Dumitroiu Ana Maria

UNIVERSITATEA DIN BUCURETI
FACULTATEA DE LIMBI I LITERATURI STRINE

SECIA TRADUCTORI,INTERPREI,TERMINOLOGI
SPECIALIZAREA:RUS-ENGLEZ
LUCRARE DE LICEN
CLOTHING IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
Candidat: Dumitroiu Ana Maria
Coordonator tiinific:
Asistent drd. Petrua-Oana Nidu
BUCURETI
IUNIE 2015
1
FACULTATEA DE LIMBI I LITERATURI STRINE

SECIA TRADUCTORI, INTERPREI,
TERMINOLOGI
SPECIALIZAREA:RUS-ENGLEZ
LUCRARE DE LICEN
CLOTHING IN NINETEENTH CENTURY
(MBRCMINTEA N SECOLUL 19)
Candidat: Dumitroiu Ana Maria
Coordonator tiinific:
Asistent drd. Petrua-Oana Nidu
BUCURETI
IUNIE 2015
2
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction........4
I. Presentation of the field.6
I.1. Definition of fashion...6
I.2. History of fashion...6
I.3. Nineteenth century fashion...12
I.4. High Fashion and Haute Couture.15
II. Terminology....16
II.1. Definition of terminology16
II.2. Distinction between word and term16
II.3. Criteria of term selection17
II.4. Distinction between terminology/terminography/lexicology/lexicography18
II.5.The distinction between dictionary/glossary20
II.6. Concept Map...23
III. Glossary of key terms...29
IV.Etymology.226
IV.1. Word formation (in theory) 228
IV.2. Word formation (in practice) ..231
V. Conclusions....233
BIBLIOGRAPHY......234
INTRODUCTION
Fashion, fashion, fashion. Today everyone knows about fashion

People have always depended on fashion.
Its interesting to see how clothing has changed during the centuries, from their
manufacturing with manual sewing machines, power looms, spinning wheel and cotton gin to the
haute couture style, from just simple garments to some very accessorized clothes with head
wears, beautiful shoes and expensive jewelries.
Before we talk about fashion, we must know its meaning. According to the dictionary of
the English Royal Academy, the word fashion means: Use, or custom mode that is in vogue for
some time, or in a particular country, specializing in costumes, fabrics and decorations,
especially the newly introduced.
Fashion is based on five basic elements that have survived through the centuries: the color,
shape, fall, texture and balance of the garments.
The fashion in its most primitive form, was born in prehistory when men and women wore
fur to cover their bodies. With the advance of the ice age, men created needles in order to sew.1
It is amazing to see how the different events in history have influenced and changed the
way people have dressed throughout time. Some of the most popular fashions are classic, they
can stand the test of time and hardly ever "go out of style", only experiencing minor changes to
keep up with the trends. Other clothing items could be considered "fads", styles that are only
popular for a short season and then never worn again. Often certain fashion trends are dependent
on the tastes of particular groups of people or cliques and are usually associated with social
status or cultural preferences like the type of music a person likes.2
The title of my work is Clothing in the 19th century.
I chose this topic because I want to highlight the importance of fashion and to present the
evolution of fashion over the centuries, especially during the nineteenth century.
The chapters of my work are:
http://victorianeracnr.blogspot.ro/2011/01/fashion.html, last checked 22.03.2015 09:30

http://www.thepeoplehistory.com/fashions.html, last checked 22.03.2015 09:40
Introduction is a brief presentation of the topic and the reasons why I chose it to be the subject
of my terminological research.
Chapter I is a more detailed presentation of the topic, including the factors that influence
fashion and the history and development of it during the nineteenth century, and contains the
following subchapters:
I. 1. Definition of fashion
I. 2. History of fashion
I. 3. Nineteenth century fashion
I. 4. High fashion and Haute Couture
Chapter II is about Terminology and it contains the following subchapters:
II. 1. The definition of terminology
II. 2. Distinction between word/term
II. 3. Criteria of term selection
II. 4. The distinction between terminology/ terminography/ lexicology/ lexicography
II. 5. The distinction between dictionary/glossary
II. 6. The concept map
Chapter III is the glossary itself: 100 terms related to Fashion in the 19th century. The terms
are arranged alphabetically and each of them is followed by its Romanian equivalent.
Chapter IV includes a comparative analysis of the terms in the two languages: Romanian and
English, in reference to the following:
IV. 1. Etymology
IV. 2. Word formation (theory and practice )
Chapter V covers the general conclusion
Bibliography- namely reference books and web references used for the compiling of the paper.
Chapter I. Presentation of the Field
I.1. Definition of fashion

Since forever, fashion was an important subject in the life of a man. From ancient times to
modern times, clothing had always made the difference between rich people and poor people.
Fashion is a language which tells a story about the person who wears it. Clothes create a
wordless means of communication that we all understand, according to Katherine Hamnett, a
top British fashion designer.
There are many reasons we wear what we wear.
Protection from cold, rain and snow: mountain climbers wear high-tech outerwear to avoid
frostbite and over-exposure.
Physical attraction: many styles are worn to inspire chemistry.
Emotions: we dress up when were happy and down when were upset.
Religious expression: Orthodox Jewish men wear long black suits and Islamic women cover
every part of their body except their eyes.
Identification and tradition: judges wear robes, people in the military wear uniforms, brides wear
long white dresses.
Fashion is a big business. More people are involved in the buying, selling and production of
clothing than any other business in the world. Every day, millions of workers design, sew, glue,
dye, and transport clothing to stores. Ads on buses, billboards and magazines give us ideas about
what to wear, consciously, or subconsciously.
Clothing can be used as a political weapon. In nineteenth century England, laws prohibited
people from wearing clothes produced in France. During twentieth century communist
revolutions, uniforms were used to abolish class and race distinctions.3
I.2. History of fashion
The term fashion is often used to denote a prevailing style of dress.
The role of clothing and fashion is something that has hunted our society for a very long time.
With time fashion is more than just the style in which something is done, it's no longer a pattern,
its also a manor of doing something even a custom, or appearance. The clothing or the fashion
3
http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/1999/10/what-is-fashion/, last checked 22-03-2015 10:00
we wear marks our "statues" as well as our personality among those individuals that surround
us.4
It is evident that fashion in clothing and accessories dates back as far as the ancient Egyptians.
Their wigs, hairpieces, make-up, and jewelry are evidence of an extensive fashion culture, and
much of their art depicts the importance it held in their society. Ancient Greece and Rome also
had their own fashion. Bright colors, the toga, and the Etruscan wardrobe are staples of ancient
Greek and Roman fashion.
The habit of continually changing the style of clothing is a distinctively Western one. This idea
can be traced back to the middle of the fourteenth century.
The pace of change accelerated considerably in the following century. Women's fashion,
especially in the dressing and adorning of the hair, became equally complex and changing.
Initially, changes in fashion led to a fragmentation of what had previously been very similar
styles of dressing across the upper classes of Europe. The development of distinctive national
styles continued until a countermovement in the seventeenth to eighteenth centuries, which
imposed similar styles once again, especially those from Ancient regime France.5
NINETEENTH CENTURY INDUSTRIALIZATION

Fashion of the 19th century is a study in contradictions and transformation. Fashion historians
have come to call the change of mens fashions from the 18th to the 19th century the great
masculine renunciation. The lines of the clothing became simple and stark, and the ease of
wearing these suits made it an example of modern fashion, compared with the backwardness
of womens clothing, still mired in the constrictions of ruffles, corsets, bustles, and lace.6
The nineteenth century witnessed an amazing transformation in the political and economic life
of Europeans and Americans alike. During the first decade of the century almost all of Europe
was under the power of Frances ruler, Napoleon Bonaparte (17691821), or other members of
his family who controlled the outer regions of the empire. With widespread support for
overturning the old systems of Europe, Napoleon had built a vast French empire. Although
Napoleon was defeated in 1814 at Waterloo and the French, Austrian, and Prussian monarchies
power was restored, it did not take long for revolution to unsettle the royals power once again.
http://www.directessays.com/viewpaper/73333.html, last checked 23-03-2015 09:00
http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Fashion, last checked 23-03-2015 09:05
http://www.nps.gov/vick/learn/education/upload/clothing-2.pdf, last checked 23-03-2015 09:10
Throughout Europe and the United States, the new technologies of the Industrial Revolution
transformed economies based on large farms to those based on industrial production, which
created a wealthy middle class. Possessing economic power, these merchants and industrialists
also wanted political power, which the monarchical systems of government denied them.
By the end of the nineteenth century many of the older European empires had split into the
independent states of Italy, Germany, France, and Russia, carving the way for the growth of the
modern-day nations.
As the political boundaries and rulers of countries changed during the century, the economies of
Europe and America grew rapidly. By the end of the eighteenth century, Great Britain had grown
into the dominant economic power in Europe, surpassing France and Spain. The trade routes
established between Europe and the rest of the world during the eighteenth century promoted the
production of manufactured goods and laid the foundation for the expansion of industrialization
in Great Britain and, eventually, in other countries.
During the first seventy years of the nineteenth century Great Britain developed the first
industrial society, with unprecedented trade, urban, and population growth. The factory systems
developed in Great Britain soon spread to the rest of Europeespecially Belgium, France, and
Germanyand America.
Industrialization brought rapid growth of cities and factories, and with them the expansion of the
middle- and working-class populations.
The expanding middle classes put pressure on their governments to gain political influence
throughout the Western world.
Soon wealthy landowners were joined by wealthy merchants and factory owners in government,
and life was forever changed for working people. In general, people became richer and could
afford more luxuries than ever before.7
Dress during the nineteenth century changed dramatically. The change was influenced by shifts
in taste, of course, but more significantly by the introduction of machines to the construction of
clothing. Sewing machines, power looms, or weaving machines, steam power, electricity, new
dye formulas, and other inventions increased the speed and ease of clothing manufacture. These
inventions were used to add embellishments to womens clothing; machine-made trimmings
were applied in bulk to the enormous flowing gowns worn by women in midcentury.
Pendergast, S; Pendergast, T, (2004), Fashion, Costume, and Culture-Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and
Footwear through the Ages; Volume 3: European Culture from the Renaissance to the Modern Era; THE
NINETEENTH CENTURY; Publishing House UXL, United States of America; page 599
The fashion industry developed in the nineteenth century with the apparition of sewing
machines, power looms, spinning jenny and artificial dies. The development in fashion was made
by some important people like Charles Frederick Worth, the first designer, and Isaac Singer, who
help improve Barthelemy Thimonnier sewing machine. 8
The fashion industry is a product of the modern age. Prior to the mid-19th century, virtually all
clothing was handmade for individuals, either as home production or on order from dressmakers
and tailors. 9
Womens reform of the mid-19th century raised many controversial issues, and one of the most
contentious was fashion. To be a lady of fashion was socially enviable, but nonetheless wholly
Pendergast, S; Pendergast, T, (2004), Fashion, Costume, and Culture-Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and
Footwear through the Ages; Volume 3: European Culture from the Renaissance to the Modern Era; THE
NINETEENTH CENTURY; Publishing House UXL, United States of America; page 605
9
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1706624/fashion-industry Last checked 23.03.2015 11:53
reviled by the morals of prevailing culture. Fashion, therefore, represented a serious temptation
toward impropriety.
Still, women remained fascinated with fashion trends, and tried to find an appropriate
compromise between the evil of becoming consumed by prevailing fashions and the grace of
dressing in a style reflecting position and wealth.10
COTTON IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

