Copyright2012byBentleySystems,Inc.Version7.

0Revision1

1.0INTRODUCTION
1.1OVERVIEW
PSI,PileStructureInteraction,analyzesthebehaviorofapilesupportedstructuresubjecttooneormorestaticloadconditions.Finitedeflectionofthepiles("Pdelta"effect)and
nonlinearsoilbehaviorbothalongandtransversetothepileaxisareaccountedfor.Theprogramusesafinitedifferencesolutiontosolvethepilemodelwhichisrepresentedbya
beamcolumnonanonlinearelasticfoundation.Thestructurerestingonthepilesisrepresentedasalinearelasticmodel.
PSIfirstobtainsthepileaxialsolution,thenusestheresultinginternalaxialforcestoobtainthelateralsolutionofthepiles.Ingeneral,soilsexhibitnonlinearbehaviorforbothaxial
andtransverseloads,thereforeaniterativeprocedureisusedtofindthepileinfluenceonthedeflectionofthestructure.

1.2PROGRAMFEATURES
PSIisdesignedtousepileandsoildata,specifiedinaninputfile,inconjunctionwithlinearstructuraldataproducedbytheSACSIVprogram.AmongthefeaturesofPSIarethe
following:
1. TubularandHpilecrosssectionssupported.
2. Pilemayhavevaryingpropertiesalongitslength.
3. Soilaxialbehaviormayberepresentedbyadhesiondata,nonlinearTZdata,orasalinearspring.
4. Endbearingeffectsmaybeaccountedfor.
5. SoillateralbehaviorrepresentedbynonlinearPYcurves.
6. BasicsoilpropertiesmaybeusedtogeneratethesoilaxialpropertiesintheformofTZcurvesoradhesiondata,endbearingTZdataand/orlateral
soilpropertiesintheformofPYcurves,basedonAPIRP2Arecommendations.
7. Soilstratificationmaybemodeled.
8. Mudslideconditionsimulationcapabilities.
9. Completesoilpropertyplotcapabilities,includingPY,TZandadhesiondata.
10. Analysisresultsplotcapabilities,includingdeflections,rotations,loads,reactions(soilandpile),andunitycheckratiosplottedalongthepilelength.
11. Createsuptotwoequivalentlinearizedfoundationsuperelementstobeusedbydynamicanalysesinlieuofpilestubs.
12. ImplementationofAPIRP2A20Editionsoiladhesion,TZandPYdatagenerationbasedonbasicsoilproperties.
13. Createsfoundationsolutionfilecontainingpilestressestobeusedforfatigueanalysis.
14. Allowstheusertodesignateloadcasestobeusedforpilecapacityandcodecheckcalculations.
ThePileandPile3Dprograms,whicharesubprogramsofPSI,maybeexecutedalonetocalculatethebehaviorofasinglepile.Inadditiontothefeaturesoutlinedabove,thePile
programhasthefollowingfeatures:
1. Determinesanequivalentpilestubthatyieldsthesamedeflectionsandrotationsasthesoil/pilesystem.
2. AllowstheapplicationofforcesandmomentsobtainedfromSACSanalysestocreateapostfiletobeusedforasubsequentfatigueanalysis.

2.0CREATINGPSIINPUT
Thenonlinearfoundationmodel,includingthepileandthesoilproperties,isspecifiedseparatefromthemodelinformationinaPSIinputfile.
TheinterfacejointsbetweenthelinearstructureandthenonlinearfoundationmustbedesignatedintheSACSmodelbyspecifyingthesupportconditionPILEHDontheappropriate
JOINTinputline.TheanalysisoptionPImustbespecifiedeitheronthemodelOPTIONSlineordesignatedintheExecutive.

2.1DEFININGANALYSISOPTIONS
Pile/SoilinteractionoptionsareinputonthePSIOPTline.
2.1.1GeneralOptions
Generaloptionssuchastheupwardverticalaxisandtheunitsarespecifiedincolumns89and1012,respectively.CEmaybespecifiedincolumns1718tohavetheprogram
continuetheanalysisregardlessoferrorsencounteredintheiterationprocedure.
2.1.2AnalysisOptions
Thefinalpilestressanalysisoptionisdesignatedincolumns2324.Thepile/structurecoupledinteractionanalysismaybeskippedbyspecifyingSKincolumns1920.Likewise,
thesolutionfinetuningproceduremaybeskippedbyenteringNAincolumns2122.

2.1.3ConvergenceandToleranceCriteria
Thedisplacement,rotationandforceconvergencetolerancesaredesignatedincolumns2532,3340and6772,respectively.Themaximumnumberofiterationsforapilehead,if

otherthan20,maybespecifiedincolumns4143.Solutioniterationcontinuesuntileachdegreeoffreedomatthepileheadhasconvergedtowithinthespecifiedtolerancesoruntil
themaximumnumberofiterationshasbeenexceeded.Enter'N'incolumn15ifequilibriumrelaxationisnottobeused.Equilibriumrelaxationimprovesthechancesofconvergence.
2.1.4PileOptions
Thepileunitweightmaybedesignatedincolumns7380iftheeffectofthepileweightistobeincludedintheanalysis.Thenumberofincrementsthatthepileistodividedintomay
beoverriddenincolumns6264.
2.1.5OutputOptions
Thepilestiffnesstables,reducedstiffnessmatrixofthelinearstructureandthereducedforcevectormaybeprintedbyspecifyingPTincolumns4445,4647or4849,
respectively.Intermediateiterationresultsandinputdatamaybeprintedbyspecifying
PTincolumns5051and5253,respectively.
AsampleofthePSIOPTlinespecifyingEnglishunitsandadensityof490follows:

2.1.5.1CreatingaPileSolutionFile

Asolutionfilecontainingpileinternalloadsandstressesateachincrementalongthepilemaybecreated.EnteredPPincolumns5455ontheOPTIONSlinetocreateasolutionfile
tobereadbytheFatigueprogram.TheinlineSCFoptionusedtofactorstressesmaybespecifiedincolumns5658ontheOPTIONSline.
Note:TheFTGoptionshouldbespecifiedincolumns5658ifstressesaretobeunfactoredsothatoneoftheinlineSCFoptionsavailableinFatiguemaybeused.
ThefollowingPSIOPTlineindicatesthatafatiguesolutionfileistobeused.ThestressesarenottobefactoredbecausetheywillbefactoredbytheinlineSCFdesignatedinthe
Fatigueinputfile.

AnauxiliarydetailpilefilemaybegeneratedbyenteringPFincolumns5455.

2.1.6DesignatingLoadCasesforPileCapacityandCodeCheck
Bydefault,allloadcasessolvedinthePSIexecutionareusedtocodecheckandcalculatepilecapacitysafetyfactors.Theusermaydesignatewhichloadcasesaretobeincludedor
excludedforthepurposeofpilecheckandcapacityusingtheLCSELline.
DesignatewhethertheloadcaseslistedaretobeincludedorexcludedbyenteringINorEX,respectively.Forexample,thefollowingspecifiesthatloadcasesOP08,OP09and
EQ01aretobeexcluded.

2.2DEFININGPLOTOPTIONS
PlotoptionsaredesignatedonthePLTRQ,PLTPL,PLTLCandPLTSZinputlines.
2.2.1PlotData
DatatobeplottedisdesignatedonthePLTRQinputline.Soilinputdata,axialdeflection,axialload,axialsoilreactions,requiredpilethicknessandunitycheckratiomaybeplotted
versuspilepenetration.Lateraldeflection,lateralrotation,bendingmoment,shearloadandlateralsoilreactionalongoraboutthepilelocalYandlocalZaxesmaybeplottedversus
penetrationinadditiontotheresultant.
Bydefault,foranyoftheresultplotoptions,foreachloadcaseaseparateplotisgeneratedforeachpile.PilestobeplottedmaybedesignatedonthePLTPLlinewhileloadcasesto
plotmaybedesignatedonthePLTLCline.Alternatively,aplotenvelopeshowingthecriticalvalueforallloadcasesselectedmaybeplottedinsteadbyspecifyinganE(for
envelope)afterthedesiredoption.Plotappearanceoptionssuchasgridlinesandcrosshatchingmaybedesignatedalso.
Thefollowingrequestssoildataplotsalongwithlateralandaxialdisplacement,pileunitycheckandpileredesignplots:

2.2.2DesignatingPilestoPlot
Bydefault,plotsaregeneratedforeachpiledefinedinthePSIinputfile.PilestobeplottedmaybedesignatedonthePLTPLlinebespecifyingthepileheadjointnamesofthepilesto
beincludedforplotting.Thefollowingdesignatesthatonlypilesdefinedbypileheadjoints4and8aretobeincludedinplots.

2.2.3DesignatingLoadCasestoPlot
Bydefault,allloadcasesareincludedforplotgeneration.IfloadcasesarespecifiedonthePLTLCinputline,thenonlyloadcasesspecifiedwillbeincludedforplottingpurposes.
ThefollowingdesignatesthatonlyloadcasesOP00andST90aretobeplotted.

2.2.4OverridingPlotSize
Thedefaultplotpapersize,charactersize,crosshatchingspacingandnumberofcolorsmaybeoverriddenusingthePLTSZline.

2.3DEFININGTHEPILE
Thegeometryandcharacteristicsofpilesandconductorsbelowthepileheads,includingsectionandmaterialproperties,pilebatter,pilechordangle,weightperunitlengthand
severaldimensionoverridesareincludedinthePSIinputfile.
2.3.1PileSectionProperties
SectionpropertiesfortubularsectionscanbecalculateddirectlyfromtheoutsidediameterandwallthicknessinputonthePLGRUPlineorcanbedefinedonthePLSECTline.Non
tubularsectionsand/ortubularsectionswithuserdefinedstiffnesspropertiesaredefinedusingPLSECTlines.
WhenasectionlabelisspecifiedonthePLGRUPline,thepropertiesaredeterminedfromtheinputonthecorrespondingPLSECTline.Fortubularsections,thesectionlabelfield
shouldbeleftblankwhensectionpropertiesaretobedeterminedfromtheoutsidediameterandwallthicknessspecifiedonthePLGRUPline.
WhendefiningsectionpropertiesusingaPLSECTline,theuniquecrosssectionlabelreferencedbyasubsequentPLGRUPlineandthecrosssectiontypearerequiredincolumns8
14and1618,respectively.Thecrosssectiondimensionsmustbespecifiedincolumns5174.
ThePSIprogramcalculatesthecrosssectionstiffnesspropertiesbasedonthecrosssectiondimensionsinput.Thecalculatedstiffnesspropertiesmaybeoverriddenincolumns1948.
Likewise,theunitweightspecifiedonthePSIOPTmaybeoverriddenincolumns7580.
ThefollowingdefinesthepilesectionnamedH47asanHsection:

2.3.2PileGroupProperties
Pilegrouppropertiessuchasmodulusofelasticity,shearmodulus,andyieldstressarespecifiedontheappropriatePLGRUPline.Thegrouptowhichapileisassignedisdesignated
onthePILEline.
2.3.2.1PileGroupEndBearingArea

TheeffectiveendbearingareaisspecifiedonthePLGRUPlineincolumns7580.Theusermayspecifyendbearingareaforeachpilesegmenttomodelasteppedpile.Normally
onlythePLGRUPlinecorrespondingtothebottomsegmentofthepilewillhaveendbearingareaspecified.
2.3.2.2SegmentedPileGroups

AseriesofPLGRUPlineswiththesamegrouplabelareusedtodefinethepropertygroupofasegmentedpile.Eachinputlinecorrespondstooneofthesegmentsofthatpilegroup.
Materialpropertiesofthesegmentinadditiontothesegmentlengtharerequired.
Forexample,thefollowingdefinesa200foottubularpilegroupnamedPL1consistingoftwosegments.Thefirstsegmenthasawallthicknessof1.5andyieldof50.0whilethe
secondhasawallthicknessof0.75andayieldof36.0.Thelengthofthefirstsegmentis50feetwhilethesecondis150feetlong.Endbearingareaisdefinedforthesecondsegment
only.

Note:Thelengthofeachsegmentmustbespecified.Also,althoughthelocalXaxisofthepileisupfromthepileheadjointtowardthereferencejoint,segmentpropertiesare
assignedfromthepileheadjointdownalongthepile.Intheaboveexample,thefirst50feetfromthepileheaddownisdefinedas60x1.5.
2.3.2.3PileGroupSurfaceDimensionOverrides

Bydefault,theactualdimensionsofthepileareusedtocalculatesoilresistance.Thesurfacedimensionofapilegroup,usedforsoilresistancecalculations,maybeoverriddenonthe
PLGRUPlineincolumns5869.Fortubularpiles,theODandwallthicknessarerequired,whiletheeffectivewidthanddepthareinputforHsections.

