HARTINI ABDUL RASHID (2009315471)

4.1 RESULTS

All dimensions are in cm

Figure 4.1: Illustration and dimensions of the wooden pendulum

Based on Figure 4.1, the small circle at the left end is I O2 and the bigger circle at the
right end is IO1. The hidden line in the middle of the pendulum which is 34.8mm from
IO1 is the IG.

Sample of calculation:

HARTINI ABDUL RASHID (2009315471)

Theoretical.
Volume of the components:
1. Component 1:

V 1=0.08 0.01 0.8

6.4 104 m3
2. Component 2:

V 2= ( 0.0125 )2 0.01
6

4.91 10 m

3. Component 3:
Combining the two small half cylinders at each end of the hollow rectangular at
the centre of the wooden pendulum will give a full cylinder of diameter 1mm.

V 3 a= ( 0.005 ) 0.01

7.854 107 m3

HARTINI ABDUL RASHID (2009315471)

4. Component 4:

V 3 b=0.44 0.01 0.01

4.4 105 m3

V 3=V 3 a +V 3 b
4.48 105 m3
5. Total volume of wooden pendulum:
V pendulum=V 1V 2V 3V 4
6.4 1044.91 1064.48 105
5.9 104 m3
6. Total density of wooden pendulum:
pendulum=

mtotal
v pendulum

0.6 kg
4 3
5.9 10 m

1016.13

7. Mass of each component:

m1= v 1
a)

kg
3
m

HARTINI ABDUL RASHID (2009315471)

1016.13(6.4 104 )
0.65 kg
b)

m2= v 2
1016.13(4.91 106 )
3

4.99 10 kg
c)

m3= v 3
1016.13(4.48 105 )
0.0455 kg

8. Moment of inertia at IO1:

Componen
t
1
2

Area, A (m2)
0.8 x 0.08 = 0.064

( 0.0125 )

4.91 10

0.038

A = 0.069

y A = 0.028 =0.406 m
A 0.069

Component 1:
I1 = 1/12 m l + m d
= 1/12 (0.65)(0.8)2 + (0.65)(0.406 0.4)2
= 0.0347 kgm3

0.0256
5

1.8658 10

( 0.005 ) +(0.44 0.01) =

4.48 103

O1

y A (m3)

0.4
4

(m)

2.352 10
0.525
y

A = 0.028

HARTINI ABDUL RASHID (2009315471)

Component 2:
I2 = 1/4 m r + m d
= 1/4 (4.99 x10-3)(0.0125)2 + (4.99 x10-3)(0.406-0.038)2
= 6.76 x 10-4 kgm3
Component 3:
I3 = 1/12 m l + m d
= 1/12 (45.5 x10-3)(0.45)2 + (45.5 x10-3)(0.525 0.406)2
= 1.412 x 10-3 kgm3
Total:
IG1 = I1 I2 I3
= 0.0347 6.76 x 10-4 kg 1.412 x 10-3
= 0.0326 kgm3
IO1 = IG2 + md2
= 0.0326 + (0.6)(0.4062)
= 0.1315 kgm3

Moment of inertia at IO2:

Component

Area, A (m2)

1
2

0.8 x 0.08 = 0.064

( 0.0125 )

0.4

4.91 10

4.48 103
A = 0.069

O2

y A = 0.0272 =0.394 m
A 0.069

0.0256
3.74142 x10-4

0.762

( 0.005 )2+(0.44 0.01) =

y A (m3)

(m)

0.275

1.232 x 10-3

A = 0.0272

HARTINI ABDUL RASHID (2009315471)

Component 1:
I1 = 1/12 m l + m d
= 1/12 (0.65) (0.8)2 + (0.6) (0.4 0.394)2
= 0.0347 kgm3
Component 2:
I2 = 1/4 m r + m d
= 1/4 (4.99 x10-3) (0.0125)2 + (4.99 x10-3) (0.762-0.394)2
= 6.76 x 10-4 kgm3
Component 3:
I3 = 1/12 m l + m d
= 1/12 (45.5 x10-3) (0.45)2 + (45.5 x10-3) (0.394-0.275)2
= 1.412 x 10-3 kgm3
Total:
IG2 = I1 I2 I3
= 0.0347 6.76 x 10-4 1.412 x 10-3
= 0.0326 kgm3
Io2 = IG1 + md2
= 0.0326 + (0.6)(0.3942)
= 0.126 kgm3
Experimental Calculation.
1. Moment of Inertia about point O1 and point O2:

a. IO1
Tavg = 14.445 1.3898 s
Therefore:
T1 oscilations = 14.445/ 10 =1.4445 sec
T1 oscilations = 2

