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Objectives
After completing this unit, you should be able to:

Chapter 5
Systems of Equations
and Inequalities

Solve systems of linear equations in two and

three unknowns;
Solve systems of nonlinear equations in two
unknowns;
Solve systems of inequalities,
Use systems of equations and inequalities to
model and solve real-life problems.

Linear Systems in Two Unknowns

Chapter 5.1
Systems of Equations in
Two Unknowns

Nonlinear Systems in Two Unknowns

Note that in a nonlinear system, one of your
equations can be linear, just not all of them
Examples of Nonlinear System of Two Equations in
Two Unknowns
2 1
x y 1
a)
1 2 4
x y
Nonlinear system
because at least one
2
2
x y 500
equation is nonlinear
b)

A linear system of two equations in

two variables is of the form
a1 x b1y c1

a2 x b2 y c2

Solutions to Systems of Equations

A solution of a system of two equations in two
variables is an ordered pair that makes both
equations true.
Geometrically, it is where the graphs of the two
equtions intersect.

4x 2y 100

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Solutions to Systems of Equations

A system is said to be:
1. consistent if it has a solution.
a. independent if it has finite
number of solutions.
b. dependent if it has infinitely
many solutions.

Solving Systems of Equations

Methods for solving system of equations:

1. Substitution
2. Elimination
3. Using Matrices

2. inconsistent if it has no solution.

Example 5.1.1
Solve the following system of equations using
the method of substitution.
2 x 3y 38
1.
x y 16
x y 16

1
2

x 16 y

Let u 1x and v y1
substitute 4 in 3 :
x 16 6
x 10

substitute 3 in 1 :
2 16 y 3y 38

SS 10,6

32 2y 3y 38

3.

2
2
x y 500 1

4x 2y 100 2

2y 100 4x

v 57

1
2
u 4 2v
3
substitute 3 in 1 :
2 4 2v v 1

u 4 2 57 65

8 4v v 1

SS 65 , 75

2u v 1

u 2v 4

Substitute 4 in 3 :

1
x

65

1
y

x 56

57

y 75

5v 7

y 6

2 1
x y 1
2.
1 2 4
x y

y 50 2x 3

2
2
x y 500

4x 2y 100

SS : 20,10

substitute 3 in 1
x2 50 2x 2 500
x 2 2500 200x 4x 2 500

20,10

5x2 200x 2000 0

x 2 40x 400 0

x 20 2 0
x 20

y 50 2 20 10

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Example 5.1.2
Solve the following system of equations using
the method of elimination.
2 x 3y 38
1.
x y 16
Eliminate x :
2 x 3y 38

1
2

3 x 2y 1
2.
4 x 5y 0
Eliminate x :
12 x 8 y 4
12 x 15y 0

1
2

23y 4

y 234

2 x 2y 32

Substitute 3 in 1 :

3
Substitute 3 in 2 :

3x 2 234 1

x 6 16

3x 15
23

y 6

3x 1 238

SS 10,6

x 10

SS 235 , 234

x 235

x2 2y2
4.
2
2
x 4y

x 2y 10
3.
3 x 6 y 60

25

Multiplying the second equation by -1 and adding it to

the first equation will eliminate x2:

Eliminate y :
3x 6 y 30
3x 6y 60

x 2 2y2

0 30 A CONTRADICTON
The system has no solution.
The system is inconsistent.

x 4y

25

6y2 24

SS

y2

y 2

Solution:
y=2
x2 2 4 1

2
2
x 2y
4. 2
2
x 4y

25
x2 + 4y2 = 25

y 2

x2 2 4 1

x2 9

x2 9

x 3

x 3

(-3, 2)

(3, 2)

(-3, -2)

(3, -2)

x2 - 2y2 = 1

Thus, SS={ (3, 2), (-3, 2), (3, -2), (-3, -2) }

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Matrix
An m n matrix is a rectangular array of numbers
with m rows and n columns

Chapter 5.2
Matrices and Determinants

a11 a12
a
a22
21

am1 am2

Determinant of a 2
22 Matrix

a1n
a2n

amn

Example 5.2.1

The determinant of the matrix

a1
A
a2

b1
b2

10 8
Find the determinant of M
.
1 5

is given by
A

a1

b1

a2

b2

a1b2 a2b1.