2.3.3DefiningPileElements
PileelementsarespecifiedonPILElinesfollowingthePILEheaderinputline.Thepileelementisnamedbythepileheadjointinthemodeltowhichitisattached.Thepileheadjoint
towhichthepileisattachedisspecifiedincolumns710.Thepilegrouptowhichthepileisassignedisspecifiedincolumns1618.
Note:PileheadjointsmustbedesignatedassuchintheSACSmodelfilebyPILEHDincolumns5560onthecorrespondingJOINTline.
ThesoilIDdefiningpile/soilinteractionpropertiesinthelocalXZplaneisdesignatedincolumns6972.IfthesoiltableforlocalXYplaneinteractionisdifferentfromthatofthe
XZplane,theapplicablesoilIDmustbespecifiedincolumns7477.
Thefollowingdefinesapileconnectedtopileheadjoint2.ThepileisassignedtopilegroupPL1andusessoiltableSOL1.

2.3.3.1PileBatter

Thepilebatterisdefinedbyeitherabatterdefinitionjointspecifiedincolumns1114orbatterdefinitioncoordinatesspecifiedincolumns2150onthePILEline.Thebatterofthe
piledesignatedbelowisdefinedusingthepileheadjointandjoint201.

Note:Whenspecifyingabatterdefinitionjoint,thebatterdefinitionjointmustbeabovethepileheadjoint.Thepilewillbeorientedsuchthatthepileaxisliesonthelinethrough
thebatterdefinitionjointandthepileheadjoint.
Batterdefinitioncoordinatesareusedtodeterminethepilebatterifnobatterdefinitionjointisspecified.TheglobalX,YandZdistancesfromthepileheadtoanypointaboveitlying
onthepileaxisshouldbeinputincolumns2130,3140and4150,respectively.Forexample,todefineapilebattered1:8intheglobalXZplaneandverticalintheglobalYZ
plane,battercoordinatevaluesofX=1.0,Y=0.0andZ=8.0shouldbeentered.
2.3.3.2PileLocalCoordinateSystem

ThepiledefaultlocalcoordinatesystemisdefinedwiththelocalXaxispointingupwardfromthepileheadjointalongthepileaxisdefinedbythepilebatterjointorbatter
coordinates.

Bydefault,thelocalYandZaxisorientationsareloadcasedependent.Foreachloadcase,thelocalYaxisisautomaticallyorientedsuchthatitcoincideswiththedirectionof
maximumpileheaddeflection.Thefigureontherightillustratesthedefaultlocalcoordinatesystemofthepile.
TheorientationofthelocalYandZaxesmaybeoverriddenbytheuserbyspecifyingtherotationangleaboutthelocalXaxisincolumns5156onthePILEline.Inthiscase,the
localYaxiswillnotbealignedinthedirectionofmaximumpileheaddeflectionbutwillbedefinedbytherotationangleasshowninthefigurebelow.

Note:ThepileanalysisisdoneinthelocalXZandXYplanes.Formudslidecases,apilerotationangleshouldbeusedinordertoorienteitherthepilelocalXZorXYplaneinthe
directionofthemudslide.

2.3.4PileClusters
Pilesdrivenincloseproximitytootherpilescanhaveadifferentcapacityfromasinglepileactingindependently.
Figure1a.showsapairofpilesincloseproximitytoeachother.Thereisatendencyforpilestoactasaunitinthedirectionofthelinejoiningthecentersofthetwopiles.Therefore,
thecombinedresistanceforthetwopilesinthisdirection,islessthandoubletheresistanceofasinglepile.Intheotherdirection,however,thereisnosuchinteractionandthetwo
pilesbehaveindependently.
Figure1b.showsaclusteroffourpiles.Inthiscaseallfourpileswillhavereducedresistanceinbothdirections.
ThebehaviorofsuchclusterscanbemodeledbyreducingthePYcurvesinputforthedirectionswherethepilesactasasystemratherthanindependentpiles.

2.4MODELINGSOILPROPERTIES
2.4.1Overview
PSIallowstheusertospecifythepile/soilresponsetoaxial,lateral,andtorsionalloadsappliedatthepileheadthroughnonlinearloaddeflectioncurves(PYandTZcurves).Axial
resistancecanalsobespecifiedintermsoflinearspringratesandsoiladhesionvalues.Inaddition,axialbearingcapacitymaybespecifiedatthepiletipandatarbitrarypointsalong
thepile,whenmodelingpileswithvaryingdiameter.
Inlieuofpilecapacitycurvesoradhesiondata,thecharacteristicsofthesoilmayalsobespecifiedintermsofbasicsoilproperties(unitweight,shearstrength,etc.),thattheprogram
canusetodevelopthepile/soilresponsebasedonAPIRP2Arecommendations.
ThePSIprogramrequiresthatthesoilpropertiesbedefinedinaspecificorder,namelyaxialresistance,bearingcapacity,torsionalresistancefollowedbylateralcapacity.Foraxial,
bearingandlateralcapacity,thesoilcapacityorpropertiesmaybedefinedatvariouselevationsorsoilstratum.
Note:Whenmultiplesoilsaretobedefined,allpropertiesofthefirstsoilmustbedefinedbeforeanypropertiesofthenextsoilmaybespecified.

2.4.2SpecifyingElevationsforSoilResistanceCurves
Withinasoilstratum,thePSIprogramconnectstheinputPYorTZpointswithstraightlinestofullydefinethepile/soilinteractioncurveforarbitrarydisplacementsinthatstratum.
Atdepthsbetweenspecifiedsoilstrata,PSIhastheabilitytolinearlyinterpolatebetweencurvesortouseaconstantTZcurve.
Whenthesoilpropertiesaretobeassumedconstantthroughoutthedepthofasoilstrata,thedistancesfromthepileheadtothetopandbottomofthestratashouldbothbespecified.
Thecurvegeneratedisusedfortheentiredepthofthestrata.Whensoilpropertiesspecifiedapplyonlytoaspecificelevation,onlythedistancetothetopofthestratashouldbe
specified.Thesoilcurvegeneratedappliesonlythespecificelevationdesignated.
Soilpropertiesatelevationswithoutresistancecurvesdefinedareobtainedbyinterpolatingbetweenthecurvesdefinedimmediatelyaboveandbelow.Forexample,thefirstSOIL
APIAXLlineinthesamplebelow,specifiesthataxialsoilpropertiesfromelevation0.0to30.0areconstant.ThesecondSOILAPIAXLlinestipulatesthattheTZcurvesgenerated
definessoilpropertiesatelevation60.0.Therefore,axialsoilpropertiesatelevationsbetween30and60willbedeterminedthroughlinearinterpolationbetweenthetwocurves.

2.4.3SoilAxialResistance
Foranysoil,thefirstpropertythatmustbedefinedistheaxialresistanceorcapacity.Axialloadsareresistedbydistributedlongitudinalsurfaceshearforcesalongthelengthofthe
pileandbyendbearingforcesattheendandatintermediatepointswherethepilesouterdiameterchanges.Axialresistanceforaparticularsolimaybespecifiedintermsofeithera
linearaxialspring,adhesion(skinfriction),oraxialloaddeflectioncurves(TZcurves).
2.4.3.1LinearAxialSpring

PileheadaxialbehaviormadebemodeledasalinearaxialspringatthepileheadusingtheSOILAXIALHEADinputline.ThesoilIDandthelinearstiffnessofthespringmustbe
specifiedincolumns4144and3140,respectively.
Whenusingapileheadaxialspring,theaxialforceinthepileisassumedtolinearlydissipatefromthepileheadaxialforcetozeroattheendofthepile.Nootheraxialcapacitydata
orbearingcapacitydatamaybespecifiedwhenassigninganaxialspringtoapilehead.
2.4.3.2GeneratingAdhesion&BearingCapacityperAPIRP2A

PSIcanautomaticallygeneratethepileaxialadhesionorskinfrictionandbearingcapacitybasedonAPIguidelinesfrombasicsoilcharacteristicsinputbytheuser.
TheSOILAXIALHEADlineisrequiredtogenerateskinfrictionandbearingcapacitiesfrombasicsoilcharacteristics.ThenumberofsoilstratatobedefinedandthesoilIDor
namemustbespecifiedincolumns1820and4144,respectively.
Thepropertiesofeachstratamakingupthesoilarespecifiedimmediatelyfollowingtheheaderlineusingeitherthesand,clayorrocksoilaxialstratalinedesignatedbySOILAPI
AXLincolumns112.TheAPIversionisinputincolumn13andthestratalocationlabelSLOCincolumns1417isrequired.Theverticaldistancefromthepileheadtothetop
andbottomofthestrataarespecifiedincolumns1924and2530,respectively.Thesoiltypeandthesoilcharacteristicsareinputincolumns3277.

Note:Eitherasand,clayorrocksoilaxialstratalineisrequiredforeachsoilstratatobedefined.
Axialadhesioncapacityiscalculatedforeachsoilstratuminput.Beginningatthetopstrata,thelengthoverwhichtheadhesionmustacttodissipatetheaxialloadiscomputed.Ifthis
lengthislessthanthestratathickness,theaxialloadiscompletelydissipatedinthecurrentstrata.Iftherequiredlengthisgreaterthanthestratathickness,theexcesspileloadintothe
nextstratabelow.Theprocedureisrepeateduntilallofthepileloadisdissipatedoruntilallstratumhavereachedcapacity.Ifthetotalpileloadhasnotbeendissipated,theexcess
loadistransferredbyendbearinguntiltheendbearingcapacityisreached.Ifthetotalaxialloadhasnotbeendissipated,thepilefails.
Note:Becauseendbearingdataisautomaticallygenerated,noendbearingdatashouldbespecifiedwhengeneratingaxialcapacityautomatically.
2.4.3.3UserDefinedAdhesionandBearingCapacityData

AdhesionandbearingcapacitydatamaydirectlyinputbytheuserusingtheSoilAxialAdhesionheaderline(namedSOILAXIALHEAD)andspecifyingthenumberofsoilstratum,
theendbearingcapacityandthesoilID/nameincolumns1810,2130and4144,respectively.
ThedistancebetweenthepileheadandthetopandbottomofeachofthesoilstratummustbespecifiedontheSOILSLOCline(s)immediatelyfollowingtheheaderline.Thesoil
adhesiondataforeachstrataisdefinedonthefollowingSoilAxialAdhesionCapacityline(s).

2.4.3.4GeneratingTZCurves&BearingCapacityperAPIRP2A

PSIcanautomaticallygenerateaxialloaddeflectioncurves(TZcurves)andbearingloaddeflectioncurves(QZcurves)basedonAPIguidelinesfrombasicsoilcharacteristicsinput
bytheuser.
TheSOILTZAPIHEADlineisrequiredtogenerateTZandQZcurvesfrombasicsoilcharacteristics.ThenumberofsoilstratatobedefinedandthesoilIDornamemustbe
specifiedincolumns1820and4144,respectively.
Thepropertiesofeachstratamakingupthesoilarespecifiedimmediatelyfollowingtheheaderlineusingeitherthesand,clayorrocksoilaxialstratalinedesignatedbySOILAPI

AXLincolumns112.TheAPIversionisinputincolumn13andthestratalocationlabelSLOCincolumns1417isrequired.Theverticaldistancefromthepileheadtothetopof
thestrataisspecifiedincolumns1924.Thedistancefromthepileheadtothebottomofthestratamaybeoptionallyinputincolumns2530.Thesoiltypeandthesoilcharacteristics
arerequiredincolumns3277.

Note:Becauseendbearingdataisalsoautomaticallygenerated,noendbearingdatashouldbespecifiedwhengeneratingaxialcapacityautomatically.
2.4.3.5GeneratingTZCurvesUsingCPTBasedMethods

PSIcanautomaticallygenerateTZandQZcurvesbasedononeofthefourAPIrecommendedCPTbasedmethods,namelySimplifiedICP05,OffshoreUWA05,Fugro05and
NGI05.ThechosenmethodisinvokedbyspecifyingoneofICP,UWA,FUGandNGIinColumns6264oftheSOILTZAPIHEADline.ACPTtooldiametershouldalsobe
specifiedinColumns6672.ThesubsequentstrataaredefinedusingtheSOILAPIAXLlineswithCPTenteredinColumns3234.Inadditiontothedatarequiredforthedefinition
ofthestratumlocationandtype,thefollowingsoilpropertiesaredefinedforeachCPTstratum(i)theconetipresistanceinColumns4247,(ii)theconstantvolumeinterfacefriction
angleinColumns5459and(iii)thesubmergedmassdensityinColumns4853.ThecoefficientoflateralearthpressuremaybespecifiedoptionallyforusagewiththeSimplified
ICPmethodinordertocalculatethesandrelativedensityusingtheTicinoSandrelationship.Ifthecoefficientoflateralearthpressureisnotspecified,thesandrelativedensityis
calculatedusingtheLunneandChristoffersonformula.
ItshouldbenotedthattheunitskinfrictionsthataregeneratedusingCPTbasedmethodsaredependentonpilegeometry.Furthermore,theunitskinfrictionsgenerallydifferin
tensionandcompression.
InaccordancewithAPIrecommendation,theunitendbearingisassumedtobefullymobilizedatz/D=0.1.Theunitskinfrictionisassumedtobemobilizedat0.1inches,consistent
withpreviousAPIrecommendationsforcohesionlessstrata.AzfactormaybespecifiedforusagewithCPTbasedmethodsusingColumns3440oftheSOILTZAPIHEADline.
Thefollowing(metric)exampleillustratestwoCPTstrata,thelatterofwhichhasdefinedaconetipresistanceof5.0MPaandaconstantvolumeinterfacefrictionangleof28
degrees.TheCPTtooldiameteris3.56cmandtheaxialresistancecurvesaretobeconstructedusingtheSimplifiedICP05method.