With the invention of Eli Whitney's cotton gin in 1793, cotton became a tremendously
profitable industry, creating many fortunes in the Antebellum South. The cotton gin (short for
cotton engine) was a machine that quickly and easily separated cotton fibers from their seeds, a
job that otherwise had to be performed painstakingly by hand. Prior to the introduction of the
mechanical cotton gin, considerable labor was required to clean and separate the fibers from
cotton seeds. Eli Whitney's introduction of "teeth" in his cotton gin to comb out the cotton and
separate the seeds revolutionized this process.11
In 1861, the newly formed Confederate States of America, attempting to force England into the
Civil War as an ally or as the instigator of a compromise that would acknowledge Southern
independence, unanimously adopted King Cotton diplomacy. The South cut off Englands
supply of cotton, the essential fuel for the British textile manufacturers.
In the nineteenth century, cotton was comparable in power to oil in todays global economy.12
10
11
https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/the-market-revolution1815-1840-13/the-market-revolution-108/the-growth-of-the-cotton-industry-583-1160/, last checked 23-03-2015

11:05
12
http://www.international-economy.com/TIE_W10_Dattel.pdf, last checked 23-03-2015 11:15
10
11
I.3 NINETEENTH CENTURY FASHION

Over the course of this time period, clothing styles changed to reflect the ideals of the emerging
republic. Ancient Greece was seen as a democratic model politically, but in art, architecture and
fashion, many things from ancient Greece had become fashionable as well. Gowns became
narrower, shoulders were sloped and waists became higher. They became more streamlined and
had less lace, frills, and ruffles. The oval was a popular form in art, architecture and fashion.
With all sharp angles hidden (such as shoulders and elbows), a woman's profile resembled a
slender oval from head to toe.
Although women did still wear corsets stiffened with whalebone to insure good posture,
undergarments were less restricting than they had been or would be by the 1850's. Women's high
fashion reminds one today of statues of Greek goddesses.
For the most part, the ideal look was light, airy and uncomplicated. Women's clothing also
reflected social expectations. Men perceived women as being vulnerable, frail, and in need of
protection.
High fashion, affordable to upper and middle class women, made physical exertion (suitable only
for males) difficult with narrow gowns and sleeve designs, which made it impossible for a
woman to raise her arms much higher than her shoulders.
While womens fashions were often flamboyant, mens clothing took on a conservative look, as
successful businessmen sought the loftier, more distinguished appearance of statesmen. The
business uniform of the day became the sober black suit, white linen shirt, black scarf tie
(cravat), tall silk hat, and boots or gaiters. Formal evening wear changed hardly at all from
around 1860 until the 1920s, and often consisted of a woolen black tail coat with a satin insert at
the lapel. Vests were of black or white satin, accentuated by a silk cravat or white bow tie.
Trousers were usually black and the white shirt was heavily starched. White gloves were an
essential accessory, especially when dancing, as touching a lady with bare hands was not only a
bit crude, but one's sweat could soil her gown.13
Men's clothing was tailored and the fashionable clothing fit snugly. The biggest change from
earlier times was the abandonment of knee breeches for "pantaloons", which came down to the
ankle.
Pantaloons buttoned up the front as modern sailor pants do today. Some might be of a knitted
fabric, not unlike modern stretch pants. Jackets, sometimes known as "spencers", were high-
13
12
waisted. Tailcoats were also worn. Shirt collars were stiff with starch and were worn upright
with a kerchief or cravat tied around the neck.14
Silhouette and style changes
The nineteenth century was marked by increasingly rapid style changes. Costume historians
recognize this by dividing the century into a number of relatively short fashion periods that cover
ten to twenty years. These periods were characterized by an incremental evolution of fashions
year-by-year that eventually added up to a distinct new style.
By the 1820s, that line was distinctive enough for costume historians to see this as a new period
that they named after the art and literary movements of the same time: the Romantic period
(18201850).
Differences in style between the late Romantic and the later Crinoline period (18501870) were
subtle.15
VICTORIAN ERA
In some costume histories, the period from circa 1838 to 1870 is known as the early Victorian
period, Victoria having acceded to the British throne in 1837.
In 1837 Victoria ascended to the throne. The fashion press looked to this new young queen to
endorse new fashions and generally become an icon for her age. Contrary to popular belief
Victoria was, until Prince Albert's death at least, interested in fashion. But she was not a
frivolous royal leader and her belief in simplicity and demure elegance is echoed by the fashion
plates of the day. Gone were the flamboyant fashions of the mid-1830s with the huge balloonlike sleeves, large bonnets and trailing ribbons. Dress of the late 1830s and 1840s was
characterized by its drooping shoulders, long pointed angles and low pinched-in waist. These
low-waisted dresses required long, heavily-boned corsets to give them their shape.16
The most distinctive aspect of the silhouette of this period was the increasing width of the skirt,
the return of the waistline to its natural anatomical position, and a dropped shoulder line. Until
the invention of the cage crinoline, or hoopskirt, in the mid-1800s, skirts were held out by heavy
14
http://www.memorialhall.mass.edu/classroom/curriculum_6th/lesson13/bkgdessay2.html, Last checked

23.03.2015 12:11
15
Steele, V., (2005), Encyclopedia of clothing and fashion, Thomson Gale, United States of America, pages 440
16
http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/corsets-and-crinolines-in-victorian-fashion/, last checked 23-03-2015

12:22
13
layers of starched petticoats that were often reinforced with fabric stiffened with horsehair (crin
is French for horsehair, and lin, linen, hence the name of the fabric:crinoline). The originator
of the nineteenth-century hoopskirt is unknown. The basic structure was a series of horizontal
hoops of whalebone or steel of gradually increasing size that were fastened to vertical tapes. Far
lighter than the many layers of petticoats, the hoop was an immediate success.
The hoopskirt itself went through numerous transitions, being first round, and then gradually
swinging its fullest areas to the back. As the back fullness increased, the front flattened, and by
1870, the bustle had taken over as the preferred shape.
The silhouette of the Bustle period (18701890) might be divided into three distinct phases. In
the first phase (18691877) the fullness at the back of the dress was supported by a bustle.
Bustles were structures equipped with some device to hold skirts out in the back.
The skirt shape was flat in front with a full, draped fall of fabric and ornamentation down the
back. Most sleeves were three-quarters length or longer and were set in at the shoulder instead of
being dropped below the shoulder on the arm, as in the Crinoline period. Bodices were tightly
fitted. In the second phase (18781883), the bustle itself disappeared, garments were fitted
closely from neck to hip in what was called a cuirass bodice, below which the skirt remained
tight at the front. The decoration of the skirt dropped to below the hips in back. Many
skirts had long, ornamental trains. In the third phase (18831890), the bustle structure returned
with a vengeance, looking like a shelf at the back of the dress. Dresses had high, tightly fitted
collars and very closefitted bodices.
By the final decade of the nineteenth century, the back fullness of the Bustle period had
diminished to a few pleats. The silhouette was hourglass-shaped, with enormous leg-of-mutton
sleeves balancing a full, cone-shaped skirt that was wide at the bottom. The ubiquitous
highstanding collar remained, however.17
The corsets of the 1840s were cut from separate pieces stitched together to give roundness to
the bust and shaping over the hips. A broad busk (a flat length of wood or steel) was inserted up
the center front of the corset to give a smooth line to the bodice of the dress. Strips of whalebone
were also inserted up the back and sometimes down the side and front, to give more structure.
Corsets also had to be rigid to conceal the layers of underwear, including chemise, drawers and
petticoat, which were worn underneath.18
17
Steele, V., (2005), Encyclopedia of clothing and fashion, Thomson Gale, United States of America, pages 440441
18
http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/corsets-and-crinolines-in-victorian-fashion/, last checked 23-03-2015

