Crow Nation

day Wyoming, through Montana and into North Dakota,

where it joins the Missouri River. Today, they are enrolled in the federally recognized Crow Tribe of Montana.
Pressured by the Ojibwe and Cree peoples (the Iron Confederacy), who had earlier and better access to guns
through the fur trade, they had migrated there from the
Ohio Eastern Woodland area to settle south of Lake Winnipeg, Canada. From there, they were pushed to the west
by the Cheyennes. Both the Crow and the Cheyennes
were then pushed farther west by the Lakota (Sioux),
who took over the territory from the Black Hills of South
Dakota to the Big Horn Mountains of Montana; the
Cheyennes nally became close allies of the Sioux, but
the Crows remained bitter enemies of both Sioux and
Cheyennes. The Crow were generally friendly with the
whites and managed to retain a large reservation of over
9300 km2 despite territorial losses.

Crow Nation Flag

Since the 19th century, Crow people have been concentrated on their reservation established south of Billings,
Montana. They also live in several major, mainly western, cities. Tribal headquarters are located at Crow
Agency, Montana.

1 History
Crow Indians, circa 18401843 (Karl Bodmer)

The name of the tribe, Apsalooke [ ps], meaning children of the large-beaked bird,[1] was given to
them by the Hidatsa, a neighboring Siouan tribe. French
interpreters translated the name as gens du corbeaux
(people of [the] crows), and they became known in
English as the Crow. Other tribes also refer to the Apsalooke as crow or raven in their own languages.[2]
In 1743 the Absaroka encountered their rst people of
European descent, the two La Vrendrye brothers from
New France. The explorers called the Apsalooke beaux
hommes (handsome men). The Crow called the French
explorers baashchile (persons with yellow eyes).

1.1 In the Northern Plains

Crow Indians, circa 18781883

The early home of the Crow-Hidatsa ancestral tribe was

in the Ohio country, near Lake Erie. Driven from there
by better armed, aggressive neighbors, they settled for a
while south of Lake Winnipeg in Manitoba.[3] Later the
people moved to the Devils Lake region of North Dakota
before the Crow split from the Hidatsa and moved west-

The Crow, called the Apsalooke in their own

Siouan language, or variants including Absaroka, are
Native Americans, who in historical times lived in the
Yellowstone River valley, which extends from present1

HISTORY

ward. The Crow were largely pushed westward due to

intrusion and inux of the Cheyenne subsequently the
Sioux.
To acquire control of their new home, they warred against
Shoshone bands (called Bikkaashe"People of the Grass
Lodges),[4] and drove them westward. They allied with
local Kiowa and Kiowa Apache bands.[5][6][7] The Kiowa
and Kiowa Apache bands later migrated southward, and
the Crow remained dominant in their established area
through the 18th and 19th centuries, the era of the fur
trade.
Their tribal territory stretched from what is now
Yellowstone National Park and the headwaters of
the Yellowstone River (E-chee-dick-karsh-ah-shay
"Elk River) in the west, north to the Musselshell River,
then northeast to the Yellowstones mouth at the Missouri
River, then southeast to the conuence of the Yellowstone
and Powder Rivers (Bilap chashee"Powder River or
Ash River), south along the South Fork of the Powder River, conned in the SE by the Rattlesnake Mountains and westwards in the SW by the Wind River
Range. Their tribal area included the river valleys of
the Judith River (Buluhpa'ashe"Plum River), Powder
River, Tongue River, Big Horn River and Wind River as
A scout on a horse, 1908
well as the Bighorn Mountains (Iisiaxpatachee Isawaxaawua), Pryor Mountains (Baahpuuo Isawaxaawua),
Wolf Mountains (Cheetiish"Wolf Teeth Mountains)
and Absaroka Range (also called Absalaga Mountains).[8]
Once established in the Valley of the Yellowstone River[9]
and its tributaries on the Northern Plains in Montana and
Wyoming, the Crow divided into four groups: the Mountain Crow, River Crow, Kicked in the Bellies and Beaver
Dries its Fur. Formerly semi-nomad hunters and farmers
in the northeastern woodland, they picked up the nomadic
lifestyle of the Plains Indians as hunters and gatherers
and hunted bison. Before 1700, they were using dog
travois for carrying goods. They obtained horses from
the Spanish.[10][11]

1.2

Enemies and allies

Ledger drawing of a Cheyenne war chief and warriors (left)

coming to a truce with a Crow war chief and warriors (right)

From about 1740, the Plains tribes rapidly adopted the

horse, which allowed them to move out on to the Plains
and hunt bualo more actively. However, the severe winters in the North kept their herds smaller than those of
Plains tribes in the South. The Crow, Hidatsa, Eastern
Shoshone and Northern Shoshone soon became noted
as horse breeders and dealers, and developed relatively
large horse herds. At the time, other eastern and northern tribes were also moving on to the Plains, in search
of game for the fur trade, bison, and more horses. The
Crow were subject to raids and horse thefts by horsepoor tribes including the powerful Blackfoot Confederacy, Gros Ventre, Assiniboine, Pawnee, and Ute.[12][13]
Later they had to face the Lakota and their allies, the
Arapaho and Cheyenne, who also stole horses from their
enemies. Their greatest enemies became the tribes of
the Blackfoot Confederacy and the Lakota-CheyenneArapaho alliance.
The Crow were generally friendly with the northern
Plains tribes of the Flathead (although sometimes they
had conicts); Nez Perce, Kutenai, Shoshone, Kiowa
and Kiowa Apache. The powerful Iron Confederacy
(Nehiyaw-Pwat), an alliance of northern plains Indian nations based around the fur trade developed as enemies of
the Crow. It was named after the dominating Plains Cree
and Assiniboine peoples, and latter included the Stoney,
Saulteaux, Ojibwe, and Mtis.

