Modeling

of

Gravity-Imbibition

Gravity-Drainage{
and

Prdcesses:

Numerical

Nl,eis

Beth,

SPE,

Nielsen,

SPE,

i%@

and
Analytic

Solutions

Natl.

Laboratory,

K.

Ole

Jensen,

SPE,

Maersk

Oil

&

Gss

A/S,

SPE

A matrixifracwre

Summery.

a @sion
into

~uation

account

Blrger

and

Cowiconsult.

with

the

exchange

water

vertical

model

saturation

saturation

as

for a fractured
reservoir
simditor
is described.
dependent
variable.
Gas/oif
gravity
$frainage

the

distniution

in the

matrix

/gqJ

Ofl/wat~
imbibition
is obtained
from
and imbibition
are c$dcu@ted
by ~g

blocks.

Introduction
In most

simulaton

fractuw

and

media.

Flow

of source

systems

between

and

interaction

for natirally

intended

matrix

fractured

considered

terms.
key

The

point

in various

description
in

the

resemoirs,

to be two

tbe two is described

sink

is

sre

ways

of the

modeling

the

overlapping
by means

matrixffractuie
of

and
The

In this

paper,

the

gravity

is inco~o&d

ditions

imposed.

and

and

simulator

blocks

between
two

onIy.if

stant

and

distribution

ordy

data.

methods

ph~es

in

and

level

librium.

system

newly

advances

inside

equations

and

dfs

the

their

k.

k imdt.

transport

mechanisms.

of

Fo<fuitber

derivation,

matrixlfracture
suffer

contacted

see. &cb.

blocks

exchange

from

two

mahix-bl.xk

is not described

and

face

These

16

saturation

in many
(1) bnbi-

as the

Fracture

water

gradients

factors

the imbibition

water

term

Iiitationx

(2) saturation

are not modeled.

by mcdeling

Tbe mztrix-blcck

oiUwater

are gravity
only

in the fracture

diffision

from

level

witbin

can be taken

as a ~fusion

dktribudon

into

prccess.

is determined

14
from

+GDF
=0, ..............
Sw( Sw)
( SW)

and box-shaped
exists

2 describe

sum

number

~+EDF

a &d

. (5)

blocks.

cam be obtained

the

& The mah-ix-bkwk

continuity

1 and

w. The

the gdd

a byvarious

simulators

conside~on

apply.

am identical

matrix

ii the fFacpue

solutions

the water

velocity

cell

and L.z.
systems,
capfhuy

of@

of the

double-porosity

Ly,

stacked

formulations

The

bition

in the matrix.

for two-phase

g, and

to grid-cdl

bou@qJ-between

Phase

the

adjacent

lmblbItlon

the mahix
assumptions

a grid

regarding

WaterlOll

by taking

of the proposed

are wdid

within
Lx,

vertically

5. Analydcsd
and

experimental
calculated

details

terms

through

e., .x=o,

C&

to,tbe

individual
i

all phases-i.

all grid

.(4)

. . . . . . . . . .

con-

pcesent-

described.

presented

with diinensions
3. For oillwater
4. The

are

are

of

is over

P is over

Component

systems.

2. Matrix

cell

with
are

satiation

limitations

models

gas/oif

compsred

on

effect

of the bouncktry
solutions

imbibition

for the implementation

folfowing

1. Tbe

are

the vertical

principles

The

a rncditication

and

is based

et al. 14 The

and .nunqical

drainage

into consideration

imbibition

of Becknei

&ugh
results

gravi~

a reservoir

of oilhvater

approach

Analytical

computed

Gas/oil

modeling

equation

ba,~Pa,t+@#h)kt].

fndexktrefers

The

the diffusion

Tbe

Index

Hence

dual-porosiiy

&/Q..

summation

over

~*m,l.14

ed,

(u&f=

system

coefficient

segregated.

in the oif/water
rises

with

case

wher.
D=~~:
@

...............................(6)

as.

i mnfn the derivation

is constant.

gas and oil are at qilfarylg$+witational

equi-

2D

snd

that

assumed

of Eqs.

the

that

fluid

5 and

and

ol-phase

the

6, it is assumed

rock

pressure

are

that

the flow

incompressible.

gradients

is

It is also

and

gravity

solved

witi

terms

are

negligible.
Flow

where

reservoirs

the

fracture

overlapping
The
are

The

Equatkms

Dual-porosity

basic
of

the

each component

systems

isothermal

fluid

of ordinary

considered

of

blocks,

flow

to be two

method

a dual-porosity,
fractuie

the following

in porous

tiifferential

finite-difference

case

(1=0,

are

(see

Pmess

is submerged
1).

The

and

system
grid

containing

dis-

are obtained

for

cell in ~e

reservoir.

{[qa~ac~

and
the

of the

SW =SiW

@e bounda-

matrix-block

elsewhere

matrix-block

on the

w@er

surface

that

surface

(SR

&Wurztion

is

SiW

condition
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(7)

where

S;

qnm.spends

plies

that instantaneous

t:rf~.

A delayed

to zero

capillary

imbibition
imbibition

sw~(z,t)=@siw+(l

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(1)

and
~e

eqtion:

pressure

ohms

can

0=.-5(-(9

height
Here

at the surface,

im.

at the magixhlacture

be introduced

by the

in-

bo@ary

(d/dt)(mJj=-

~
,fl

(qapaC&)mjk,

mi=V@~p.JaC&
.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (2)

t~==t~

problem

numerically.

Engineers

ultimate

maybe

matrix-block

equal

(z) denotes
bnbbhion

tbe
stark

as presented
This

is done

ing a Newton-Raphson
equations.

of Petmlern

. .

(8)

water

to or less

time
attbe

when
height

than
ZM=Z;

sagmation

at

1 Sor
i.e.,

ZW(Z) is

z.@ is an inverse

time

Constsnt
The

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . ...(3)

.,.......

)...............................(9)
is the

z, which
when

~,

Co)s

SW =SW(Z)

the time

Society

5) has been

swJz,t)=s&

+(%o&ZJtili

Cowrlght 199T

fnbkdly,

boundary

where

where

m water

everywhere.

by

(E+

at the pat

condition%

-n4fPac&flk,}.
Manir

equation
SW=Sti

singls-permeability

.quations

g, or w) and the W

media

equations

e~on:

(d/dt)(mj)k=

diffision

ry condition

approach,

ESg.

of a congnuous

matrix

Fracture

for

integral

compxed

continuous

by the continuum

mqfia.

to a system
In

modeled

matrix

equations

Bedvarssonls).
reservoir

and

continuous

transformed

means

~e

dgoritkn

ff the diffusion

and the tlacture

water

in Eqs.
by using

level

5 through
central

in solving

coefficient
is ris~g

@q.
with

9 must

differences

be solved
and

apply-

tbe nonlinear

algebraic

5) is assumed

constant

a constant

velceity,

how.

Lz

Fracture

Sg = 1- s,. -%
__ -_-_.

gas

- 20..

~
___

---_--

-%*..

oil

Fig.

3-Matrix

block

surrounded

by

fraqure,

gas/oil

system.

_L,
GaslOIl
Fig.

l-bfatrlx

block

of Imundaw

partially

conditions

submerged

In wat&.