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I.4. High fashion and Haute Couture

Women of different income levels got their dresses in different ways; some made their own,
which became much easier with the advent of home sewing machines and commercial home
sewing patterns; they bought fashionable clothes in department and specialty fashion shops,
ready made off the rack; they ordered them from seamstresses in the United States, and those
with the most money to spend on their gowns ordered them from the haute couture designers in
Paris at the design houses of Worth, Doucet, and Pingat. Some women took the fashion plates
that designers provided every season and carefully copied the dresses and made their own
versions.
Haute couture gowns were often made with two bodices for one skirt, with one of the bodices
appropriate for day wear and one for evening with a lower dcolletage and shorter sleeves.
According to Coleman (1989), the day bodice was smaller than that worn for evening to
accommodate eating and sitting in the evening. Skirts were designed to fit the hips rather than
the actual natural waistline, whereas the natural waistline could be measured better in the bodice
where the tight corset would pull in to the desired measurement. Women were expected to marry
in their early twenties, and their goal was to have a waistline the same number as their age at
marriage. So if the ideal age of marriage was 21years old, then a 21-inch waist was the goal.
Though there have beenreports of womens waistlines at this time measuring in the mid-teens, it
seems unlikely, given the more robust figure that was fashionable at the time.
Haute Couture
Though not the only Paris designer for U.S. women, Charles Frederick Worth (18261895) was
probably the most important fashion designer, or couturier, of the last half of the nineteenth
century. Other designers were great competitors and included Jacques Doucet (18531929) or
mile Pingat (18201901) and Jeanne Paquin (18691936).
These couturiers all designed for the fashionable and wealthy in Europe and the United States,
but Worth had a special place among U.S. women of the Gilded Age. Dressmaking prices were
more reasonable in Paris than they were in Boston and New York, where the dressmakers were
thought by those who frequented Paris designers to offer clothing that was inferior in fit and
quality, especially compared to gowns created at the House of Worth.19
Thus, we see that the 19th century fashion followed the inclusion of the individual in the
industrial life and caused him to adapt to new technologies and also to technological fashion as
an extension of his own life.20
19
Stamper, A; Condra, J, (2011), Clothing through American History-The Civil War through the Gilded Age, 18011899; Publishing House Greenwood; United States of America, page 297
20
Orsi, V., Carmo, L., (2015), REFLECTIONS ON THE LEXICON AND THE FASHION OF THE 19TH CENTURY, page 8
15
Chapter II. TERMINOLOGY
II. 1. The definition of terminology

Terminology, the discipline concerned with the study and compilation of specialized terms
is not a field of study, but only in recent decades has it been systematically developed, with full
consideration of its principles, bases and methodology.21
Terminology as a collection of terms is the meaning of the word that language teachers and
learners are familiar with. However, like many of the terms referred to in this book,
terminology is not as straightforward as might be assumed. For many academics it refers to the
study or science of terms as with any -ology as well as to the system of terms themselves.
So terminology is the study of terminology, just as grammar is the study of grammar.
Indeed, finer distinctions can be made. Sager (1990: 3) gives three meanings:
1. the terms
2. the practices and methods in standardizing terms
3. a theory of the relationship between terms and concepts22
Defined as the process of compiling, describing, processing and presenting the terms of
special subject fields in one or more languages, terminology is not an end in itself, but addresses
social needs and attempts to optimize communication among specialists and professionals by
providing assistance either directly or to translators or to committees concerned with the
standardization of a language.23
II.2. Distinction between word/term
1) A word is a unit describe by a set of systematic linguistic characteristics and has the
property of referring to an element in reality.
21
Cabr, T., (1999), Terminology. Theory, methods and applications, John Benjamins Publishing Company, AmsterdamPhiladelphia; page 14
22
Berry, R; (2010), Terminology in English Language Teaching, Peter Lang AG, International Academic Publishers, Bern ;
Hochfeldstrasse 32, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland; page 20
23
Cabr, T., (1999), Terminology. Theory, methods and applications, John Benjamins Publishing Company,
Amsterdam-Philadelphia; page 21
16
From a linguistic point of view, a word is a unit characterized by having a phonetic (and
graphic) form, a simple or complex morphological structure, grammatical features, and a
meaning that describes the class to which a specific object belongs.
2) A term is a unit with similar linguistic characteristics used in a special domain. From this
standpoint, a word of a special subject field would be a term:
thermometer (metrology)an instrument used to measure temperature
thermometry (technology)the technology of temperature measurement
Users of words are all speakers of the language. Users of the terms are the professionals
that deal with the special subject held in question.Words are used in widely varying situations,
whereas the use of the terms of a special subject field is usually limited to professional circles.
Terms are normally used to talk about specialized topics. In contrast, words are used to refer to
any subject in daily life, to express feelings and give orders, and to refer to language itself.24
How to distinguish between words and terms

To distinguish clearly between words and terms, the first step is to situate general language
and language for special purposes. The latter is defined with regard to its users (specialists), its
functions (communicating knowledge), and the vocabulary it uses to do so (terms). This enables
a clear line to be drawn between lexicology and terminology, positing the existence of lexical
units, terminological units, lexical and terminological units, and conceptual units. The relations
among these units are examined, and a series of criteria are proposed to distinguish adequately,
in regard to their functions of reference and denomination, their relations with meaning and the
significance of their form. To do this, terminological units should be considered within a system
of concepts and lexical units in a system of language.25
II. 3. The criteria of term selection

The terms included in this work as a whole and for all chapters were selected according to
the frequency they appear in the bibliography and the specialized works. Then, I tried to select
only those terms which are specific to the topic of the work.
24
Cabr, M. Teresa, (1999), Terminology. Theory, methods and applications, John Benjamins Publishing
Company, Amsterdam-Philadelphia; page 35, 36
25
https://benjamins.com/#catalog/journals/term.1.2.06des/details, last checked 24-03-2015 10:01
17
Taking into account that in this field the terms originate in different languages, such as
French, Latin, Old English, the terms might show similarities both in English and Romanian.
II. 4. The distinction between terminology/ terminography/ lexicology/ lexicography

Terminology is a science whose aim is to study terms, which are lexical elements used in
specialized fields (subjects or their branches) and generated in such fields or modified from
elements already existing in other fields. Terminology allows the compilation, description and
presentation of terms.26
The word terminology refers to at least three different concepts:
a. The principles and conceptual bases that govern the study of terms
b. The guidelines used in terminographic work
c. The set of terms of a particular special subject
The first concept refers to the whole field, the second, to its methodology, and the third to the
sets of terms on a specific topic.
In its first sense, terminology is generally seen as a interdisciplinary field that deals with the
naming of concepts of special subjects, and their realization in linguistic or other forms.27
Terminography is a subdivision of lexicography that deals with technical and scientific
terms.28 Terminography involves gathering, systematizing, and presenting terms from a
specific branch of knowledge or human activity.
Lexicology describes the words of a language and explains how speakers operate an
interdisciplinary field lexically.
Lexicography deals with the principles and methods of writing dictionaries.29
The relationship of lexicology to lexicography is parallel to that which exists between
terminology and terminography, the application of terminology that deals with special language
dictionaries.30
26
http://ocw.um.es/cc.-sociales/terminologia/material-de-clase-1/unit-i.pdf, last checked 24-03-2015 10:15

Company, Amsterdam-Philadelphia; page 32
28
http://student.sun.ac.za/aegus/SU_CLAST/presentations/Lexicography%20vs%20terminology.pdf, last checked
24-03-2015 10:20
29
27
18
Terminology and lexicology

The large number of characteristics shared by lexicology and terminology allows us to treat
them as closely related fields, because:
-both deal with words
- both have a theoretical and an applied side
-both are concerned with dictionaries.
The overlap between the two is not total, however. Some people consider one (terminology) to
be a part of the other (lexicology), while others claim the two can be differentiated. Some of the
characteristics that can be listed as being distinctive are: (a) the domain; (b) the basic unit; (c) the
purpose; and (d) the methodology.31
Terminology and lexicology differ in the way they conceive and deal with their approach to the
object of study, in the object of study itself, in their methodology, in the way terms are presented
and in the conditions that must be taken into account when proposing new terms.
Regarding the perception of the nature of language, lexicology is based on words and does not
conceive of meaning unless it is related to the word; terminology, in contrast, considers that the
concept, which is its main focus, is prior to the name and can be conceived of independently
from the name or term that represents it.
In addition, lexicology is always linked to grammar. Words in dictionaries are described with
respect to their use in context; they are considered as elements of discourse. For terminology, on
the other hand, terms are of interest on their own account, and neither inflection (provided by the
morphological form appropriate for its use in context) nor syntax (which inserts them in the
proper grammatical context) are of consequence.
Lexicology deals with words in order to account for the lexical competence of speakers.
Terminology, on the other hand, deals with terms in order to establish a reference to concepts of
the real world.
Finally, whereas linguistics distinguishes between and includes both synchronic and diachronic
features of words, terminology is only concerned with synchronic aspects.
30
31
19
Lexicography and terminology

Lexicography, as stated above, is the applied branch of lexicology and is concerned with the
writing of dictionaries.
Comparison of the pragmatic aspects and goals pursued by terminology (naming and
standardization) with those of lexicology (description) leads us to separate the two subjects;
comparative analysis of lexicography with practical terminology (terminography) leads to a more
confusing situation. The output of lexicography and terminography takes the form of
compilations of lexical or terminological units i.e. dictionaries.
From this point of view, then, their objectives overlap or even coincide. Despite this similarity,
lexicography and terminography are different due to the other aspects that make a dictionary of
commonly used words and expressions different from a special subject field terminology.32
II. 5. The distinction between dictionary/glossary

