of recent years multiple
One problem with historic multiples is that they depend on exogenous factors, such as interest
rates and stock market situation. In addition, the composition and nature of many firms business
changes substantially over time, so it does not make much sense to compare them with previous years.
2. With respect to the market
6
If there are preferred shares and minority interests, the enterprise value is: market capitalization + preferred
shares + minority interests + net debt.
7
For a good report on the limitations of the EBITDA, see Putting EBITDA In Perspective, Moodys Investors
Service, June 2000.
8
Sometimes recurrent free cash flow is used as well. In this case, investments in existing businesses are
considered.
CH5- 4
Pablo Fernandez
IESE Business School, University of Navarra
Sub-Sector
Manufactures
Components
Table 3 shows the average multiple of different industries9 in the US stock market in September
2000. The total number of companies analyzed was 5,903.
CH5- 5
Pablo Fernandez
IESE Business School, University of Navarra
EV/
P/BV EV/BV EBITDA
1.8
1.6
3.8
2.1
1.5
4.9
2.2
2.1
4.0
9.4
5.4
13.4
4.0
2.7
7.4
12.5 12.9
25.2
12.6 17.5
25.3
14.3 13.6
27.2
1.7
1.3
5.3
9.5
8.2
23.9
8.2
7.3
27.8
2.8
2.2
11.1
3.6
2.4
8.0
2.3
2.4
5.3
3.2
3.3
8.9
10.8
6.8
17.3
7.1
4.0
8.2
2.2
2.1
4.2
16.2 26.4
NA
2.3
2.1
6.5
7.3
5.8
14.8
3.6
2.1
9.1
4.4
3.2
11.1
3.0
2.6
6.4
7.1
6.3
18.8
4.5
2.9
10.2
4.4
2.0
5.4
11.3 13.6
25.7
13.6 25.4
40.6
11.0
9.5
30.3
4.6
3.2
11.2
3.8
2.8
4.5
4.6
3.1
9.6
PEG
1.0
1.0
1.1
2.6
1.6
2.7
2.3
2.1
1.6
2.2
4.5
5.7
1.3
1.1
20.2
5.2
1.4
1.4
NA
1.0
1.6
2.0
3.2
1.6
2.8
1.8
1.1
2.7
3.2
3.8
3.7
1.1
1.7
ROE
13.9%
12.6%
18.9%
22.1%
15.7%
18.3%
19.2%
23.9%
13.5%
22.9%
10.9%
2.5%
17.7%
15.0%
2.8%
10.3%
35.0%
15.0%
-18.3%
10.0%
21.7%
12.1%
12.6%
12.3%
18.0%
16.8%
27.4%
18.8%
26.2%
9.9%
2.8%
43.6%
14.4%
ROC
15.3%
12.5%
28.1%
19.6%
16.7%
24.5%
33.4%
28.3%
11.7%
17.9%
12.4%
7.9%
17.4%
19.9%
11.8%
19.1%
24.4%
31.6%
-13.0%
14.1%
20.9%
10.4%
13.6%
17.4%
17.9%
13.8%
19.8%
26.5%
33.6%
15.1%
11.4%
31.1%
15.9%
P/BV
1999
1.4
3.7
2.8
0.6
4.7
2.4
3.4
1.8
3.6
7.9
1.8
2.1
2.5
1.6
2.3
2.2
2.1
1.4
2.7
7.9
0.6
CH5- 6
Pablo Fernandez
IESE Business School, University of Navarra
Table 5. Multiples of English utilities. September 2000. Source: Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Research.