1.4

1.3

Gradual displacement from tribal lands

Historical subgroups

was interpreted by tribal elders as meaning that the whites

would become dominant over the entire country, and that
The Apsaalooke by the early 19th century were divided the Crows, if they were to retain any of their land, would
into three independent groupings, who came together need to remain on good terms with the whites.[19]
only for common defense:
By 1851 the more numerous Lakota and Cheyenne were
established just to the south and east of Crow territory
Ashalaho (Many Lodges, today called Moun- in Montana.[20] These enemy tribes coveted the hunting
tain Crow), Awaxaawaxammilaxpake (Moun- lands of the Crow and warred against them. By right of
tain People) or Ashkale (The Center Camp). conquest, they took over the eastern hunting lands of the
The Ashalaho or Mountain Crow, the largest Crow Crow, including the Powder and Tongue River valleys,
group, split from the Awatixa Hidatsa and were the and pushed the less numerous Crow to the west and northrst to travel west. (McCleary 1997: 2-3)., (Bowers west upriver on the Yellowstone. After about 1860, the
1992: 21) Their leader No Intestines had received a Lakota Sioux claimed all the former Crow lands from the
vision and led his band on a long migratory search Black Hills of South Dakota to the Big Horn Mountains of
for sacred tobacco, nally settling in southeastern Montana. They demanded that the Americans deal with
Montana. They lived in the Rocky Mountains and them regarding any intrusion into these areas.
foothills on the present-day Wyoming-Montana border along the Upper Yellowstone River, in the Big The Fort Laramie Treaty of 1851 with the United States
Horn and Absaroka Range (also Absalaga Moun- conrmed as Crow lands a large area centered on the Big
tains) with the Black Hills comprising the eastern Horn Mountains: the area ran from the Big Horn Basin
on the west, to the Musselshell River on the north, and
edge of their territory.
east to the Powder River; it included the Tongue River
Binnessiippeele (Those Who Live Amongst basin.[21] But for two centuries the Cheyenne and many
the River Banks), today called River Crow or bands of Lakota Sioux had been steadily migrating westAshshipte (The Black Lodges) The Binnessi- ward across the plains, and were still pressing hard on the
ippeele, or River Crow, split from the Hidatsa Crows.
proper, according to tradition because of a dispute over a bison stomach. As a result, the Hidatsa called the Crow Gixa-icc"Those Who
Pout Over Tripe.[14][15] They lived along the Yellowstone and Musselshell rivers south of the Missouri River and in the river valleys of the Big Horn,
Powder and Wind rivers, (historically known as the
Powder River Country), sometimes traveling north
up to the Milk River.
Eelalapito (Kicked In The Bellies) or Ammitaalassh (Home Away From The Center, that is,
away from the Ashkale - Mountain Crow).[16][17]
They claimed the area known as the Bighorn Basin,
from the Bighorn Mountains in the east to the Absaroka Range to the west, and south to the Wind
River Range in northern Wyoming. Sometimes they Eight Crow prisoners under guard at Crow agency, Montana,
settled in the Owl Creek Mountains, Bridger Moun- 1887
tains and along the Sweetwater River in the south.[18]
Red Clouds War (18661868) was a challenge by the
The oral tradition of the Apsaalooke mentions a fourth Lakota Sioux to the United States military presence on the
group, the Bilapiluutche (Beaver Dries its Fur), who Bozeman Trail, a route along the eastern edge of the Big
are believed to have merged with the Kiowa in the second Horn Mountains to the Montana gold elds. Red Clouds
War ended with victory for the Lakota Sioux. The Treaty
half of the eighteenth century.
of Fort Laramie (1868) with the United States conrmed
the Lakota control over all the high plains from the Black
1.4 Gradual displacement from tribal Hills of the Dakotas westward across the Powder River
Basin to the crest of the Big Horn Mountains.[22] Therelands
after bands of Lakota Sioux led by Sitting Bull, Crazy
When white Americans arrived in numbers, the Crows Horse and others, along with their Northern Cheyenne alwere resisting heavy pressure from enemies who greatly lies, hunted and raided throughout the length and breadth
outnumbered them. In the 1850s, a vision by Plenty of eastern Montana and northeastern Wyoming, which
Coups, a Crow boy who later became their greatest chief, had been for a time ancestral Crow territory.

