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INTRODUCTION
The efficient operation of generator means the knowledge and flexibility of the
various performance parameters of the generator and their limits during its operation
under stable operating conditions as well as under fault condition.
This manual covers the various performance parameters and their limits while
the generator is in service; it also covers effects of load variation & the change in
generator parameters without exceeding their limits for stable operation.
This manual will prove very useful for the Power Sector Personnel.
2.
COMPONENTS OF TURBO-GENERATOR
2.1 GENERAL
The 210 MW turbo-generator incorporates the modern features of direct
cooling with D.M. Water and Hydrogen gas and fast acting excitation system.
Further technical specifications of 210 MW turbo-generator type THW-210-2
are as follows:
MAIN PARAMETERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
210, 000 KW
247, 000 KVA
15, 750 A
9050 A
0.85 lag
2, 600 A
310 V
3, 000 RPM
50 Hz
98.4%
3.5 kg/cm2
0.49
I2t 58
Anti clock wise
15.
16.
end.
Phase connection
No. of terminals brought out
single piece
3960 mm
6580 mm
9770 mm
1075 mm
for 175000 kg.
6.
7.
TEMPERATURE RATINGS
1.
2.
3.
4.
B
105 C
105 C
110 C
3.5 kg/cm2
0.2 kg/cm2
44 C
97%
1.2%
300 M3
336 M3
15
mg/m3
of
Hydrogen gas.
TECHNICAL PARTICULARS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
75 MVAR
4
1370/3400 RPM
21.1 Ton M2
8
49,000 V
49,000 V
0.69 Micro-farad
160 Litre/Min.
0.3 to 0.5 kg/cm2
2.2
STATOR
The stator body is totally enclosed gas tight fabricated structure. H 2 gas
coolers are housed longitudinally inside the stator body. Stator core is made up
of segmental varnish insulated punchings of C.R.G.O. silicon steel assembled
in an inter-leaved manner on core bars. The core consists of several packets
separated by steel spacers for radial cooling of core by H 2 gas and is held in
pressed condition by means of heavy non-magnetic steel press rings bolted to
the ends of core bars. The core bars are designed to provide elastic suspension
of core in stator body to isolate the magnetic vibrations of stator core from
foundation of generator.
Stator has a 3 phase double layer short-chorded type windings having two
parallel paths. Each coil side consists of glass insulated solid and hollow
conductors with demineralised water passing through hollow conductors. The
elementary conductors are roebel transposed in the slot portion of winding to
minimize eddy current losses. The over hang portion of the coils is securely
lashed with glass chord to bandage rings and special brackets of non-magnetic
steel which are pressed / fixed to core press rings.
Ring type distillate headers of copper supported on insulators are provided
separately for distillate inlet and outlet in stator on turbine side. The winding
ends are solidly soldered into the coil lugs. Individual bars are provided with
water inlet / outlet connections made of Telfon hoses. The water-cooled terminal
bushings are housed inside non-magnetic steel chamber in the lower part of the
stator on the slip ring side. The three phase terminals are brought out and six
neutral terminals also to facilitate external connections.
2.3
ROTOR
The cylinderical type rotor is forged in one piece (shaft and body) from
chromium, nickel, molybdenum vanadium steel. The rotor (field) winding is
made from hard drawn silver bearing copper and is held in position against
10
H2 GAS COOLERS
Four number gas cooler are mounted longitudinally inside the generator stator
body. The gas cooler consists of longitudinally placed cooling tubes made out of
admiralty brass with coiled copper wire wound outside for increasing the cooling
surface area. The cooling water flows through tube while the hydrogen comes
into contact with external surface of cooling tubes. Vent pipes are provided on
the slip ring side to remove air from gas coolers while filling them with water.
11
3.
OPERATION OF GENERATOR
RUNNING UP
Only after ensuring the completeness and availability of all the above, the
ii.
iii.
iv.
3.3
SYNCHRONIZATION
Before synchronization of generator to the desired bus the following
activities are required to be carried out:
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
vii)
viii)
13
RAISING LOAD
14
M/c Starting
Cold State
10 15 MW
Soaking time
b) Load
20 Min.
20-80 MW
Soaking time
c) Load
from
10 Min.
5 20-80 MW @ 15
MW/10 Min.
