Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
2008/12/25
1. State the registration procedure of routing for mobile hosts.
Ans:
(1) Periodically, each foreign agent broadcasts a packet announcing its existence
and address. A newly-arrived mobile host may wait for one of these messages,
but if none arrives quickly enough, the mobile host can broadcast a packet
saying: Are there any foreign agents around?
(2) The mobile host registers with the foreign agent, giving its home address,
current data link layer address, and some security information.
(3) The foreign agent contacts the mobile host's home agent and says: One of
your hosts is over here. The message from the foreign agent to the home agent
contains the foreign agent's network address. It also includes the security
information to convince the home agent that the mobile host is really there.
(4) The home agent examines the security information, which contains a
timestamp, to prove that it was generated within the past few seconds. If it is
happy, it tells the foreign agent to proceed.
(5) When the foreign agent gets the acknowledgement from the home agent, it
makes an entry in its tables and informs the mobile host that it is now registered.
2. State the shortest path algorithm.
Ans:
(1) Mark the source node as permanent and the working node.
(2) Examine each of the nodes adjacent to the working node, label or relabel
each one with the shorter distance to the source and the nearest node along the
path.
(3) Examine all the tentatively labeled nodes in the whole graph and make the
one with smallest label permanent take this as the new working node.
(4) If the entire graph is searched and made permanent, then trace back from the
destination to find the shortest path otherwise go to step (b).
3. Find the spanning tree for node H of Fig.5-16 in the text book.
Ans:
B
A
N
C
E
D
F
H
L
K
G
J
N
O
.
4. Datagram subnets route each packet as a separate unit, independent of all others.
Virtual-circuit subnets do not have to do this, since each data packet follows a
predetermined route. Does this observation mean that virtual-circuit subnets do
not need the capability to route isolated packets from an arbitrary source to an
arbitrary destination? Explain your answer.
Ans:
Virtual circuit networks most certainly need this capability in order to route
connection setup packets from an arbitrary source to an arbitrary destination.
5. For hierarchical routing with 4800 routers, what region and cluster sizes should be
chosen to minimize the size of the routing table for a three-layer hierarchy? A
good starting place is the hypothesis that a solution with k clusters of k regions of
k routers is close to optimal, which means that k is about the cube root of 4800
(around 16). Use trial and error to check out combinations where all three
parameters are in the general vicinity of 16.
Ans:
The minimum occurs at 15 clusters, each with 16 regions, each region having
20 routers, or one of the equivalent forms, e.g., 20 clusters of 16 regions of 15
routers. In all cases the table size is 15 + 16 + 20 = 51.
6. Looking at the subnet of Fig. 5-6, how many packets are generated by a broadcast
from B, using
(a) reverse path forwarding?
(b) the sink tree?
Ans:
(a) 2+4+10+8+4=28
B
C
A
D
G
I
L
E F O L
G
J
J