A glossary is a specialized vocabulary with definitions but does not provide other information
about the words. A glossary may also be called a vocabulary.
The word glossary comes from the Latin glossarium (a combination of gloss and -ary), which
comes from Greek glossarion, a diminutive of glossa 'word which needs explanation'. A gloss is
an explanation or interpretation of a word. A glossary is an alphabetical list of terms with
definitions or explanations. The original meaning of Greek glossa was 'tongue', then 'word', and
eventually 'to explain a word or text'. 33
In a general sense, a glossary contains explanations of concepts relevant to a certain field of
study or action.
A lexicon is generally an alphabetically-arranged list of words with their definitions, but the term
does not imply that other information about the words is included. However, a lexicon can be
used to mean glossary or dictionary, in which case it would contain what each of those words'
definitions entail. Lexicon is considered by some to be a more formal word for dictionary.
A dictionary is a reference book consisting of an alphabetically-arranged list of words with their
definitions, as well as any or all of these: forms (spellings), pronunciations, functions (parts of
speech), etymologies, and syntactical and idiomatic uses.
32
Cabr, M. Teresa, (1999), Terminology. Theory, methods and applications, John Benjamins Publishing Company,
Amsterdam-Philadelphia; page 37
33
http://dictionary.reference.com/help/faq/language/e19.html, last checked 24-03-2015 10:30
20
So, dictionary is usually reserved for the more comprehensive type of word book. Lexicon's
etymology is Greek, while dictionary's is Latin.34
A bilingual glossary is a list of terms in one language defined in a second language or glossed
by synonyms (or at least near-synonyms) in another language.35
Creating the glossary:

When I created the glossary I followed the basic principles of terminology with regard to terms,
concepts, the relation between terms and between terms and concepts, the accuracy of
definitions, the structure of the conceptual maps, and the rules of association and establishment
of hierarchy. Taking these principles into account, a series of procedures were devised to create
the present glossary:
Documentation for the domain I have chosen in both English and Romanian language;
Identifying and recording the key terms specific to the domain and the context in which they
appeared;
Analysis of terms and concepts and their structure ;
Identification of the Romanian equivalents for the English terms and of different terms used to
translate the English terms in Romanian;
Research for definitions, generic concepts, hyperonyms, antonyms, synonyms that describe the
terms selected in both English and Romanian language;
Compiling the information I recorded in a specialized glossary specific to my subject.
The purpose of this glossary is to provide a bilingual (English-Romanian) glossary on the
clothing in the 19th century with its multiple fields: machines, fabrics, garments, decorations and
so on.
The terms in the glossary are analyzed both in English and Romanian, containing as far as
possible the same semantic fields. The glossary contains 100 key terms, each English term with
its Romanian equivalent. These key terms are specific concept to my domain of study.
The terms have been collected from specialized books of clothing and fashion. Each term is
followed by a description made according to the semantic fields, in both Romanian and English.
34
http://dictionary.reference.com/help/faq/language/d29.html, last checked 24-03-2015 10:35
35
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary, last checked 24-03-2015 10:40
21
The English terms are arranged alphabetically and each term is followed by the description of its
Romanian equivalent.
The description of each term is made according to the following semantic fields:
1. I.D. language: English/Romanian;
2. I.D. country: presents the country where this term is very often used. (Ex: U.K., U.S.A.);
3. The Source field describes the document from which the term was extracted;
4. The standard definition field: a definition is a description of the meaning of the lexical unit;
it has to replace the term it defines from a semantic and syntactic point of view. The definition
has to be complete in a very economic and concise way;
5. The definition source field represents the document from which the definition was extracted:
this source can be a dictionary, a glossary, or different other specific documents;
6. The nota bene field presents the origin of the term;
7. The grammatical category field: with the remark that most of the terms are are nouns (nouns
or noun phrases);
8. The generic concept field: presents the super ordinate concept in a generic relationship.
(extracted from the concept map);
9. The hyperonyms field: which is a linguistic term for a word whose meaning includes the
meanings of other words;
10. The antonyms field: antonyms are terms opposite in meaning;
11. The synonyms field: synonyms are different terms with similar or identical meaning. In
terminology there are a few cases of perfect synonymy, quasi-synonyms are more frequent;
12. The contexts (1, 2) field: the contexts must be extracted from genuine documents and they
do not have to be translated. You need 2 contexts for which you must indicate the sources;
13. The collocations field: the phrases in which the term makes use of its semantic features. The
collocations are expressions. (they are not widely used in the field of economic studies);
14. The use area field: designates the domain in which the term defined in the standard
definition field is used, such as legal field, social sciences, medical field, business studies;
15. The comments field in which other important information about the term is added;
16. The designation status field: a term may be official, accepted, rejected or obsolete.
22
These 16 semantic fields are more or less covered depending on the term.
II. 6. Concept map

Concept maps are graphical tools for organizing and representing knowledge. They include
concepts, usually enclosed in circles or boxes of some type, and relationships between concepts
indicated by a connecting line linking two concepts. Words on the line, referred to as linking
words or linking phrases, specify the relationship between the two concepts. We define concept
as a perceived regularity or pattern in events or objects, or records of events or objects,
designated by a label.
The label for most concepts is a word, although sometimes we use symbols such as + or %, and
sometimes more than one word is used. Propositions are statements about some object or event
in the universe, either naturally occurring or constructed. Propositions contain two or more
concepts connected using linking words or phrases to form a meaningful statement. Sometimes
these are called semantic units, or units of meaning.
Concept map tools should be able to represent multiple types or forms of knowledge, not
merely text-based propositions. Specifically, incorporating multimedia in concept mapping
software should (a) provide for greater cognitive fidelity in student-constructed concept maps,
allowing students to more comprehensively represent their knowledge in ways similar to their
own cognitive representations; (b) offer the illustrative advantages of dynamic visual imagery
and audio to students learning new concepts and domains; (c) provide the capability of reifying
concepts with concrete instances that can be seen and heard; (d) offer richer expressive power for
concept map authors; (e) provide for a more engaging student experience; and (f) better
capitalize on functionality available in modern personal computers. (Alpert & Grueneberg,
2001) 36
Concept maps are intended to represent meaningful relationship between concepts in the form
of propositions (Novak JD, Learning how to learn, 1984)37
I started with the main topic of my paper, and then I divided the general topic into seven subtopics, which are specialized domains: Machines and Style, Garments, Fabrics,
Footwear, Headwear, Garments ornaments, Body decorations.
36
http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Concept_map, last checked 25-03-2015 10:40
37
http://cmap.ihmc.us/docs/conceptmap.php , last checked 24-03-2015 10:47

23
GENERIC
CONCEPT
Machines and Style
GENERIC
CONCEPT
Garments
Sewing machine
Main de cusut
Spinning jenny (wheel)
Roat de tors bumbac
Cotton gin
Main de egrenat bumbac
Power loom
Rzboi de esut mecanic
Haute couture
Haute couture
Waistcoat
Vest
Tail coat
Frac
Petticoat
Jup
Bodice
Corsaj
Frock coat
Redingot
Cloak
Mantie
Leggings
Jambiere
Bloomers
Pantaloni bufani
Gown
Rochie
Outwear
mbrcminte de exterior
Fur coat
Hain de blan
Jersey
Jerseu
Breeches
Pantaloni
Chemise
Combinezon
Nightgown
Cma de noapte
Corset
Corset
Pantalettes
Pantaloni dantelai
Bathing suit
Costum de baie
24
GENERIC
CONCEPT
Fabrics
Overcoat
Pardesiu
Pelisse
Scurteic
Crinoline
Crinolin
Hoop skirt
Malacof
Jacket
Jachet
Paletot
Palton
Wrapper
Capot
Cape
Cap
Paisley
al
Apron
or
Lace
Dantel
Calico
Stamb
Mousseline
Muselin
Denim
Denim
Cotton
Bumbac
Broadcloth
Postav
Taffeta
Tafta
Velvet
Catifea
Leather
Piele
Linen
Pnz
Wool
Ln
Cashmere
Camir
Flannel
Flanel
Linsey-woolsey
Stof aspr
25
GENERIC
CONCEPT
Footwear
GENERIC
CONCEPT
Headwear
GENERIC
CONCEPT
Garment
Ornaments
Satin
Satin
Slipper
Papuc de cas
Sabot
Sabot
Gaiter
oon
Bottine
Botin
Stocking
Ciorap
Mob cap
Scufie
Pigtail
Cosi
Wig
Peruc
Bowler Hat
Melon
Spoon bonnet
Bonet
Top hat
Joben
Bow tie
Papion
Sideburns
Favorii
Chignon
Coc
Deerstalker cap
apc Deerstalker
Hair comb
Pieptene
Fringe
Tiv franjurat
Hem
Manet
Ruffle
Manet gofrat
Muff
Manon
Drawstring
Cordon
Trim
Ornament
Gigot sleeve
Mnec bufant
26
GENERIC
CONCEPT
Body
Decorations
Frill
Bibil
Embroidery
Broderie
Collar
Guler
Lapel
Rever
Hemline
Tiv
Flounce
Volan
Ribbon
Panglic
Monocle
Monoclu
Fan
Evantai
Parasol
Umbrelu de soare
Brooch
Bro
Glove
Mnu
Pocket watch
Ceas de buzunar
Fob
Buzunar mic
Dance card
Carnet de bal
Pocketbook
Portmoneu
Reticule
Poet
Handkerchief
Batist
Lorgnette
Lorniet
Cameo
Camee
Wedding ring
Verighet
Belt buckle
Cataram
Cane
Baston
Earring
Cercel
27
Bracelet
Brar
Necklace
Colier
Table 1: Generic Concept Field, with the English terms and the Romanian equivalents
Chapter III. Glossary of key terms