MW/10 Min
20 Min.
20 Min.
80 MW-150 MW @ 5 80-150 MW @ 5
Soaking time
d) Load
MW/10 Min.
MW/5 Min
30 Min.
20 Min.
MW/10 Min.
5 MW/5 Min
390 Min.
220 Min.
(6 Hrs. 30 Min.)
(3 Hrs. 40 Min.)
v)
15
vi)
vii) The load as per the guidelines mentioned above is increased and
generator winding / core temp, Generator T/F winding temperature
and vibrations are checked. If Generator winding / core temp. can not
be controlled by increasing the cooling water flow to gas coolers, and
distillate to stator water coolers, the load is to be reduced.
viii) Generator T/F winding temperature is required to be kept under
permissible limits by running cooler fans and pumps.
3.5
Temperature
Hourly checking of temperature of following are required to be done and
any abnormal rise in temperature be reported to the concerned
personnel without delay. Remedial measures need to be taken.
a.
Stator winding
b.
Stator core
c.
Rotor winding
d.
e.
h.
Inlet and outlet temperature of generator bearings and shaft seals oil.
Pressure
a.
b.
Differential pressure of seal oil and H2 gas and pressure of oil after
D.P.R.
c.
d.
e.
iv)
Flows
a.
b.
c.
Vibrations
Vibrations at generator front and rear bearings and exciter end bearing
17
ii)
iii)
The gas sample to find out whether H 2 gas is leaking into water
circuit is required to be checked. Sample to be taken from gas trap.
iv)
v)
b.
c.
Dust
or
oil
accumulation,
corrective
action
whenever
vii)
viii)
ix)
x)
xi)
xii)
Test running of the standby A.C. seal oil pump and emergency
D.C. seal oil pump & checking the interlocks between the two is
required to be ensured.
18
ii)
Inter locking between working and stand by stator water pump for
automatic take over is required to be checked.
iii)
iv)
v)
vi)
x)
The gas sample taken from hydraulic seal for O 2 gas content is
required to be checked.
xi)
ii)
iii)
iv)
v)
19
ii)
iii)
The slip rings and brush gear conditions for any abnormality
needs to be checked.
ii)
iii)
4.
4.1
CAPABILITY OF GENERATOR
This generator is capable of delivering 247 MVA continuously at 15.75 KV
voltage changes within 5% of rated value i.e. 14.98 KV to 16.54 KV. The
stator current should accordingly be changed within limits of 5% of rated
value i.e. 8600 ampere to 9500 ampere.
20
21
Terminal
Voltage in
17.32 17.17 17.01 16.85 16.7
KV
Output in
MVA
217
Stator
current in
7.24
KA
4.3
224.7 231
237
242
247
247
232.2 220
7.56
8.14
8.37
8.6
9.05
9.05
7.92
9.05
FREQUENCY VARIATION
Generator can be operated at rated output with a frequency variation of
5% over the rated value i.e. 47.5 H2 to 52.5 H2. However, the performance
of generator with frequency variation is limited by the turbine capability.
4.4
TEMPERATURE OF COOLANTS
If temperature of cooled H2 gas or inlet water to gas coolers increases
beyond the rated value, the unloading of generator has to be carried out as
per given curve M. The operation of generator with cold gas temperature
more than 55 C is not permitted. Operation of generator with cold gas
temperature below 20 C is not recommended.
Similarly if cold distillate temperature at inlet of stator winding increases
beyond the rated value, unloading of generator has to be carried out as per
given curve S. The operation of generator with cold distillate temperature
more than 48C is not permitted. Operation of generator with cold distillate
temperature below 35C is not permitted.
22
23
24
4.5
OVERLOADING
Under abnormal conditions the generator can be overloaded for short
duration. Permissible values of short time over loads in terms of stator and
rotor currents and corresponding duration at rated voltage, rated power factor
and rated parameters of H2 gas and distillate are given in table I and II
respectively.