GrawlW

this sccdonon

Imposed.

rate wbcn

expression

gravity

Consider

and

oil and
are
z~m,

zwm

gas

the

Irrrblbltlorr

ture

lead

3).

block

contains

connate

system

filled

oil and

gas

residual

ID vertical
pressure
to

drainage

Tbe

flow

the

mechanisms.
oil,

and

gas

Widl gmvity-.%grcgatcd
tilde

the

matrix

blink

eqdfibrium.
Below
z.. ~d if ZOIII<Lz,

oil.

aczoss

folfowing,

fn

oil drainage

water,

and equtdensitics

babmccs

importance

arc the driving

in capillary/gmvbadonal
blink
OJmins
no gas. Above

Assuming

Ffg.

tied

two

forces

containing

d-actwc

primary

for the mati-block

to bc

matrix

ture,

block

bya

(sze

assumed

is derived

and c.apilbuy

a mimix

that is sln?ounded

Ovl[

Drabmfe

higa.doil systems, the gravity ef@t is of

IIlustraflon

tie

inmntrix&d

matrix

expression

fOr

block
tie

and

fracthe frac-

ms~-bl~k

ofi

rate

%wf
LJ#m~bOPg)(ZOm

-ZOJPCgO,m(Zam)

zmafioIM

+(Lz

+Pcgo,f(Z@)]

zmu)%mo

o
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fig.

2Mafrix

block

surrounded

by fracture,

011/wafer

system.

The

oil

and

and

top

of the

The
ever.

analytical

specified

is

solutions

caR be derived

if the fracture

water

Ievel

gas

gas/oil

saturation.
of the gadoil

where

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vw =velocity

tions

to the

of the

diffusion

fracture

equation

water

arc

given

level.
in

the

(lo)

Analyti@

sOlu-

is evaluated

pute

the

This
Contribution

the

From

gravity

of Eq.

effect

5. Itis

oil rccnvcry

is small

from

IIIRtC average
SW

matrix
um.

a matrix

in wdtcr,

The

are

The

water

blcck

effect

Pf gmv@

satu@ion

prevails

in Fig.

the final

The

or uki-

as the boundary

oif and
2. The

water

oil and

par!ially
water

to be in capiIlary/grnvitationaf

cauillaw

completel~

fracture

rate,

forces

This

condition

water

the

expression

frac-

To

com-

at tie

to determine
Io~OU

Z=ZOIII.

that capiffary/gmvitational

matrix
fn

nuxrixffmcture

w in RF..

1 and

Oil:

zub-

qo,mf=mmhotim-pf

are assumed

inside

the

eqi-

block.

fluid
2, are

Re.96rrv01r

exchange

SIrnuk+tor

rates,

calculated

gamj

where

CY=O, g.

as follows.,

in Fig.

)+qc,o,~

equilibri-

zero,

andgravitaticmal

=o$

densities

@q.

saturation
for

in fractnrc

11) cnrrcspon&
for

the

the

iqmscd

. . . . . . . (13)

ond the two

q8,mf=wmkgdPgm-Pti)

+qG,g,mf

. ~ ... . . . . .

. .

.(14)

Water:

2 is in capilkwy

phase

+qG,o;maf

Gaz:

equilibrium

The

age

in the

saturation.

it is necessary

gas

blcck

calculation

pwwe

gas

SW,-,

the assumption
in the

con-

seg~egatcd.

g@wPo)(zw-zm)+Pcm(zm)
equal

average

and

a matrix

dtiring

capiby

however,

qw,mf=~m~wO(Pm-Pf

assuming

The

saNration,

Implementation

is ~clud~

when

130

nndcr

within

aze not omsidcrcd

pressure.

gas

of pressure

in pressure

derivation

gthetitimate

by imposing

containing

as sbmvn

are assumed

system

the

is done

Iibrium

pmccss,

block

at the bottom

8.

fR the fracture.

phases

during

fordetetininin

imbibition

RWix-block

block

is nsgledcd

blocks.

water/oil

imbibition

a water/oil

howaver,

makix

in Eq.

Consider
merged

and

bnpoztant,

in the calculated
dition

Gravity.

fracture
at the

evaluated

is a function

VWhtiOm

oil drainage

the matrix

Appendix.

12 are

~p~tively.

pressure

spatial

capihy

ture

in Eq.

bbck,.

capillnry

Lad

an~ its surrounding

as

z.#=v#

mobilbies
mahix

(12)

matrix

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (11)

and

to or dgfmcs
block,

boundary

Sw,

matrix.

saturations

exchange

thcec

vection

m ultimate
which

tains

aver-

is US~
(@

8).

km,

rate

terms.

term,

of

The

which

oil mobilby;

different

)+qc)wf.

bctwccn
tcrrn

is a fiction
Ao, the

for oiUwater

oil or rcferencc

oil

first

pressure

the matrix

is the

of matrix

maoix-blcck

and oii/gm

The
i

. . . . ~ ,,

(15)

and

fracture

con-

or classical

con-

absolute

shape

SYstC@S),

difference.
SPE

stnndard

. .

factor,

~d

a (which

is

the a~cmre

second
E @

pcrmeabdily,

~nn
i

on the right
F b

1991

rABLE

lDATA

FROM

AND

KLEPPE

COMPUTED

Permeability,

AND

MORSE

DIFFUSION

EXPERIMEI

COEFFICIENT

290

md

Porosity
Water
Oil

0.225,
viscosity,

viscosity,

CP
cp

2.:

Pm.

SW

km
0.7500

3.ioo

0.3174

0.6979

0.0003

0.3247

0.6477

0.0007

0.3521

0.5591

0.0010

2.s44
2.117
1.804

0.3695

0.5506

0.0014

1.569

-o.1483xli-5.

0.3666

0.0017

x 1.0.-5.

-0.1,731

X.lo

-0.1967

x10-5

-0.1925

x10-5

0.4563

0.3146

.0.0048

1.411
1.255 ~
1.109
1.002
0.9097

-0.1576

0.4369

0.5042
0.4562
0.4096
0.3609

0.4737

0:2732

0.0066

0.626S

0.4911

0.2166

0.0089

0.7429

-0.3600X

IO+

0.5034

0.0117

0.6697

-0.4312

xI0-5

0.5258

0.1664
0.1181

0.0154

03072

-0.5227X

0.5432

0.0764

0.0237

0.5446

-. 0.7479

0.5605

0.0432

0.0246

0.4s05

:0.9654x

0.5776

0.0163

0.0473

0.4419

-0.1251

0.4216

bf ~.

side

.13, qc,o;ti,
but

gravity

forces.

oiUwater
drainage

and

The

third

term
rate

contains

and the gjsloii

12. The

flow

is seen

the second

which

drainage

to be driven

boundary

condition
gravity,

from

It is.assumed

for a single
is modified

~
that

shown

is not necessarily
Tbe

0i3/water

Tbe

from
ma@x

blc.sk.
into

The

account

blocks

prezin

equation

of matrix

.ntiB=vfL&yLz.

number

ne

mti-block

to fluid

n~=tifLz.
Tbe

a grid

cell

are

cell

of matix

content

are txeated
within

stacked

blocks

XI0-4

-0.2021

XI0-!

0.0300

0.0000

0.3000

-0.2576

X 10=4

bltiks

OdiWatez

System.

assumed

to exist

@e dfision
height

Az. This
results

of height
water.
injected
there

fn

from
only

. . .

the

the

a grid

om

one

were

the bottom.
grid

. .

cell

. . .

second
of height

the

the fracture

calculation

that

fourid

MO

calailated

ofi,

cases.
13) and qc,W,@@q.

of qd,o,mf(E!q.

k,

gasloil

water

of tbe

case,

groups,

3 are ddIy

that

s.9s.

only

level

it the previous

boundary

conditions.

the

matrix

bl@s

as shown

@Fig.

fl. Matrix

gas

in oil (~d

submerged

matrix

blocks

If tbe grid-cell
saturations

in

water,

belonging

matrix

gas

of niatri.x

a grid
bloc@

saturation

blccks

if soy).

to Groups.

1 and

is S-,

of Types

thw

1 Wd 2 are

i grid

from
5Az

. .

and

~gm2=[l

cell is

s~k.

. ..(1.3)

case,

with

Lz =&,

oil and
and

was identical

is
the

by com-

five grid

containing

nMBl>

if:nMB1=O,

O.....