2.4.3.6ApplyingAPIGeneralScourRecommendations

TheAPIguidelinesdefinegeneralscourasseabederosionduetowaveandcurrentaction.Generalscourcanaffectboththeaxialandlateralsoilresistance,duetodecreasesincone
tipresistanceandverticaleffectivestress.
APIrecommendationspresenttwomethodsfortakinggeneralscourintoaccountwhencalculatingaxialresistance.Twomethodsarepresented,henceforthreferredtoastheNNI
andFugromethods.Bothmethodsinvolvethedeterminationofascour
reductionfactor,,whichfactorstheoriginalconetipresistancetogiveafinalconetipresistance:

TheNNImethod,specifiesthatthescourreductionfactoristheratioofthefinalverticaleffectivestresstotheoriginalverticaleffectivestress.TheFugromethodprovidesamore
complicatedformulafor,andisrecommendedforhighgeneralscourdepthsandnormallyconsolidatedsands.
TherearealsoAPIrecommendationsfortakinggeneralscourintoaccountwhencalculatinglateralresistance.Thescourbringsaboutareductioninlateralsupportdueto(i)a
decreasedverticaleffectivestressand(ii)adecreasedinitialmodulusofsubgradereaction(ES).
TheSCOURlineprovidesameanstospecifyadepthforgeneralscour.ThegeneralscourdepthisappliedtoallpilesinthemodelandisspecifiedinColumns914oftheSCOUR
line.TheaxialsoilresistanceisreducedbygeneralscouronlyforsoilsthathavebeendefinedusingCPTdata.Bydefault,theNNImethodisused,althoughtheFugromethodmay
beusedbyspecifyinganFinColumn7oftheSCOURline.ThelateralsoilresistanceisreducedforallcurvesgeneratedusingAPIrecommendations.Scourrecommendations
shouldonlybeappliedtocohesionlessstrata.Forthisreason,thegeneralscourdepthislimitedbythetopdepthofthefirstclaystratumoftherelevantlateralsoiltable.
UsergeneratedTZ,QZandPYcurvesareunaffectedbythegeneralscourspecification.

2.4.3.7UserDefinedTZCurves

TZcurvesdefiningthesoilaxialresistancemaybeinputdirectlybytheuser.TheSOILTZAXIALheaderlinedesignatingthenumberofsoilstratum,themaximumnumberof
pointsonanycurveandthesoilIDornamemustinitiatetheTZcurveinput.
Foreachsoilstrata,thestratalocationlineandtheTZcurvedatafollow.Thestratatopandoptionallythebottomelevationareinputincolumns2530and3136oftheSOILSLOC
line.ThenumberofpointsdefiningthecurveandtheTfactorusedtoscaletheforcevalueofallpointsspecifiedaredesignatedincolumns2223and3944,respectively.Ifthe
curvehasthesameshapewhetherthepileisintensionorcompression,enterSMincolumns1819.
TheTandZdataforeachpointonthecurveareenteredontheSOILTZlineimmediatelyfollowingthesoilstratalocationline.Thenumberofdatapointsenteredmustcorrespond
tothevaluespecifiedonthestratalocationline.
Note:Whenusingthesymmetricoption,onlypositivevaluesforTandZmaybeinputandtheorigin,T=0andP=0mustbethefirstdatapoint.


2.4.3.8UserDefinedBearingCapacityCurves

TZorQZcurvesdefiningthepileendbearingcapacitymaybeinputdirectlybytheuser.TheSOILBEARINGheaderlinedesignatingthenumberofstratumatwhichcapacity
curveswillbedefined,themaximumnumberofpointsonanycurveandthesoilIDornamemustinitiatetheendbearingcurveinput.
Foreachstratathatbearingcapacityistobedefined,thestratalocationlineandtheTZ/QZcurvedatafollow.Thestratatopandoptionallythebottomelevationareinputin
columns2530and3136oftheSOILSLOCline.ThenumberofpointsdefiningthecurveandtheTfactorusedtoscaletheforcevalueofallpointsspecifiedaredesignatedin
columns2223and3944,respectively.
TheTandZdataforeachpointonthecurveareenteredontheSOILTZlineimmediatelyfollowingthesoilstratalocationline.Thenumberofdatapointsenteredmustcorrespond
tothevaluespecifiedonthestratalocationline.
Note:Bothpositive(endbearing)andnegative(suction)valuesmaybeentered.Userdefinedendbearingdatashouldnotbedefinedifsoilaxialresistancedataisgenerated
automatically.

2.4.5SoilTorsionalResistance
Torsionalloadsareresistedbyadhesionvalues(skinfriction)alongthelengthofthepileorbyalinearspringvalue.Theresultingshearsactinthecircumferentialdirectionaround
theperimeterofthepile.Torsionalresistancemustbespecifiedfollowingsoilbearingproperties.Ifthesoiltorsionalresistanceisnotspecified,thetorsionalstiffnessdefaultstoa
valueequaltoGJ/L,whereListhelengthofthepile,GisthemodulusofrigidityofthepileatthepileheadandJisthetorsionconstantofthepilecrosssectionatthepilehead.In
addition,awarningmessageisissued.

2.4.5.1LinearTorsionalSpring

Thetorsionalresistancemayberepresentedbyalineartorsionalspringatthepilehead.Thetorsionalspringstiffnessisspecifiedincolumns3140oftheSOILTORSIONHEAD
line.ThesoilIDornameisspecifiedincolumns4144.
Note:Whenspecifyingatorsionalspringstiffness,torsionaladhesiondatamaynotbespecified.

2.4.5.2SoilTorsionAdhesion

Thepilesoiltorsionaladhesionresistancedatamaybeinputdirectlybytheuser.TheSOILTORSIONHEADlinewiththenumberofstratumandthesoilIDornamedesignatedin
columns1820and4144,respectively,mustbespecified.
ThedistancefromthepileheadtothetopandthebottomofeachsoilstrataisspecifiedontheSOILSLOCline(s)immediatelyfollowingtheheader.Thetorsionadhesioncapacityat
thetopandthebottomofeachstratadefined,isspecifiedontheSOILlineimmediatelyfollowingthestratalocationline.

2.4.6SoilLateralResistance
Pileheadlateralloadsareresistedbydistributednormalforcestransversetothepileaxisalongitslength.Theseresistancesmaybespecifiedintermsoftherelationshipbetween
lateralloadanddeflectionrepresentedbyPYcurves.PYcurvescanbegeneratedautomaticallyfrombasicsoilpropertiesorspecifiedbytheuser.

2.4.6.1GeneratingPYCurvesperAPIRP2A

PSIcanautomaticallygeneratelateralloaddeflectioncurves(PYcurves)basedonAPIguidelinesfrombasicsoilcharacteristicsinputbytheuser.
TheSOILLATERALHEADlineisrequiredtogeneratePYcurvesfrombasicsoilcharacteristics.ThenumberofsoilstratatobedefinedandthesoilIDornamemustbespecified
incolumns1820and4144,respectively.Thereferencepilediameterforwhichthecurvesaregeneratedshouldbeenteredincolumns2833ifthePvaluesofthecurvesaretobe
multipliedbytheratioofthepilediametertothereferencediameter.BoththePandYvaluesmaybescaledbytheratioofthepilediametertothereferencediameterbyspecifying
YEXPincolumns2427.
ThepropertiesofeachstratamakingupthesoilarespecifiedimmediatelyfollowingtheheaderlineusingeitherthesandorclayorsoillateralstratalinedesignatedbySOILAPI
LATincolumns112.ThestratalocationlabelSLOCincolumns1417isrequired.Theverticaldistancefromthepileheadtothetopofthestrataisspecifiedincolumns2530.
Thedistancefromthepileheadtothebottomofthestratamaybeoptionallyinputincolumns3136.Thesoiltypeandthesoilcharacteristicsarerequiredincolumns1922and45
68,respectively.
Foreachstrata,PYdatamaybedesignatedaseitherstaticorcyclicbyspecifyingSorCincolumn23.Forsandstratum,therelativelocationofthewatertableisdesignatedin
column24.ThePvaluesforaparticularstratamaybefactoredbythenumberinputincolumns3740.Additionally,thePYcurvemaybeshiftedbydesignatingtheamounttobe

addedtogeneratedYvaluesincolumns4144.Ahighprecision"P"factorforthisPYcurvecanbespecifiedincolumns7076.

2.4.6.2UserDefinedPYCurves

PYcurvesdefiningthesoillateralresistanceforasmanysoilstrataasdesiredmaybeinputdirectlybytheuserasdiscretePYpairsateachsoilstratum.Theonlyrestrictionwhen
specifyingpointsonthecurve,isthatthelateralforceP,mustbeasinglevaluefunctionofthedisplacementY.Shifted,flatandhumpedPYcurvesarepermitted.
TheSOILLATERALheaderlinedesignatingthenumberofsoilstratum,themaximumnumberofpointsonanycurveandthesoilIDornamemustinitiatethePYcurveinput.
Thereferencepilediameterforwhichthecurvedataapplies,shouldbeenteredincolumns2833.ThePvaluesofthecurvesaremultipliedbytheratioofthepilediametertothe
referencediameter.BoththePandYvaluesmaybescaledbytheratioofthepilediametertothereferencediameterbyspecifyingYEXPincolumns2427.AYfactortobe
appliedtoallYvaluesinputmaybespecifiedincolumns3440.
Note:AlthoughthePYcurvesmaybefactoredbytheratioofthepilediametertothereferencediameter,onlytheoriginalinputcurveisreportedinthelistingfile.
Foreachsoilstrata,thestratalocationlineandthePYcurvedatafollow.Thestratatopandoptionallythebottomelevationareinputincolumns2530and3136oftheSOILSLOC
line.ThenumberofpointsdefiningthecurveandthePfactorusedtoscaletheforcevalueofallpointsspecifiedaredesignatedincolumns2223and3740,respectively.ThePY
curvemaybeshiftedalongthedeflectionaxisbyspecifyingaYshiftvalueincolumns4144.Ifthecurvehasthesameshapewhetherthepileisintensionorcompression,enter
SMincolumns1819.Ahighprecision"P"factorforthisPYcurvecanbespecifiedincolumns7076.
ThePandYdataforeachpointonthecurveareenteredontheSOILPYlineimmediatelyfollowingthesoilstratalocationline.Thenumberofdatapointsenteredmustcorrespond
tothevaluespecifiedonthestratalocationline.
Note:Whenusingthesymmetricoption,onlypositivevaluesforPandYmaybeinputandtheorigin,P=0andY=0mustbethefirstdatapoint.