Table-I
Stator
current in
KA
Time in
minutes
13.57
12.67
12.22
11.76
11.31
10.86
10.41
9.96
15
60
Table-II
Rotor current in KA
Time in seconds
4.6
5.2
20
3.9
60
3.12
240
2.75
3600
25
4.7
ASYNCHRONOUS OPERATION
Asynchronous operation of the generator on field failure is allowed
depending upon the permissible degree of the voltage dip and acceptability of
system from stability point of view. During the failure of field the field
suppression shall be cut off from the circuit and active load of generator shall
be decreased to 60% of the rated value within 30 seconds and to 40% in the
following 1.5 minutes. The generator can operate at 40% rated load
asynchronously for a total period of 15 minutes from the instant of excitation
failure. Within this period steps should be taken to establish the reasons of
field failure and bring back to normal or set has to be switched over to reserve
excitation if available or shut down.
4.8
MOTORING ACTION
Motoring of turbo-generator is permissible within the limitations of
turbine.
4.9
side the stator body lower than the rated value of 3.5 kg/cm 2 is not permitted.
However, during emergency the generator can be operated at reduced H 2
pressure with reduced load continuously and for a short duration as given in
table AG.
Table: AG
H2 pressure kg/cm2 (g)
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
Within this time action should be taken to restore the H 2 gas pressure
to the normal value.
Operation of generator in air medium is not permitted.
4.10
26
The generator can deliver 175 MVA continuously when one gas cooler is out of
service. The operation of generator with more than one cooler out of service is not
permitted.
4.11
view of stability and establishing axial core flux in core and packets leading to eddy
current in end packets and consequent heating. Figure-2 may be referred.
4.12
generator increases due to the fact that generator in addition to load current supplied
de-magnetizing component of current also. Consequently stator winding temperature
and rotor winding temperature of generator increases. Figure-1 may be referred.
4.12
S. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Description of abnormal
conditions
Generator bearing seal
babbit temperature high
(t 75 C)
Generator bearing outlet
temperature high (t 60 C)
Pressure
of
liquid
in
generator casing.
Distillate flow to stator - Machine is required to be loaded to
winding low (18m3 / hr)
175 MVA
Systems check up and taking measures
to increase flow is required.
Distillate specific resistivity Blowing down distillate and adding fresh
low (75 K Ohm cm)
distillate to bring up resistance is
required.
Distillate outlet temperature
Distillate flow and load on m/c
high (t 85 C)
need to be checked.
Load on m/c is required to be
checked.
Stator winding temperature
high (t 75 C)
27
8.
9.
Stator core
high (95 C)
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
temperature
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
7.
GENERATOR STABILITY
For better understanding of generator stability, the following is required
ACTIVE POWER
With present day system of unit connected generator and generator
transformer, the equivalent circuit will have generator transformer reactance
Xt (resistance neglected) added in series. This equivalent circuit shall be
represented as shown in Fig. 1 B.
41
Here
E
Vt
Xd
Xt
Fig. 1 C
Power equation can be derived as follows keeping in mind the phasor
diagram shown in Fg.1 C.
Now referring OVE for active power
Sin
----------- =
I . Xd + I . Xt
Sin (90 + )
----------------------------E
(1)
Sin
Sin (90 + )
----------- . VI = VI . ----------------------------IX
E
E.V. Sin
Or ---------------------- = VI Cos Since Sin (90 + ) = Cos
X
E.V. Sin
Or ---------------------- = VI Cos = P
X
is also known as power angle, rotor angle, and load angle etc. where
P is active Power generated by generator.
REACTIVE POWER
For calculation of reactive power figure 1 C can be modified as shown
in Fig. 1 D.
Fig. 1 D
Referring to CAD
CD
CD
Sin = --------------- = ------------AC
IX
43
OR
E.V.
V2
VI Sin =( ----------- Cos ) - (-----------) = Q
X
X
b)
c)
Transient stability
a)
Stable
Unstable Zone
Zone
Pm
POWER DELIVERED
0
90
ROTOR ANGLE
44
45
46
47
b)
Transient Stability
When a generating unit is operating on load in the steady state there is
exact balance between the driving torque exerted on the generator shaft by
the turbine and the resisting torque arising from the load on the generator.