.:: .,. ...tiOa)

. . . . . . . . . . .....

nB1=nMBnw2nMB3,

ornMB2=0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ..1 . . . . . . ..(22)

ifzoJ<O

and

nm3=[(zoj@zO/.

Eq.

19 w

..:(206)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..(21)

lfO<zej<L,

MB2=nL

(E$

fn fact,

block

the top,

if

orzOf<Lz,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...(23)

)/LJnL.

. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.(24)

were

wa~r
oe

cel$

COooa@
was

except

then

be written

continuity

having

b+,)]}.

(zOfLz)]~g,l

~gav2=(A?/Lz)Sgm

(16)

within

. . .

acceptable

bmained
case

. .

rrmhi.x

found

block

. .

. . . . . . . . . . .. ..(19)

+%211

Vdnml

where

layer

io the

one

In the fti

initially

the

. . . . .. (17)

block

blocks

matrix

for

we

for

as ex-

is

capilhy

case,

produced
The

celj

. . .

has been

system

example,

58,1=

and environment.

witbin

matrix

for just

simulations.

with
The

. .

matrix

is solved

two

water

...

OiUwiter

approximation

from

AZ, each

Oil and

betw%n

ve@ally.

was

. . . .

equation

paring
stacked

,~at

io Group

It is assomed

=[l-(&/zofw)]sxw.

Note
.

this

identical

the cahd@on

is used

Fg,,

In

almost

is semiexplicit.

the average

is

L=nMBk7K

L= =543

was

fbis

differently,

vertically

in each

with

.0.1000

in Group
1 are surrounded
by gas and re.sid.d
fracture
oif, if any.
Matrix
blocks
in Group 2 facefhe fracture.
gas/.oiI contact.
Matrix

identi-

are concerned.

. . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .

number

grid

blocks

blocks

-0.1590

0.2463

the contib..

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

of ma~x

0.3933

timestep

or

number

0.0612

2 contain

olained
below. ,,
..
..--...
l@

10 5
X 10-*

Vsgm ..
within

situations

10 -5
X.10-5

0.0797

Gas/Oil
System.
h the
cell are &vi@
into tbr.x

is contaioed

the diffusion

10 5

-O.31OOX1O-5

latter

in reference

pressure

to take

regard

gaslol

term.

the

contains
a convecCOIIVW6011 term is

and pbysicalproperties

so with
and

terms,

-0.2270x

0.0076

At present,

previously.

a!J matrix

as far as dimeosiom

two

0.0036

-$

0.0029

recovery

gravi~

by gravitational

and fracture

capillary

is determined

previously

tion

matrix

by oiUwater

terni,

as explai@

cal

between

FIOW tamed

gas/oil

0.0029

-0.9261
x 10 8
.-0.1396
X 10 5
-0.14S6X10-6

0.6126

block

from

0.0022

0.0000

0.5953

15)

gas-exchange

by. differences

sure.

contdbution

is the

as. well as capilkwy

forces.
The matrix{ fracbme
exchange
rate of wafer
tion term and a capillary
pressure
term.
TIE
drivti

by oil/water

mainly

the

term.

term

in Eq.

ilow.mmed

to include

The

imbMtion

convection

given

oil

modified

matrix/fracmre

standard
was

is @e

pressure,

(ftz%c).

.=

0.3000

0.4042

capilkuy

that

nfi,

..:

the number

17) is not an ioteger.

of the

matrix

bottom

block,

of the stack.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . ..(25

of mamix

bloc~

ft is assumed,

if any,

is located

@ the simulation

stacked

however;
eitbq

vertically

that

it

the top

Ods is s@iiied

afraction
or at the

through

tie

input.
If OIIIY the

fraction.fof

grid

cell,

the ultimate

cell

will

be f

~.

12,is

times

thus

a mitrix
recovery

the

evaluated

and 2. Wltb the resulting

tively,
the gravity
term

total

block

from
recovery

for each

is lcxated

that matrix
from
of the

within

block
tbe

Matrix

flow rates doooted

qo,l
in Eq., 13 is calculated

mairix
Block
and
as

a given

into the grid

qo,2,

blwk.
Types
respec-

that.

matrix

qG,o,mf.=nMB1qo,l

+nMmqo2.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . ......

(26)

Comparison

with

Kleppe

and

Comparison

Morse

LOW Velocity

with

Kleppe

and

High Velocity

64.
z

.,.,,.,,..,

w*-

s..,,,,.

2
---:

.Um.

rk.l

Morse

..W.

---,

:40.
.

..,.,,..1

:
:,.

=
,:m

i!Liz_-_
:010203040

~io

C$

,0

$J6970n090100

Wer

Cumulative

Fig. 5-Comparison
meqlcal

The

between

results

on

corresponding

the

expedmerit,al,

low-rate

es

flow

Kleppe

rate

analytic,

Morse

and

and

of

is

In

Approach-Exampk

Table

jexfion

this

section

we comp6retbe

of laboratory
with

experiments

a fin~grid

diffusion
snd

the

approach

gadoil

with

gravity

two

&pes

dmioage

model

iiiulation.

and

Comparison

to a water

Appendix
ingto

With

Kleppe

present

our

solution

tecbniaue

results

with

fn modeline
the

Experiment.

approach

the diffusion

and an analytic

the

The

with

boundary

soMi&

with

&.th
ad

condition

in Eq.

a numeric61
a nordiiear

a constant

Morse,

a diflisio~;oefticient

Kleppe

by Beckner
et
equ6tion.
We

using

eauation

of Klemx

extmiments

equation-(Eq:5$

with

Morse

the diffusion

to solve

diffusion
coeff]~ient
sion coefficient.
sion

aod

6) was

used

front

reaches

d~agree
The

PRESSURE

pERMmBILITIES

DATATOGETHER
DIFFUSION

AND
WITH

THE

where

Oil

COMPUTED

0.16

CD

0.4s

ip

3.3

:P3
A

0.0620

1.0000

0.0000

0.0927

0.9336

0.0029

0.1234

0.6673

0.0059

0.1541

0.6009

0.0066

0.1247

0.734s

0.011s

0.2154

0.6631

0.0147

141.7
56.50
37.54
31.27
26,51
21.76.

0.2461

0.0177

19.91

0.0206

16.40

0.0236

16.89

0.0265

15.38

0.0295

14.00

0.0324

13.17

0.0354

12.33

0,0323

11.46

0.4916

0.6018
0.5354
0.4690
0.4027
0,3363
0.2699
0.2036
0.1372
0.0662

0.0434

10.66

0.5223

0.0571

0.0526

0.5529

0.0309

0.0637

0.5636

0.0119

0.0793

0.6143

0.0036

0.0650

0.6450

0.0000

0.0860

9.S20
6.934
6.147
,7.311
0,2125

0.2768
0.3075
0.3362
0.3666
0.3995
0.4s02
0.4609

132

p6rt

is seen

between

rate,

The

Iowervaluefrom

can be

explained

is added

when

560d
by the

the water

for the high-rate

st al

introduced

velocity

solution

of

the

.3mdytic

solution

case

14

by

Matt6x

water advmcemtektie~~
rate in the fracture,

to be negligible

the ana-

in Figs.

results

tothewater

the derived

DItiI,,(Z#@)>l,

0.197
iiscosity,

injection

in the

correspond-

is shown

by Beclmer

wtichtie
water
advance

@d[11.2

and

corresponds

rsoge

ir,thefrac-

diffmion.

equation

is

in the Appendm,

the

when

. .

. . . . . . . . . . . ..(28)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

COEFFICIENT

md

viscosity,

calculated

a steady-state
From

case

the top face

in-

corre-

derived

const60t

restits

reported

approach

snd 36.076

CAPILLARY

Porosilv
Water

The

results

water

inthediftilon

where
Permeability,

the

B/D]

solution

obsqw?d.

from

0.32

A comparison

in the high-rate

the top.

mthcmtiat
equals
the

mmsient
2-RELATIVE

saturation.

gcdagreementis

cfitical

@S18
block

a di~sion

nu-

experiment.