2 CULTURE

On June 25, 1876 the Lakota Sioux and Cheyenne

achieved a major victory over army forces under Colonel
George A. Custer at the Battle of the Little Big Horn, but
the Great Sioux War (18761877) ended in the defeat
of the Sioux and their Cheyenne allies. Crow warriors
enlisted with the US Army for this war. The Sioux and
allies were forced from eastern Montana and Wyoming:
some bands ed to Canada, while others suered forced
removal to distant reservations, primarily in present-day
Montana and Nebraska west of the Missouri River.
In 1918, the Crow organized a gathering to display their
culture, and they invited members of other tribes. The
Crow Fair is now celebrated yearly on the third weekend
of August, with wide participation from other tribes.[23]

2
2.1

Culture
Subsistence

The Oath Apsaroke by Edward S. Curtis depicting Crow men

giving a symbolic oath with a bison meat oering on an arrow.

Bualo Jump

The main food source for the Crow was the American bison which was hunted in a variety of ways. Before the
use of horses the bison were hunted on foot and required
hunters to stalk close to the bison, often with a wolf-pelt
disguise, then pursue the animals quickly on foot before
killing them with arrows or lances. The horse allowed
the Crow to hunt bison more easily as well as hunt more
at one time. Riders would panic the herd into a stampede
and shoot the targeted animals with arrows or bullets from
horseback or lance them through the heart. In addition
to bison the Crow also hunted bighorn sheep, mountain
goats, deer, elk, bear, and other game. Bualo meat was
often roasted or boiled in a stew with prairie turnips. The
rump, tongue, liver, heart, and kidneys all were considered delicacies. Dried bison meat was ground with fat and
berries to make pemmican.[24] In addition to meat, wild
edibles were gathered and eaten such as elderberries, wild
turnip, and Saskatoon berries.

was a favorite spot for meat procurement by the Crow Indians for over a century, from 1700 to around 1870 when
modern weapons were introduced.[25] The Crow used this
place annually in the autumn, a place of multiple clis
along a ridge that eventually sloped to the creek. Early in
the morning the day of the jump a medicine man would
stand on the edge of the upper cli, facing up the ridge.
He would take a pair of bison hindquarters and pointing
the feet along the lines of stones he would sing his sacred
songs and call upon the Great Spirit to make the operation a success.[25] After this invocation the medicine man
would give the two head drivers a pouch of incense.[25] As
the two head drivers and their helpers headed up the ridge
and the long line of stones they would stop and burn incense on the ground repeating this process four times.[25]
The ritual was intended to make the animals come to the
line where the incense was burned, then bolt back to the
ridge area.[25]

2.2 Habitation and Transportation

The traditional Crow shelter is the tipi or skin lodge

made with bison hides stretched over wooden poles. The
Crow are historically known to construct some of the
largest tipis. Tipi poles were harvested from the lodgepole
pine which acquired its name from its use as support for
tipis.[26] Inside the tipi, mattresses and bualo-hide seats
were arranged around the edge, with a replace in the
The Crow often hunted bison by utilizing bualo jumps. center. The smoke from the re escaped through a hole
Where Bualoes are Driven Over Clis at Long Ridge or smoke-ap in the top of the tipi. At least one entrance

2.3

Clothing and Beadwork

5
create a travois. Travois are a horse-pulled frame structure used by plains Indians to carry and pull belongings as
well as small children. Many Crow families still own and
use the tipi, especially when traveling. The annual Crow
Fair has been described as the largest gathering of tipis in
the world.

Crow Lodge of Twenty-ve Bualo Skins, 183233 by George

Catlin.

Crow men trading on horseback.

The most widely used form of transportation used by the

Crow was the horse. Horses were acquired through raiding and trading with other Plains nations. People of the
northern plains like the Crow mostly got their horses from
people from the southern plains such as the Comanche
and Kiowa who originally got their horses from the Spanish and southwestern Indians such as the various Pueblo
people. The Crow had large horse herds which were
among the largest owned by Plains Indians; in 1914 they
had approximately thirty to forty thousand head. By 1921
the number of mounts had dwindled to just one thousand due to increased raiding from Crow enemies such as
Cheyenne, Sioux, and Blackfeet. Like other plains people the horse was central to the Crow economy and were
a highly valuable trade item and were frequently stolen
from other tribes to gain wealth and prestige as a warrior. The horse allowed the Crow to become powerful and
skilled mounted warriors, being able to perform daring
maneuvers during battle including hanging underneath a
galloping horse and shooting arrows by holding onto its
mane. They also had many dogs; one source counted
ve to six hundred. Dogs were used as guards and pack
animals to carry belongings and pull travois. The introduction of horses into Crow society allowed them to pull
heavier loads faster, greatly reducing the number of dogs
used as pack animals.

2.3 Clothing and Beadwork

Three Crow men on their horses, Edward S. Curtis 1908.

hole with collapsible ap allowed entry into the tipi. Often hide paintings adorned the outside and inside of tipis
with specic meanings attached to the images. Often
specic tipi designs were unique to the individual owner,
family, or society that resided in the tipi. Tipis are easily
raised and collapsed and are lightweight, which is ideal
for nomadic people like the Crow who move frequently
and quickly. Once collapsed, the tipi poles are used to

The Crow wore clothing distinguished by gender.

