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INFORMATION IN THE TABLE BELOW AND IN THE TABLES ON PAGES 4-6 MAY BE USEFUL IN ANSWERING
THE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION OF THE EXAMINATION.
-2-
E (V)
2F
Co
2
Au(s)
2 Cl
2 H 2 O(l )
2 Br
2 Hg2+ 2e
Hg2 2+
Hg2+ 2 e
Hg(l )
Ag(s)
2 Hg(l )
Fe 2+
I 2 (s ) 2 e
2 I
Cu+ e
Cu(s)
Cu(s)
Cu+
Sn 4+ 2e
Sn2+
S(s) 2 H + 2 e
F2 ( g ) 2 e
Co
3+
Au
e
3+
3e
Cl2 (g) 2 e
O2 (g) 4H + 4 e
Br2 (l ) 2 e
Ag e
Hg2
Fe
2+
3+
2e
e
Cu
2+
2e
Cu
2+
e
H 2S(g)
H2 ( g)
Pb
2+
2e
Pb(s)
Sn
2+
2e
Sn(s)
Ni(s)
2e
Co(s)
2e
Cd(s)
Cr 2+
Fe 2+ 2 e
Fe(s)
Cr(s)
Zn(s)
H 2 ( g) + 2 OH
Mn(s)
Al(s)
Be(s)
Mg(s)
2 H 2e
Ni
2+
2e
Co
2+
Cd
2+
Cr
Cr
3+
e
3+
Zn
3e
2+
2e
2 H 2 O(l ) 2 e
Mn2+ 2e
Al
3+
Be
3e
2+
Mg
2e
2+
Na e
Sr
2+
2+
Ba
Na(s)
Ca(s)
Sr(s)
Ba(s)
Rb(s)
2e
2e
2e
Rb e
2+
2e
Ca
K(s)
Cs(s)
Li(s)
K e
Cs e
Li e
-3-
2.87
1.82
1.50
1.36
1.23
1.07
0.92
0.85
0.80
0.79
0.77
0.53
0.52
0.34
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.00
0.13
0.14
0.25
0.28
0.40
0.41
0.44
0.74
0.76
0.83
1.18
1.66
1.70
2.37
2.71
2.87
2.89
2.90
2.92
2.92
2.92
3.05
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
hv
c lv
h
l=
p mu
mu
2.178 10 18
joule
En
n2
E
EQUILIBRIUM
[H ][A ]
Ka
[HA]
[OH ][HB ]
Kb
[B]
K w [OH ][H ] 1.0 10 14 @ 25DC
K a Kb
pH
14
log [H ], pOH
pH pOH
pH
pK a log
pOH
pK b log
pK a
Kp
where D n
Kc ( RT )
DG D
DG D
DH D T D S D
RT ln K 2.303 RT log K
n E D
ln k
Boltzmanns constant, k
1.38 10 23 J K 1
Avogadros number
K c (molar concentrations)
ln >A @ t ln > A @0
1
1
>A@ t >A@0
6.63 10 34 J s
K a (weak acid)
K b (weak base)
K w (water)
K p (gas pressure)
DH D
Cp
Plancks constant, h
Equilibrium Constants
[A ]
[HA]
DG D RT ln Q
mcDT
DH
DT
log[OH ]
SD products SD reactants
DHfD products DH fD reactants
DG
q
velocity
principal quantum number
mass
Speed of light, c
THERMOCHEMISTRY/KINETICS
DS D
u
n
m
Electron charge, e
[HB ]
[B]
log K a , pKb log Kb
Dn
energy
frequency
wavelength
momentum
DG D 2.303 RT log Q
SD
standard entropy
HD
standard enthalpy
GD
ED
T
n
m
q
c
Cp
Ea
k
A
activation energy
rate constant
frequency factor
Faraday's constant,
kt
Gas constant, R
kt
Ea 1
ln A
R T
-4-
nRT
n2 a
P 2 (V nb)
V
nRT
Ptotal X A , where X A
PA
n
K
PV
1 1
T1
urms
KE per molecule
KE per mole
r1
r2
molarity, M
molality
DT f
DTb
p
A
moles A
total moles
PA PB PC ...
m
M
Ptotal
P
V
T
n
D
m
u
DC
273
P2V2
T2
m
V
3kT
3RT
M
m
1 2
mu
2
3
RT
2
M2
M1
moles solute per liter solution
moles solute per kilogram solvent
iK f molality
urms
KE
r
M
p
i
Kf
iK b molality
iMRT
abc
OXIDATION-REDUCTION; ELECTROCHEMISTRY
pressure
volume
temperature
number of moles
density
mass
velocity
root-mean-square speed
kinetic energy
rate of effusion
molar mass
osmotic pressure
van't Hoff factor
molal freezing-point depression constant
Kb
A
a
b
c
Q
I
q
t
ED
K
Gas constant, R
8.31 J mol 1 K 1
0.0821 L atm mol 1 K 1
[C] c [D] d
a
[A] [B]
I
Ecell
log K
, where a A b B c C d D
Boltzmann's constant, k
q
t
ED
cell
RT
ln Q
n
ED
cell
0.0592
log Q @ 25DC
n
nE D
0.0592
K f for H2 O
1.86 K kg mol 1
K b for H2 O
1 atm
0.512 K kg mol 1
760 mm Hg
760 torr
STP
Faraday's constant,
-5-
1.38 10 23 J K 1
CLEARLY SHOW THE METHOD USED AND THE STEPS INVOLVED IN ARRIVING AT YOUR ANSWERS.