Note:Withinasoilstratum,thePSIprogramconnectstheinputPYpointswithstraightlinestofullydefinethepile/soilinteractioncurveforarbitrarydisplacementsinthat
stratum.Atdepthsbetweenspecifiedsoilstrata,PSIhastheabilitytolinearlyinterpolatebetweenPYcurvesortouseaconstantPYcurve.
2.4.7SoilLiquefactionPotential
SACScancalculatetheliquefactionpotentialofasoillayerforagivenearthquakeloadingandchangethesoilstiffnesspropertiesaccordinglybeforeconductingthepilesoil
interactionanalysis.ThisfunctionalityisavailableinCollapse,PileandPSIprogramsinSACS.
ForeachsoildefinedinaPSIorPileinputfile,usercanspecifythesoilliquefactiondata.OneSOILLIQUEFYHEADlinefollowedbyanumberofSOILLIQUFYSLOClines,
oneforeachstratum,isrequiredtocompletelydescribetheliquefactiondataforthesoil.
SOILLIQUEFYHEADlinedescription:ThenumberofsoilstratatobedefinedandthesoilIDornamemustbespecifiedincolumns1820and4144,respectively.Seismicloading
mustbespecifiedbyprovidingthevaluesoftheearthquakemagnitudeandthepeakgroundacceleration(asaratioofgravity)incolumns3436and3740,respectively.Thereisalso
anoptiontomaketheestimationofliquefactionpotentialmore(orless)conservativebychangingthevaluesof%horizontalshiftinCRRcurveand%verticalshiftinCRR
curveincolumns2126and2732,respectively.Also,theeffectofliquefactiononsoilstiffnesspropertiescanbemodulatedbychangingtheliquefactionmultiplierfactorin
columns4550.
SOILLIQUEFYSLOClinedescription:Liquefactionstratalinesshouldfollowtheliquefactionheaderline.Thelocationofthestratumwithrespecttothewatertableshouldbe
specifiedincolumn18.Theverticaldistancesfromthepileheadtothetopandthebottomofthestratumarespecifiedarespecifiedincolumns1924and2530,respectively.The
conetipresistancevalueandthesleevefrictionvalueobtainedfromtheCPTtestsarespecifiedincolumns4550and5156,respectively.Submergedunitweightofthesoilis
specifiedincolumns5762.Ifliquefactioneffectsaretobeignoredforastratum,calculationmethodincolumns3133shouldbespecifiedasN.Ifsoiltypeisknown,itcanbe
specifiedincolumns3437.
IfthesoiltypeforaparticularlayerisdescribedasCLAYorifthesoiltypeisnotspecifiedandSACSdetermines(basedontheCPTdata)thatthesoiltypeislikelytobeclay,orif
calculationmethodisspecifiedasN,thenitisassumedthatthislayerisnotpronetoliquefactionandstiffnessvaluesforthislayerarenotchanged.Inallothercases,SACS
calculatesthefactorofsafetyforliquefactionduetotheseismicloadingspecifiedbytheuser.Ifthefactorofsafetyiscalculatedtobegreaterthanorequalto1.0,thenthereisno
changeinthesoilstiffness.Ifthefactorofsafetyiscalculatedtobelessthan1.0,thenthelayerisconsideredasliquefiedandafactorcalledliquefactionmultiplieriscalculated.Ifthe
calculatedvalueoftheliquefactionmultiplierislessthan1.0,thensoilskinfrictionresistance(Tz),bearingresistance(Qz),andlateralresistance(Py)aremultipliedwith
liquefactionmultipliertocalculatethestiffnessoftheliquefiedsoillayer.
Note1:Liquefactionrelatedcalculationsareconductedatthemiddepthofeachliquefactionstratumspecifiedbytheuser.Therefore,itisadvisabletouseseveralsoilliquefaction
stratathroughthepiledepthforabetterestimationoftheliquefactionpotential.
Note2:liquefactioneffectontheaxialbehaviorisignoredifsoilaxialresistanceisdefinedasadhesionorlinearaxialspringatthepilehead.
Note3:Both"from"and"to"informationforeachliquefactionstratumisrequired.Thestratashouldbecontinuousandshouldcoveratleasttheentirelengthofthepile.

2.5CREATINGFOUNDATIONSUPERELEMENTS
UptotwolinearizedfoundationstiffnessmatrixmaybegeneratedateachpileheadtobeusedbytheSACSdynamicsmodulesinlieuofapilestub,pilespringetc.Theprogram
createsacoupledthreedimensionalstiffnessmatrixforaparticularpilegroupthathaslateralstiffnesspropertiesinbothlateraldirectionsalongwithaxialstiffnessproperties.The
stiffnesspropertiesarederivedfromeithertheaveragedisplacementofallpilesofthepilegrouporthemaximumpiledisplacementsfortheloadcasesdesignatedbytheuser.
Note:Asuperelementiscreatedforeachpilegroup.Thesuperelementisappliedtoeachpileheadconnectedtoapileassignedtothepilegroupinquestion.
2.5.1FoundationSuperElementOptions
LinearizedfoundationsuperelementsorstiffnessmatricesarecreatedateachpileheadautomaticallybythePSIprogramifthePILSUPinputlineisspecified.
Themethodusedtocalculatedthepilestiffness,AVGorMAX,foraparticularpilegroupisspecifiedincolumns810.Uptofourloadconditions,specifiedincolumns2124,29
32,3740and4548,maybechosentocalculatethepilestiffnessintheglobalXdirection.IfdifferentloadcasesaretobeusedtocalculatestiffnessintheglobalYdirection,they
maybespecifiedincolumns2528,3336,4144and4952,respectively.
AsecondfoundationsuperelementmaybegeneratedbyspecifyingasecondPILSUPline.Inthesamplebelow,thefirstsuperelementistobeusedforFatigueanalysisandiscreated
usingloadcases8and9,whilethesecondsuperelementistobeusedforearthquakeanalysisandiscreatedusingloadcasesDEDXandDEDY.
Note:StiffnessiscalculatedindependentlyintheXandYdirections.

2.6SIMULATINGMUDSLIDES
MudslidesagainstthejacketabovethepileheadcanbemodeledinSeastate.MudslidesagainstthepilesaremodeledinPSIorPileusingflatand/orshiftedPYcurves.InPSI,oneof
thepilelocalcoordinatedirectionsisorientedtocorrespondtothedirectionofthemudslidebyspecifyingapilerotationangleonthePILEline.Separatesoiltables(axial,bearing,
torsion,lateral)aredefinedforthelocalXYandXZplanesofthepile.
Note:Normallytheaxial,bearingandtorsionlineswillbethesameforthetwodirectionswithonlythelaterallinesbeingdifferent.
Inthedirectionofthemudslide,thePYdatacanbethesameasintheotherdirectionexceptthatashiftisspecifiedincolumns4144ontheSOILSLOCline.Conversely,aflat
PYcurvethathasconstantvalueofPforallYvalues,maybespecifiedforthemudslidedirection.Ineithercase,forceisexertedbythesoilagainstthepileevenwhenthereisno
displacement.Thiscorrespondstoanactivesoilexertingathrustonthepileasopposedtotheusualproblemofpassivesoilresistingathrustexertedbythepile.
IfaninitiallysymmetricalPYcurveisgivenapositiveYshift,asshowninthefigurebelow,thenforanypiledisplacementlessthantheshiftamount,anegativeforceisexertedon
thesoil(PYdataisforthesoil,notthepile).Thisinturnresultsinaforceonthepileinapositivedirection.ThustomodelamudslideinthepositiveYdirection(pilecoordinates)a
positiveshiftshouldbeused.InthesamemannerifaflatPYcurveisusedtomodelamudslideinthepositiveYdirectionthentheconstantvalueforPmustbenegative.

ThefigureabovealsoshowsthatforvaluesofYbeyondthelimitsoftheinputdata,theprogramextendsthecurveasflat.Forthisfiguretobevalid,theusermustinputthedirection
forthepilelocalcoordinatessothatthepilelocalYorZaxisisalignedwiththemudslide.ThisisdoneonthePILElineincolumns50to56.
ThefollowingillustratesshiftedPYdataforsoiltableSOL2.Thecurvesforeachstrataaresymmetricandareshifted7.0and4.25,respectively.

Note:Sincethepilelocalcoordinatesaredefinedbythedirectionofthemudslide,ifanysignificantlateralloads(suchaswaves,currentorwind)areactingonthejacketina
directiondifferentfromthatofthemudslide,theusershouldcheckthefinalpileheadloadsinthePileheadComparisonreporttomakesurethatproperconvergencehasbeen
achieved.

2.7INPUTTINGPILEHEADSTIFFNESSTABLES
Becausethepile/soilfoundationexhibitsnonlinearbehavior,thepileheadstiffnessmatrixvariesforeachiterationofeachpileforeachloadcase.Normallythiswouldrequirethe
reformulationofthepilestiffnessmatrixateachiteration,thusrequiringagreatdealofcomputationtime.PSIeliminatesthisrequirementbyinitiallyformingatableofpilehead
stiffnesscoefficientsforarangeofvaluesexpectedinthesolution.Thepileheadstiffnessusedforanyiterationisfoundbylinearlyinterpolatingbetweentablecoefficientvalues.
Iterationsarecontinueduntilanapproximatesolution(within5percent)isfound.PSIthenproceedsusingafinetuneprocedurewhichrecalculatestheindividualpilestiffnessfor
eachiteration.
2.7.1OptionalUserDefinedPileheadStiffnessTables
Ingeneralnormalconvergenceforpileheadloadsis0.5percent.Forsomesituationshowever,thepileheadstiffnesstablesgeneratedautomaticallybyPSImaynotbeadequateto
obtainthisconvergenceorsufficientprogramaccuracy.Inthesecases,auserspecifiedpileheadstiffnesstablemayberequired.
Asdiscussedabove,beforetheiterativesolutiontothelateraldeformationproblemsbegins,PSIfirstdoesanumberofpilesolutionsforallcombinationsofuserinputofaxialloador
displacement,pileheadlateraldisplacement,andpileheadrotation.Theiterativesolutionwillproducevaluesforpileheadaxialload,ordisplacement,lateraldisplacement,and
rotation.Thesevaluesshouldbewithintherangesspannedbytheuserspecifiedinputvalues.Thisisparticularlyimportantifthefinalvaluesareinahighlynonlinearregionofthe
correspondingloaddeformationsurface.
Note:Tablerangesforalldegreesoffreedommustbespecifiedifanyareincludedintheinputfile.
2.7.1.1GuidelinesforAxialRanges

TheusershouldselecttheinputTABRvaluesbasedonpriorexperiencewithsimilarstructuresandsoilconditionsaswellasPSIanalyses.Thefollowingisofferedasaguide.
First,thecapacityofthepileincompressionandtensionshouldbefound.IftheaxialsoildataisintermsofTZdata,thecapacitycanbefoundusingthePileprogramwithalarge
inputvalueofpileheadaxialdisplacement,largeenoughsothattheZvalueofanypointonthepileisontheflatpartoftheTZcurve.Tenortwentyinchesisusuallysufficient.If
theactualsoildataisexpressedintermsofadhesiondataoriftheAPIsoiloptionisselected,thepilecapacitycanbefoundbyrunningPilewithavalueofaxialloadmuchlarger
thanthepilecapacity,inwhichcasetheoutputwillincludeareporttotheeffectthattheappliedloadexceedsthecapacityandthecapacitywillbereported.Avalueof100,000kips
shouldbesufficientinmostcases.
Aftertheaxialcapacitiesintensionandcompressionarefound,thesevaluesaredividedbyafactorofsafetytogetthemaximumworkingvaluesforaxialload.Thentheinterval
betweenthesetwovaluesissubdividedintoapproximatelyequalsubdivisions,thesetwopointsarethenusedasthevaluesontheaxialTABRlines,thepoint0.0shouldbeamong
theinputvalues.Usuallynomorethanatotalofsevenvalueswillberequired.
Note:Ifthesoilexhibitshighlynonlinearproperties(suchashumpedTZcurves)andifthepilewillbeoperatingunderconditionsthatplacethedeflectionsalongthelengthofthe
pileinthehighlynonlinearregion(e.g.pastthehump),thenthepileheadforcedisplacementcurveswillalsobehighlynonlinearandtheaboveguidelinesmaynotbeadequate.
MoreTABRvaluesmaybeneededanditmaybenecessarytomakespacingbetweenvaluesmuchclosertogetherforpointswheretheslopeofthecurveischangingrapidlythanfor
theregionswheretheslopeischanginglessrapidlysothattheshapesofthepileheadloadvs.
2.7.1.2GuidelinesforLateralRanges

NormallyPYsoilpropertiesaresymmetrical,theprincipalexceptionbeingforshiftedPYcurves.TABRvaluesshouldbeenteredforseveralvaluesfromzerotoabout1.5timesthe
largestexpectedlateraldeflection.Normallysixorsevenvalueswillbesufficient.IfthePYdataisnotsymmetricalthenseveralvaluesfromabout1.5timesthemaximumexpected
negativedefectionto1.5timesthemaximumexpectedpositivedeflectionshouldbeentered.Thezerodeflectionpointshouldbeoneoftheentries
Note:Ifthemaximumpileheadlateraldeflectionissmallenoughsuchthatthepileheadlateralloadvs.deflectioncurveisapproximatelylinearforallvaluesofdisplacementupto
themaximumthenmanyfewerthansevenpointsmaybeused.
Themaximumexpectedlateraldeflectioncanbeestimatedasfollows:NormallySeastatewillhavebeenruntoproducetheloadsonthestructure.Theresultingbaseshearcanbe
distributedequallytothepiles,thesepileheadshearswillthenbemultipliedbyafactorofabout1.5togetworkingpileheadshears.ThePileprogramcanberunwiththispilehead
shearactinginconjunctionwiththeworkingpileheadaxialload(describedabove).Apileheadrotationalspringhavingstiffnessapproximatingthatofthestructureatthepilehead
jointcanbeusedtoaccountfortherestraininginfluenceofthestructureonthepile.ThepileheaddisplacementandrotationcanthenbeusedasthemaximumTABRvalues.TABR
valuesforpileheaddisplacementshouldbeenteredinradiansfromthemaximumnegativetothemaximumpositivevalues.Itisimportantthatbothpositiveandnegativevaluesbe
enteredevenifthesoilhassymmetricalPYdatabecausethesignificanceofthesignofthepileheadrotationisthattherotationeitheraugments(positive)thedeflectioncausedby
thepileheadshearordiminishesit(negative).Againnormallysevenapproximatelyequallyspacedvalueswillsuffice.InmanycasesthefollowingsetofTABRvaluesforpilehead
rotationwillbeadequate:

Note:Ifthesoilexhibitshighlynonlinearproperties(suchashumpedPYcurves)andifthepilewillbeoperatingunderconditionsthatplacethedeflectionsalongthelengthofthe
pileinthehighlynonlinearregion(e.g.pastthehump),thenthepileheadforcedisplacementcurveswillalsobehighlynonlinearandtheaboveguidelinesmaynotbeadequate.
MoreTABRvaluesmaybeneededanditmaybenecessarytomakespacingbetweenvaluesmuchclosertogetherforpointswheretheslopeofthecurveischangingrapidlythanfor
theregionswheretheslopeischanginglessrapidlysothattheshapesofthepileheadloadvs.displacementcurvesareadequatelyapproximatedbythepiecewiselinearcurvesthat
areusedtorepresentthem.
2.7.1.3GuidelinesforTorsionalRanges

Whiletorsionalloadsonthepileheadsarealmostneververylarge,atorsionTABRlineisalwaysrequired.Thereisnointeractionoftorsionwithanyoftheotherloads(axial,lateral,
andbending).Inmostcasestwopoints(e.g.0.0and100.0)willbesufficient.