Women wore dresses made of deer and bualo skins, decorated with elk teeth or shells. They covered their legs
with leggings during winter and their feet with moccasins.
Crow women wore their hair in two braids. Male clothing
usually consisted of a shirt, trimmed leggings with a belt,
a long breechcloth, and moccasins. Robes made from the
furred hide of a bison were often worn in winter. Leggings were either made of animal hide which the Crow
made for themselves or made of wool which were highly
valued trade items made specically for Indians in Europe. Their hair was worn long, in some cases reaching
the ground.[27] The Crow are famous for often wearing
their hair into a pompadour which is often coloured white
with paint. Crow men were notable for wearing two hair
pipes made from beads on both sides of their hair. Men
often wore their hair in two braids wrapped in the fur
from beavers or otters. Bear grease is used to give shine
to hair. Stued birds were often worn in the hair of warriors and medicine men. Like other plains Indians the
Crow wear feathers from eagles, crows, owls, and other
birds in their hair for symbolic reasons. The Crow wear a

2 CULTURE

H-ra-t-a, a Crow warrior with headdress, bison robe, and hair

reaching the ground. Painted by George Catlin, Fort Union 1832.

Painting of Holds The Enemy, a Crow warrior with split horn

headdress and beaded wool leggings by E.A Burbank.

variety of headdresses including the famous eagle feather

headdress, bison scalp headdress with horns and beaded
rim, and split horn headdress. The split horn headdress is
made from a single bison horn split in half and polished
into two nearly identical horns which are attached to a
leather cap and decorated with feathers and beadwork.
Traditional clothing worn by the Crow is still worn today
with varying degrees of regularity.
The Crow People are well known for their intercut beadwork. They adorned basically every aspect of their lives
with these beads, giving special attention to ceremonial
and ornamental items. Their clothing, horses, cradles,
ornamental and ceremonial gear, in addition to leather
cases of all shapes, sizes and uses were decorated in
beadwork.[28] They gave reverence to the animals they
ate by using as much of it as they could. The leather
for their clothing, robes and pouches were created from
the skin of bualo, deer and elk. The work was done
by the tribeswomen, with some being considered experts
and were often sought by the younger, less experienced
women for design and symbolic advice.[29] The Crow are
an innovative people and are credited with developing
their own style of stitch-work for adhering beads. This
stitch, which is contemporarily called the over-lay, is even

Swallow Bird, a Crow man with Crow style pompadour and

beaded hair pipes. Photographed by Edward S. Curtis, 1908.

still also known as the Crow Stitch.[28] In their beadwork, geometric shapes were primarily used with triangles, diamonds and hour-glass structures being the most

2.4

Gender and kinship system

7
The colors chosen were not just merely used to be aesthetically pleasing, but rather had a deeper symbolic meaning. Pinks represented the various shades of the rising
sun with yellow being the East the origin of the suns
arrival.[28] Blues are symbolic of the sky; red represented
the setting sun or the West; green symbolizing mother
earth, black the slaying of an enemy[29] and white representing clouds, rain or sleet.[28] Although most colors had
a common symbolism, each pieces symbolic signicance
was fairly subjective to its creator, especially when in reference to the individual shapes. One persons triangle
might symbolize a teepee, a spear head to a dierent individual or a range of mountains to yet another. Regardless of the individual signicance of each piece, the Crow
People give reverence to the land and sky with the symbolic references found in the various colors and shapes
found on their ornamental gear and even clothing.[28]

Crow moccasins

Some of the clothing that the Crow People decorated with

beads included robes, vests, pants, shirts, moccasins and
various forms of celebratory and ceremonial gear. In addition to creating a connection with the land, from which
they are a part, the various shapes and colors reected
ones standing and achievements. For example if a warrior were to slay, wound or disarm an enemy, he would
return with a blackened face.[29] The black color would
then be incorporated in the clothing of that man, most
likely in his war attire. A beaded robe, which was often
given to a bride to be, could take over a year to produce
and was usually created by the brides mother-in-law or
another female relative-in-law. These robes were often
characterized by a series of parallel horizontal lines, usually consisting of light blue. The lines represented the
young womens new role as a wife and mother; also the
new bride was encouraged to wear the robe at the next
ceremonial gathering to symbolize her addition and welcoming to a new family.[28] In modern times the Crow still
often decorate their clothing with intricate bead designs
for powwow and everyday clothing.

2.4 Gender and kinship system

The Crow had a matrilineal system. After marriage, the
couple was matrilocal (the husband moved to the wifes
mothers house upon marriage). Women held a signicant
role within the tribe.
Crow kinship is a system used to describe and dene family members. Identied by Lewis Henry Morgan in his
1871 work Systems of Consanguinity and Anity of the
Crow moccasins, ca. 1940
Human Family, the Crow system is one of the six major
types which he described: Eskimo, Hawaiian, Iroquois,
prevalent. A wide range of colors were utilized by the Crow, Omaha, and Sudanese.
Crow, but blues and various shades of pink were the most Like other Plains tribes, the Crow historically had three
dominantly used. To intensify or to draw out a certain dened gender roles: male, female and bat (trans female
color or shape, they would surround that gure or color in / "two-spirit").[30][31][32][33] Osh-Tisch was a well-known
Crow bat.
a white outline.[28]

3 THE MODERN CROW TRIBE APSALOOKE NATION

The modern Crow Tribe Apsalooke Nation

General Council has not convened since the establishment

of the 2001 Constitution.