WLP~W
Pr=mre

The two water

and

of 3.403

with

!04

and

analytic,

[0.03

6odytical

90

Mors6

given.

The

amd experimental

with

achieved.
TABLE

applied,

solution

so
% Pv

and

are

in fracture

water

cases,

the samlytic

tore,

7.

velocity

numerical,

Kleupe

cm3 huh

35

fact dmt no contribution

diffu-

the 2D diffu-

m.

aod

MS been

experimental,

experiments

respectively.

maximum

lytic,

17 expaiment
was previously
modeled
a fine-grid
simulation
using the diffi!aion

of 3.3

60
Injection

pemmabilities,and

Morse

118 fUD],

6. In both
and Morse
al. 14 with

50

Water

relative

1, the

16tes

spond

Problem+

aod
10

Fig. 6-Comparison
between
merical
results
on the high.rst6

iw.

xperlment.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..~~

Validation

,0

Cumulative

the KIeppe
qG,#naf=-qG,O,n@

Jnjectiofi
% pv

icalrate
tie

z@ =height

of the water

isanonooique

m.te at which

when

the transient

the water

Iev?l

we get a critical

rate

~ti::ec)

froot

oumber.
height

pat
is 10%

the ,ait-

B/D]

rate

conhibutes

Of the matrix
[0.21

LIIus,

tbecriticd

of the solution

of 23 cm3 /ndn

Water

in the fracture.

ffwedefme

height,

as

<1%
however,

for the Kleppe

and

Imbibition

0.0000

-0.6762x
10 6
-O.3I9OX1O-6
-O.2O2SX1O-6
-0.2251
XlO-e
-0.1 S76X10-6
-0.1096
xIO-6
-0.1064
x10-8
-o.ii5sxlo-6
-0.11 .tsxlo-e
-0.87s1
X1 O-7
-0. W66x10-7
-0.571
SXI0-7
-0.4598
x 10-7
- 0.2S67
-0.2461
-0.1428
-0.5731
-0.6407x
-0.0000

X 10 7
X10-7
x10-7
x 10 -a
10 a

Min
~g.

7-Comparison

spontaneous

between
and

delayed

laboratory
imbibition

SPEKesemoir

imbibition

data

and

model.

Engineering

Februa w

1991

TABLE

3RELATIVE

PERM2ABILITV

PRESSURE

Reservoir
Matrix

DATA

pressure,

AND

FROM

CAPILLARY

REF.

PSI

permeability,

cp

ft

Grid

Single

Drainage

Bloci

Dual

Simulation

61

0.35

Grid dimension
Ax, n
ft

Fine
1

gravity

0.29
visoosity,

AZ,

Gas/Oil

4,500

md

Porosity
Water

Ay,

20

.5

SX8X8

0.01,

1,

0.1,

2,2,

2,2,

1, 2,2,

1, 0.01

2,

2,

Pcgof

L
.4-

----------

1,0.1

>,3.
s

_.J!-

0.2000

0.0000

0.2500

0.0050

?
~
g

0.3000

0.0100

0.3500

0.0200

0.4000

0.0300

0.4600

0.0450

0.5000

0.0600

0.3040

-1.200

0.6000

0.1100

0.1540

-4.000

0.7000

0.1800

0.0420

-10.00

0.7500

0.2200

0.0000

-40.00

Fig.

.~

0.3933

0.1000

0.0150

0.7000

0.44ss

0.2000

0.0500

0.4500

0.4982

0.3000

0.1030

0.2500

0.6031

0.4000

0.1900

0.1100

0.7604

0.5000

0.3100

0.0280

1 .s373

0.5500

0.4200.

0.0000

2.0243

et al.

l%is

is in a!qeement

with

8Comparison
simulation.

pre30ure

in

son of both

With
experiment,

completely

Field

in water

mwfeling

such

oil flow

B12ir.,19

hnb~ition
a core

the observation

and

the

has

with

to be taken

derived

ma

saturated

uptake

2n experiment

who

Data.

plug

is recorded

ioto

laboratory

oil is immersel
against

process,

account.

diffusion

This

equation

time.

fI

done

tb~

by

mien

bition

with

ment,

whereas

rate,

attains
Toble

D2
its

maxirnom

2 gives

for am example.
3D

diftision

goes

D2

to zero

in Table

In modeliig

at the faces

for SW =SW,-

and capihry

the corresponding

was

used

with

-,Sor)(le-&)

of a 3D block

and

the

pressure

surfaces.

fn modeling

of m2x(lD2

imbibition

boundary

data,

Compsmtive

with

uptake

derived

As seen
less

in the

from

number

with

used

!be analytic

side

lengths

imbibition

fine

dimensionless

this

&ta,

in the

Lx,

and

&

a constant

mmlydc

occurs

Here

L,,

diffosion

solution

tie$ cm

tbmugb

gzoup

total

the following

mined

from

a way
laboratory

by

Fwoozabadi

have

been

compared

[0.1

Pzoject

The

in Figs.

x 3 .05-in
and
to

an

grid

data are afso

8 ond

9, and very

capillary

psi]

in the

Problem.

fbe

pressure

in the

fractures.
reservoir

has alzo be.$n used

Reject

given

problem.

in Ref.

we should

simu-

on the Sixth

Descripdon

oftkpmb-

20.

ULJ

to scale

the

experiments,

inverse

time

to a tield

Conztant
value.

exchange
mahix

matrix-block

term

blocks

for consistency.

takes

Furthermore,

by a simple

Rep-

with a few parameters.

into account

and the imbibition

su@ces.

of gas/oil
blocks

into

2rea,

mz

maw

fmction

akeration

satum-

through

oewly

wettabilby

proper-

of the surface

diffusion

drainage

takes

saturation

distribution

in

account.

[W]

ditlizion
matrix

coefficient,
block

.8, deterA compari-

m2/s

[t12/see]

fraction

permeability,

m2

L = distance
between
m = mas,
kg flbm]
11LZ2

can be tested

can be expressed

8 = gmvit2ti0n2f
constmt,
dsz
[ft21xcl
Ak = vertical
distance
betweeo
grid cell centers,

de-

1
l\LZ2

f=

ULX2

within

matrix

C =

as

ULY2

data

rates

Nomenclature

(31)

rather

analysis

matrix/fracmre

Calculation

3.

all faces,

core
inhibition

be modeled

vertical

dbnension-

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . ..(32)

provides

given

foz zero

tecboique

Solution
are

number

witbin
This

x 3.o5

are shown
kPa

Single-block

a 3,o5

ECLIPSE.

both

not.

ineff-

of the

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

1
llLx~

does

imbi-

the experi-

rate.

b=--$min
(

rezukz

with

.%mdation.

3,

using

the laborato~
a delayed

from

data

Table

solution

results

Special

,4

expression,

2)Dsl.

Because

in

simulation

Comparadve

2. The

introduced

b=@l#(l/Lx2+l/Ly

and

coplllary

cOncIusIOrIs

Appendix.

is naturally

listed

the described

tion gradients

condition

. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ., . . ..(30)

the imbibition

[) was

with

for Pczo =0.69

SPE

resentative

data

6 is an inVe15e time constit

reflecting
a delayed
wetting
of the
block stices.
If@=m,
imtanbmeous
imbibition
occum at the blcck
icient

block,

tiat

agreement

Fim-Grfd

drainage

is observed

and

goad

with

shows

imbibition

With

3. The

lator

contacted
SW(x,y,z,$=(l

a very

gravity

tine-grid

agreement

1.

permeabtities

equation

gives

gadoil

good

value.

relative

no

. . . . . . . . . . ..(29)

while

=D1,

simulation

with

imbibition

7. This

a spontaneous

and

fractures

in Fig.