3.0CREATINGPILEINPUT
3.1OVERVIEW
PileandPile3DaresubprogramsofPSIthatcanruninstandalonemodefortheanalysisofapilesubjecttoknownpileheadforcesordisplacements.Theyaremainlyusedto
performsingleorisolatedpileanalysesandutilizethesameinputfileasthePSIprogramwithminormodifications(seeSection5.2fordetails).PileandPile3Dcanbeusedtoplot
soildatapriortoexecutingaPSIanalysis.TheycanalsocreateapostfileforusebytheFatigueprograminordertoevaluatethepilefatiguelife.
Ingeneral,thePSIinputlinesmaybeusedinthePileorPile3Dinputfiletodescribethepileandsoilmodelexceptwherenotedinthefollowingsections.Thefollowingappliesto
executionofsinglepileanalysisor3Dsinglepileanalysis,generatingequivalentlinearizedfoundationandpilefatigueusingPileorPile3D.WhenusingPileorPile3Dtogenerate
plotsofsoildata,thePSIinputfilemaybeusedwithoutmodification.
ThedifferencebetweenPileandPile3Disnotedinsubsequentsections.Basically,thedifferenceliesintwoandthreedimensionalpileanalysis.Pile3Doffersanextendedsetof
optionsforsinglepileanalysisoverthatwhichissupportedbyPile.OptionssupportedonlybyPile3Daremarkedassuchinthetext.

3.2DEFININGANALYSISOPTIONS
ThePileprogramrequirestheuseofthePLOPTlinetodesignateanalysisoptions.
Theinputandoutputunitsarespecifiedincolumns78and1112,respectively.Thenumberofpileincrements,themaximumnumberofiterationsandthelateraldeflection
convergencetolerancearedesignatedincolumns1315,1820and2130,respectively.Thepileunitweightmaybedesignatedincolumns3140.
Thesoildataplotsand/orsoilreactionsmaybeoutputbyspecifyingPTincolumns4344and6162,respectively.
ThefollowingshowsaPLOPTlinedesignatingEnglishunits,thelatestAPIcodeand490.materialweight.

ThecouplingofaxialandtorsionalloadingonapilemaybeachievedusingthecurrentPLOPTlinewiththePile3Dprogram.TheoptionisinputasTTZincolumns4547ofthe
PLOPTline.Withthisoptionchosenanytorsionalsoildatawillberemovedfromtheinputdatafile.Thisdatawillbecomputedinternally.ThisoptionwiththePile3Dloading
featuresisparticularlyusefulforcaissonlikestructureswithfoundationswhicharetorsionsensitive.
Aspecificationofaxialandtorsionalloadcouplingisshown.TheexamplespecifiesAPIWSD20theditionunitycheckswithEnglishinputandoutputunits.Tenpilelength
incrementsareusedforthefinitedifferencesolution.Pileselfweightisincludedintheanalysiswithpiledensityof490.0lb/ft.Aninputechoistobeprinted,allTZplotswillbe
producedononeplot,andaxialandtorsionalloadsaretobecoupled,withsoilreactionsreportedalongeachstationofthepile.

3.3SPECIFYINGPLOTOPTIONS
AsinPSI,plotoptionsaredesignatedonthePLTRQ,PLTLCandPLTSZinputlines.Inaddition,sincethePileprogramonlyallowsonepiletobedefined,thePLTPLinputlinethat
allowsspecificationofwhichpilestoplot,isnotapplicable.

3.3.1PlotData
DatatobeplottedisdesignatedonthePLTRQinputline.Soilinputdata,axialdeflection,axialload,axialsoilreactions,requiredpilethicknessandunitycheckratiomaybeplotted
versuspilepenetration.Lateraldeflection,lateralrotation,bendingmoment,shearloadandlateralsoilreactionalongoraboutthepilelocalYandlocalZaxesmaybeplottedversus
penetrationinadditiontotheresultant.
Bydefault,foranyoftheresultplotoptions,loadcasestoplotmaybedesignatedonthePLTLCline.Plotappearanceoptionssuchasgridlinesandcrosshatchingmaybedesignated
also.
Thefollowingrequestssoildataplots,lateralandaxialdisplacementalongwithunitycheckplots:

Note:EnvelopeoptionsonthePLTRQlinearenotavailableinthePileprogram

3.3.2DesignatingLoadCasestoPlot
Bydefault,allloadcasesareincludedforplotgeneration.IfloadcasesarespecifiedonthePLTLCinputline,thenonlyloadcasesspecifiedwillbeincludedforplottingpurposes.

3.3.3OverridingPlotSize
Thedefaultplotpapersize,charactersize,crosshatchingspacingandnumberofcolorsmaybeoverriddenusingthePLTSZline.


3.3.4PlottingSoilDatafromPSIInput
ThePileprogrammaybeusedtoplotsoildatasothatitmaybecheckedpriortoPSIexecution.WhenusingthePileprogramtogenerateplotsofthesoildata,thePSIinputfilemay
beusedwithoutmodification.

3.4DEFININGTHEPILE
Ingeneral,thepileisdefinedusingthesameinputasrequiredbythePSIprogram.Exceptionsarenotedinthefollowingsections.

3.4.1PileSectionProperties
SectionpropertiesaredefinedusingthePLSECTandPLGRUPlinesusedinthePSIinputfile.

3.4.2PileGroupProperties
Pilegrouppropertiessuchasmodulusofelasticity,shearmodulus,andyieldstressarespecifiedontheappropriatePLGRUPlineasinPSI.

3.4.3DefiningPileElements
PileelementsarespecifiedonPILElinesfollowingthePILEheaderinputline.Thepileelementisnamedbytheoptionalpileheadjointnamespecifiedincolumns710.Thepile
grouptowhichthepileisassignedisspecifiedincolumns1618.
ThesoilIDdefiningpile/soilinteractionpropertiesinthelocalXZplaneisdesignatedincolumns6972.
Note:BecausethePileisatwodimensionalanalysis,onlysoiltablefortheXZplaneisrequired.
ThefollowingdefinesapileassignedtopilegroupPL1andusessoiltableSOL1.Apileheadjointwasdesignatedforreferencepurposes.

PileBatter

ThepilebattermustbedefinedbybatterdefinitioncoordinatesspecifiedonthePILEline.TheglobalX,YandZdistancesfromthepileheadtoanypointaboveitlyingonthepile
axisshouldbeinputincolumns2130,3140and4150,respectively.Forexample,thefollowingdefinesapilebattered1:8intheglobalXZplaneandverticalintheglobalYZ
plane.

Note:Pilebattercoordinatesmaybespecifiedregardlessofwhethertherisevalueofthebatteristhesameforbothplanes.Forexample,apilebattered1:8intheglobalXZplane
as1:10intheglobalXYplanemaybedefinedusingtheX,YandZbattercoordinatesof10.0,8.0and80.0.

PileHeadHeight

WiththePile3Dprogram,thepileheadheightrelativetothemudlinemaybeadjustedwiththePILEline.Pileheadheightisspecifiedincolumns5764ofthisline,withpositive
heightslyingabovemudlineandnegativeheightslyingbelowmudline.PilesegmentlengthsandpileheadloadsspecifiedonthePLOD3Dlinearebaseduponthispilehead
height.
ThefollowingsamplespecifiesapilebatterintheglobalXZplaneof1:10andverticalintheglobalYZplane.Thepileheadlies10.0unitsabovethemudline.Thepilegroupis
PL1andthesoiltableisSOL1.

3.4.4PileLocalCoordinateSystem
ThepilelocalcoordinatesystemusedinthePileprogramisdefinedasfollows:
ThepilelocalXaxisextendsfromthepileheaddownthepilealongthepilecenterline.ThelocalZaxisisperpendiculartothepilelocalXaxisandisassumedtobedirectedtothe
rightofthepile.Usingtherighthandrule,thelocalYaxisisnormaltothepileandpointsintothepage.
PositiveaxialdeflectionisassumedtobedeflectiondownalongthepileaxiswhilepositivelateraldeflectionisalongthepositiveZaxis.PositiverotationisassumedabouttheYaxis
andisintothepaperusingtherighthandrule.

ThePileprogramreportspileinternalloadingsuchthatpositiveinternalaxialloadistensionandapositiveinternalZshearloadactsalongthelocalZaxis.ApositiveinternalY
momentactsaboutthelocalYaxisandresultsinacompressivestressontherightsideofthepile.Internalstressesarereportedsuchthatapositiveaxialstressistensileandpositive
shearstressresultsfromapositiveshearload.PositivebendingstresscorrespondstoapositivemomentaboutthelocalYaxis.
3.4.5PileheadSpring
UnlikePSI,thePileprogramdoesnotincludetheeffectsofthestiffnessofthestructureconnectedabovethepilehead.Bydefaultthetopofthepileisassumedtobefreetorotateand
translate.
However,thestiffnesseffectsofastructureconnectedatthetopofthepilemaybeincorporatedbyspecifyingelasticboundaryconditionsatthetopofthepileusingthePLSPRG
line.Alateraland/orrotational(bending)springmaybedefinedbyspecifyingthespringtypeandthespringconstant.Thefollowingdefinesalateralandarotationalspring:

3.5MODELINGSOILPROPERTIES
3.5.1Overview
Ingeneral,soilresistanceisdescribedusingthelinesavailableforuseinPSIinputexceptwherenotedinthefollowingsections.

3.5.2SoilAxialResistance
TheaxialcapacityofthesoilmaybedescribedusingthesameinputlinesavailableinthePSIprogram.
3.5.2.1InputtingAxialLoadDistribution

Ifaxialsoildatainunavailable,theusermayinputtheaxialloaddistributioninthepileusingtheAXLOADline,thusallowingPiletobypasstheaxialsolution.
Thenumberofpointsalongthepilethataxialloadwillbespecifiedisdesignatedincolumns1416.Foreachofthesepoints,theaxialforceandthedistancefromthepileheadmust
bespecified.Pileusestheseinputvaluesinperformingthelateralsolution.Thefollowingdefinestheaxialloadinthepileateightpoints:

Note:Compressiveforceshouldbeenteredaspositivevalues.Thefirstvalueenteredshouldbetheaxialloadatthepilehead(0.0incolumns2429).Thisvalueisusedastheaxial
loadinthepile.AnyadditionalaxialloadspecifiedusingPLLOADlinesisignored.

3.5.3SoilTorsionalResistance
TorsionalresistanceofthesoilisnotconsideredbythePileprogram.AnySOILTORSIONinputlinesareignored.

3.5.4SoilLateralResistance
SoillateralcapacityismodeledusingthesametechniquesasthePSIprogrammodule.

3.5.5SoilLiquefactionPotential

SoilliquefactionpotentialiscalculatedusingthesametechniquesasthePSIprogrammodule.

3.6INPUTTINGPILEHEADSTIFFNESSTABLES
Pileheadstiffnesstabledataisnotrequired.AnypileheadstiffnessdatainputisignoredbythePileprogram.