British Energy
National Grid
National Power
PowerGen
Scottish Power
Scottish & Southern
Anglian Water
Hyder
Kelda
Pennon
Severn Trent
Thames
United Utilities
Average
Maximum
Minimum
PER
2000 2001E
7.4
-26.1
25.0
29.8
12.8
14.7
8.9
7.4
7.3
18.2
12.3
12.4
9.6
12.0
5.2
5.0
6.8
10.6
7.7
11.9
9.9
10.9
12.5
27.7
8.4
12.1
10.3
11.3
29.8
25.0
-26.1
5.2
P/CE
Dividend yield (%)
2000 2001E
2000
2001E
1.8
2.4
4.6
4.6
17.2
14.7
2.3
2.5
7.6
8.9
3.2
3.4
5.7
5.1
6.2
6.8
7.8
8.7
4.7
5.0
9.0
8.9
4.9
5.1
5.5
5.8
7.4
7.6
2.1
2.2
5.6
5.9
4.0
4.8
6.5
6.9
5.3
6.3
7.2
5.4
4.4
4.9
6.2
6.5
7.8
11.7
3.9
4.1
5.0
6.0
6.5
6.7
6.4
7.0
5.3
5.4
17.2
14.7
7.4
7.6
1.8
2.2
2.3
2.5
EV/EBITDA
2000 2001E
4.4
5.7
11.6
11.4
8.1
10.0
6.9
6.3
9.1
7.6
7.5
7.6
6.9
7.1
5.9
5.2
6.7
7.1
6.9
7.9
6.9
6.3
7.8
8.6
6.8
7.3
7.3
7.5
11.6
11.4
4.4
5.2
P/BV
2000
0.8
4.5
3.3
1.9
1.5
2.9
1.0
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.9
1.5
1.7
4.5
0.6
Table 6. Multiples of construction companies. August 2000. Source: Morgan Stanley Dean Witter Research.
PER
EV/EBITDA
P/CE
1999 2000E 2001E 2002E 1999 2000E 2001E 2002E 1999 2000E 2001E 2002E
CRH
17.5
14.4
13.0
12.4
10.1
7.6
7.3
7.0
10.7
8.8
8.4
8.0
Holderbank
19.5
17.1
13.7
12.2
8.7
7.6
7.0
6.5
8.9
8.2
7.1
6.6
Lafarge
15.2
12.2
11.8
10.2
7.2
5.9
5.8
5.5
6.8
6.1
6.0
5.7
Saint Gobain
18.0
11.5
9.8
8.4
5.4
4.6
4.1
3.7
8.0
5.9
5.2
4.7
Cemex
5.5
6.6
6.1
5.7
5.1
5.7
5.1
4.9
4.1
5.0
4.7
4.5
Lafarge Corporation
6.5
6.0
5.8
5.3
4.8
4.7
Martin Marietta Materials
15.8
15.0
13.0
6.7
6.2
5.6
7.9
7.2
6.6
Vulcan Materials
19.2
17.0
13.5
9.8
8.9
7.5
2.4
2.7
3.5
Siam Cement
9.6
6.6
5.6
8.5
5.7
5.1
4.9
4.1
3.2
2.6
2.3
Acciona
26.5
22.3
18.5
16.1
12.5
9.1
7.8
7.0
15.4
11.5
9.9
9.0
ACS
18.8
15.3
13.7
12.1
10.6
7.8
7.1
6.4
12.4
10.6
9.7
8.8
14.1
13.6
10.4
9.1
7.2
6.5
5.9
5.0
9.6
9.6
8.0
7.6
Dragados
FCC
11.4
11.3
11.1
10.6
5.8
5.6
5.3
5.0
6.1
5.7
5.3
5.1
Ferrovial
16.9
13.0
10.5
9.2
21.2
16.2
14.2
12.3
10.1
8.3
7.2
6.3
Average
15.3
13.0
11.2
10.6
8.9
7.3
6.6
6.2
8.2
7.1
6.5
6.2
9.0
Maximum
26.5
22.3
18.5
16.1
21.2
16.2
14.2
12.3
15.4
11.5
9.9
Minimum
5.5
6.0
5.6
5.7
5.1
4.6
4.1
3.7
2.4
2.7
2.6
2.3
Table 7. Multiples of hotel companies. November 2000.
Accor
Bass
Club Med
Hilton Group
Hilton Hotels Corp.
