TEX TILE

WA STE

Dry processing mill

Woven fabric finishing mills.

mainly solid waste is

generated due to the rejects
of cotton

Through desizing, scouring,

bleaching,

mercerising, dyeing, printing,

and packing

Dyeing is a combined process of bleaching and coloring, which generates

voluminous quantities of wastewaters and in turn causes environmental
degradation
These effluents consist of high TDS , BOD, COD, pH, Colour, chloride, sulphate,
hardness and carcinogenic dye ingredients
High BOD in untreated wastewater can cause rapid depletion of dissolved
oxygen if it is directly discharged into the surface water sources.
The high alkalinity and traces of chromium (employed in dyes) adversely affect
the aquatic life.

C.O.D REDUCTION OF REACTIVE DYEING EFFLUENT

FROM COTTON TEXTILE INDUSTRY

B.V. Babu1*, H.T. Rana2, V. Rama Krishna3, and Mahesh Sharma4

TEX TIL E IN DUSTR IE S IN IN DI A

An estimate shows that textiles account for 14% of Indias industrial

production and around 27% of its export earnings.
India is the second largest export of cotton yarn
10,000 garment manufacturers and 2200 bleaching and dyeing
industries in India.
Majority are concentrated at Erode and Tirupur district of Tamil Nadu,
Surat in Gujarat and Ludiyana in Punjab.

Recycling of Woven Fabric Dyeing Wastewater Practiced in

Perundurai Common Effluent Treatment Plant

M. Ramesh Kumar, K. Saravanan, R. Shanmugam

DYES USED IN TEX TILE IN DUD TR IES

DYES
(1) acid dyes, (2) direct (substantive) dyes,
(3) azoic dyes, (4) disperse dyes,
(5)sulfur dyes, (6) fiber reactive dyes,
(7) basic dyes,(8)oxidation dyes,
(9) mordant (chrome) dyes, (10) developed dyes,
(11) vat dyes, (12) pigments,
(13) optical/fluorescent brighteners, and
(14) solvent dyes.

absorb very strongly at wavelengths in the visible spectrum

are composed of polyaromatic compounds.
are resistant to biological degradation.

* Textile Dyes and Dyeing Equipment : Classification,Properties, and Environmental Aspects

S. V. Kulkarni, C. D. Blackwell, A. L. Blackard, C. W. Stackhouse, and
M. W. Alexander

TO XICOLOGY
OF
TE XTILE
DY ES *

Environmental Aspects Of Textile Dyeing

Editor (s): R Christie, Herriot-Watt University, UK

ACUTE TOXICITY OF TEXTILE DYES

What is Acute Toxicity?
Single or multiple exposures in a short space of time (usually less than 24 hours).
Acute Toxicity of Textile Dyes
Skin Irritation

Skin Sensitisation

Reactive dyes can, however, cause problems in plant workers who manufacture the dyes
and textile workers.

Fig: Mono Chloro Triazinyl (MCT)

Contin

Effect of Reactive Dyes

Reactive Dyes

Human Serum Albumin [HSA]

Dye HSA conjugate

Dye-HSA conjugate, which acts as an antigen. The antigen produces specific
immunoglobulin E (IgE) and, through the release of chemicals such as histamine,
causes allergic reactions (Hunger, 2003; Luczynska, 1986).

Fig: A list of reactive dyes that have caused respiratory or skin sensitisation in
Workers on occupational exposure has been compiled by Ecological
and Toxicological Association of Dyes and Organic Pigment Manufacturers [ ETAD ]

Chronic Toxicity of Textile Dyes

What is Chronic Toxicity?
A condition caused by repeated or long-term exposure to low doses of a toxic substance

Chronic Toxicity of Textile Dyes

Non Genotoxicity
1] Water solubility
1)

The hydrophobic (fatty) nature of the

cell membrane is impervious to the
hydrophilic water-soluble molecules.