The following part of the thesis is dedicated to the glossary itself. On about 200 pages I introduce
and analyze 100 terms correlated to the main topic of the work. The way I approached the issue
is presented in the concept map above. The English terms are arranged alphabetically and each
term is followed by the description of its Romanian equivalent, made according to the given
semantic fields.
28
APRON
ID LANGUAGE: English
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
SOURCE: Clothing through American History-The Civil War through the Gilded Age, 18011899-Anita Stamper and Jill Condra
STANDARD DEFINITION: a garment covering part of the front of the body and tied at the
waist, for protecting the wearer's clothing
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/apron, last checked 4.01.2015
09:00
NOTA BENE: Old French naperon, diminutive of nape
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural aprons
GENERIC CONCEPT: garnment
SYNONYMS: cover
CONTEXTS:
1. An apron is usually held in place by two ribbon-like strips of cloth that are tied at the back.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apron), last checked 4.01.2015 09:05
2. The half apron is great for cooking, cleaning and picking up after a meal or after the children.
(http://www.ushist.com/ladies_1800s_clothing/lfhp_ladies_aprons.shtml), last checked
4.01.2015 09:10
USE AREA/FIELD: textile industry
DESIGNATION STATUS: accepted
RO EQUIVALENT: or
DEFINITION: Obiect de mbrcminte purtat dinainte, peste haine, pentru a le proteja n timpul
lucrului
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/sort last checked 4.01.2015 09:15
NOTA BENE: Din germ. Schurz.
29
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural oruri, Gen-Dat sg

orului, Gen-Dat pl orurilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: mbracminte
SYNONYMS: acopermnt
CONTEXTS:
1. Un or este, de obicei susinut de dou panglici de pnz, care sunt legate la spate.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apron) last checked 4.01.2015 09:20
2. Un or este un articol de mbrcminte purtat peste haine pentru a le proteja n timpul
lucrului. Este folosit de buctari, menanjere, chelneri, asisteni, etc.
(http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%98or%C8%9B) last checked 4.01.2015 09:25
USE AREA/FIELD: industria textil
DESIGNATION STATUS: acceptat
30
ARTIFICIAL DYE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
SOURCE: Fashion, Costume, and Culture-Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and
Footwear through the Ages-Sarah Pendergast and Tom Pendergast (Volume 3: European
Culture from the Reinassance to the Modern Era; THE NINETEENTH CENTURY)
STANDARD DEFINITION: A synthetic substance which imparts a desired colour to a food,
drug or cosmetic.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Artificial+dye, last
checked 4.01.2015 09:35
NOTA BENE: Middle English deie and from Old English dag and dah
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: adjectival phrase, countable, plural artificial dies
GENERIC CONCEPT: coloured pigment
HYPERNYM: dye
SYNONYMS: synthetic pigment
CONTEXTS:
1. Natural insect dyes such as Tyrian purple and kermes and plant-based dyes such as
woad,indigo and madder were important elements of the economies of Asia and Europe until the
discovery of man-made synthetic dyes in the mid-19th century. Synthetic dyes quickly
superseded natural dyes for the large-scale commercial textile production enabled by the
industrial revolution, but natural dyes remained in use by traditional cultures around the world.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_dyeing_terms ), last checked 4.01.2015 09:40
2. The first human-made (synthetic) organic dye, mauveine, was discovered serendipitously by
William Henry Perkin in 1856. Many thousands of synthetic dyes have since been prepared.
(http://www.dyes-pigments.com/synthetic-dyes.html ), last checked 4.01.2015 09:40
COMMENTS: Almost all the colors that you see today are Synthetic dyes. Synthetic dyes are
used everywhere in everything from clothes to paper, from food to wood. Synthetic dyes today
has evolved into a multi billion dollar industry. They are widely used for dyeing and printing in a
31
broad range of industries. There are over 10,000 dyes, and the annual production globally,
exceeds over 7 105 metric tones. Cheaper to produce, brighter, more color-fast, and easy to
apply to fabric, these synthetic dyes changed the playing field. Scientists raced to formulate
gorgeous new colors and before long, dyed fabric was available to all, and natural dyes had
become obsolete for most applications.
DESIGNATION STATUS: official
RO EQUIVALENT: colorant artificial
DEFINITION: Colorantul este o substan natural sau obinut prin sintez chimic, care ntr-o
cantitate foarte mic este capabil s imprime culoarea sa altor compui cu care intr n contact:
piele, materiale textile.Dac foarte muli colorani naturali erau cunoscui nc din antichitate:
indigoul, ofranul, purpura, primul colorant chimic a fost negrul de anilin, obinut de William
Henry Perkin n 1856, prin oxidarea anilinei cu bicromat de potasiu.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorant last checked 4.01.2015 09:45
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural colorani, Gen-Dat sg
colorantului, Gen-Dat pl coloranilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: pigment colorat
CONTEXTS:
1. Fr s tiu am reuit s sintetizez acest colorant textil de care industria avea atta nevoie. Lam numit nti "violet de alilitoluidin", apoi "purpur de anilin", dar cum soia mea a gsit
acest nume extrem de barbar, l-am numit mauvein, denumire rapid adoptat. A fost pentru noi
toi nceputul unei perioade ncrcate de glorie i bogie. Toate acestea pentru o descoperire
ntmpltoare i brevetarea, n total cunotin de cauz, a primului colorant artificial utilizat n
industrie n toate cantitile. (http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorant), last checked 4.01.2015
09:50
2.Primul colorant artificial a fost descoperit accidental de William Henry Perkin in 1856.
(http://www.dyes-pigments.com/synthetic-dyes.html), last checked 4.01.2015 09:55
DESIGNATION STATUS: oficial
32
ASCOT
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a broad neck scarf that is looped under the chin
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ascot, last checked
4.01.2015 10:00
NOTA BENE: Ascot Heath, racetrack near Ascot, England; First Known Use: 1898
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable,plural ascots
GENERIC CONCEPT: tie
SYNONYMS: tie
CONTEXTS:
1. While morning dress used to be one of the last places where you could wear the real ascot, the
official clothing guide for the 2012 Royal Ascot horse races excludes the ascot!
(http://www.morningdressguide.com/morningwear-accessories/ascot-plastron-morning-dress/),
last checked 4.01.2015 10:05
2. Commonly worn for business in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, the ascot
was considered more formal than the "four-in-hand" knotted tie, which resembles the modern
necktie and became popular among men in the late nineteenth century. The ascot was generally
made of black satin and fastened in the center with a jeweled stickpin. It was usually self-tied
and might be puffed out in the center front and called a puffed ascot. It was typically worn with a
winged collar tuxedo shirt.
(http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/European-Culture-19thCentury/Ascots.html#ixzz3Ynsqtfqs), last checked 4.01.2015 10:10
33
COMMENTS: The ascot was a wide scarf-like necktie popular with well-dressed British
gentlemen in the second half of the nineteenth century. It was originally named after a racetrack,
Ascot Heath in England, where the style was popularized by fashionable spectators attending the
Royal Ascot, an annual four-day horse race initiated by Queen Anne (16651714) in 1711. An
ascot is sometimes called a cravat, though this word originated as a general term for any style of
neckwear. In the United States the word ascot is synonymous with cravat.
DESIGNATION STATUS: obsolete
RO EQUIVALENT: cravat cu captul foarte lat
DEFINITION: Accesoriu al mbrcmintei (brbteti), constnd dintr-o fie ngust de stof,
de mtase etc. care se nnoad la gt i ale crei capete sunt de obicei lsate s atrne pe piept.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/cravat%C4%83, last checked 4.01.2015
10:15
NOTA BENE: Din fr. cravate.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat plural cravate, Gen-Dativ sg
cravatei, Gen-Dativ pl cravatelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: cravat
SYNONYMS: legatur
CONTEXTS:
1. Pionierii n utilizarea cravatei se regsesc n ndeprtata Antichitate, cnd brbaii egipteni i
legau n jurul gtului buci dreptunghiulare de postav, lungi pn la umr. Acest accesoriu era
obligatoriu n completarea inutei oricrui egiptean pentru a-i sublinia statutul social.
(http://jurnalul.ro/it/stiinta/cravata-316704.html), last checked 4.01.2015 10:20
2. Cravata Ascot este strmoul cravatei moderne. Este un tip de egalitate, care arat ca o
ncruciare ntre cravata moderna i o earf de mtase. Spre deosebire de o cravat modern,
ambele capete ale legturii au aceeai lime. Cravata este, de asemenea, legata mult mai lax
dect o cravat modern, iar nodul de obicei este fixat cu un ac decorativ. Ascot sa nscut n
timpul ultimei parti a secolului al 19-lea n Marea Britanie. Este numita dup cursa de cai
Royal Ascot un eveniment la care oamenii au fost obligai s poarte acest tip de cravata n
combinaie cu o manta de frac. Astzi, cravatele Ascot sunt rareori purtate, dar nc vazute la
evenimente foarte formale si nunti. (http://www.cineainventat.ro/cravata/), last checked
4.01.2015 10:25
IDIOMS: a face (pe cineva) nod de cravat expr. a bate (pe cineva) foarte ru.
34