LR1
g

HARTINI ABDUL RASHID (2009315471)

L01 = g

T1 oscilations
2

= 9.81

1. 4445
2

L01 = 0.5185 m

IG1 = m rG ( L01 - rG )
= 0.6(0.355) (0.5185 - 0.355)
= 0.0348 kg m
I01 = IG01 + m rG
= 0.0348 + 0.6 (0.355)
= 0.110 kg m3

b. IO2
Tavg = 14.53 s
Therefore:
T2 oscilations = 14.53 / 10 =1.453 sec
T2 oscilations = 2

LR1
g

L02 = g

T2 oscilations
2

HARTINI ABDUL RASHID (2009315471)

= 9.81

1.453
2

L02 = 0.5246 m
IG2 = m rG ( L02 - rG )
= 0.6(0.355) (0.5246 - 0.355)
= 0.0361kg m
IO2 = IG2 + m rG
= 0.0361 + 0.6 (0.355)
= 0.1117 kg m

2. Error Percentage:
IO1 = 0.1315-0.110 X100% = 16.35%
0.1315
IG1 = 0.0348 0.0326 X100% = 6.32%
0.0348
IO2 = 0.126-0.1117 X100% = 11.35%
0.126
IG2 = 0.0361- 0.0326 X100% = 9.7%
0.0361

Poin
t

Moment of
Inertia

Theoretical
Value (kg m)

Experimental Value(kg m)

Percentage Error
(%)

IO1

0.1315

0.110

16.35

IG1

0.0326

0.0348

6.32

IO2

0.126

0.1117

11.35

IG2

0.0326

0.0361

9.7

O1

O2

HARTINI ABDUL RASHID (2009315471)

Table 4.1: Percentage error between theoretical and experimental values

HARTINI ABDUL RASHID (2009315471)

5.1 DISCUSSION

Based on the experiment conducted, all the values of mass moment of inertia
at the centre of gravity, I G and at the suspension point, I O on different end, O 1 and O2
have been determined according to the experiment and theory. The values of IO1,
IG1, IO2 and IG2 are theoretically calculated using formulae and finding the volume
of each component exist in the non-homogeneous wooden pendulum. The values of
IO1, IG1, IO2 and IG2 are experimentally determined by taking time for 10 complete
oscillation of the wooden pendulum on different angle for each suspension point.
Comparing all the values of IO1, IG1, IO2 and IG2 in theoretical and experimental
calculation, it is found out that each value is slightly different from each other. The
percentage error between the theoretical and experimental values can be observed
in Table 4.1. The percentage errors are merely less than 20% and therefore can be
considered as acceptable. The difference in values may be caused by several errors
during the experiment and calculation. The dimension of the wooden pendulum may
be taken under parallax and precision errors as only a ruler is used to take the
dimensions of the wooden pendulum including the circular parts. Therefore, this
might affect the reading taken. During the oscillation, a stopwatch is used and
therefore, there might be zero error as the starting of the swing is not precisely
parallel with the starting of the time taken. This may cause the time to be slower or
faster than it is supposed to be recorded. The oscillation of the wooden pendulum
especially on the smaller circle, O2 is wobbling as the supporting part is so small and
this cause disturbance during the oscillation. In the calculation procedure, only
several decimal points are considered and this also affected all the values
calculated. All of this disturbance and errors has affected the values of IO1, IG1, IO2
and IG2 obtained.

HARTINI ABDUL RASHID (2009315471)

6.1 CONCLUSION

In a nutshell, it is found out that a pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot so

that it can swing freely. When a pendulum is displaced from its equilibrium position, it
is subjected to a restoring force due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the
equilibrium position. When released, the restoring force combined with the
pendulum's mass causes it to oscillate about the equilibrium position, swinging back
and forth. The time for one complete cycle, a left swing and a right swing, is called
the period. A pendulum swings with a specific period which depends mainly on its
length. It is also found out that the values of IO1, IG1, IO2 and IG2 are affected by
errors and disturbance during experiment and even decimal points consideration
during calculation is a contributing factor. The error percentage between the
theoretical and experimental values can be considered as a slight error as the values
of the error are just less than 20%.