The Executive Branch has four ocials. These ocials are known as the Chairperson, Vice-Chairperson,
3.1 Geography
Secretary, and Vice-Secretary. The Executive Branch ofcials are also the ocials within the Crow Tribal GenThe Crow Indian Reservation in south-central Montana eral Council, which has not met since July 15, 2001.
is a large reservation covering approximately 2,300,000 These ocials established the 2001 Constitution. The
acres (9,300 km2 ) of land area, the fth-largest Indian Chairman is Darrin Old Coyote.
reservation in the United States. The reservation is
primarily in Big Horn and Yellowstone counties with The Legislative Branch consists of three members from
ceded lands in Rosebud, Carbon, and Treasure Coun- each district on the Crow Indian Reservation. The Crow
ties. The Crow Indian Reservations eastern border is the Indian Reservation is divided into six districts known as
107th meridian line, except along the border line of the The Valley of the Chiefs, Reno, Black Lodge, Mighty
Few, Big Horn, and Pryor Districts. The Valley of the
Northern Cheyenne Indian Reservation.
Chiefs District is the largest district by population.
The southern border is from the 107th meridian line west
to the east bank of the Big Horn River. The line trav- The Judicial Branch consists of all courts established by
els downstream to Bighorn Canyon National Recreation the Crow Law and Order Code and in accordance with
Area and west to the Pryor Mountains and north-easterly the 2001 Constitution. The Judicial Branch has jurisdicto Billings. The northern border travels east and through tion over all matters dened in the Crow Law and Order
Hardin, Montana, to the 107th meridian line. The 2000 Code. The Judicial Branch attempts to be a separate and
census reported a total population of 6,894 on reservation distinct branch of government from the Legislative and
Executive Branches of Crow Tribal Government. The
lands. Its largest community is Crow Agency.
Judicial Branch consists of an elected Chief Judge and
two Associate Judges. The Crow Court of Appeals, similar to State Court of Appeals, receives all appeals from
3.2 Government
the lower courts. The Chief Judge of the Crow Nation is
Julie Yarlott.
3.2.1 Constitution controversy

Flag of the Crow Nation.

Prior to the 2001 Constitution, the Crow Nation was governed by a 1948 Constitution. The former constitution
organized the tribe as a General Council (Tribal Council). The General Council in essence held the executive,
legislative, and judicial powers of the government, and
was composed of all enrolled members of the Crow Nation, provided that females were 18 years or older and
males were 21 or older. The General Council was a direct
democracy, comparable to that of ancient Athens.
The Crow Nation, or Crow Tribe of Indians, established
a three-branch government at a 2001 Council Meeting.
The new government is known as the 2001 Constitution.
The General Council remains the governing body of the
tribe; however, the powers were distributed to a threebranch government. In theory, the General Council is still
the governing body of the Crow Nation, yet in reality the

According to the 1948 Constitution, Resolution 6301,(Please note; in a letter of communication from Phileo
Nash, then Commissioner of Indian Aairs, to the B.I.A.
Area Director- as stated in the letter And conrmed that
63-01 is an Ordinance in said letter) all constitutional
amendments must be voted on by secret ballot or referendum vote. In 2001, major actions were taken by
the former Chairperson Birdinground without complying
with those requirements. The quarterly council meeting
on July 15, 2001 passed all resolutions by voice vote, including the measure to repeal the current constitution and
approve a new constitution. An opposition has arisen to
challenge the new constitutions validity. The challenge
is now in Crow Tribal Courts awaiting a decision.
Critics contend the new constitution is contrary to the
spirit of the Crow Nation, as it provides authority for the
US Bureau of Indian Aairs (BIA) to approve Crow legislation and decisions. The Crow people have guarded
their sovereignty and Treaty Rights. The alleged New
Constitution was not voted on to add it to the agenda of
the Tribal Council. The former constitution mandated
that constitutional changes be conducted by referendum
vote, using the secret ballot election method and criteria.
In addition, a constitutional change can only be conducted
in a specially called election, which was never approved
by council action for the 2001 Constitution. The agenda