Marriot Int'l
Millennium & Copthorne
NH Hoteles
Scandic Hotels
Sol Meli
Starwood
Thistle Hotels
Average
Maximum
Minimum
EV/EBITDA
2000E
2001E
10.0
9.0
5.8
6.3
10.5
8.2
10.0
8.8
7.6
7.3
10.6
9.4
8.7
8.0
12.8
9.9
7.7
6.5
10.0
8.7
7.4
7.1
8.1
7.8
9.1
8.1
12.8
9.9
5.8
6.3
2000E
23.1
11.8
26.2
13.2
13.5
20.5
11.2
21.4
15.2
17.6
16.0
9.2
16.6
26.2
9.2
PER
2001E
20.0
10.7
18.4
11.4
12.8
18.4
9.8
18.1
14.5
14.4
14.2
9.2
14.3
20.0
9.2
CH5- 7
Pablo Fernandez
IESE Business School, University of Navarra
P/E
2000E 2001E
18.6
18.9
13.5
11.9
16.7
14.7
17.3
73.0
15.7
19.6
14.3
15.4
62.2
53.6
63.6
17.5
20.4
16.4
25.9
12.2
47.6
13.8
53.9
12.3
17.0
12.0
17.2
71.9
44.2
18.5
45.1
21.5
24.6
42.8
14.9
16.6
19.7
4.4
15.2
26.8
34.3
39.5
57.0
38.1
24.2
15.1
18.4
19.5
14.1
15.7
13.3
4.2
5.5
10.1
20.1
14.3
5.4
7.7
19.6
13.2
59.8
59.4
59.3
22.8
19.1
EV/EBITDA
2000E 2001E
7.6
6.7
5.9
5.3
6.8
6.1
15.5
11.5
6.3
5.0
11.5
9.5
8.2
6.6
8.1
7.2
5.7
5.1
4.7
4.8
13.7
11.6
11.6
12.4
17.7
15.5
9.6
9.7
13.2
11.4
7.8
7.3
9.0
8.5
10.1
9.8
12.9
12.2
17.2
13.5
3.2
3.3
8.3
7.7
7.3
5.5
3.7
3.0
3.8
3.0
4.8
4.4
7.2
6.4
6.6
5.3
3.4
3.1
7.2
5.6
3.8
3.7
5.4
4.7
13.2
13.1
7.7
6.8
136.7
117.1
6.6
5.3
6.2
5.8
19.7
17.1
P/CE
2000E 2001E
13.6
13.1
15.7
13.9
14.1
11.7
12.7
18.6
13.9
5.5
16.8
13.8
24.0
9.7
7.3
10.0
11.3
6.9
18.6
18.6
3.4
7.6
8.2
4.9
4.0
3.9
9.1
5.3
3.2
7.4
5.0
5.2
15.8
7.9
196.9
9.6
6.4
26.3
10.3
16.1
11.8
5.5
14.1
16.0
18.1
13.3
11.5
8.9
11.4
10.9
17.9
15.4
3.4
6.5
6.6
4.2
3.3
3.6
8.5
4.6
2.9
7.3
4.8
4.5
15.1
7.3
171.4
7.4
5.9
23.1
EV/Sales
2000E 2001E
2.7
2.5
2.6
2.4
3.1
2.9
3.8
3.0
3.1
2.5
3.8
3.4
2.8
2.4
3.3
3.0
1.7
1.5
1.9
1.9
5.2
4.6
3.4
2.9
4.4
4.3
5.4
5.0
4.2
3.6
3.4
3.3
4.3
4.0
3.0
2.8
5.2
4.8
3.8
3.4
1.4
1.4
3.7
3.5
2.1
1.7
1.8
1.5
1.8
1.4
2.2
2.1
3.8
3.3
2.5
2.3
1.7
1.6
3.5
3.1
2.2
2.1
3.7
3.3
7.0
6.9
3.5
3.0
45.3
43.2
1.6
1.4
2.2
2.0
7.3
6.9
CH5- 8
Pablo Fernandez
IESE Business School, University of Navarra
PER
2000E 2001E
42.0
39.4
55.3
38.2
34.0
52.7
34.8
36.7
72.7
46.9
46.9
30.9
34.7
60.4
72.7
61.6
51.2
24.1
42.3
23.0
44.8
21.0
31.0
31.6
65.3
35.6
28.8
22.3