3.7SPECIFYINGLOADINGFORISOLATEDPILEANALYSIS
Theloadingatthetopofthepilemustbedescribedwhenexecutinganisolatedpileanalysis.Ifcodecheckistoperformed,thecodemustbedesignatedincolumns910onthe
PLOPTline.
TheloadingordisplacementsforwhichtoanalyzethepilearedesignatedonthePLLOADline(s).Thelateralforceordisplacementisinputincolumns2130,whilemomentor
rotationisinputincolumns3140.Eitheraxialforceoraxialdisplacementbutnotboth,mustbespecifiedincolumns4150or5160,respectively.
Note:Enterpositiveaxialloadforcompressionorpositiveaxialdisplacementfordisplacementdownalongthepile.
Theallowablestressmodifierormaterialfactormaybespecifiedincolumns7175.
AsmanyPLLOADlinesasdesiredmaybeinput.Bydefault,eachPLLOADlineisconsideredtobeaseparateloadconditionunlesstheStartfromprevioussolutionflagisset.If
thisflagisset,theloadingspecifiedpriortothepresentPLLOADlineisassumedtobetheinitialpositionforthepresentanalysistobegin.Thefollowingdesignatespileloadingwith
thesecondlinecontinuingfromtheprevioussolution:

Note:WhenthePileprogramisrunusingaPSIinputfile(withthePSIOPTlinereplacedbyaPLOPTline),apileanalysiswillbeperformedoneachpileforeachpileloadcase,
evenifallpilesareidenticalandareinstalledinthesamesoil.Toavoidthisduplication,itissuggestedthatredundantPILElinesberemovedfromthePileinputfile.

3.7.13DPileHeadLoad
ThefirststepincreatingthreedimensionalpileheadloadinginPile3DisspecifyingthepileheadheightonthePILEline.Afterspecifyingthepileheadheight,loadingisappliedto
thepileviathePLOD3Dline.Threedimensionalloads(forcesandmoments)orthreedimensionaldisplacements(translationandrotation)maybeappliedtothepileattheheight
specifiedinthepreviousPILEline.ForcesFordisplacementsDarespecifiedincolumns1134momentsMorrotationsRarespecifiedincolumns3558.Allquantities
specifiedonthePLOD3Dlinearespecifiedinthepilelocalcoordinatesystem.
Thefollowingsamplespecifiespileforcesof100.0intheaxialdirection,8.0inthelocalYdirectionandatorsionalmomentof10.0.Thepileitselfhasabatterof1:10intheglobal
XZplaneandapileheadheightof10.0.Allforces/momentsareappliedatthisheightabovethemudline.

3.7.2SpecifyingPileLoadAtDepth
Anewfeatureofthreedimensionalsinglepileanalysisistheabilitytospecifypileloadingatplacesalongthepileotherthanthepilehead.Thisfeatureiscontainedintheline
DEPLOD.Loads(forcesandmoments)arespecifiedatagivenverticaldepthrelativetothemudline.Verticaldepthisspecifiedincolumns814.Forcesarespecifiedincolumns16
36withmomentsspecifiedincolumns3757.EachDEPLODlinecreatesasinglepileanalysis.AllquantitiesspecifiedontheDEPLODlinearespecifiedintheglobalcoordinate
system.Assuch,inordertoeffectivelyusetheDEPLODlinethemodelmusthavethepositiveglobalZaxisintheverticalupwarddirection.
Thefollowingsamplespecifiesglobalpileforcesof8.0intheglobalXdirection,0.0intheglobalYdirection,and100.0intheglobalZdirection.Globalpilemomentsof0.0about
theglobalX,0.0abouttheglobalY,and10.0abouttheglobalZarespecified.Thepileloadingisspecifiedat10.0unitsbelowthemudline.

3.8CREATINGAPILEFATIGUESOLUTIONFILE
ThePileprogramcanbeusedtocreateapilesolutionfileforusebysubsequentfatigueanalysis.TheSCFoptionshouldbespecifiedonthePLOPTlineincolumns6365.
TheforcesandmomentstobeappliedtothepilearedesignatedontheLOADinputline.TheforcesalongX,YandZaxesareenteredincolumns1723,2430and3137,
respectivelyalongwiththemomentsabouttheX,YandZaxesspecifiedincolumns3844,4652and5359,respectively.
Bydefault,theloadsspecifiedareassumedtobeinthepilelocalcoordinatesystem(shownonright).Ifontheotherhand,thepileloadsweretakendirectlyfromamemberinternal
loadsreportorarespecifiedusingtheTimoshenkosignconvention,MEMBandINTLmustbespecifiedincolumns6164and6669,respectively.

AsmanyLOADlinesasrequiredmaybespecified.Aloadcondition,withresults,willbecreatedinthesolutionforeachLOADlinespecified.

3.9CREATINGAPILESTUB
Itisoftendesirableornecessarytoreplacethenonlinearpilesoilsystemwithanapproximatelyequivalentlinearpilestubbeamelement.Staticanalysisofthelinearizedsystemfor
instance,maybesufficientlyaccurateforpreliminarydesignpurposes.Fordynamicanalysis,itisnecessarytolinearizethefoundation.
ThePileprogramoffersanautomatedequivalentpilestubdesignfacilityinwhichtheprogramcalculatesanequivalentpilestubandoutputsinputlinescontainingthepilestub
propertiesincludingmemberlength,memberoffsetsandprismaticsectionproperties.
3.9.1PileStubLoading
TheloadingordisplacementsusedtocalculatetheequivalentlinearizedfoundationelementarespecifiedonthePLSTUBline.Thelateralandbendingstiffnessmaybedetermined
usingforcesandmomentsordisplacementandrotationbyenteringForDincolumn10,respectively.Ifdeflectionsaredesignated,thelateraldeflectionandrotationareenteredin
columns2130and3140.Otherwise,lateralshearforceandmomentshouldbeentered.Eitheranaxialloadoraxialdisplacement,butnotboth,maybespecifiedincolumns4150or
5160.

Note:Theloadsspecifiedatthepileheadshouldbespecifiedinthepilelocalcoordinatesystem.Foramoredetaileddiscussiononthetheoryandderivationoftheequivalentpile
stubprocedureusedbyPile,seetheCommentary.Sampleproblem2illustratestheprocedureindetail.

3.10CREATINGALOAD/DEFLECTIONCURVEFORSOILS
ThePileprogramcanbeusedtocreatetheloadversusdeflectioncurvesforagivenpilehead.Thisisusefulforthevisualizationofspecificstaticload/deflectioncharacteristicsinthe
specifiedpilehead.Pileheadcapacitymayoftenbeeasilydeterminedbyexaminingthepeakofthepileheadload/deflectioncurve.
Thecreationofaload/deflectioncurveisaccomplishedbymeansoftheLODFLline.Thislineisusedtocalculatetheaxialcompressionandtensionpileheadversusdeflection.The
numberofdeflectionincrementsisenteredincolumns710.Themaximumaxialdeflectionisenteredincolumns1120.Thedeflectionrangefromzerotothemaximumaxial
deflectionisdividedevenlybythenumberofdeflectionincrements.Apileheadloadiscalculatedforeachaxialdeflection.IftheunitsspecifiedwereSI,thefollowinglinedefinesa
load/deflectioncurvewithfiftypointsandamaximumaxialdeflectionof15.0centimeters.

Note:theLODFLlineisonlyusedinsinglepileanalysis.
Usingtheaboveloaddeflectionline,thepileprogramwillproduceaneutralpicturefilewiththeload/deflectioncurveplottedwiththegivennumberofpointsandmaximumaxial
deflection.Anexampleoftheoutputproducedisshown.TheLODFLoptionsusedtocreatethefigurewerethoseshownaboveintheexampleline.

4.0COMMENTARY
4.1INTRODUCTION
PSI,(PileStructureInteraction),analyzesthebehaviorofapilesupportedstructuresubjecttooneormorestaticloadconditions.Finitedeflectionofthepileisaccountedfor(theP
deltaeffect)andthesoilmayexhibitnonlinearforcedeformationbehaviorbothalongandtransversetothepileaxis.
Becauseofthenonlinearbehaviorofthepilesoilsystem,theoverallstiffnessofthestructurefoundationsystemisafunctionofdisplacement.Inalinearanalysisthestructural
stiffnessmatrixisformedbasedontheundeformedstructureanddoesnotchangeasthestructuredeforms.Whenthereissignificantnonlinearity,however,thestiffnessmatrixforthe
deformedshapecannotbedetermineduntilthedeformedshapeisobtained.Thedeformedshape,inturn,cannotbefounduntilthestiffnessmatrixisfound.
Iterativemethodshaveproventobeusefulforsolvingproblemsofthistype.Onestartswithaninitialassumptionforthedisplacementsandsolvesforthestiffnessmatrix.New
displacementsarefoundusingthisstiffnessmatrix,thenanupdatedstiffnessmatrixisformed.Theprocessisrepeateduntilthecalculateddisplacementsforaniterationarewithina
specifiedtoleranceofthosefromthepreviousiteration.
Thetechniquedescribedaboveisnotpracticalforstructureswithmanydegreesoffreedomwithoutfirstintroducingthenotionofcondensationofthestructuralstiffnessmatrix.
Thestructureisdividedintotwoparts,withtheinterfaceatthepileheadjointsatornearthemudline,asshowninFigure1below.
Thepilesbelowthepileheadjointsarenonlinearelementswhilethestructureabovethepileheadjointsislinear.Thestructureabovethepileheadjointsservesthefollowingroles:

1. Connectthepilestoeachotherwithamediumhavingcertainwelldefinedlinearstiffnessproperties.
2. Introduceloadstothepileheads.
Theprocessofcondensationinvolvesreducingthelinearstructureabovethepileheadjointsandloadstoanequivalentlinearstiffnessmatrixinvolvingonlythepileheaddegreesof
freedomandasetofforcesappliedtothosedegreesoffreedom.Forexample,afourpilejacketmayhaveseveralhundreddegreesoffreedombutthenonlinearpartofthestiffness
matrixwillonlyhave24degreesoffreedom(i.e.4pileheadjointswith6degreesoffreedomperpile).

4.2DERIVATIONOFINTERACTIONEQUATIONS
Toderivetheinteractionequation,firstconsiderasinglepileasillustratedinthefigurebelow.
Assumethatthedeflectedshapeofthepileisverynearlyinaplanecontainingtheaxisofthepile.Thisassumptionisvalidif:
1. Thepileheadtorquedoesnotinfluencethelateraldeflection.
2. Theresultantpileheadbendingmomentisaboutanaxisperpendiculartothedirectionoftheresultantpileheadlateralforce.
Note:Thereasonsforthisassumptionwillbeaddressedlaterinthediscussion.

Thefirstoftheseconditionsmaybeacceptedbasedontheusualsmalldisplacementrestrictionofstructuralanalysis.Theusualconditionsunderwhichoffshorestructures(and
indeedmostotherstructures)operateproduceresultantpileheadbendingmomentsandlateralforcesthatnearlysatisfycondition2.Notethatitisnotassumedthatallofthepiles
deforminthesameplane,butonlythateachpiledeformsinaplane.Thatplane,however,maybedifferentfrompiletopile.

Plotscanbedevelopedrelatinganypileheadforce(ormoment)componenttoanypileheaddisplacement(orrotation)componentforfixedvaluesofaxialloadandtheother
displacementorrotationcomponents.AtypicalplotmayhavethegeneralappearanceofFigure3.TheslopeofthecurveatapointsuchasA,isdefinedasthestiffnesscoefficient
relatingtheforceormomenttothedisplacementorrotationatthatpointA.Itisafunctionofdisplacement,rotation,oraxialload.

TheequationoftheFvs.curvemaybewrittenintheform:
(1)
whereKandFOarefunctionsof,,andP.
Theseconsiderationsaregeneralizedto6pileheaddegreesoffreedomandtheresultswritteninmatrixform:

(2)
where{F},{},and{FO}are61matrices(columnvectors)and[K]isa66matrix.Inaddition,[K]and{FO}arefunctionsof,,andP.

Figure4isaschematicsketchofajacketsupportedbypiles.Thenonlinearpilesaresymbolicallyrepresentedbythespringlikeelementsatthepileheadjoints.Externalforcesare
appliedoverthejacketincluding,perhaps,atthepileheadjoints.Thejacketconsistsofthepileinterfacedegreesoffreedom(designatedbysubscriptI)andthefreedegreesof
freedom(designatedbythesubscriptF).TheForceDisplacementrelationshipforthejacketpilecombinationcanbewritteninpartitionedmatrixnotationas:

(3)
Inequation3,thetermsFFandFIaretheexternalforcevectorsappliedtothestructureatthefreeandinterfacedegreesoffreedomrespectivelyandDFandDIarethe
correspondingdisplacementvectors.KPistheassemblednonlinearstiffnessmatrixofthepilesattheinterfacedegreesoffreedom,andFOisthecolumnvectorofthepileintercept
forces.Asdiscussedpreviously,bothKPandFOdependontheinterfacedisplacementvectorDI.Allotherstiffnesscoefficientsareindependentofthedisplacementsandcanbe
evaluatedonceatthestartoftheproblem.