9
was not voted on or accepted at the council.
The only vote taken at the council was whether to conduct
the voting by voice vote or walking through the line. Critics say the Chairman ignored and suppressed attempts to
discuss the Constitution. This council and constitutional
change was never ratied by any subsequent council action. The Tribal Secretary, who was removed from oce
by the BirdinGround Administration, was the leader of
the opposition. All activity occurred without his signature.
When the opposition challenged, citing the violation
of the Constitutional Process and the Right to Vote,
the Birdinground Administration sought the approval of
the United States Department of the Interior (USDOI), Pauline Small on horseback. She carries the ag of the Crow
Bureau of Indian Aairs (BIA). The latter stated it could Tribe of Indians. As a tribal ocial, she is entitled to carry the
not interfere in an internal tribal aair. The federal court ag during the Crow Fair Parade.
also ruled that the constitutional change was an internal
tribal matter.
ment. The chairperson serves as the head of the executive
branch, which includes the oces of vice-chairperson,
3.3 Leadership
secretary, vice-secretary, and the tribal oces and departments of the Crow Tribal Administration. Notable
Further information: Crow Tribal Administration
chairs are Clara Nomee, Edison Real Bird, and Robert
The seat of government and capital of the Crow Indian Robie Yellowtail.
On May 19, 2008, Hartford and Mary Black Eagle of
the Crow Nation adopted U.S. Senator (now President)
Barack Obama into the tribe on the date of the rst visit
of a U.S. presidential candidate to the nation.[34] Crow
representatives also took part in President Obamas inaugural parade. In 2009 Dr. Joseph Medicine Crow was
one of 16 people awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
During the United States federal government shutdown
of 2013, the Crow Nation furloughed 316 employees and
suspended programs providing health care, bus services
and improvements to irrigation.[35]

4 Popular culture

Crow Tribal Council Chairperson Carl Venne and Barack

Obama at the presidential campaign rally for Obama on the
Crow Indian Reservation in Montana on May 19, 2008. Obama
was the rst presidential candidate to visit the Crow Nation.

Edgar Allan Poe's 1838 novel The Narrative of Arthur

Gordon Pym of Nantucket features a character, Dirk Peters, who is the son of an Upsaroka (Absaroka) mother
and a French father.

Reservation is Crow Agency, Montana.

The cover of the popular music album America, which

contained the Top Ten song, Horse With No Name,
featured the three group members sitting on the oor in
front of a mural of Eight Crows.

The Crow Nation has traditionally elected a chairperson

of the Crow Tribal Council biennially; however, in 2001,
the term of oce was extended to four years. The previous chairperson was Carl Venne. The chairperson serves
as chief executive ocer, speaker of the council, and
majority leader of the Crow Tribal Council. The constitutional changes of 2001 created a three-branch govern-

The tribe hosts a large pow wow, rodeo, and parade annually; the 86th Crow Fair was held in Crow Agency from
August 1721, 2006. Called Baasaxpilue (to make much
noise), it is the largest and most spectacular of Indian
celebrations in the northern Plains.[36] The photographer
Elsa Spear Byron photographed the Crow Fair from 1911
to the 1950s.

10

7 NOTES

Angus Young, a Crow elder and historian, and professor

at Little Big Horn College, was featured on the 2006 installment of the PBS television series Frontier House.[37]
In the documentary Native Spirit and the Sun Dance Way
(2007), Thomas Yellowtail, a Crow medicine man and
Sun Dance chief for more than 30 years, describes and explains the ancient Sun Dance ceremony, which is sacred
to the Crow tribe. In the 1994 lm Legends of the Fall,
based on the 1979 novella of the same name by Jim Harrison, actor Gordon Tootoosis spoke Yellowtails words to
examine the preservation of a cultural and spiritual world
before the coming of European settlers.
In 2007 Medicine Crow's grandson Joe Medicine Crow
appeared on Ken Burns PBS series The War (documentary).
The Crow are the main antagonist in the 1972 lm
Jeremiah Johnson based on the real-life mountain man
John Liver-Eating Johnston who, like in the movie,
fought against the Crow earning him the nickname Crow
killer. Liver-Eating Johnson later made allies with the
Crow as in the lm.

Notable Crow

White Swan, notable Crow Indian Scout and warrior

Half Yellow Face, notable Crow Indian Scout and
warrior, leader of the six Crow Scouts who assisted
Custer
Pine Leaf, notable female war chief and warrior
Pretty Shield, notable Crow woman
Pretty Eagle, notable chief and warrior
Bull Chief, notable war chief
Joe Medicine Crow, war chief, educator, historian,
author, and World War II veteran
Pauline Small, notable female member of Crow
Tribal Council
Noah Watts, actor (most known for his role as
Ratonhnhak:ton, the main character of Assassins
Creed III)
Peggy White Wellknown Bualo, creator of The
Center Pole charitable organization, and leading
Medicine Woman, she was honored in 2014 by the
Dalai Lama.
Robert Summers Robbie Yellowtail, leader of
Crow Nation, described as 20th Century Warrior.
First Native American to hold position of Agency
Superintendent.

6 See also
Crow language
Crow religion
Pine Leaf was a woman and chief of the Crow tribe
Delegation of Important Crow chiefs, 1880. From left to right:
Old Crow, Medicine Crow, Long Elk, Plenty Coups, and Pretty
Eagle.