Gas/OiI

of

Lem and

D,

b=O.75

given

SPE

cOefflcient

At low

20

coontercu2-

baz been
with

D2(SW)=[kkOkW/(@O+pOkW)l(dPJdSJ.

dual

Ref.

and delayed

is shown

[1OX IOX 10-ti]

of Beckner

typical

with

a difision

from

fracture.

data

Comparison

14

Comptiison

single-block

Data

sptaneous

imbibition

Tboma220

imbibition

567

between

fine-grid

6X8 x8

ront

234

(psi)

1.0000

data.

,,. WI.

Years

studies
Morse

:
,2-

0!

0.0000

,,..,

,0

kv

0.0000

,!,!.

.1-

Pcw

Sq

----:

nm

number

n=

n~ber
grid

grid

ceU

Of IMtri.x blocks
a grid celf
of matrix
Of maw
cell

m [fi]

[red]
centers,

in each

blocks

in @d

bl~~

SWM

m [tl]

matrix

block

layer

UII
vezdially

witbin

Gas/Oil
Fine

,61

gravity

Grid

Single

Drainage

Block

Dual

Simulation

>0

Pcgof

.5-

!L
o
~.4m.
J._

>.3C

-----:

single

Fine

block
grid

u
>
0

.2-

1. U

al
x..

.
.i

.0

Yeari
lg.9-Comparison
Ief.

n.

nz

= number

number

of latersl

pressure,

volume

flow

Pa

between

with

capillary

mesh

points

of vertical

q,

20

nmzh

single-block

pressure

in mstrix

points

In

dual

frscfure

blcck

in matrix

@d

block

grid

bsil

flow

caused

simulation

equal

to

and

0.1

fins-grid

simulation.

by

msh

IS/D]

i3 =
~ .

invezse
mentier

time

constant,

pressurs,

m3 /s

seconds1

fpsihec]

=denshy,
,J = shape

kg/m3
@brrJgall
factor,
llmz
[1/ftZ]

capillsry

oilh?ater

D?fsfrom

psi.

A=mObilhy,Pa:s-l

rate,

@ = porosity
Subscripts
b

S=satistion
~~

sm&zt

Stm,
S$

mshix-block

average

maximum

SiW =

or top

gss

connsts

=,wafer

gas

mahix-blcck

saNrstiOn

water

saturation
gas

at rssidual

f=

t%wture

equals

g=

gas

oil

G == gravity
i,j

atw@choil/water

capilkuypressure

is zero
,,

seconds

= ~ewpenfimre
u = phase
velocity,
v = velocity,

M/s
m3

Y=

volume,

x =

akial

z =

vertical

.Z.f=

watezlevilequals2,
m/[fbD1

nm

matrix

mm
= maximum
fi=am

seconds

n = mode

m [ft]

m [tl]
rehtivet

=grid

Z.MQ =

W-fracNre

oil

-e~t
kVelabJve
matn.x-blpck
gas

Fig.

level,

Fig.

matrix-block
bottmn
saturation
is maximum,

z = z direction
w,here
Fig.

= phaze

index

3, m
i = cnmpment

...

frsctme

Fig.
=

sm~e~t

Watsrlevel

[ft]

relative

index

ottOm~hcre~~.
Fig.

tomstrix.block

3,m

bottom,

n =

timeztep

average

index

1, m [ft]
be]

mstnx-blwk

134

r~ida
ddmab

sufH3cript3

lsrg*tl
evelabovem
atrix-blockb
blcxkgsz
saturation
is smallest,

zd=

Z-

~ =
u .

y = y direoion

4,m[ft]

[n].
&U

number

x = x direction

omatiblcckbottom,

4, m [ft]
z~fti

index
index

o=~s

ccordmate,

Ievel

mesh-paint
@d-cell

[ft/D]

coordinate,

fmctureofl

.?,( =

mbl]

(literal)

boundary
api!.lsg

at which

saturation

saturation

saturation

t = time,
%f(o

~ .

above
oil

matrix-block
saturation

bottom

wbe~

is maximum,

Fig.

- Acknowledgment
2, m

Pardsl
gratefully

funding

of this

work

by the Dsrdsh

Mmistrjof

Energy

is

acknowledged.
SPE R

F b

1991

References

with

1. Kazmd,

H.

et d.

tiy Fractured
261.
2. Oilman,
ally

cd WaterfOfi

Skmdadrm

Reservoirs,,,

SPEJ

@cc.

F!OW

317-26;

1976)

Nmu-

.U

T-.,

Fmcfored

H.:

Re.SeIVC,kS,S,

Dixon,

L. K.,

198P) 4d4-7&

Jmprovementz

SPEJ

T, W.,

in Sinndation

(Aug.

1983)

and Pierson,

Trm..

tion
8,

WERE

(f&y

1988)

F,, SouiUard,

of NaouaJly

World

P.,

Fnwtvsed

of Namrdly

at x=O

Conference,

<cNumerical
(Nov.

A. M.:

SPE

12770

lation,

Congress,

Fluid

Tokyo
of

siildadon

presented

at the

San Francisco,

10. Pmezs,

and

H&t

1983

Nov.

FIOW

Phase

SPE

GiJman,

J.R.

Displacernem

(Jan,

and

Reservoir

Porous

Method

Media,,,

for

SP.?J

H.:

hp[OVd

in Matrix
60-70;

Trans.,

Nw.imlly

and

Fmctmed

Am.u,d

Morse,

R.A.

Meeting,
and

Method

for

~KN?d

Modeling

q2

the

198~

Beth,

Viicow

in Laplace

space

is given

by

A-2

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. (A-3)

The

solution

is thep

found

to Eq. A-3 with the bomidto be

+sID.

the

inversion

theorem

in Ref.

21 to Eq.

A-4,

we get

122s2

SPE

169S1

and

:?

Progm,

5084

presented

at

sin

Kyte,

Nov.

at the

JR,:

in Pattern

8team-

on

ModelProposal

Project:

and

OiJ

SPEJ

O!l

(Sept.

(he

S, Ener-

Roskilde,

Recovery
1962)

Displacement

1964)

Thomas,

Report

From

Fm&

177-84

by

195-2~,

L. K.:

A Comparison

Tmns.,

Counter-Current

ati=en2

The

Tram.,

&Sixth

SPE

of Dud-Pomsily

and Jaeger,

New

series

York

J.C.:

City

AJME,

Because

zhould

is a 2D

a constantly

3D

quite

domain

li.e.,

LZ/v>

rapidJy

it is genemlJy

of t-be water

Solution.

of Heat

Now

block

a 3D

. . . . . . . . (A-7)

for this
high

for large

applicable
solution

blocks

and

values

for large

of

values

is O <t<LZ/v,
a smalJ

value

for

front.

wiIh

let

side

S(x,y,z,t)

lengths

denote
LX,

LY,

decreasing

exponentially

equation

and

the

and

saturation

Lz.

water

corresponding

D(awh2)+D(awfyq+D(a2

SoIn.
JPT

(June

Oxford

in Solidr,

wifh

S(x,y,z,t)

bounday.

AIOIIg

level

bouodary

s/az2)=(as/a2),

=e @t at x=O

Initially

to a complete

302.

S=0

wetting

subsidky

and

inside

of

the

equation

D(62~/8x2)

water

in water

with

and
S(x,z,r)

lengths

water

level

boundary

are derived

of the water

water

is the integratd

Let

problem

solution

rising

D(62S/6?x2)+D(5ZS/8z2)

converges

Hence
the time

have

the velocily

with

corresponding

+P21LZ2).

of
the

water

side

in

x=o,

is assumed.

The

condition

are

S(x,y,z,t)

the block.
face

. . . . . ..
=0
Here

(A-8)

elsewhere
j3=0

on the

comsponds

x=O.

in Laplace

space

+D(.3%3y2)+D(c@6z2)=s/D,

is then
. .