COMMENTS: Pn n secolul al XIX-lea, cravatele au cptat diferite forme i stiluri, specifice
fiecrei ri n parte. Cravatele ruseti, americane, irlandeze sau italiene erau, n general,
imprimate cu simbolurile specifice rilor respective, dar existau i accesorii vestimentare
individualizate, astfel c purttorii lor erau uor recunoscui dac aparineau unor anumite
grupuri de pild, dac erau diplomai sau simpli cltori. Totodat, cravatele reprezentau i
statutul social prin materialul din care erau confecionate i modul n care erau nnodate.
DESIGNATION STATUS: nvechit
35
BATHING SUIT
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a garment worn for bathing, esp an old-fashioned one that covers
much of the body
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bathing+suit , last checked
4.01.2015 10:30
NOTA BENE: 187075
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, countable, plural bathing suits
GENERIC CONCEPT: swimming costume
SYNONYMS: swimsuit, tank suit
CONTEXTS:
1. By the mid-1920s Vogue magazine was telling its readers that the newest thing for the sea is
a jersey bathing suit as near a maillot as the unwritten law will permit.
(http://www.victoriana.com/library/Beach/FashionableBathingSuits.htm), last checked 4.01.2015
10:35
2. The earliest bathing suit may have possibly been an old smock resembling a kind of "bathing
gown." Modesty was the dictum with style not much of a consideration in those days. The first
suits were far from practical or comfortable; ladies went as far as to sewing lead weights into the
hem of the "bathing gown" to prevent the dress from floating up and exposing her legs.
(https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~roseying/ids110/WHIS.HTM), last checked 4.01.2015 10:40
RO EQUIVALENT: costum de baie
DEFINITION: Un costum de baie este un articol de mbrcminte folosit pentru not i plaj.
36
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enot, last checked 4.01.2015

10:45
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural costume de baie, GenDat sg costumului de baie, Gen-Dat pl costumelor de baie
GENERIC CONCEPT: costum pentru baie
CONTEXTS:
1. Spre finele secolului al 18-lea i nceputul secolului 19, costumele de baie erau nite rochii de
baie n toat legea. (http://ea.md/vezi-ce-costume-de-baie-purtau-femeile-din-toate-timpurilefoto/), last checked 4.01.2015 10:50
Treptat, prin schimbarea reprezentrilor acestui spaiu, ncep s apar noiunile de plaj, de baie
i, implicit, de costum de baie. Primele mrturii despre costumele de baie dateaz din vremea
nfloritoare a Pompeiului. (https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/2010/05/20/istoria-costumuluide-baie/), last checked 4.01.2015 10:55
USE AREA/FIELD: industria textil, mod
37
BELT BUCKLE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A clasp for fastening two ends, as of straps or a belt, in which a
device attached to one of the ends is fitted or coupled to the other; an ornament that resembles
this clasp, such as a metal square on a shoe or hat
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/buckle, last checked 4.01.2015
12:00
NOTA BENE: Middle English bokel, from Old French boucle, from Latin buccula
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, countable, plural belt buckles
GENERIC CONCEPT: clasp
SYNONYMS: fastener
CONTEXTS:
1. For womens clothing, belt buckles provided yet another location that could be enhanced by
jewelry. During the years that belts were fashionable, the materials and ornamentation of belt
buckles available to women equaled that of other jewelry types. (Clothing through American
History-The Civil War through the Gilded Age, 1801-1899-Anita Stamper and Jill Condra;
page 124)
2. Because of their strong association with military equipment, belt buckles were primarily a
masculine ornament well into the 19th century. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_buckle), last
checked 4.01.2015 12:10
USE AREA/FIELD: fashion
RO EQUIVALENT: cataram
DEFINITION: Pies din metal, os, material plastic etc., cu care se ncheie o cingtoare, o curea
etc. sau care este folosit ca obiect decorativ la confecii
38
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/cataram%C4%83, last checked 4.01.2015

12:15
NOTA BENE: din germ. Kettenriemen
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural catarame, Gen-Dat sg
cataramei, Gen-Dat pl cataramelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: ncheietoare
SYNONYMS: ncheietoare
CONTEXTS:
1. La inceput fiind foarte populare in randul barbatilor, femeile au inceput in cele din urma sa le
poarte si ele, inlocuind panglicile cu asa zisele curelusele ce aveau catarama.
( http://www.belpaso.ro/noutati/Istoria-Pantofilor.htm), last checked 4.01.2015 12:20
2. Catarama tip fluture este cunoscuta ca si catarama invizibila, deoarece atunci cand este
inchisa este aproape insesizabila, iar cand se deschide seamana cu un fluture.
(https://www.watchshop.ro/dictionar/), last checked 4.01.2015 12:25
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
39
BLOOMERS
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
Culture from the Renaissance to the Modern Era; THE NINETEENTH CENTURY)
STANDARD DEFINITION: An outfit formerly worn by women and girls consisting of loose
pants gathered about the ankles and worn under a skirt; Wide, loose pants gathered at the knee
and formerly worn by women and girls for exercising and athletics
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bloomers, last checked 4.01.2015
12:30
NOTA BENE: from bloomer, a garment introduced in about 1850 and publicized by Mrs. A.
Bloomer (1818-94), US social reformer
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, singular bloomer
GENERIC CONCEPT: underpants
SYNONYMS: pants, drawers, knickers
CONTEXTS:
1. Long, loose pants that are gathered at the ankle, bloomers were worn by women during the
nineteenth century both as outerwear and as underwear. (Fashion, Costume, and CultureClothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages-Sarah Pendergast and
Tom Pendergast (Volume 3: European Culture from the Renaissance to the Modern Era; THE
NINETEENTH CENTURY), page 838)
2. Though bloomers were not widely accepted as outerwear in the nineteenth century, they did
become popular underpants for women and girls, and by the late 1800s, most women wore long,
loose cotton bloomers under their long skirts instead of petticoats Fashion, Costume, and
Culture-Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages-Sarah
Pendergast and Tom Pendergast (Volume 3: European Culture from the Renaissance to the
Modern Era; THE NINETEENTH CENTURY), page 839)
40
COMMENTS: As early as the 1820s some women had designed and worn a practical garment
for traveling and other activities. This garment consisted of a knee-length dress over a loose pair
of trousers gathered at the waist and ankle. The bloomer dress as it would come to be called,
covered the wearer completely so that it provided the modesty that the times required. At the
same time, it provided much more freedom of movement than the tight corsets and trailing skirts
that most women wore.
RO EQUIVALENT: pantaloni bufani
DEFINITION: O inut purtat n vechime de ctre femei i fete, compus din pantaloni largi
strni la glezne i purtat pe sub fust ; Pantaloni largi , strni la genunchi, purtai de femei i
fete pentru exerciii i atletism
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bloomers, last checked 4.01.2015
12:45
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, singular pantalon, Gen-Dat sg
pantalonului, Gen-Dat pl pantalonilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: costum de sport, indispensabili
SYNONYMS: trening
CONTEXTS:
1. Pantalonii bufani au supravieuit pn n secolul al XX-lea ca vestimentaie de curte sau n
versiunea de trei sferturi, cunoscut drept combinezon-pantaloni, purtai de sportivi i colari.
(http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/pantalonii-lupta-femeilor-afirmare), last
checked 4.01.2015 12:50
2. Pantaloni bufanti este un nume generic pentru un obiect de mbrcminte care poate fi lung
pn la glezne sau scurt pn la genunchi.
(http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantaloni_bufan%C8%9Bi), last checked 4.01.2015 12:55
41
BODICE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a tight-fitting corset worn laced over a blouse, as in certain
national costumes, or (formerly) as a woman's undergarment; the upper part of a woman's dress,
from the shoulder to the waist
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bodice?s=t, last checked
4.01.2015 14:10
NOTA BENE: originally Scottish bodies, plural of body
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural bodices
GENERIC CONCEPT: corset
SYNONYMS: corset
CONTEXTS:
1. The gown had a thousand flounces and a saucy bodice of crocheted lace.
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bodice?s=t ), last checked 4.01.2015 14:15
2. Frequently these dresses featured a high-waisted bodice that was gathered and adjusted by
means of a drawstring.( http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bodice?s=t ), last checked
4.01.2015 14:20
COMMENTS: 1560s, oddly spelled plural of body, name of a tight-fitting Elizabethan garment
covering the torso; plural because the body came in two parts which fastened in the middle.
Bodice-ripper for "racy romance novel" is from 1981.
RO EQUIVALENT: corsaj
DEFINITION: Parte a unei rochii care acoper bustul.
42
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/corsaj, last checked 4.01.2015 14:25