Plenty Coups was the last of the great chiefs of the

Crow tribe

7 Notes
Plenty Coups, important head chief, warrior, and
peacemaker
Medicine Crow, notable warrior and war chief
White Man Runs Him, notable Crow Indian Scout
and warrior
Hairy Moccasin, notable Crow Indian Scout and
warrior
Goes Ahead, notable Crow Indian Scout and warrior
Curley, notable Crow Indian Scout and warrior

[1] Johnson, Kirk (July 24, 2008), A State That Never Was
in Wyoming, The New York Times
[2] William C. Sturtevant, Handbook of North American Indians: Southwest (1979, ISBN 0160504007), page 714:
Among other tribes the Crow are most commonly designated as 'crow' or 'raven'.
[3] Barry M. Pritzker:A Native American Encyclopedia
[4] Phenocia Bauerle: The Way of the Warrior: Stories of the
Crow People, University of Nebraska Press, ISBN 978-08032-6230-0

11

[5] Peter Nabokof and Lawrence L. Lowendorf, Restoring a

History, University of Oklahoma Press, 2004, ISBN 08061-3589-1, ISBN 978-0-8061-3589-2

[7] Timeline and citations, Four Directions Institute

[27] Letter No. 8 George Catlin "...most of them were over six
feet high and very many of these have cultivated their natural hair to such an almost incredible length, that it sweeps
the ground as they walk; there are frequent instances of
this kind amongst them, and in some cases, a foot or more
it will drag on the grass as they walk, giving exceeding
grace and beauty their movements. They usually oil their
Hair with a profusion of bear grease every morning

[8] Rodney Frey: The World of the Crow Indians: As Driftwood Lodges, University of Oklahoma Press, 2009, ISBN
978-0-8061-2560-2

[28] Powell, P (1988). To Honor the Crow People. Chicago:

Foundation for the Preservation of American Indian Art
and Culture, Inc.

[6] John Doerner, Timeline of historic events from 1400 to

2003, Little Bighorn Battleeld National Monument

[9] The Crow Society - Crow The People

[10] Dog travois, Women of the Fur Trade
[11] Forest Prehistory, with pictures of dog travois, Helena
National Forest Website
[12] Osborn, Alan J. Ecological Aspects of Equestrian Adaptation in Aboriginal North America, American Anthropologist, No l. 85, No. 3 (Sept 1983), 566
[13] Hamalainen, 1015
[14] Bowers 1992: 23
[15] Lowie 1993: 272275
[16] Timothy P. McCleary: The Stars We Know: Crow Indian
Astronomy and Lifeways, Waveland Press Inclusive, 1996,
ISBN 978-0-88133-924-6

[29] Lowie, R (1922). Crow Indian Art. New York: Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History.
[30] Will Roscoe (2000). Changing Ones: Third and Fourth
Genders in Native North America. Palgrave Macmillan.
ISBN 0-312-22479-6.
[31] Walter L. Williams, The Spirit and the Flesh: Sexual Diversity in American Indian Culture (ISBN 0807046159)
[32] Sabine Lang (1998). Men as women, women as men:
changing gender in Native American cultures. University
of Texas Press. p. 117. ISBN 0-292-74701-2.
[33] The Crow Indians (1983, ISBN 0803279094)
[34] Obama Adopted Into Crow Nation. The Washington
Post.

[17] Lowie 1912: 183184

[35] Brown, Matthew (2 October 2013). Shutdown hits vulnerable Indian tribes as basics such as foster care, nutrition threatened. Minnesota Star-Tribune. AP. Retrieved
3 October 2013.

[18] Barney Old Coyote, Turtle Island Storyteller

[36] Elsa Spear Byron Collection

[19] Plenty Coups and Linderman, Plenty-Coups, Chief of the

Crows, 2002, p. 31-42.
[20] Brown, Mark H (1959). The Plainsmen of the Yellowstone. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 128129. ISBN
0-8032-5026-6.
[21] Text of the Fort Laramie Treat of 1851, see Article 5 relating to the Crow lands
[22] Text of Fort Laramie Treaty of 1868, See Article 16, creating unceded Indian Territory east of the summit of the
Big Horn Mountains and north of the North Platte River
[23] 93rd Annual Crow Fair. Welcome from Cedric Black Eagle - Chairman of the Crow Tribe http://www.crow-nsn.
gov
[24] Crow Indian Recipes and Herbal Medicine, by Pretty
Shield's granddaughter, Alma Hogan Snell
[25] Keyser, James. The Plains Anthropologist. Anthropology News. Retrieved March 2012.
[26] Wishart, David J.. Encyclopedia of the Great Plains Indians. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2007. 89.

[37] PBS - Frontier House: Frontier Life

8 References
The Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, University of
Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1983, paperback, ISBN 0-8032-7909-4
The World of the Crow Indians: As Driftwood
Lodges, Rodney Frey, University of Oklahoma
Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1987, hardback, ISBN
0-8061-2076-2
Stories That Make the World: Oral Literature of the
Indian Peoples of the Inland Northwest. As Told
by Lawrence Aripa, Tom Yellowtail and Other Elders. Rodney Frey, edited. University of Oklahoma
Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1995, paperback, ISBN
0-8061-3131-4
The Crow and the Eagle: A Tribal History from
Lewis & Clark to Custer, Keith Algier, Caxton Printers, Caldwell, Idaho, 1993, paperback, ISBN 087004-357-9