10 8
50 8 42
1 5

Cramers Rule

Example 5.2.2

a1 x b1y c1
Given the system
with
a2 x b2y c2
a1
A
a2

b1
c1
,A
b2 x c2

b1
a1
, and Ay
b2
a2

the solution to the linear system is given by

x

Ax
A

and y

provided that A 0.

Ay
A

Solve the system using Cramer's Rule.

c1
,
c2

5x y 13

2 x 3y 12
5 1
13 1
A
Ax

2 3
12 3
5 1
A
15 2 17
2 3

5 13
Ay

2 12

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5 1
A

2 3
A 17

13 1
Ax

12 3

Nature of Solutions

5 13
Ay

2 12

If A 0 then the system has a unique solution.

13 1
Ax
39 12 51
12 3
Ay

If A 0 and at least one of Ax and Ay is

5 13
60 26 34
2 12

Ax

51
3
17

not zero, then the system is inconsistent.

Ax
A

34
2
17

SS 3,2

If A 0 and BOTH Ax 0 and Ay 0, then

the system is dependent.

Determinant of a 3
33 Matrix
The determinant of a 3 3 matrix
a1
A a2

a3

b1
b2
b3

2 3 1
Find the determinant of A 4 3 2 .
1 1 1
2 3 1 2 3

c1
c2

c3

is given by
a1
A a2
a3

b1
b2
b3

c1 a1
c2 a2
c3 a3

Example 5.2.3

A 4

b1
b2
b3

b3

a1 d1
Ay a2 d2
a3 d3

c1
c2
c3

1 1 1

Cramers Rule

a1 x b1 y c1 z d1

Given the system a2 x b2 y c2 z d2 with

a x b y c z d
3
3
3
3
c1
c2
c3

8 13 5

Cramers Rule

b1
b2

2 4

6 6 4 3 4 12

a1b2c3 a3b1c2 a2b3c1 a3b2c1 a1b3c2 a2b1c3

a1
A a2
a3

d1
Ax d2
d3

b1
b2

a1
Az a2
a3

b1

b3
b2
b3

Then the solution to the linear system is given by

c1
c2
c3
d1
d2
d3

Ax
A

Ay
A

Az
A

provided that A 0

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Nature of Solutions

Example 5.2.4
Solve the system using Cramer's Rule.

If A 0 then the system has a unique solution.

If A 0 and at least one of Ax , Ay , and Az is
not zero, then the system is inconsistent.
If A 0 and Ax , Ay , and Az are all zero, then
the system is dependent.

Example 5.2.4

2y z 3

x y z 2
x y 2 z 3

0 2 1
A 1 1 1
1 1 2
0 3 1
Ay 1 2 1
1 3 2

A 6

Ax 6
Az 10

0 2 1
A 1 1 1

0 2
1 1

Ay 4

1 1

1 1

0 2 1 1 0 4 6
3

Ax 2 1 1
3 1 2

Ax
6

1
A 6

2 1
3 1

3 2 1
Ax 2 1 1
3 1 2
0 2 3
Az 1 1 2
1 1 3

Ay
A

4
2

6 3

Az 10 5

A
6 3

2 5
SS 1, ,
3 3

6 6 2 3 3 8 6

Example 5.2.5
Solve the system using Cramer's Rule.
1
5 x 6y

3z 3
2 x

4
y

6z 5

1 1 2
SS , ,
2 4 3
5 1 0

5 6 0
A2
0

0
4

3
6

12

Ay 2 3 3
0 5 6

Az 2
0

1 6 0
Ax 3
5

0
4

3
6

5 6 1
0
4

3
5