52.7
39.2
30.4
26.2
23.1
23.3
27.8
54.1
46.5
33.1
23.8
38.6
23.0
37.3
19.9
50.9
32.3
EV/EBITDA
2000E 2001E
22.1
20.0
17.9
12.3
30.0
17.8
16.3
14.2
46.0
37.1
11.0
8.8
13.2
11.2
16.5
10.8
25.7
21.1
22.1
17.0
13.1
10.9
9.2
7.0
8.1
7.2
10.6
5.5
6.9
5.4
6.4
4.6
8.2
6.5
12.8
11.3
9.4
7.3
9.1
8.5
18.8
15.5
8.0
7.8
13.9
10.4
12.6
12.0
8.2
6.2
24.5
20.0
13.6
11.5
P/CE
2000E 2001E
28.0
25.0
22.0
15.2
63.7
28.8
23.9
21.7
45.2
35.8
15.2
11.1
16.8
14.2
18.6
11.9
37.8
29.6
30.1
21.5
14.1
10.2
11.2
8.8
11.1
9.0
13.1
6.2
9.8
7.6
6.4
5.0
8.5
7.1
13.3
11.6
10.9
8.2
11.8
10.8
24.7
20.4
11.4
11.8
58.8
12.0
15.0
12.9
6.7
4.9
32.4
26.5
23.0
14.2
EV/Sales
2000E 2001E
8.4
7.9
4.6
3.9
5.0
3.9
6.8
5.8
13.4
11.3
3.0
2.6
4.5
4.3
6.1
4.2
8.8
7.6
6.7
5.7
4.5
3.9
2.9
2.5
3.2
2.5
2.3
1.9
2.2
1.9
1.5
1.3
2.8
2.3
5.4
4.5
3.1
2.6
3.2
2.9
10.6
8.7
3.6
3.6
2.0
1.9
4.6
4.2
1.8
1.4
7.4
6.3
4.7
4.1
PER
P/BV
2000 2001 2002 2000 2001
21.5 17.3 13.9 3.9 3.5
19.6 15.8 12.9 3.2 2.9
16.5 14.2 12.5 4.7 4.1
30.9 29.9 27.0 4.0 3.8
10.4
9.5
9.2 1.5 1.4
17.8 16.6 16.6 1.7 1.6
13.7 12.4 11.5 2.2 2.0
18.6 16.5 14.8 3.0 2.9
17.7 16.2 14.4 3.0 2.8
13.7 12.2 11.6 2.6 2.4
14.0 12.8 11.4 2.6 2.4
15.1 13.7 12.5 2.7 2.5
P/NAV
2000
3.4
4.2
4.1
3.2
1.5
n.a.
2.2
3.1
3
2.6
2.6
2.7
Dividend yield
2000 2001
2.2% 2.6%
2.6% 3.4%
3.3% 3.9%
2.2% 2.3%
2.8% 3.1%
2.4% 2.9%
3.5% 5.7%
2.7% 3.4%
2.4% 2.6%
3.5% 4.0%
2.9% 3.1%
2.9% 3.3%
ROE
2000 2001
20.2% 21.4%
19.6% 19.2%
28.2% 30.7%
12.9% 12.8%
14.7% 14.2%
15.0% 16.0%
16.4% 17.0%
18.1% 18.8%
18.6% 19.8%
18.6% 14.4%
18.6% 21.4%
18.6% 18.5%
ROE/P/BV
2000 2001
5.2
6.1
6.2
6.6
6.0
7.5
3.2
3.3
9.5 10.3
8.8 10.0
7.4
8.5
6.3
6.8
6.3
7.0
7.3
6.0
7.0
8.9
6.9
7.3
10
CH5- 9
Pablo Fernandez
IESE Business School, University of Navarra
price / sales
dec-99 mar-00 jun-00 sept-00 dec-00
Company
Agency. Com
20.7
8.1
4.3
3.0
0.7
Answerthink
5.8
3.8
2.4
2.3
0.5
Braun Consulting
30.4
11.7
6.7
5.4
0.9
Cambridge Technology
2.6
1.4
0.9
0.5
0.3
C-bridge Internet Solutions
44.8
36.8
7.8
6.0
0.9
CMGI
312.0
88.9
24.2
9.4
1.3
Diamond Tech. Partners
18.2
11.8
13.3
9.5
3.4
Digitas Inc.