(A-9)

Problem

to the diffusion

side

=zr2@lLz2

A-5

of time.
we

SoIutkms

DMfuskm

rising

% ]

231.

Comparative

Siilatcm,,

Conduction

(1959)

Appendix-Analytlcsl

witi

in Eq.

+ ULx2)r.

The

solutions

.!$]

+i6Jn/D)

+u2t2/Lx2

fJ(l/Lz2

diffosion

71043,
H.S.

+iIJn/D)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(A-6I

and

for

Approach,

Energy,

%nbibition

of

SPEJ

A.

-x)(c.

sinh[L1(cn

1974

16-lg.

of

.. : .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(A-S)

~ner+n=

a uniform

Imbibition.,

Solution.

exp(Dan,tt).

Finite-Difference

SolwiorI

Ministry

Resemoir,

calculation

Firoozabadi,

immersed

m/Lx

Here,

Rexr-

225.

Water

Ris&M-2423.

and

P. M.:

first

.1

Dallas,

Fractured

prmemed

Simulation

Numerical

Danish

1984)

Blair,

U. Press,

siidlLzcn

enz

FJuid

at the 1983 SPE Symposium

Reservok
and

From

Seven-Point

Francisco,

Basic

Water-Drive

1990)

sin

cos(wnt++n)

SWJ

ExMbitiorq

Pmformancc,

presented

San

EFF

C.C.

Carslaw,

En(Lx-x)

1600S

.69.

Orierdation

Formulation

7 (AprO

AJME,

Sinh

simtdatim,

Mauix/Fracture

SPE

Oct.
G. S.:

Grid

SPE

The

Reseamb

hued,

stantly

en =nT\Lz.

solution

and

SPE

P8F

Fmdwdon

paper

Houston,

%ndafion,
N.:

Mattax,

tangle

=enz

Simulators,,

Re.wr.mir

papeJ

: Oil

Bodwrsson,

paper

Mathematical

2D

A-1

and

R. E.: . A T&d

~SelVOirS,,i

Conference

Dqlacem&t,,3

K.

solution

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .(A-Z)

2S5,

Sinmlators,,
Technical

Pmess,

The

Eq.

sinb[(Lx

SPE

with

22

Simulating

for

Fifzmorris,

Symposium

Anniml

J. and
by water

dix.

variable.

condition

XP

et al.:

SPE

v.aim

Two

to Eq.

-i-D(82~/az2)=s/D,

Applying

27-30.

the

equation

s=hpla.ce

Reservoirs,

in Dual-Porosity

AJME,

M. L.,

i DuaJ-Porosity

1987

for

cdCd3ti0US

Blocks

Imbibition-Dominated

Resewoir

to

enz

con =n~V/Lz

m.

B.L.

tion

subsidizfy

with

Simu-

(Feb.

in Double-Pomsily

Beckner,

floods,z,

21.

Blwks

SPE

No,

a.t)sin

where

Z<LZ,

403-13.

Waswman,

for

KkPPe,

20.

Mami.x

Method

at tie
1987
Feb.
1-1,

Sept.

19.

Ftite-Difference

Kaxmi,

1988)

W. H.,

Transfer

18.

can be written

, PZ?F.

A Practical

PreS.Oted
Antonio,

gy

conditions

11 M-22.

Remvoim,

Smmosium

T.N.z

Efficient

1986)

Gravity

Simulator

17.

tbebmmdmy

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(A+

Fractured

15-18.

in Fcwured

m the

(Jldy

Chen,

16.

An

SePgation

JPT

15.

S(.z,z, t)=
J. R.:

SPERE

the

O<

(1975).

NaNmUy

K. and Narasimhan,

Gihnan,

14.

Here

Shmda..

1988)

14-26.

13,

elsewhsre

leveL

cos

and

where
my

F. T.:

=0

the rectangle.

Resez-

Frmtured

Technical

SPERE

se.-k+,

S(.z,z,t)

77n

D(82~/&2)

Blakwich,

water

S(x,z,t)=-z(l

Reser-

The

Reservoirs,,,

and
inside

21

F.-a@red

of NamrdJy

O<z<ai,

S(X,Z,O) =0

of Naluc-

638-48.

and

Fractured

Pebmleum

9. Saidi,

12..

of the

and

A.M.; Mathemadmf
Simulation Mcdel Descriiinz
?mnian FmcResmvoirz and Its Application
to Haft Kel Field,,y%c.,
Ninth

.%idi.
tucd

11.

velocity

695-707.

R. G.:

6. Litvak, B.L.: SimuJatio

and Ch?.mdmizmion
Reservoirs,
Proc.,
Reservoir
Cbmctmization
29-MrIy 1, 1983).
DaJtas
(A@t
7. Sonier,

hhially

AJME.2S7

JL3L aid Lo, L:L~~ Skdations

voics,

1 at x=O

is the

AIME,

voir Simulation,
SPEJ
(Feb. 19S3) 42-52.
4. Rossen, R.H. and Ctm,
E.: Simulation
of Gas/Oil Dra@ge
and
Wakr/Oil
Jmbibitim
in NmmJIY Fractured Reservoirs. v, SPERK (Nov.
5. Dml

S(x,Z, t)=

in the boundary.
By use of Fourier

J.R. and Kazemi,

Thomas,

3.

, Nmwicd

level

snd

the
Lt.

Along
The

=aS/at,

bound~

saturation

is assumed.
condition

The

for a 3D blcck

are

of

the

given

x=O,

a con-

solution

in

on x=O

of

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(A-1O)
Laplace

is then

sin[(2n

+ l)mz/Lz]zin[(2m

+ l) Ty/~]

MI

q(L,

-x)

;;?
(Zn+

l)(m+

1)(s+6)

Sillh

qLX

?nd

by

. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .

condition

S(XSY,Z, S)=

in a rec.

equation

boundazy

~(x,y,z,s)=l/($+~.
The

condition.

side

diffusiou

other

completely

water

Appen-

distribution

bounday.

an exponential

denote
Lx

samratioh

on one

saturation

in this

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(A-II)
(A-1)

with

q2=an,m+s/D

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .......

..(A-12)

m.

1 +2Z(
.!!rr
v-z.

=4

where

we

cosh

have
1

qLX

Skh

--i--

expansiorx

m
l+2z(-l)te-$&

. . . .

. . . . . . . . . .(A-IS)

in the

theow

to EU. A-14,

block

we get the total

up

u(t)=
Nielsen

Jensen

Seth

foUowing

the inversion

of water

take

the

qLx

ADDIViJiE
. ..-

(2n+l)q2m+l)qs+6)q

used

. . . . (A-161
. . . . ..

---=

f
,: .

W.-t+.

Fv

.
~ -@r

Nlels

Beth

tion

and

has

Laboratory

Technical

and

U. of Denmark.
with

Maersk

interests

are

reservoir

simulation

U.

Washington,
1985-S6

Forum

Series

a mservok
gaged
fion
for

SImu!at[on

eng{ne.er

in the
software.

AIS

engineerfngand
nical

U.

of

AIS

previoudy

worked

and

AIS.

degree

as
He

from

Is currently

U.

on the

Eumpea

engln.m

MS
f rom

degree

Note

dzat

this

By integrating
U,

of water

Eq.

in the

u(s)=J J J

solution

+(2m+

A-1 1 over

1)2/LY2].

the block,

is valid

only

for

th&Tech

/3/7r2(l/Lz2-!-l/L,2

2/Lz2

Za

. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(A-16)

Denmark.