3)

water-soluble molecules are generally

excreted rapidly by a living organism.
2] Water Insolubility

Due to the insolubility , toxicants gets large size

particles [0.1 to 3 mm] in the body which are not
transported across cell membranes.
[e.g.] Pigments

Ge
not

oxi

city

Mutagens
Carcinogens
Teratogens
Toxicants must reach the DNA (which resides
in the nucleus of the cell) in order for the
chemical to interact with the DNA.
It must possess the ability to interact
with the DNA, usually by a chemical
reaction.
So the toxicants must be able to transport
across the protective cell membranes.

Carcinogenic Dyes
Active species of most carcinogens, known as the ultimate carcinogen,
is an electrophile, E.
Nitrenium ion [R2N+]

carbonium ion [R3C+]

Carcinogens attack a nucleophilic site in DNA, which may be a carbon, nitrogen

or oxygen atom, to form a covalent chemical bond

Examples

E + [DNA] E[DNA]

Azo dyes , Anthraquinone dyes , Cationic dyes , Pigments ,

Aromatic amino- and nitro-compounds , Nitrosamines, hydrazines
and hydroxylamines

AZO DYES
Water-soluble azo dyes most widely used by textile fabric Industries
Water soluble azo dyes are produced the various metabolites .These metabolites only
Develop the Carcinogenic Effects.

Benzidine
Metabolites of Benzidine

Bladder Cancer

Benzidine

Anth raqu in one D ye s

Anthraquinone dyes of the solvent or disperse class containing one or more primary
amino- or methyl amino-groups tend to be mutagenic or carcinogenic.

Disperse Orange 11

Disperse Blue 1

Disperse Violet 1

DY E TOXI CI TY
RISK
ASSE SS ME NT

DYE TOXICITY RISK ASSESSMENT

Steps in Dye Toxicity Risk Assessment

Ha za rd Id en tif ic at io n
Ex po sur e A sse ssmen t
Dos e-R es pon se Assessme nt
Ris k Ch arac ter iza tion

To xi cit y of t he Azo D ye Met hyl Red to

Gup py fi sh
( Po ec il ia ret icu lat a Pe ters)
LC50 of Methyl Red ,Healthy mature fish (length=2.30.08 cm,width=4.00.17 mm)
Different dilution (5-50ppm) of methyl red using tap water were prepared.

RESULT
The fish toxicity at 5ppm of methyl red was also higher in short term experimental study
By the long term experimental studies we can understood the response of the biotic
community in an aquatic eco system receiving pollutants which will guide its restoration.

Impact of Textile Dye Industry Effluent on the Neurosecretory Cells

in Fresh Water Female Crab Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma (Herbst) *
The effluent was collected in sterile polythene containers and
stored at room temperature analyzed once in five days for about 6
times in a month.
In the experimental female crab S. hydrodroma that were exposed to textile dye
industry effluent (TDIE) at a sub lethal concentration [ A concentration of chemical that
does not kill an organism. ] (69.66) in two different
exposure periods showed morphological and histological changes in the brain,
thoracic ganglia and eyestalks.
The acute 96 h LC value for TDIE for S.hydrodroma was found to be 209.89ppm.
Inhibition of the enzyme succinate dehydrogenase, lactate
dehydrogenase, acid and alkaline phosphatases at sub lethal concentration
(69.66ppm) of TDIE.
The inhibition of Succinate dehydrogenase suggests that
the metabolic pathway might have been turned into anaerobic to meet the
increased energy demand during pollution stress.

* Impact of Textile Dye Industry Effluent on the Neurosecretory Cells in Fresh Water
Female Crab Spiralothelphusa hydrodroma (Herbst)
1 Sekar, 2S. Hariprasad, 3M. Deccaraman

Contin..

Contin.

IN DUS TR IA L EF FLU EN T A ND HEA LTH

STA TUS
A CASE STU DY O F NOY YAL RI VER
BASIN

The Health Status of the villages around the NOYYAL river assessed through three medical camps.

Doctors participated in the medical camps were able to identify the symptoms of waterborne
diseases.

Health problems such as skin allergy, Respiratory infections, general allergy, Gastritis
and Ulcer were scanning among the villagers who attended the medical camp.
It was medically accepted that the polluted water had significant influence on these diseases.
It was assessed that one-fourth of the villagers has any one of the listed of diseases. Most of the
identified patients accepted that they were using either the river water or well water or both for
washing purpose, cleaning the cattle or fishing in the tank etc.
After realizing the ill effects of the water they started avoiding the use of it.

INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT AND HEALTH STATUS A CASE STUDY OF NOYYAL RIVER BASIN

Dr. K. Govindarajalu *C.B.M. College, Kovaipudur, Coimbatore, India

Impact of Textile Effluents on Fresh Water

Fish
Mastacembelus Armatus
S. KARTHIKEYAN*, M.JAMBULINGAM2, P.SIVAKUMAR1,A.P. SHEKHAR3

Group of 10 healthy fishes have average length 15 3 cm and weight 8010 gm

were used for experiment.
Exposed to sub lethal concentration of textile dye -Acid Blue 92 ( CI.No. 13390) for a
period of 35 days.

RESULT
The conc. of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2 + ions are increased after the treatment with textile dyes.
The increase in K+ ion concentration of the sample is attributed to the reduction in the
extra cellular space.
The decrease in Na+ concentration suggests a change in permeability properties of
different biological membrane system.
Appropriate decrease of Cl ion concentration in fish might be due to reduced activity of
carbonic anhydrase by the uptake of high Textile Effluents

Bioc he mic al P ar amet ers O f Li ver Fun cti on In A rtisan s

Occ up atio na lly Ex po sed To 'Vat Dyes '

Using convenience sampling technique, a cohort of dye workers (n=117) with a

minimum of one year and a maximum of 60 years duration of exposure
(mean =17.03 1.19 years) were recruited in this study.
Plasma separated from blood samples stored at -20C.
Estimation of Plasma albumin , Total Bilirubin were done.
Activity of Alkaline Phosphatase , Alanine Transaminase , Aspartate
Transaminase were estimated.

* Biochemical Parameters Of Liver Function In Artisans

Occupationally Exposed To 'Vat Dyes
Oluwatosin O. Soyinka ,Francis A .Adeniyi
Dept. of Chemical pathology and immunology ,Obafemi Awolowo University ,Nigeria

Physico Chemical Treatment for Textile Dye Effluents

In SIPCOT Industries

Effluent Treatment Plant [ETP]

Filtration Methods [DMF,UF]

Reverse Osmosis Plant [RO]

Multiple - Effect Evaporator Plant [MEEP]

Solar Bed Evaporation

Effluent Treatment Plant [ETP]

Dye water Treatment

Wash water Treatment

Effluents contain very rich in Dye and

Salt solution.
Less water contents.
Treated directly to the Evaporator system
for recover the salts as well as remaining
less water.

Effluents contain more [70 %] water contents

The treatment system is followed by ETP ,
Filtration ,RO and Evaporator system.

Flow diagram of E

TP

Collection Tank
Lime & Ferrous Dosing
Flash Mixing Tank
Primary Clarifier
HCL Acid Dosing
Aeration Tank
Secondary Clarifier
Dual Media Filter
Ultra Filter
Contin..
Reverse Osmosis

Primary Clarifier

Aeration Tank

Secondary Clarifier

Dual Media Filter [DMF]

Ul tra F il tratio n [ UF ]
UF system is made by hollow fiber type model membranes
This system is automatically working with the following pumps such as:

Feed water Pump.

Back wash Pump.
Chemical Dosing Pump.
Cleaning Pump

The UF system is reducing micron size suspended

particles as well as bacteria and viruses.
The outlet of the UF water have the pH of 7.5-8.0
TDS level is varied from 3000 ppm-3500 ppm

Finally the outlet treated water is passed to the

RO feed tank.

REV ER SE OSM OSIS PL ANT

What is Reverse Osmosis ?
Reverse osmosis is the process of forcing a solvent from a region
of high solute concentration through a membrane to a region of low solute
concentration by applying a High pressure.
Ro Plant used to remove the high amount of TDS .

Flo w d iag ram of ze ro dis cha rge in tex til e d yei ng uni t u sing
ad vanc ed trea tmen t

Note:
KLD = Kilo Liters per Day
1 KLD = 1000 Liter

DI SCUSS ION
Can we Create the Green Earth Again?