Now, the power equation
3EE2
P = ------------------ Sin Watts
ZS
can be rewritten in the more general form,
3EE2
P = ------------------ Sin Watts
ZT
Where ZT = ( ZS + ZL ), sum of the generator and the load impedances.
ZT is commonly referred to as the total transfer impedance of the generatorload system. Transient conditions will arise if there is a sudden change in any
of the quantities of this general power equation, i.e. there will be transient
disturbance if there is a sudden change in generating driving torque,
excitation or loading.
Let a steam turbo-generator operating in parallel with other generators
be subjected to a sudden load change. The change may be either load
reduction caused by increasing Z L or load increase if ZL is reduced. Since the
steam governor cannot respond instantly to the load change there will exist a
power differential between the generator input and output, and this power
differential will either accelerate or decelerate the rotor from its initial steadystate position towards the new power angle required by the changed loading.
48
By virtue of its inertia, however, the rotor will overshoot the stable position and
oscillation about this position will occur. So long as the rotor overshoot in the
forward swing is not great enough to cause synchronism to be broken,
stability will eventually be regained by the action of the steam turbine
governor in adjusting the driving power and by the damping forces acting on
the rotor.
Equal Area Stability Criterion
When the power angle diagram of a generator working on infinite busbars is known, the conditions under which transient instability would occur can
be checked by the method known as the equal area stability criterion.
For an initial value of ZT1 in the power equation,
3EE2
P = ------------------ Sin ,
ZT
the generator would operate at P1 o the power curve A shown in Figure
(
tripping of one of the lines connecting the unit to the mains system, the
generator will begin to operate on a new power curve B whose maximum
value is set by the value of Z T2, the new transfer impedance. There can,
however, be no sudden change of generator flux or driving power and the
voltages E, E2 will remain constant with the initial load angle of 1 as shown.
Directly the load transfer impedance is changed the generator output
drops from P1 on curve A to P0 on curve B. The surplus power, P 1 P0 = P1 will
be the accelerating power acting on the rotor which will speed up and swing
forward from the initial load angle 1.
49
50
Let
2 WJ
= ----------------- .
w
Therefore P1 = angular momentum x acceleration,
d 2
= M --------dt2
(a)
number of poles
N
w = 360 x ---------------------------- x ----------- elect / sec.
2
60
Now,
WJ
H = inertial constant = ------------MVA
2H (MVA)
Therefore M = ------------3pN
(b)
2H(MVA) d2
P1 = M -------------- x ----3pN
dt2
d2
Therefore dt
But
3pN x P1
= --------------- elect / sec2
2H(MVA)
pN = 120f
51
d2
Therefore dt2
3x120fx P1
= --------------- elect / sec2
2H(MVA)
(c)
180 x f x P1
= --------------- elect / sec2
H
(56)
And = at2
(56a)
) and in giving up this energy the rotor will slow down until at the
52
in the input power. In the conditions illustrated by the diagram, stability would
be assured because beyond E, the limit of the required braking power area,
there is a further area of braking available. This means that the generator
could withstand a load change greater than the one shown without the
machine becoming unstable. But for any change greater than the one shown
without the machine becoming unstable. But for any increase in the
accelerating power P1 with the initial load angle remaining unchanged, there
would be a reduction in 1
max.
every new condition to ensure that the area of accelerating power can be
balanced by an area of braking power. If 1
max
output would become less than the input and the power differential would be
again positive. The rotor would, therefore, be subjected to further acceleration
and instability would result.
In an actual system more than one term in the power angle equation
will usually be varying and the approach to simple analysis would be to
consider one variable at a time, holding all the other terms constant. In the
above, the transfer impedance ZT was taken as the independent variable.
In this simplified introduction to the complex problem of transient
stability some important points may be noted.
a.
b.
c.
53
d.
54
REFERENCES
55
STATOR
CURRENT
Unit P. F.
Lead P.F.
Lag P. F.
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
FIELD CURRENT
56