Figure5(above)showsthefreebodiesofthejacketandpiles.Theforcesactinginthesebodiesincludetheequalandoppositeinterfaceforcevector,FI.Theforcedisplacement
relationshipsforthepilesandjacketrespectivelyare:
(4)

(5)
Equations4and5aresimplyabreakdownofequation3intothecontributionfromthenonlinearpileandlinearstructurerespectively.Combiningthesetwoequationsyieldsequation
3.
Equation5canbeexpanded,resultingin:

(6)

(7)
Equation6issolvedforDFandtheresultissubstitutedintoequation7,whichisthenrearrangedtogive:
(8)
Equation8isamatrixequationwhoseorderisequaltothenumberofinterfacedegreesoffreedomofequation4.Addingthesetwoequationseliminatestheinternalinterfacevector
FI.
(9)
ThetermsinthisequationcanbegroupedintothosethatdependonDIandthosethatdonot.Theliketermsarecollectedandtheequationarerearrangedresultingin:

(10)
where:

Equations4and10arethebasisfortheiterativesolution.Onecandoananalysisofeachpileusingthecurrentpileheaddisplacementvectorasitsboundarycondition.Thepilehead
forceandmomentarecalculated,thenasecondpileanalysisisdonewithanincrementaddedtothedisplacements,resultinginnewforcesandmoments.Thestiffnesscoefficients
thenaretheratiosofeachofthepileheadforce(ormoment)incrementstoeachofthedisplacement(orrotation)increments.Thepileheadinterceptforce(ormoment)componentsare
thencalculatedusingequation4.
Thisprocesscanberepeatedforeachiterationateachpileheadandforeachloadcase.Thisapproach,althoughtheoreticallysound,canrequirealargenumberofpileanalyses.
ThePSIprogramusesamoreefficientapproach.Insteadofdoingpileanalysesateachpileforeachiterationofeachloadcase,anumberofpileanalysesaredoneattheoutsetto
produceasetofpileheadforcevs.displacementcurvessimilartoFigure3.Valuesforpileheadaxialload(ordeflection),lateraldeflection,androtationthatspantherangeofvalues
expectedinthefinalsolutionareused.Theprogramperformsapileanalysisforeachcombinationoftheseloadsandrotationsandstorestheresults.Foreachiteration,thepilehead
displacementsareusedtodeterminetheresultingpileheadstiffnesscoefficientandinterceptforcesfromthecurves.Thisprocedureiscontinueduntilapreliminaryconvergenceis
met.Uponconverging,PSIcontinuesiteratingbutnowperformsacompletepilestiffnessanalysisforeachiteration.Thisfinetuningprocedurecontinuesuntiltheforcetoleranceor
maximumnumberofiterationsismet.

4.3ALIGNINGTUBULARPILELOCALCOORDINATES
ThePYdataforthetypeofproblemscommonlyencounteredintheoffshoreapplicationscanbehighlynonlinearforarangeofdisplacementsoverwhichthepilemayhaveto
function.Thisresultsinpileheadlateralforcedisplacementcurvesthatarelikewisenonlinear.Becauseofthis,inordertogetmoreaccurateresults,PSIperformsitsiterationsinthe
planeoftheresultantpileheadlateraldisplacementfortubularpiles.
Inactuality,thefinalresultsmayhaveasmallcomponentofdisplacementoutoftheanalysisplane.Thisisbecause,foreachpile,theplaneisfoundinthefirstiterationandthatplane
isusedforallfurtheriterations.ThechordangleusedinthefirstiterationisreportedintheInitialDeflectionsreportforeachloadcaseundertheheaderBeta.

Toillustratethenecessityfortheapproachtaken,considerapilehavingthepileheadforcedisplacementcurveshowninfigure8(b).Furthermorethepileisloadedinadirection
makinganangleof45degreeswiththecoordinatesusedforanalysis.ThetrueresultantforceonthepileheadisF,thecorrespondingtrueresultingdisplacementis.ThetrueXand
Ycomponentsofthepileheadforceareeach0.707(F).Ifthepilewereanalyzedinthesecomponentdirectionsthedisplacementswouldbeequaltoeachotherandhavethevalue
0.707,asshowninfigure8(b).Thevectorsumofthesedisplacementswouldbewhichisfarlessthanthetruedisplacement.Thusinordertoinsureanaccurateresultitisseen
thattheiterativeanalysisshouldbedoneintheplaneofthepiledeformation.
Thereforeaccuracyislostifalargecomponentofpileheadbendingmomentexistsinthedirectionoftheresultantpileheadlateralload.Ontheotherhand,ifthiscomponentof
momentissmallthenonlyanegligibleerrorismadebyvectoriallycombiningtheanalysesinthetwoplanes.

4.4APIRP2APILERESISTANCE
PSIallowstheusertospecifythepile/soilresponsetoaxial,lateral,andtorsionalloadsappliedatthepilehead.Inlieuofthisinformation,theusermayspecifygeneralsoilproperties
withwhichthePileprogramwillusetodevelopthepile/soilresponsebasedonAPIRP2Arecommendations.

4.4.1AxialResistance
4.4.2UltimatePileCapacity
Section6.4ofthetwentietheditionofAPIRP2Asuggestthatthepilecapacity,Qd,maybedeterminedfrom:
(6.41.11)
wheref=unitskinfrictioncapacity,As=sidesurfaceareaofpile,q=unitendbearingcapacityandAp=grossendareaofpile.

4.4.3SkinFrictionandEndBearing
Forpipepilesincohesivesoils,theunitskinfriction,f,atanypointalongthepile,canbecalculatedfromthefollowing:

wherecistheundrainedshearstrengthandisadimensionlessfactorthatmaybetakenas:

where=c/po'andpo'istheeffectiveoverburdenpressure.Theunitendbearingqforpilesincohesivesoilsistakenas9*c.
Forpipepilesincohesionlesssoil,theunitskinfrictionandunitendbearingarecalculatedfrom:
(6.4.31)

(6.4.32)
whereK=coefficientoflateralearthpressure,pO=effectiveoverburdenpressure,=angleofsoilfrictiononpilewallandNq=bearingcapacityfactor.
Note:Unitskinfrictionandunitendbearingforcohesionlesssoilsdonotincreaselinearlywiththeoverburdenpressureindefinitely.Thevaluesarelimitedtothemaximumvalues
listedinthetablebelow.

Theusermayentervaluesfortheseparametersoruseprogramdefaults.Thecoefficientforlateralearthpressure,K,maybebetween0.5and1.0assuggestedbyAPI,andhasa
defaultvalueof1.0.Atanydepththeprogramusestheweightofthesoilabovethelevelastheeffectiveoverburdenpressure,PO.Thisweightiscalculatedusingthesubmergedunit
weightofthesoil,whichtheusermustinput.Thedefaultvaluesforfrictionangle,,andbearingcapacityfactor,Nq,dependonthesoiltypeandarelistedalongwithfmaxandqmax
below:
SoilType

Nq

fmax

qmax

Gravel

350

50

2.4

250

CleanSand

300

40

2.0

200

SiltySand

250

20

1.7

100

SandySilt

200

12

1.4

60

Silt

150

1.0

40

Note:Forrocktheusermustinputvaluesfortheskinfrictioncapacity,f,andtheunitbearingcapacity,q.

4.4.4SoilAxialLoadTransferCurves
Axialloadtransferandpiledisplacementcurves,TZcurves,areconstructedbasedonAPIRP2Arecommendations.TheTZcurvesaregeneratedbasedonthefollowingtables
wherezisthelocalpiledeflection,Disthepilediameter,tisthemobilizedsoiladhesionandtmaxisthemaximumsoilpileadhesionorunitskinfriction.
Clay

Sand

z/D

t/tmax

t/tmax

0.00
0.0016

0.00
0.30

0.00
0.10

0.00
1.00

0.0031

0.50

1.00

0.0057
0.0080
0.0100

0.75
0.90
1.0

0.0200

0.700.90

0.700.90

4.4.5TipLoadDisplacementCurves
TheendbearingortiploadcapacitycanbegeneratedintheformofendbearingTZ(orQZ)curvesbasedonAPIRP2Arecommendationsasfollows:
z/D

0.002

0.013

0.042

0.073

0.100

t/tp

0.25

0.50

0.75

0.90

1.00

1.00

wherezistheaxialtipdeflection,Disthepilediameter,tisthemobilizedendbearingcapacityandtpisthetotalendbearing.
4.4.6LateralResistanceforSoftClays
PYcurvesforlateralresistancearegeneratedbasedonthesuggestionsinsection6.8ofthetwentietheditionofRP2A.Forsoftclaystheultimateresistingpressure,pu,isgivenby:

forX<XR

(6.8.21)
forX>XR
(6.8.22)
where:
c=undrainedshearstrengthofundisturbedclaysample
D=pilediameter
=effectiveunitweightofthesoil
J=dimensionlessconstantbetween0.25and0.5
X=depthbelowsoilsurface
XR=depthtobottomofthezoneofreducedresistance.
Note:XRisthevalueofXforwhichequations6.8.21and6.8.22produceequalvaluesforpu.
OncetheultimateresistanceisknownthePYcurveisconstructedasaseriesofstraightlines.Twocasesarise:staticandcyclicloadconditions.Forthestaticcasethefollowing
pointsdefinethePYcurve:

wherep=lateralresistance,y=lateraldeflection,yc=2.5ecDandec=strainatonehalfthemaximumstressforundrainedcompressiontestforundisturbedsamples.
ForcyclicloadingthepointsdefiningthePYcurvesare:

4.4.7LateralResistanceforSand

RP2Agivestheultimatebearingcapacityforsandasthesmallervalueof:

wherepu=ultimateresistance(subsciptsforshallow,dfordeep),=effectiveunitweightofsoil,H=depth,D=pilediameterandC1,C2,C3=coefficientsfromfigure6.8.61in
APIRP2A(using'=angleofinternalfrictionforsand).

Theloaddeflection(PY)curvesarenonlinearandareapproximatedbythefollowingexpression:
wherepu=ultimatebearingcapacityatdepthH,k=initialmodulusofsubgradereaction,y=lateraldeflection,H=depth,A=0.9forcyclicloadingor3.00.8H/D0.9forstatic
loading.

4.5EQUIVALENTPILESTUB
Thefollowingisthederivationofthemethodusedtolinearizethesoil/pilesystemintoanequivalentpilestub.
Throughoutthisdiscussion,thefollowingdefinitionsapply:

RigidLinkRelationships:

GoverningEquationsMatrixNotation
ElasticStub

RigidLink

(B2)

(B3)
or

(B3')

Substituting3'into1theninto2thefollowingequationresults.

(B4)

(CombinedStiffness)
Theelasticstubstiffnessmatrixcanberewrittenasfollowsfrombeamtheory.


Invertingthematrixyields:

therefore,fortheelasticstub:

(B5)

(B6)

(B7)
Substitutethesevaluesintoequation4todeterminecombinedstiffnessterms.

SolvingforI,LoandLyields:

(B8)

(B9)

(B10)

Inaddition,theaxialstiffnessofthepileismodeledbygivingthepileacrosssectionalareasuchthat:

or

wherethelength,L,isfromequation(B10).

4.5.1RulesforModelingaPileStub
Pilestubsmaybemodeledsuchthatthestubrunsdownfromthepileheadtothepilestubtiporfromthepilestubtipuptothepileheadjoint.Ineithercase,thedistancefromthe
pileheadtothepiletipisrepresentedbyL+Lo,whereListheactuallengthofthepilestubelementandLoiseitherapositiveornegativeoffset.
ThePileprogramreportsthepilestubpropertiesassumingthatthepilestubismodeledfromthepileheaddowntothepilestubtip.Therefore,positiveoffsetsreportedbytheprogram
refertoanoffsetdownfromthepileheadjointthatshortensthestubmember(seeFigureA).Conversely,offsetsreportedasnegativenumberselongatethepilestubabovethe
pileheadjoint(seeFigureB).

Whenaddingpilestubstoamodel,thefollowingrulesshouldbeadheredto:
1. UsePrismaticcrosssectionPRIfortheelasticstubmodel.Useshearareastentimeslargerthantheaxialareatoeliminatesheardeflection.
2. Uselocalmemberoffsets.
3. Fixthetipofthepilestubtoground.