12
From The Heart Of The Crow Country: The Crow
Indians Own Stories, Joseph Medicine Crow, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2000,
paperback, ISBN 0-8032-8263-X
Apsaalooka: The Crow Nation Then and Now, Helene Smith and Lloyd G. Mickey Old Coyote, MacDonald/Swrd Publishing Company, Greensburg,
Pennsylvania, 1992, paperback, ISBN 0-94543711-0
Parading through History: The Making of the Crow
Nation in America 1805-1935, Frederick E. Hoxie,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United
Kingdom, 1995, hardcover, ISBN 0-521-48057-4
The Handsome People: A History of the Crow Indians and the Whites, Charles Bradley, Council for
Indian Education, 1991, paperback, ISBN 0-89992130-2
Myths and Traditions of the Crow Indians, Robert H.
Lowie, AMS Press, 1980, hardcover, ISBN 0-40411872-0

EXTERNAL LINKS

Plenty-Coups: Chief of the Crows, Frank B. Linderman, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1962, paperback, ISBN 0-8032-5121-1
Pretty-shield: Medicine Woman of the Crows, Frank
B. Linderman, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 1974, paperback, ISBN 0-80328025-4
They Call Me Agnes: A Crow Narrative Based on
the Life of Agnes Yellowtail Deernose, Fred W. Voget and Mary K. Mee, University of Oklahoma
Press, Norman, Oklahoma, 1995, hardcover, ISBN
0-8061-2695-7
Yellowtail, Crow Medicine Man and Sun Dance
Chief: An Autobiography, Michael Oren Fitzgerald,
University of Oklahoma Press, Norman, Oklahoma,
1991, hardcover, ISBN 0-8061-2602-7
Grandmothers Grandchild: My Crow Indian Life,
Alma Hogan Snell, University of Nebraska Press,
Lincoln, Nebraska, 2000, hardcover, ISBN 0-80324277-8

Social Life of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie,

AMS Press, 1912, hardcover, ISBN 0-404-11875-5

Memoirs of a White Crow Indian, Thomas H.

Leforge, The Century Co., 1928, hardcover, ASIN
B00086PAP6

Material Culture of the Crow Indians, Robert H

Lowie, The Trustees, 1922, hardcover, ASIN
B00085WH80

Radical Hope. Ethics in the Face of Cultural Devastation, Jonathan Lear, Harvard University Press,
2006, ISBN 0-674-02329-3

The Tobacco Society of the Crow Indians, Robert

H. Lowie, The Trustees, 1919, hardcover, ASIN
B00086IFRG

9 External links

Religion of the Crow Indians, Robert H. Lowie, The

Trustees, 1922, hardcover, ASIN B00086IFQM

Crow Tribal Council Website

The Crow Sun Dance, Robert Lowie, 1914, hardcover, ASIN B0008CBIOW

Little Big Horn College Library

Minor Ceremonies of the Crow Indians, Robert H.

Lowie, American Museum Press, 1924, hardcover,
ASIN B00086D3NC

Crow Indians - Their Lands, Allies and Enemies

Smithsonian
2001 Constitution
1948 Constitution

Crow Indian Art, Robert H. Lowie, The Trustees,

1922, ASIN B00086D6RK

Photo exhibition on Crow Indians, with short account of 21st century lifestyle, Untold London

The Crow Language, Robert H. Lowie, University of California press, 1941, hardcover, ASIN
B0007EKBDU

Collection of historical Crow photographs

The Way of the Warrior: Stories of the Crow People, Henry Old Coyote and Barney Old Coyote, University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln, Nebraska, 2003,
ISBN 0-8032-3572-0
Two Leggings: The Making of a Crow Warrior, Peter
Nabokov, Crowell Publishing Co., 1967, hardcover,
ASIN B0007EN16O

List of Crow Chiefs, Little Big Horn College Library.

Crow Indian Recipes and Herbal Medicine, by
Pretty Shield's granddaughter, Alma Hogan Snell

13

10
10.1

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Crow Nation Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow_Nation?oldid=664027362 Contributors: Fredbauder, Rmhermen, Bernfarr,

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10.2

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Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Buffalo_jump.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/Buffalo_jump.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://tpmcafe.talkingpointsmemo.com/talk/blogs/quinn_esq/2009/09/head-smashed-in-buffalo-jump.php Original artist: Unknown
File:CarlVenneANDBarackObama-May19-2008.JPG
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Hause of Sheridan, Wyoming
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File:Crow_Indians_offering_food_-Edward_S._Curtis.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Crow_
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Immediate source:
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Original artist: Edward S. Curtis
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File:Crow_Tipi_or_Lodge-_George_Catlin.jpg Source:
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File:Crow_beaded_moccasins_from_around_1940.JPG Source:
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14

10

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

File:Crow_men_trading_on_horseback-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/11/

Crow_men_trading_on_horseback-_Edward_S._Curtis.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Original publication: 1905, U.S.A
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File:Crow_moccasins_white_with_beadwork_of_red_flowers.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/
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License: Public domain Contributors: Original publication: 1880, U.S.A
Immediate source: http://collections.si.edu/search/results.htm?view=&dsort=&date.slider=&q=Crow+Men%2C+Three+Non-natives+
1880&tag.cstype=all Original artist: Bell, Charles Milton
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File:Holds_The_Enemy-_Crow_Indian-E.A_Burbank.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Holds_
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Immediate source: http://www.museumsyndicate.com/images/6/51133.jpg Original artist: Edward S. Curtis
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10.3

Content license

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