NOTA BENE: Din fr. corsage.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural corsaje, Gen-Dat sg
corsajului, Gen-Dat pl corsajelor
SYNONYMS: corset
CONTEXTS:
1. Szirmay a analizat modelele broderiilor de pe pernele, corsajele i cmile tradiiionale, lund
fiecare cruciuli brodat drept o not muzical.
(http://www.romanialibera.ro/aldine/magazin/tesatoria-de-sunete--melodii-ascunse-in-corsajetraditionale-370287), last checked 4.01.2015 14:30
2. Doamna Maria Catargi poart costumul de ranc olandez, capul su blond este luat
prizonier de o imens bonet alb n jurul tmplelor un cer de aur mpodobit cu o bijuterie
minunat, o adevrat dot, rochie scurt de mtase roie traversat de benzi e velur negru; corsaj
rnesc brodat cu aur cu bretele de velur. (http://jurnalul.ro/special-jurnalul/nu-vorbiti-desprebine-faceti-l-626645.html ), last checked 4.01.2015 14:35
43
BOOT
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION:
a covering of leather, rubber, or the like, for the foot and all or part of the leg;
shoe or outer foot covering reaching to the ankle.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/boot, last checked 4.01.2015
14:40
NOTA BENE: 1275-1325; Middle English bote < Anglo-French, Old French
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural boots
GENERIC CONCEPT: shoe
SYNONYMS: shoe
CONTEXTS:
1. And as the new century began, boots became very fashionable, even for women. In 1815,
Arthur Wellsley, First Duke of Wellington, defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. In the wake of his
victory and his ensuing popularity, Wellington boots became THE style. The major difference in
these boots from previous styles was that the heels were low cut and the tops were only calf high.
(http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/mckay/history.html), last checked 4.01.2015 14:45
2. Half boots, or those reaching halfway to the knee, with square toes were commonly worn by
men and ankle boots by women in the early years of the century. By the middle of the century,
the British queen Victoria (18191901) popularized congress gaiters, leather ankle boots with
elastic sewn into the side, among both men and women. The side-laced boots women wore under
their long skirts became quite fashionable when they were suddenly visible underneath Bloomer
outfits and shorter walking skirts in the later half of the century.
( http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/European-Culture-19thCentury/Boots.html#ixzz3ZZ7VcuEi), last checked 4.01.2015 14:50
IDIOMS: bet one's boots ; die with one's boots on; lick the boots; put the boot in;
the boot is on the other foot the boot is on the other leg; too big for one's boots
44
USE AREA/FIELD: footwear

RO EQUIVALENT: cizm
DEFINITION: nclminte de piele, de cauciuc, de material plastic etc. cu carmbul nalt pn
spre (sau peste) genunchi; ciubot
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/cizm%C4%83, last checked 4.01.2015
14:55
NOTA BENE: Din magh. csizma.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat plural cizme, Gen-Dat
sg czmei, Gen-Dat pl cizmelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: pantof
SYNONYMS: pantof, ciubot
CONTEXTS:
1. Primului Duce de Wellington, Arthur Wellesley, nu i-a trecut prin capul royal nici n cele
mai ndrznee fantezii c banalele sale cizme de vntoare de secol XIX vor genera o isterie
fashion 200 i ceva de ani mai trziu. Cizmele Wellington, inspirate de modelul nemesc hessian
(localitatea Hessen, Germania, populare n secolul XVIII, folosite iniial n cadrul armatei,
ulterior de civili), au ajuns n centrul ateniei aristocraiei britanice la nceputul secolului XIX.
Cizme de cauciuc, impermeabile, Wellington Boots se potriveau perfect cu vremea capricioas i
umed att de specific Angliei. (http://www.clujlife.com/2014/05/15/ploaia-dicteazawellington-boots/), last checked 4.01.2015 15:00
2. 1817 este anul n care Sir Arthur Wellesley, primul duce de Wellington, i-a comandat
cizmarului su o pereche de cizme lungi pe care s le poat purta att pe cmpul de btlie, ct i
la inuta de ceremonie. Cizmele acelea poart de atunci denumirea de Wellington (sau
Wellies).(http://www.glamour.ro/fashion/fashion-news/istoria-cizmelor-lungi-in-cifre12210537), last checked 4.01.2015 15:05
IDIOMS: Prost ca o cizm
USE AREA/FIELD: nclminte
45
BOTTINE
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: a light boot for women or children; half-boot
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bottine, last checked 4.01.2015
15:10
NOTA BENE: C19: from French: little boot, from botte boot
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural bottines
SYNONYMS: boot
CONTEXTS:
1. Button boots were popular mid century due to their tight fit, which made them attractive,
flattering to the foot and ankle, and very elegant.
http://hubpages.com/hub/HistoryofShoes19thand20thCenturyWomensFootwear), last checked
4.01.2015 15:15
2. Dress shoes often resembled modern dancing slippers. These "pumps" were made of much
thinner leather, or even cloth, and usually lacked heels. (https://www.osv.org/19th-century-shoemaking), last checked 4.01.2015 15:20
USE AREA/FIELD: fashion, footwear
RO EQUIVALENT: botin
DEFINITION: Gheat (de dam sau de copil) ncheiat cu butoni sau cu elastic
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/botin%C4%83, last checked 4.01.2015
15:25
46
NOTA BENE: Din fr. botine

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural botine, Gen-Dat sg
botinei, Gen-Dat pl botinelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: gheat
SYNONYMS: cizmuli
CONTEXTS:
1. Secolul al 19-lea e caracterizat de predominana botinelor att pentru femei ct i pentru
brbai. Stilurile populare erau: botinele Blucher avnd talpa i tocul unite (dintr-o singur
bucat), iar prile laterale prinse cu ireturi, botinele din pnz cu ireturi , botinele cu capse, i
botinele Balmoral, care se nchideau n fa cu ireturi. (http://www.belpaso.ro/noutati/IstoriaPantofilor.htm), last checked 4.01.2015 15:30
2. n afar de botine, femeile purtau pantofi elegani cu toc dintr-o multitudine de materiale, de la
satin i matase la piele de reptile.( http://www.cameleon.ro/istoria-pantofului/), last checked
4.01.2015 15:35
USE AREA/FIELD: mod, nclminte
47
BOWLER HAT
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a felt hat that is round and hard with a narrow brim
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/bowler+hat, last checked
4.01.2015 15:40
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, countable, plural bowler hats
GENERIC CONCEPT: hat
SYNONYMS: derby, derby hat, plug hat, bowler
CONTEXTS
:1. The first bowler hat was originaly created for Edward Coke, the younger brother of the 2nd
Earl of Leicester in 1849. (http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/8045026/History-of-theBowler-Hat.html), last checked 4.01.2015 15:45
2. The Bowler hat, characterised by its dome-like crown, was invented in 1849 by a pair of
hatmakers: brothers Thomas and WilliamBowler. They were commissioned by the famous
London hat retailer Lock & Co to invent a close-fitting, low-crowned hat that would be sturdy
and which couldnt be easily knocked or blown off the wearers head. The Bowler brothers later
found out that their customer was Edward Coke, brother to the Second Earl of Leicester.
(https://scheong.wordpress.com/2011/10/28/mens-hats-a-brief-history-a-look-at-the-hat-in-the21st-century/ ), last checked 4.01.2015 15:50
RO EQUIVALENT: melon
DEFINITION: Plrie din fetru cu calot rotund i bombat, cu boruri nguste, ndoite n sus,
purtat de brbai
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://m.dexonline.ro/definitie/melon, last checked 4.01.2015 15:55
48
NOTA BENE: Din fr. melon.