5.0TROUBLESHOOTINGCOMMONPROBLEMS
PSIisaniterativesolutionapproachtoahighlycomplicatedproblemandassuchrequiresacertaindegreeofcareonthepartoftheuser.Thefollowingsectiondiscussesmeansof
avoidingandcorrectingproblemsthatmayariseduringexecutionofPSI.
1. Whenapilecannotcompletelydissipatetheaxialload,itmayexperiencesoilpunchthrough.Usuallypilesexhibitingthisproblemmustberedesignedwithincreasedpile
penetration,thusprovidingmorepilelengthavailabletodissipatetheload
ThisproblemmayalsooccurifuserspecifiedTABRvaluesexceedthepilesaxialcapacity.Ifthefinalaxialloadsaremuchsmallerthantheuserinputvalues,the
valuesshouldbedecreasedsothattheaxialbehaviorisadequatelydefinedintherangeofthesolutionvalueandtheuserspecifiedloadsdonotcausepunchthrough.
Alternatively,theusercanspecifyaxialdeflectionvaluesinsteadofloadvalues.
2. Theiterativepilesolution(eitheraxialorlateral)mayfailtoconverge.Theprogramwillproduceamessagetotheeffectthatthesolutiondidnotconvergefortheparticularset
ofconditionsinvolved.
ThisusuallyoccursfortheaxialsolutionwhentheTZcurveshaveasharpslopediscontinuityforthesamevalueofdisplacementoverthelengthofthepile.Iftheaxial
loadissuchthatthepiledisplacesbythisamount,theiterationproceduremaycyclebackandforthfromoneportionoftheTZcurvetoanotherwithoutconverging.The
problemcanbecorrectedbyeitherreplacingtheTZcurvesbyoneswithamoregradualtransitionfromoneportiontoanotherorbychangingtheTABRvalue(if
specified)byasmallamount(perhaps5or10percent)sothatthepilesolutionwillberemovedfromthepointofslopediscontinuity.Similarbehaviormayoccurforthe
lateralsolution,butislesscommonsinceforlateralloadstheentirepiledoesnotdisplacebyapproximatelythesameamountasisthecaseforaxialloads.Lackof
convergenceforlateralloadsmaybesimilarlycorrectedbymodifyingthePYcurvestosmoothouttheslopediscontinuitiesorbychangingtheoptionallateralTABR
deflectionvalues.
3. Thenumberofiterationsallowedperloadcasemaybeexceededif:
a.toofewiterationsarerequested(columns4143ofthePSIoptionsline).
b.theconvergencetolerancesaretoosmall(columns2540ofthePSIoptionsline).
c.unusualsoilconditions,suchasaverystiffstratum(rock)sandwichedbetweentwoverysoftstrata,arepresent.

Theproblemcanusuallyberesolvedbyincreasingthenumberofiterations.
4. Thecombinedreducedstructuralstiffnessmatrixandpileheadstiffnessmatrixisnonpositivedefinite.Thecombinedstructuralandpilestiffnessmatrixmaybesingular.This
isusuallytheresultofajointinthestructurebeingimproperlyconstrained.Oneverycommoninstanceofthisiswhenaconductorisreleasedforallthreerotationsatallofits
nodes,includingthetopone.Thiscausestheconductortohavenotorsionalstiffness,whichresultsinthesingularstiffnessmatrix.Thecorrectionistoremovethereleasefor
rotationaboutthelocalXaxisatanynodeornodes.

6.0SAMPLEPROBLEMS
ThestructureshowninthefigurewasusedtoillustratethevariouscapabilitiesofthePSIprogram.Threeseparaterunsareillustrated:
1. ThefirstproblemisatypicalPSIanalysiswhereaxialandlateralsoilpropertiesaredescribedbyTZandPYcurvesrespectively.Inaddition,numerousplotsweregenerated
includingthesoildata,axialandlateraldeflectionsandpileunitycheck.ThepileheadstiffnesstablesweregeneratedautomaticallyinPSI.

2. SampleProblem2isasinglepileanalysisusedtodeterminetheequivalentpilestubofthesoil/pilefoundation.Inlieuofcurvestodefinethesoilloaddisplacement
relationships,generalsoilpropertieswereinput.PileusedthisinformationtoformthesoilloaddisplacementrelationshipperAPIRP2Arecommendations.


3. SampleProblem3illustratesamudslidecaseintheglobalXdirection.Userdefinedpileheadstiffnesstableswereused.

SAMPLEPROBLEM1
ThefollowingisanexampleofatypicalPSIanalysiswhereTZandPYcurvesareusedtodefinetheloaddisplacementrelationshipofthesoil/pilefoundationintheaxialand
lateraldirectionsrespectively.
Thestructureshowninthefigurestandsin82.02ft.ofwater.Themodelcontainsoneuserdefinedloadcondition(LC1),whichrepresentsa150psfliveloadonthedeck.Load
conditions2and3containenvironmentalloadingincludingwind,wave,currentandgravity.Windarea,marinegrowth,coefficientofdragandmassoverrides,andmemberand
groupoverridesarespecified.Loadconditions4and5arecombinationsofloadcases1and2,and1and3respectively.Onlytheloadcombinations(LC4andLC5)arepassedtoPSI
foranalysis.
ThefollowingisaportionoftheSACSinputfilecontainingtheinputlines.Forclarity,somemodeldatanotspecifictoPSIhasbeenomitted.Themodelinputfilespecifiesthe
following:
A. TheOPTIONSlinespecifiesaPSIanalysis(col.1920)withnocodecheckforthemainstructure(col.2526).
B. TheLCSELlinespecifiesthatonlyloadcases4and5aretobepassedtoPSIforanalysis.
C. Joints2,4,6and8arespecifiedaspileheadjointsbyPILEHDincolumns5560ontheJOINTline.


ThefollowingisthePSIinputfileusedinSampleProblem1,followedbyadetaileddiscussionoftheinputlines.


A. ThePSIOPTlinespecifiesEnglishunits(col.1012)andthatafinalpileanalysisistoexecutedwithsummarizedoutputreports.
B. ThePLTRQlinerequestthatsoildata,axialdeflection,lateraldeflectionandunitycheckplotsbegenerated.
C. ThePLGRUPlinesdesignatepilegroupPL1asa28inchdiametersegmentedmember1.5inchwalland50ksi,forthefirst50feetand0.75inchwall36ksifortheremaining
175feet.
D. Pileheadjoints2,4,6and8areassignedreferencejoints201,203,205and207respectively.AllpileshavememberpropertiesdefinedbygroupPL1andusesoilproperties
definedbysoilgroupSOL1.
E. TheSOILTZAXIALHEADlineindicatesthattwosoillayerswillbedefinedbyTZcurvesforsoilgroupSOL1.
F. Theelevationofthesoillayer,thenumberofpointsdefiningthecurveforthatlayerandthefactortowhichmultiplyTby,aredesignatedontheSOILSLOCline.
G. TheTZcurveforthesoillayerspecified,isdefinedbythepointsspecifiedontheSOILTZline.
H. Atorsionalspringwithstiffnessvalueof277910.0inkip/radianforsoilgroupSOL1isdesignatedontheSOILTORSIONHEADline.
I. TheSOILLATERALHEADlinespecifiesthatfivesoilstrata,withamaximumof13pointsdefiningthePYcurve,willbeusedtodefinethelateralloaddeflection
relationshipofthesoil/pilesystem.Thereferencediameteris28.0inches.
J. ThePYcurveforthesoillayerattheelevationspecifiedonthepreviousSLOCline,isdefinedbythepointsspecifiedontheSOILPYline.
ThefollowingarethePSIoutputplotsandaportionofthelistingfileforSampleProblem1.

SAMPLEPROBLEM2
SampleProblem2isasinglepileanalysisusedtodeterminetheequivalentpilestubofthesoil/pilefoundation.Inlieuofcurvestodefinethesoilloaddisplacementrelationships,
generalsoilpropertieswereinput.PileusedthisinformationtoformthesoilloaddisplacementrelationshipperAPIRP2Arecommendations.
Thefollowingistheinputfileusedfortheequivalentpilestubanalysisalongwithadescriptionoftheinputlines:

A. ThePILOPTlinespecifiesEnglishunits(col.1012)andthatapilecodecheckistoexecuted.
B. ThePLTRQlinerequestthatsoildataplotsbegenerated.
C. ThePLGRUPlinesdesignatepilegroupPL1asa28inchdiametersegmentedmember1.5inchwalland50ksi,forthefirst50feetand0.75inchwall36ksifortheremaining
175feet.
D. Pileheadjoint2isassignedmemberpropertiesdefinedbygroupPL1andusesoilpropertiesdefinedbysoilgroupSOL1forthepilelocalXZandXYplanes.
E. TheSOILAXIALHEADlineindicatesthatthesoilaxialpropertieswillbedescribedforeightsoilstrata.TheprogramwillgenerateskinfrictionandbearingbasedonAPI
RP2Arecommendations.ThesesoilpropertiesareassignedtosoilgroupSOL1.
F. Theelevationofeachsoillayer,thetypeofsoilandthecharacteristicsofthesoillayerarespecifiedontheSOILAPIAXLSLOCline.
G. Atorsionalspringwithstiffnessvalueof1000.0inkip/radianforsoilgroupSOL1isdesignatedontheSOILTORSIONHEADline.
H. TheSOILLATERALHEADlinespecifiesthatsixsoilstratawillbeusedtodefinethelateralloaddeflectionrelationshipofthesoil/pilesystem.Thepilereferencediameteris
28.0inches.
I. TheSOILAPILATSLOClinesspecifythesoilpropertiestobeusedtodevelopPYcurvesbasedonAPIRP2Arecommendations.Thesoiltype,elevationandsoilproperties
foreachsoillayerarespecified.
J. ThePLSTUBinputlinedesignatestheloadsordeformationsthataretobeusedtodetermineanequivalentpilestub.Inthissample,theDincolumn10designatesthatpilehead
displacementswillbeinput.Areferencejointname1002incolumns11to14isdesignatedandalateraldisplacementof2.2802inchesandarotationof0.01306radiansare
specified.Thecorrespondingaxialloadof625.4isalsospecified.

ThefollowingistheneutralpicturefileandaportionofthePileoutputlistingforSampleProblem2.

SAMPLEPROBLEM3
SampleProblem3isthesameasSampleProblem1exceptthatamudslideintheglobalXdirectionwasisspecifiedinthePYdata.Also,userdefinedpileheadstiffnesstablesare
specifiedintheinputfile.ThefollowingisthePSIinputfile,followedbyadescriptionofthelines.

A. ThePSIOPTlinespecifiesEnglishunits(col.1012)andthatafinalpileanalysisistoexecutedwithsummarizedoutputreports.Theweightofthepileistobeincluded,and
calculatedusingadensityof490lbs/cu.ft.
B. ThePLTRQlinerequestthatsoildata,lateraldeflectionandunitycheckplotsbegenerated.
C. ThePLGRUPlinesdesignatepilegroupPL1asa28inchdiametersegmentedmember1.5inchwalland50ksi,forthefirst50feetand0.75inchwall36ksifortheremaining
175feet.
D. Pileheadjoints2,4,6and8areassignedreferencejoints201,203,205and207respectively.AllpileshavememberpropertiesdefinedbygroupPL1andusesoilpropertiesin
thelocalXZandXYplanesdefinedbysoilgroupsSOL1andSOL2respectively.Also,pilechordanglesof225,135,45and315degreesforpileheadjoints2,4,6,and8
respectively,havebeenassignedinordertoalignthepileXYplanewiththeglobalXZplane.
E. TheSOILTZAXIALHEADlineindicatesthattwosoillayerswillbedefinedbyTZcurvesforsoilgroupSOL1.
F. Theelevationofthesoillayer,thenumberofpointsdefiningthecurveforthatlayerandthefactortowhichmultiplyTby,aredesignatedontheSOILSLOCline.
G. TheTZcurveforthesoillayerspecified,isdefinedbythepointsspecifiedontheSOILTZline.

H. Atorsionalspringwithstiffnessvalueof277910.0inkip/radianforsoilgroupSOL1isdesignatedontheSOILTORSIONHEADline.
I. TheSOILLATERALHEADlinespecifiesthatfivesoilstrata,withamaximumof13pointsdefiningthePYcurve,willbeusedtodefinethelateralloaddeflection
relationshipofthesoil/pilesystem.Thereferencediameteris28.0inches.
J. ThePYcurveforthesoillayerattheelevationspecifiedonthepreviousSLOCline,isdefinedbythepointsspecifiedontheSOILPYline.
K. ThesecondSOILTZAXIALHEADlineindicatesthattwosoillayerswillbedefinedbyTZcurvesforsoilgroupSOL2.TheprocedureforTZcurvesforSOL2isthesame
usedforSOL1.
L. TheSOILLATERALHEADlinespecifiesthattwosoilstrata,willbeusedtodefinethemudslidelateralloaddeflectionrelationshipofthesoil/pilesystem.Thereference
diameteris28.0inches.
M. ThePYcurveforthesoillayerattheelevationspecifiedonthepreviousSLOCline,isdefinedbythepointsspecifiedontheSOILPYline.
N. Thepileheadstiffnesstablesforaxialdeflection,lateraldeflection,rotationandtorsionarespecifiedforpilegroupPL1andeachsoilgroupSOL1,andSOL2bytheTABR
lines.
ThefollowingarethreeoftheplotfilescreatedinSampleProblem3.AportionofthePSIlistingfilefollowsonthesubsequentpages.