It is to your advantage to do this, since you may obtain partial credit if you do and you will receive little or no credit if
you do not. Attention should be paid to significant figures.
Be sure to write all your answers to the questions on the lined pages following each question in the booklet with the
pink cover. Do NOT write your answers on the green insert.
Answer Questions 1, 2, and 3. The Section II score weighting for each question is 20 percent.
H O+(aq) + F (aq)
HF(aq) + H2O(l )
3
Ka = 7.2 u 10 4
DH 298
= 264 kJ mol1; D S 298
= 278 J K1 mol1
2. The following questions relate to the synthesis reaction represented by the chemical equation in the box above.
(a) Calculate the value of the standard free energy change, DG 298
, for the reaction.
(b) Determine the temperature at which the equilibrium constant, Keq , for the reaction is equal to 1.00 .
(Assume that 'Hq and 'Sq are independent of temperature.)
(c) Calculate the standard enthalpy change, 'Hq, that occurs when a 0.256 mol sample of NF3(g) is formed
from N2(g) and F2(g) at 1.00 atm and 298 K.
The enthalpy change in a chemical reaction is the difference between energy absorbed in breaking bonds in the
reactants and energy released by bond formation in the products.
(d) How many bonds are formed when two molecules of NF3 are produced according to the equation in the
box above?
(e) Use both the information in the box above and the table of average bond enthalpies below to calculate the
average enthalpy of the F F bond.
Bond
N{N
946
NF
272
F F
3. An external direct-current power supply is connected to two platinum electrodes immersed in a beaker
containing 1.0 M CuSO4(aq) at 25qC, as shown in the diagram above. As the cell operates, copper metal is
deposited onto one electrode and O2(g) is produced at the other electrode. The two reduction half-reactions for
the overall reaction that occurs in the cell are shown in the table below.
Half-Reaction
Eq(V)
+1.23
Cu2+(aq) + 2 e o Cu(s)
+0.34
(a) On the diagram, indicate the direction of electron flow in the wire.
(b) Write a balanced net ionic equation for the electrolysis reaction that occurs in the cell.
(c) Predict the algebraic sign of 'Gq for the reaction. Justify your prediction.
(d) Calculate the value of 'Gq for the reaction.
An electric current of 1.50 amps passes through the cell for 40.0 minutes.
(e) Calculate the mass, in grams, of the Cu(s) that is deposited on the electrode.
(f) Calculate the dry volume, in liters measured at 25qC and 1.16 atm, of the O2(g) that is produced.
STOP
If you finish before time is called, you may check your work on this part only.
Do not turn to the other part of the test until you are told to do so.
-8-
(ii) If 1.0 L volumes of 1.0 M solutions of sodium hydroxide and lead(II) nitrate are mixed together, how
many moles of product(s) will be produced? Assume the reaction goes to completion.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
(ii) Briefly explain why statues made of marble (calcium carbonate) displayed outdoors in urban areas are
deteriorating.
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
(c) A solution containing silver(I) ion (an oxidizing agent) is mixed with a solution containing iron(II) ion
(a reducing agent).
(i) Balanced equation:
(ii) If the contents of the reaction mixture described above are filtered, what substance(s), if any, would
remain on the filter paper?
______________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
(b) On the basis of the Lewis electron-dot diagram that you drew in part (a), predict the molecular geometry of
the IF3 molecule.
(c) In the SO2 molecule, both of the bonds between sulfur and oxygen have the same length. Explain this
observation, supporting your explanation by drawing in the box below a Lewis electron-dot diagram (or
diagrams) for the SO2 molecule.
(d) On the basis of your Lewis electron-dot diagram(s) in part (c), identify the hybridization of the sulfur atom
in the SO2 molecule.
The reaction between SO2(g) and O2(g) to form SO3(g) is represented below.
o 2 SO (g)
2 SO2(g) + O2(g) m
3
The reaction is exothermic. The reaction is slow at 25qC; however, a catalyst will cause the reaction to proceed
faster.
(e) Using the axes provided on the next page, draw the complete potential-energy diagram for both the
catalyzed and uncatalyzed reactions. Clearly label the curve that represents the catalyzed reaction.
pSO2
pSO3
STOP
END OF EXAM
-13-