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windings of three phase transformers may be connected in by Y or in the same manner as for
three single phase transformer.
Since the secondarys may be connected either in Y or regardless of which connection is used on the
primaries, there must be f our ways of connecting the windings of a 3-phase transf ormer f or
transf ormation of 3-phase voltages, namely Y-y, -, Y-, and -y.
T he inter-connections are made inside of the case so that only the terminal leads need to be brought
outside the case:
1. Star Star Transf ormer (Yy0 or Yy6)
2. Delta Delta Transf ormer (Dd0 or Dd6)
3. Delta Star Transf ormer (Dy)
4. Star Delta Transf ormer (Yd) (Grounding Transf ormer)
5. Z ig-zag Transf ormer (Yz, Dz) (Grounding Transf ormer)
6. Scott (T Type) Transf ormer (Grounding Transf ormer)
T he neutral point may or may not be brought out to an external physical connection and the neutral may or
may not be grounded.
T he third, ninth, f if teenth and other so-called zerosequence harmonic currents are in phase with each other;
theref ore, these components do not cancel out each other at the neutral but add in phase with one
another to produce a zero-sequence neutral current, provided there is a path f or the neutral current to
f low.
Due to the nonlinear shape of the B-H curve, odd-harmonic magnetizing currents are required to support
sinusoidal induced voltages. If some of the magnetizing current harmonics are not present, then the
induced voltages cannot be sinusoidal.
Fourier analysis can be used to arrive at an approximation of the secondary voltages with an open primary
neutral. Taking one phase at a time, the normal magnetizing current f or a sinusoidal exciting voltage is
plotted f rom the B-H curve of the transf ormer. T he normal magnetizing current is converted to a Fourier
series and then it is reconstructed by removing all of the zero-sequence harmonics.
T he resulting exciting current will have a shape dif f erent f rom the normal exciting current, which is then
used to construct an induced voltage using the B-H curve in there verse manner that was used to construct
the original exciting current.
T his process is rather laborious, so suf f ice it to say that if a Y-Y transf ormer does not have a neutral path
f or zero-sequence exciting currents, there will be harmonic voltages induced in the secondary even if the
exciting voltage is purely sinusoidal.
Top
If the neutral end of a Y-connected winding is grounded, then there is an opportunity to use reduced levels
of insulation at the neutral end of the winding. A winding that is connected across the phases requires f ull
insulation throughout the winding.
T he ef f ective values of voltages at dif f erent f requencies combine by taking the square root of the sum of
the voltages squared. With sinusoidal phase-to-phase voltage, the third-harmonic component of the
phase-to-neutral voltage is about 60%.
Application
T his Type of Transf ormer is rarely used due to problems with unbalanced loads.
It is economical f or small high voltage transformers as the number of turns per phase and the amount
of insulation required is less.