LY.,m=r2[(2n+l)

+d(cr,#-A3)t
.
11

L#

e!
evalu

S1 Metric
and

1
2-

e!L.-e#c

Nledson

a software

In mathematics

_-:(a#-(3)f

e -tLx-~c

a se,

and

an

W6

In ~penhagen,

holds

<

forth

B6rger

1)[

Lxt

th

the

Jensen

simulation

Z(-

xerf[~]+

mai

resewn

committee

19S7-90.

of seismic

Uniras

His

from

and

at Cowiccmsult

a PhO

and

program

ti

Produtik

degree

degree

(2n+l)2(2m+lj2-

degrem

and

MS

chairman

during

development
He

Dancomn

planning
an

;WZEE

Nal

from

Is chief

Sympos[um

C-ammittee

MS

.englneerlng.

the

appllct

RisO

Copenhagen.

a PhO

Section
on

at

mathematics

holds

chemical

in the

holdsan

A/Sin

and

served

yeacz

K. .knsen

He

Copenhagen

Reservoir

He

development

In

He

tO

simulators

numerical

Ole

Denmark

both

director.

19a9

of

last

Oil&Gas

development.

Technical

the

resewolr

Denmark.

engineering

engineer

tlon

for
of

In Roskilde,

electronic

worked

development

Conv&sIon

. . . . . . . . .(A-13)

we get the total

)LJsl.

Factors

Cp

1 .O*

E03

ft

3.048*

E01

fi2

9,2,90

E02

M2

md

9.869233

EM

pmz

psi

6.894757

E+IM

kPa

uptake;

block

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..(A-17)

304*

Pa. s

~didyk
.Converdon

.-

cosh

=$L+ZZ E

(2n+l)2(ti+

qLZ

l)2(s+6)q

kctor

oddnal
SPE mm-cm
Oct 1. 1s90. Revk6U

sinh

WIRE

IS exact.

maw
nmnlSCrl,t

for mlew

,wAvti

-b.

Awl

20,

6. Was. ?W
=cewdf.r
33%
Paw
[SPE 18428

P.br=,t[o.
Rr$l weSat9d

qLx

,.

136

SPE

Resemoir

February

1991

IUi-cl

*I

AWeu

. =-1,

u.

A.

UI=UWQUX

Dieplaccmantin Matrix Blocks in Dual-l%YxMity

Simulators,SPE 16010,Ninth SPE _iua
a
Re.sezwirSimulation,San Antonio,T-s, Feb.
1-4, 1987.
13. ~,
W.H., W~,
M.L. artlFitz21wxis,
R.E. A Thermal Simulator for Naturally
Fraotured Resaxmirs, SPE 16008,Ninth SPE
San
sytTp2eiun (n Reservoir Simula*,
Antonio,Texas, Feb. 1-4, 1987.
14. Beckner, B.L. et.al. : ImbibitionDaninated
14akti - Fracture Fluid Lransfarin Dual
Papar SPE 16981,
IkKosity Simlators,
presentedat tiM 1987 SPE Annual F%-,
Dallas, Sept. 27-30.
I@ree, R.A.: Oil Prcductkn
15. Kle~,
J. @
Water
fraotuzwd
fraa
Re.senmirs
by
Displacement,paper SpE 5084 prs.santedat the
1974 SPE Annual meting, HcustcnTX, Oct. 6-9
16. I%uess, K and Ecdversacn,G.S. A Seven-point
for Iqrovea Grid
Finite D.tf
ferewe *=
Orierltatim Performance, in Pattern Steamfkale, SPE 12252, SPE-AIMESevWItiSymposium
cn R~ir
Sinrulatia,
San Franoieco,FkYv.
16-18, 1983.
17. ~,
N. The EFP Basic Reaexvoir Simulation
-1PrQOsal for Mathematical Fornnilatim
arrl _ical
SoluticnApproach,Research Proc@mof the The Dankh Minktxy of
ETEW9Y, Report ro. 7, Ri@-M-2425, april 1984.
18. Mattax, C.C. ad Kyte, J.R. : Imbibitim Oil
Drivs
I%actured
Wa*
~Reservoirs,
SOC. Pet. Eng. J. (june 1962)
177-84;m.,
AIME, 225.
19. P.M. Blair: calculationof Oil Dieplaoemsnt
Water Imbibition,

Sot.
tymurl temum3nt
Pet.l@g.J. (eept.1964) 195-202,TYans. -,
231

AIw

u .

lVLCUJUIX1

atx=Oand
-

@n = nnV/Lz and En = m@z

The subsidiaryequaticnto (A-1) in Laplacespace

is given by:
623
D
6X2

)Sinznz
P2+Wn2

..............(Awith q2 = En2 + P/D.

APPl~
the inversiontkorem ti A-4, we get ~
solution:
S(x,z,t) =
2
-E(
3rn

.SMEn(Lx-x)

ZiEenz
- Mncos[@nt+ *n])

sinhL &
xn

.-

L; nl

D2an ~

Sin2nz

(a

.1
F

+ D2a J=

13M3

1SinIIX/Lx
exp{-Dzn~t} ............(A-5
,
Here iS .
-Mn= -[(LX-X) (Zn+tin/D)l2]
Mne
SM[Lx(cn+i@n/D)l/2]
(A-

1. L-atS(x,z,t) demte the saturationof water h

arecteu@e witiai@ale@he
L,
L. AIQ the
side x = O, a ~t
rieirgxwa~ level is aeelllm?d.
m
diffusim equaticn EaY3 ~
bcmf@? -em
are given by:
62s
D
6X2

siIilLxq

zl
to

...........(A-

sinhq(Lx-x)

A
Soluticne

P/D
522

2
S(x,z,t) = z v-K
n P

diffueicnpzublm will be
derived in this ~.
TIM first is a 2-D
Soluticnof the water Saturationdiatributicxl
Witi
a cmstant raisingwater level cm me
kwndary.
The other Solution is the integrated WS*
saturaticmfor a 3-D blcck ccxpletelyimersed in
water ariIwith en exponentialtmndary ccmditicn.
IwJ

825
+D

with p as the Laplacevariable.The sslutim t

A-3 with bowxkcy ccnditicnA-2 iS then fourit t
be:

4
~IX

O<z<Lz,

62s
+D

2 + fi212
/Lx2 = ~2(~2/Lz2 + 12/Lx2) ..(A-7
anl = n
The series in A-5 ~ea
large values of

as
S

6Z2

and

...........(A-l)

quite rapitiy fo

at
D( l/Lz2 + l/Lx2)t .

with

f
S(x,z,t) =

atx=Oand

Hewe is geznxallyapplicablefor large values o

thetillasincewtinled unainfor this Solutic
isO
< tCL/V,
weshuldhave L/v>> l, i.e
high blccks ~a
mall value of thez velocity o
m
water fxcxlt.

O<z<Vt,

and S(x,z,t) =Oelaewhare inthebowdazy. Initially S(x,z,o) = O inside the motangle. Hem V
is *
velocityof the water level.

2. NW
iet S(x,y,z,t) ckmte the saturetim o
water ina3-Dblock witheide l~L,
L arK
= O, a unifma axgikm%ly
=5
sdirmxl
is aeaulMd. Ills Cliffus
y~~-~~-m:

US* Fc#rier series the bamdary cxnditicns can

be written as:
21
S(x, z,t) = z - (l-coswnt)sinznz ..(A-2)
fin
---

ma

FKOELLIFGOF GRAVITY-IMBIBITION
AND GRAVITYDRAINAGE NXESSES- ANALYTICAN) NLNERICALSOLUTICNS

i52s

62s

62s

+D

D
C)X2

as

+D
6y2

u(t) =

..(A-tl)

at

622

SPE 1 128

64
LYLZ Z X
n4

t) ;
with S(x,y,z,t) = e@t atx . O; SIXiS(X,Y,23,
Oekewhareon
the boundaq. Initially S =
inside the block. Here p = Ommespmdtna
ccn@ets wettingof the face x = O.

~-pt
(2n+l)2(zm+l)2j~7

[ srf(J7qJ5qnF)+

z (-1)1 {

l%e subsidiaryequat.icn
in Laplacespace is lixm
Lxl
-
- (a_D~ )f) -

lLxJ%mez-fc(

e-

62s

623

Llizs

D
-iD
6X2
&yz

+D

= PD

....(A-9)

622

elLJwfi

srfc(

With boudary ccmditioncmx.

