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No Sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Total
Mean, =
Xi (g/g)
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.07
0.07
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.08
0.69
0.077
0.077
0.077
0.077
0.077
0.077
0.077
0.077
0.077
(Xi - )
-0.007
-0.007
0.003
-0.007
-0.007
0.003
0.003
0.013
0.003
(Xi - )^2
0.00005
0.00005
0.00001
0.00005
0.00005
0.00001
0.00001
0.00017
0.00001
0.0005
= 0.077 (g/g)
Standard deviation, s =
( )
(
= 0.007
= 9. 09 %
2. The morphine levels (%) of seven batches of seized heroin were determined,with the
following results:15.1 21.2 18.5 25.3 19.2 16.0 17.8 Calculate the 95% and 99% confidence
limits for these measurements
Answer :
No Sample
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Xi (g/g)
15.10
21.20
18.50
25.30
19.20
16.00
17.80
Total
Mean, =
(Xi - )
-3.91
2.19
-0.51
6.29
0.19
-3.01
-1.21
133.1
.
19.01
19.01
19.01
19.01
19.01
19.01
19.01
(Xi - )^2
15.2881
4.7961
0.2601
39.5641
0.0361
9.0601
1.4641
70.4687
= 19.01 %
( )
Standard deviation, s =
= 3.43 %
Confidence 95 % = tn-1 . s /
= 19.01 2.45 . 3.43 / = 19.01 3.17
Confidence 99 % = tn-1 . s /
= 19.01 7.71 . 3.43 / = 19.01 4.81
3. Ten replicate analyses of the concentration of mercury in a sample of commercial gas
condensate gave the following results:
23.3 22.5 21.9 21.5 19.9 21.3 21.7 23.8 22.6 24.7 ng ml-1
(Shafawi, A., Ebdon, L., Foulkes, M., Stockwell, P. and Corns, W., 1999, Analyst, 124: 185)
Calculate the mean, standard deviation, relative standard deviation and 99% confidence limits
of the mean. Six replicate analyses on another sample gave the following values:
13.8 14.0 13.2 11.9 12.0 12.1 ng ml-1
Repeat the calculations for these values.
Answer : First Data
No Sample
Total
Mean, =
Xi (g/g)
23.30
22.32
22.50
3
4
21.90
21.50
(Xi - )
(Xi - )^2
0.98
0.9604
22.32
0.18
0.0324
22.32
-0.42
0.1764
22.32
-0.82
0.6724
19.90
22.32
-2.42
5.8564
21.30
22.32
-1.02
1.0404
21.70
23.80
22.32
22.32
-0.62
1.48
0.3844
2.1904
22.60
22.32
0.28
0.0784
10
24.70
22.32
2.38
5.6644
223.2
.
= 22.32 (ng/ml)
17.0560
Standard deviation, s =
( )
(
= 1.377 ng/ml
= 6.17 %
Confidence 99 % = tn-1 . s /
= 22.32 3.25 . 1.377 /
No Sample
Mean, =
12.83
(Xi - )
(Xi - )^2
Xi (g/g)
13.80
0.97
0.9409
14.00
12.83
1.17
1.3689
13.20
12.83
0.37
0.1369
11.90
12.83
-0.93
0.8649
12.00
12.83
-0.83
0.6889
12.10
12.83
-0.73
0.5329
Total
77
4.5334
= 12.83 (ng/ml)
Standard deviation, s =
( )
(
= 0.95 ng/ml
= 7.42 %
Confidence 99 % = tn-1 . s /
= 12.83 4.03 . 0.95 / = 12.83 1.57 ng/ml
4. The concentration of lead in the bloodstream was measured for a sample of 50 children from a large
school near a busy main road. The sample mean was 10.12 ng ml-1 and the standard deviation was 0.64
ng ml-1. Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the mean lead concentration for all the children in
the school. About how big should the sample have been to reduce the range of the confidence interval
to 0.2 ng ml-1 (i.e. 0.1 ng ml-1)?
Answer :
s = 0.64 ng/ml
= 10.12 0.18
= 12. 544
n = 157
5.
In an evaluation of a method for the determination of fluorene in seawater, a synthetic sample of seawater
was spiked with 50 ng ml-1 of fluorene. Ten replicate determinations of the fluorene concentration in the
sample had a mean of 49.5 ng ml -1 with a standard deviation of 1.5 ng ml-1. (Gonsalez, M.A. and Lopez,
M.H., 1998, Analyst, 123: 2217) Calculate the 95% confidence limits of the mean. Is the spiked value of 50
ng ml -1 within the 95% confidence limits?
Answer :
Berdasarkan data tersebut, nilai 50 ng/ml masih termasuk dalam range tingkat
kepercayaan 95 %.
6.
A 0.1 M solution of acid was used to titrate 10 ml of 0.1 M solution of alkali and the following
volumes of acid were recorded:
9.88 10.18 10.23 10.39 10.21 ml
Calculate the 95% confidence limits of the mean and use them to decide whether there is any evidence
of systematic error.
Answer :
No Sample
Mean, =
10.18
(Xi - )
(Xi - )^2
Xi (g/g)
9.88
-0.3
0.0900
10.18
10.18
0.0000
10.23
10.18
0.05
0.0025
10.39
10.18
0.21
0.0441
10.21
10.18
0.03
0.0009
Total
50.89
0.1375
= 10.18 ng/ml
Standard deviation, s =
( )
(
= 0.185 %
Confidence 95 % = tn-1 . s /
= 10.18 2.78 . 0.185 / = 10.18 0.23
Berdasarkan data diatas, tidak ada ditemukan bukti kesalahan sistematis.
7.
A volume of 250 ml of a 0.05 M solution of a reagent of formula weight (relative molecular mass) 40
was made up, using weighing by difference. The standard deviation of each weighing was 0.0001 g:
what were the standard deviation and relative standard deviation of the weight of reagent used? The
standard deviation of the volume of solvent used was 0.05 ml. Express this as a relative standard
deviation. Hence calculate the relative standard deviation of the molarity of the solution.
Repeat the calculation for a reagent of formula weight 392.
Answer:
( .
) +( .
) = 0.00014 g = 0.14 mg
= 0.028
%
SD untuk volume solvent adalah 0.05 ml
Relative Standard deviation, RSD = 100 . s / =
= 0.02
%
RSD untuk konsentrasi
RSD =
) +(
= .
+ .
= 0.034 %
Perhitungan untuk pereaksi dengan massa relative (mr) 392, dengan asumsi V
dan konsentrasi tetap. Maka banyaknya pereaksi ditimbang adalah
Massa = Konsentrasi x mr x V larutan
= 0.05 * 250 * 392 = 4900 mg
Relative Standard deviation, RSD = 100 . s / =
%
RSD untuk konsentrasi
RSD =
= .
) +(
+ .
= 0.020 %
= 0.0029
-10
8. The solubility product of barium sulphate is 1.3 x 10 , with a standard deviation of 0.1 x 10
Calculate the standard deviation of the calculated solubility of barium sulphate in water.
Answer :
X2 = 1.3 . 10-10
Ksp dalam air = 1.14 . 10-5, Dengan rumus pada (2.11.6)
. .
. . .
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