6.7
4.0
3.9
1.0
Inforte Corp.
16.2
9.5
7.8
2.6
iXL Enterprises, Inc.
19.2
7.4
3.0
0.9
0.2
iGate Capital Corporation
3.6
6.1
1.7
0.7
0.4
Internet Capital Group
2880.6 1658.8 733.0 208.6
9.2
Lante Corporation
26.5
13.1
2.7
0.8
Luminant Worldwide
23.7
5.5
2.1
0.6
0.2
MarchFIRST
16.8
8.9
3.2
2.1
0.2
Modem Media, Inc
23.3
8.8
2.9
0.9
0.6
Organic, Inc
19.6
7.3
3.0
0.5
Proxicom
84.8
23.2
19.0
6.2
1.1
Razorfish
53.1
13.0
6.4
3.3
0.5
Sapient
60.4
31.2
33.3
10.8
2.8
Scient Corporation
63.7
42.6
14.0
5.1
0.6
Viant Corporation
77.5
19.1
12.7
2.2
1.5
Xpedior
10.8
7.2
3.7
0.8
0.1
Average
197.5
89.7
40.4
12.8
1.3
DOT COMS
price / sales
dec-99 mar-00 jun-00 sept-00 dec-00
Company
About.com
60.3
39.5
10.0
7.7
5.0
Amazon.com
16.5
12.4
5.9
5.6
2.2
El sitio
221.2
72.4
15.3
6.2
0.9
Excite@Home
51.2
29.5
15.8
9.9
3.6
Gemstar
140.1 145.8
96.8 128.6
66.8
Homestore.com
97.3
41.8
17.8
21.5
7.2
iGo
9.0
6.0
2.7
1.8
1.0
InfoSpace.com
1351.4 669.8 189.0
75.9
10.9
iTurf
10.6
6.6
1.6
0.7
Liberate
1260.1 268.6 107.6
92.6
39.2
Promotion.com
27.0
8.0
3.2
0.9
0.2
Quepasa.com
426.7
89.4
11.7
4.9
Salon.com
11.1
7.6
2.0
2.4
0.8
Sportsline
22.0
10.8
5.4
3.9
1.4
StarMedia
131.2
69.3
32.3
9.9
2.0
Student Adverage
29.0
10.7
6.5
6.0
3.1
Switchboard
77.2
17.8
9.3
3.5
Terra
559.0 462.6 149.1 113.9
34.3
TheKnot Inc.
24.0
12.2
3.7
2.4
0.6
TicketMaster CitySearch
32.3
16.3
8.2
7.4
3.4
Tickets.com
18.4
10.5
3.6
1.1
0.3
Travelocity.com
18.0
7.1
4.7
3.2
Women.com Networks
22.2
9.4
2.0
2.6
0.2
Yahoo
403.8 132.0
79.6
50.2
14.8
Average
223.8
92.8
33.1
23.7
9.3
equity value
41%
EBITDA dividends
59%
20%
Book value
18%
ROE
4%
ROA
2%
PER
76%
From
to
Strong buy
Buy
Hold
Sell
Strong Sell
Sum
%
Strong buy
8,190
2,323
3,622
115
115
14,365
26.9%
Buy
2,234
4,539
3,510
279
39
10,601
19.8%
Hold
4,012
3,918
13,043
1,826
678
23,477
43.9%
Sell
92
262
1,816
772
345
3,287
6.1%
Strong Sell
154
60
749
375
407
1,745
3.3%
Sum
%
14,682 27.5%
11,102 20.8%
22,740 42.5%
3,367 6.3%
1,584 3.0%
53,475
CH5- 10
Pablo Fernandez
IESE Business School, University of Navarra
Table 14 shows the analysts recommendations for Spanish companies in the IBEX 35 index.