Lxl
f(amD-(3)t)] ]

qD

E(x,y,z,p) =

............(A-1O)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-16)

p+@
The soluticnin Laplacsis ti

fourxlto km:

Note this soluticmis cnly valid for

@
il

S(x,y,z,p) =

............(A-17.

n2(l/Lx2 + l/Ly2)D
16-Zx
n2nm

dn[

( 2xI+1

)nz/Lz]SiII[

( h+l

)ny/Ly]

(2n+l)(2m+l)(pq3)

Sinl-q(Lx-x)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-II)

sinkfLx
with

=a nm+PD
C12
t

and
a

n,m =

....................(A-12)
-----

112
( (2n+l)2/Lz2 + (Zm+l)2/Ly2
) ..(A-13)

Integrating(A-n ) cnzx W
block we get the total
uptake U of wateq in the block.

U(p
-.
64
coekqLx -1
=LYLZEE
lf4
n m (2n+l)2(2n+l)2(pq3)qsinlqLx

. .
64
= ~ L--L_Z I
n9 Znm

1 + 2 z (.-l)
le-lqLx
(2n+l)2(2Jll+l)
(pt(3)q

..............................+.....(A-14
Wbre w

have used *

followirgexpsnsicn:

coslqLx -1
sintqLx

. 1 + 2 ; (-l)lelqLx .(A-15
1

APPlyiq
*
hverskn
Ikmy b A-14, we get the
tots uptake of water in the block:

I
282

Itm

km

.Wx)

.7.5m
.6579
.6477
.5991
.5505
.3)42
.45s2
.4096
.3609
.314s

.Ocm
.Wm

.3174
.3347
.3521
.3695
.3s6s
.4042
.4216
.43s9
.4s63
.4737

.4911
.!D34
.52sa
.5432

.56G5

:Z
.6126
.6alo

:E
.1664
.1181
.0764
.0432
.01s3
.0U78
:%

.0007
.0010
.W14
.C017
.0022
.Ca29
.Im6

.m4s

.fms
:=
.0154
.0237

.Cu46
.0473
.0612
.0797
.lCOO

Pm

D1 (mz /s)

(Psi)

Ax

.axxmim

3.lm
2.544
2..U7
I.&x
1.6s9
1.411
1.255
1.lCS
1.002
.9097
.s263
.7429
.6697
.60i2
.5446
.4903
.4419
.3933
.aK!

-.8622s-07
-. I.299E-06
-.139c%05
-.137sF+06
-.14643-06
-.16553-06
-.1s27s-06
-.17ss3-06
-.2109E-c6
-.2SB3S-W
-.3530E-C6
-.4006EM6
-.4S56E-05
-.69S4S436
-.89693+26
-.1162345
-. 14772-0s
-. 1s7ss+5
-.~9E-05

.Xx0

AY=O.01
Az=O.1

.2X)3
.2mo
.3000
.3500
.4000
.45aJ
.5caJ

1.

-DstafIwl
dfffusial

Iaqpscd
r4Yrsesmgsdmt
Ccefficisnt.

Wdcaqmted

22

l.mm
.8603
.723)
:%%
.3s20
.3CM0

:H%
.0600
.1100
.lKO
.2300

:%
.7500

2222

.Oom
.W5fJ
.0100
.02cQ

.0a20

Tsbls

1
1

:E
.mm

.OfxK1

. lam

.0150

:%%
.4am
.Wlo
.5500

.05m
.1030
.1900
.3100
.4XKI

l.omo

.imo

:%
.1100
.02a
.Oooo

1 O.Ol(ft)
10.1
(fc)

l.omo
.5000
awl
. 15W
-:%
-1.2W
-4.000
-10.I%J
-40.W

0.3933
0.44s5
0.49s2
0.6031
0.7604

--

::*

. lam
. 197cm
i%%l

Sw

km

.C620
.0927
.1234
. lW
. 1s47
.21s4
.2461
.276s
.W7!i
.33s2
.368s
.3995
.4302
.4603
.4916
.5223
.5s29
.5S36
.6143
.6450

l.m
.S?!36
.s673
.s009
.7345
.66s1
.Wm
.53s4
.4690
.4027
.3363
.2699
.2CU6

.I.372
.Ce62
:%
.0119
.0036
.Owo

km
.Oooo
.a329
.0059
.m3s
.0118
.0147
.0177
.0x6
.LYu6
.0265
.0295
.0324
.a354
:%
.0526
:%%
.0350
.0860

Pm

(Psi)

D2

14.1.7

(m*/s)

.-+00

62S2E-07
-.29MHV
-. 1S34E-07
-. 2091.E-07
-. 1745E-07
-. 101S?H7
-. 1CCY7E-07
-. 1076s-07
-. 1065E-O7
- .8167E+3
-. 5914!449
-. 5313E-os
-.42723-0s
-.312sE-m
-.22s63-03
-.1327E-c8
-.5324E-09
-. 7810s-09
.rxx)os+co

-.

2:$
31.27
26.51
21.76
19.91
18.40
16.S9
15.3s
14.00
13.17
12.33
11.49
10.66
9.s20
8.984
8.147
7.311
.2125

S1
t..cOil

me

--

L=
1

Wster

Fig. l~x

d
----

LX1

block ~liy
wb~
nlus&Xuon d boundmly Wn41uwl

in wsWr.
Impend.

sq-~ziwls
P-(s:) * o.z=

sp

Lz

Fig. 5-lnfegmtlon

of matrix

block gaa aatumtion.

Flg.2
Fig. 2-M8hfx

block aurmuncbd

by fmotu-11/water

system.

:!lz
% 4E!L-.W

AZ

OfgcGa9/oil

2E-

txn

%inw

Fig. S-Intwgmflon

of mafrkx block watar

Mnax

aafurafh.

--jr L

Fig. 6-DMaion

----------

Sg. o

----

into groups.

and

Morse

ax

cm

., mrwu!
gfa
.-l
#l

----z *

----

blozka

Comparison with Kleppe

LoH Velocity
Zm

L=

S- l-SW-S
s ------ ---

of grid call matrix

, ,,lllt,

F@

740ttrpwtfaon
bofwnn
rwaulfaomthw
bw.mb

xp9rfntwrta4
KWtowmd

analytk, wnd num

MOma OaDWfmWrf.

Ccm&lct

Comparison with Kleppe and Morse

tligh

Gas/Oil gravity

Fine

Velocity

Grid

- slng]~

Drainage

BlO~k ma]

Slmulatlon

.o~
Years

Fig. S-Compwieon
between experimental,
analytic, and numavicel
rqiltx
on the high-rete Kleppe end Morse expdment.

Fig. 10-Campxrfaon
betweem single-block dual-simulation
end flnegttdaimuletion.
DaMfm
SPE-lOmm~filw
~lution
pm@t,
with no oeplllmy pmexum in fracture.

Water Imbibition
m

54

.
.
.
, ~ 4

...- . , ,...,.
-,o,ti,.d

Gas/Oil gravity
Fine

Simulation

61

...

*.O.7

:,4-

(2

--...,**,,.-

>.3~

,rb.o

,ru

5.22

zu-

Drainage
Dual

&

Grid - Single Block

,1-

to

I
o- 1

10

I
100

tom

.0 r
01

56

>

Yea&

mow

Min

Fig.
9-Co2np8rixonbetween
endd.14yetdlmbiMtion

Wxwetoryimbibitbn
modol.

de@mdepente22m24

Fig.11-Compszleon
botwooneingle-block
dud-aimuletionend
flnx.
grid xImulaUon. Detx hum SPE-10 compsretlve
solution
pm-.

w~

apill~w

pmesofe

in fmcturo

equai to

0.1pd.

C
*
N
O