Note that the recommendations mostly range between holding and buying. Less than 15% of the
recommendations are to sell. On 14 February 2000, the IBEX stood at 12,458 points; by 23 October it
had fallen to 10,329 points.
Table 14. Analysts recommendations on Spanish stocks. Source: Actualidad Econmica
Buy
ACS
90.0%
Acciona
37.5%
Aceralia
82.4%
Acerinox
68.8%
Acesa
54.6%
Aguas Bna. 69.2%
Alba
80.0%
Altadis
72.7%
Amadeus
75.0%
Bankinter
31.6%
BBVA
57.7%
BSCH
63.0%
Cantbrico 42.9%
Continente 71.4%
Dragados
50.0%
Endesa
67.9%
FCC
70.0%
14 february 2000
Hold
Sell
0.0%
10.0%
25.0%
37.5%
5.9%
11.8%
18.8%
12.5%
36.4%
9.1%
15.4%
15.4%
0.0%
20.0%
18.2%
9.1%
0.0%
25.0%
47.4%
21.1%
34.6%
7.7%
37.0%
0.0%
42.9%
14.3%
14.3%
14.3%
41.7%
8.3%
28.6%
3.6%
30.0%
0.0%
Buy
81.8%
88.9%
79.0%
70.6%
72.7%
50.0%
62.5%
76.9%
58.6%
33.3%
54.7%
51.8%
27.8%
53.3%
66.7%
52.9%
51.3%
23 october 2000
Hold
Sell
18.2%
0.0%
0.0%
11.1%
21.1%
0.0%
17.7%
11.8%
27.3%
0.0%
36.7%
13.1%
25.0%
12.5%
15.4%
7.7%
34.3%
7.1%
38.9%
27.8%
33.5%
11.8%
48.2%
0.0%
44.4%
27.8%
40.0%
6.7%
33.3%
0.0%
44.4%
2.8%
48.7%
0.0%
Ferrovial
Gas natural
Iberdrola
Indra
NH Hoteles
Popular
Repsol
Sogecable
Sol Melia
Terra
Tele pizza
Telefnica
TPI
Unin Fenosa
Vallehermoso
Buy
50.0%
18.8%
57.9%
55.6%
85.0%
54.6%
75.8%
87.5%
60.0%
87.5%
50.0%
94.7%
50.0%
88.2%
50.0%
average
64.1%
14 february 2000
Hold
Sell
30.0%
20.0%
43.8%
37.5%
36.8%
5.3%
33.3%
11.1%
15.0%
0.0%
36.4%
9.1%
18.2%
6.1%
0.0%
12.5%
26.7%
13.3%
0.0%
12.5%
37.5%
14.3%
5.3%
0.0%
37.5%
18.5%
11.8%
0.0%
10.0%
40.0%
23.1%
13.1%
Buy
70.0%
22.2%
50.0%
76.9%
81.3%
70.0%
48.6%
62.4%
76.5%
59.1%
41.5%
86.3%
38.5%
85.7%
76.9%
61.8%
23 october 2000
Hold
Sell
30.0%
0.0%
50.0%
27.8%
38.0%
12.0%
23.1%
0.0%
18.8%
0.0%
30.0%
0.0%
45.9%
5.6%
25.9%
11.8%
17.7%
5.9%
31.8%
9.1%
35.4%
23.1%
11.8%
2.0%
30.8%
30.8%
14.3%
0.0%
23.1%
0.0%
29.8%
Key concepts
Multiple Dispersion
Analysts recommendations
References
Fernandez, Pablo (2013), Internet Valuations: The Case of Terra-Lycos, http://ssrn.com/abstract=265608
Moodys Investors Service (June 2000), Putting EBITDA In Perspective.
Morgan Stanley Dean Witters, How We Value Stocks, 15 September 1999.
Welch, Ivo (2000), Herding among Security Analysts, Journal of Financial Economics, 58, pp. 369-396.
CH5- 11
8.4%