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, plural meloane, Gen-Dat sg melonului,
Gen-Dat pl meloanelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: plrie
SYNONYMS: gambet
CONTEXTS:
1. Melonul a fost inventat de William Bowler ca accesoriu obligatoriu n echitaie i a fost la
mod la nceput de secol 20. (http://ploaiadecuvinte.blogspot.ro/2013/11/istoria-palariei.html ),
last checked 4.01.2015 16:00
2. Melonul sau plaria derby: a fost un accesoriu la mod la nceputul secolului XX. Melonul a
fost inventat de William Bowler, un plrier din Londra i iniial a fost o pies care fcea parte
din costumul de echitaie, fiind mult mai practic pentru clrie dect plriile nalte utilizate
pn atunci. (http://www.stelian-tanase.ro/istoria-palariei/ ), last checked 4.01.2015 16:05
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
49
BRACELET
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: an ornamental band or circlet for the wrist or arm or, sometimes,
for the ankle
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bracelet, last checked
4.01.2015 16:10
NOTA BENE: Old French bracel; Latin brchile
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural bracelets
GENERIC CONCEPT: jewelry
SYNONYMS: bangle, band, armlet, wristlet
CONTEXTS:
1. Decorative bracelets were worn in pairs in the 19th century. The matching wrist jewelry
ranged from ornately jeweled gold bracelets to beaded or embroidered velvet bands. Women of
leisure often created beaded bracelets in their favorite colors from designs found in ladies
magazines. (http://www.victoriana.com/Jewelry/victorianbeadedbracelets.html), last checked
4.01.2015 16:15
2. In Paris, Josephine de Beauharnais commissioned Nitot, jeweller to Napoleon I, to create two
bracelets for her future daughter-in-law Augusta Amalia of Leuchtenberg on the occasion of her
marriage, in 1806, to Eugne de Beauharnais. Each bracelet was set with fifty fine Colombian
emeralds and one hundred and ninety-two round orient pearls.
(http://www.hautehorlogerie.org/en/encyclopaedia/watches/precious-watch/d/s/jewellerywristwatches-and-bracelet-watches-in-the-19th-century/), last checked 4.01.2015 16:20
RO EQUIVALENT: brar
50
DEFINITION: . Podoab n form de verig, fcut din metal preios sau din alt material i
purtat de femei la ncheietura minii sau pe bra
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/bratara, last checked 4.01.2015 16:25
NOTA BENE: Lat. brachiale
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural brri, Gen-Dat sg
brrii, Gen-Dat pl brrilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: bijuterie
SYNONYMS: brea
CONTEXTS:
1. Prima podoab e o brar ce se afl n colecia Muzeului de Art Walters din Baltimore,
S.U.A. despre care se tie c a fost creat n Anglia, n jurul anului 1840. Aa cum spuneam,
atunci cnd este pliat, arat precum o crticic cu coperte decorate cu chenare, motive florale i
un cine pe suprafaa ce se presupune a fi cotorul micului volum.
(http://www.bookaholic.ro/bratari-carte-din-epoca-victoriana.html), last checked 4.01.2015
16:30
2. n 1850 inutele doamnelor au devenit elegante, prul se purta cu crare pe mijloc, prins sus
ntr-un coc lejer i elegant, astfel au aprut diademele i s-au purtat din nou cerceii. Brrile de
asemenea erau la mod, fiind purtate att solitare, ct i n perechi.
(http://bijuteriivintage.ro/perioada-victoriana-timpurie-early-victorian-1837-1860/), last checked
4.01.2015 16:35
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
51
BREECHES
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: Also called knee breeches. knee-length trousers,often having
ornamental buckles or elaboratedecoration at or near the bottoms, commonlyworn by men and
boys in the 17th, 18th, andearly 19th centuries.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/breeches, last checked
4.01.2015 16:40
NOTA BENE: before 1000; Middle English breeche, Old English brc,plural of brc; cognate
with Old Norse brk, Old HighGerman bruoh
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, singular breeche
GENERIC CONCEPT: pants
SYNONYMS: trousers, pants
CONTEXTS:
1. In their heyday, breeches were made from a variety of materials. For the upper classes,
buckskin breeches were considered to be proper casual attire for mornings or life in the country.
Silk breeches were reserved for the evening and more formal occasions. White stockings were
worn with white breeches, and black or white stockings with black breeches. Tradesmen and
hunters wore breeches made of leather or coarse cloth.
(https://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/2013/06/21/regency-fashion-mens-breechespantaloons-and-trousers/ ), last checked 4.01.2015 16:45
2. From the late 16th century until the early 19th century, most men wore breeches as their lower
body garment. Through the centuries breeches were seen in many forms and lengths. In the early
18th century breeches were barely seen beneath long waistcoats and coats.
(http://www.history.org/history/clothing/men/mglossary.cfm ), last checked 4.01.2015 16:50
52
RO EQUIVALENT: pantalon
DEFINITION: imbrcminte exterioar care acoper, de la mijloc n jos, corpul i fiecare picior
n parte
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/pantalon, last checked 4.01.2015 16:55
NOTA BENE: Din ngr. pantalni, fr.pantalon.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun,neraticulat, plural pantaloni, Gen-Dat sg
pantalonului, Gen-Dat pl pantalonilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: pantalon
SYNONYMS: izmene
CONTEXTS:
1. Pe la 1800, prefectura Parisului a emis un decret n baza cruia le era interzis femeilor s
poarte pantaloni. (http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/pantalonii-i-luptafemeilor-afirmare ), last checked 4.01.2015 16:57
2. n majoritatea lumii occidentale, pentru brbai, pantalonii sunt cea mai obinuit form de
mbrcminte, a prii inferioare a corpului, nc de la inceputul secolului 19, dei pantalonii
scuri pentru barbai sunt, de asemenea, extrem de purtai, iar kilturile (fustanela scoian pantalonii) i alte confecii vestimentare pot fi purtate n regiuni i culturi diferite.
(http://www.pantalonimaniac.ro/ ), last checked 4.01.2015 17:00
53
BROADCLOTH
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a closely woven dress-goods fabric of cotton, rayon, silk, or a
mixture of these fibers, having a soft, mercerized finish and resembling poplin.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/broadcloth, last checked
4.01.2015 17:05
NOTA BENE: 1400-50; late Middle English brode clothe
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural broadclothes
GENERIC CONCEPT: fabric
SYNONYMS: wool fabric
CONTEXTS:
1. More durable fabrics and weaves were highly sought after, as seen by the high ratios of
woolen broadclothand twills. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/broadcloth), last checked
4.01.2015 17:07
2. Extremely versatile in weight, texture, and construction. Found in fabric such as organdy,
broadcloth, poplin, terry, corduroy, seersucker, denim, tweed. Used widely for summer wear,
work clothes, and in heavier weights, for warm transitional garments. (Butterick, Vogue
Sewing, page 50), last checked 4.01.2015 17:10
COMMENTS: Several samples of cotton fabric of this type are included, but are known simply
by their printed or woven design (for instance calico) or their intended use (for instance shirting),
without specific names being applied. Page 26 states that Cambric as a term was used rather
loosely in the early nineteenth century and that in addition to being line white linen in a tabby
weave, it could be colored, it could be glazed, and it could be printed. Ackermanns Repository,
an early-nineteenth-century English periodical of literature and fashion, frequently uses the term
cambric to mean calico.' (Bassett, Lynne Zacek. Textiles for Regency Clothing 1800-1850: A
Workbook of Swatches and Information. Formerly titled Textiles for Clothing of the Early
54
Republic. Arlington, Virginia: Q Graphics Production Company, Product division of Sally

Queen & Associates, 2001.) https://bygoneglamour.wordpress.com/tag/cotton-broadcloth/
RO EQUIVALENT: Postav
DEFINITION: estur de ln groas, adesea proas, din care se confecioneaz
mbrcminte, pturi etc
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/postav, last checked 4.01.2015 17:13
NOTA BENE: Din sl. postav.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural postavuri, Genitiv-Dativ
singular postavului, Genitiv-Dativ plural postavurilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: estur
SYNONYMS: stof
CONTEXTS:
1. Tierea textilelor, inclusiv a postavului, inea de profesiile a dou brane meteugreti, a
croitorilor i a tunztorilor de postav. Ambele lucrau cu foarfeca. []Tierea dup msur i nu
coaserea, ineau de munca specializat, iar maitrii nu aveau voie s taie postavul scump.(
http://tinutulreghinului.ro/din-viata-calfelor-de-croitori-din-transilvania/ ), last checked
4.01.2015 17:15
2. Nu e mprit oare manufactura de ln din Anglia n diferite pri sau ramuri, care s-au
statornicit n anumite regiuni unde ele snt practicate de preferin sau exclusiv? Postavurile fine
se fabric la Somersetshire, cele de calitate inferioar la Yorkshire, cele dublu late la Exeter,
mtasea la Sudbury, crepurile la Norwich, postavurile cu 50% ln la Kertdal, pturile la
Whitney etc. ! (Berkeley, The Querist, 1750, 520.) https://www.marxists.org/romana/me/1867/capitalul-vol1/c12.htm), last checked 4.01.2015 17:20
55
BROOCH
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A piece of jewelry that is worn on a piece of clothing, attached
with a pin that clasps shut; a decorative pin worn by women
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/brooch, last checked 4.01.2015
17:25
NOTA BENE: 1175-1225; Middle English broche broach,differentiated in spelling since circa
1600
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural broaches
SYNONYMS: breastpin, broach
CONTEXTS:
1.When the gem turns up missing, the detective chasesafter the thieves who constantly hide the
brooch andretrieve it again.( http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/brooch ), last checked
4.01.2015 17:22
2. A brooch is a clasp or ornament having a pin at the back for passing through the clothing and
a catch forsecuring the point of the pin.( http://www.thefreedictionary.com/brooch ), last
checked 4.01.2015 17:25
RO EQUIVALENT: bro
DEFINITION: Bijuterie feminin prevzut cu un ac, care se poart prins de rochie, de hain
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/brosa, last checked 4.01.2015 17:28
NOTA BENE: Din fr. broche.
56
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv, Nominativ-Acuzativ, singular, articulate, plural

brose
CONTEXTS:
1. Brosele sunt o alternativa foarte buna pentru nasturi si alte inchizatori de jachete si veste. De
asemenea sunt o solutie frumoasa de a fixa rochiile si topurile.
(https://www.roportal.ro/articole/despre/cum_se_poarta_o_brosa_4041/ ), last checked 4.01.2015
17:34
2. De exemplu, o bro n form de floare reprezint iubire i bucurie, transmite celor din jur
mesajul c proprietara broei este o femeie fericit. Specialitii n domeniu recomand s avem
cteva broe, pe care s le purtm n funcie de starea de spirit, fantezie sau de imaginea pe care
dorim s-o avem. ( http://www.timpul.md/articol/brosa-un-accesoriu-pentru-toate-timpurile26789.html ), last checked 4.01.2015 17:37
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
57
BOW TIE
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: a small necktie tied in a bow at the collar
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bow+tie, last checked
4.01.2015 17:40
NOTA BENE: by 1887, from bow (n.) in the sense "ribbon or other fabric tied in a bow-knot"
(by 1874) + tie (n.); from Fr. jabot
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural bow ties
GENERIC CONCEPT: tie
SYNONYMS: necktie
CONTEXTS:
1. The tuxedo and black bow tie look, which became known as black tie attire, quickly
outmoded the antiquated tailcoat and white bow tie as the primary formal outfit for men, a
fashion change that has yet to be overturned to this day.( https://www.thebowtie.com/bow-tiehistory/), last checked 4.01.2015 17:43
2. The bow tie gets is name from the French, jabot, (pronounced ja-bow), a type of readymade
17th century lace cravat. In the 18th and 19th centuries, bow ties came in various materials and
styles. (http://www.krawattenknoten.info/krawatten/necktie/bowtie-engl.html), last checked
4.01.2015 17:45
USE AREA/FIELD: textile industry, fashion
RO EQUIVALENT: papion
DEFINITION: Cravat mic brbteasc, nnodat n forma unor aripi de fluture
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/papion, last checked 4.01.2015 17:48
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NOTA BENE: Din fr. papillon

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural papioane, Gen-Dat sg
papionului , Gen-Dat pl papioanelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: cravat
SYNONYMS: cravat mica
CONTEXTS:
1. Papionul i are originea prin jurul secolului XVII, n timpul rzboaielor prusace, cnd
mercenarii croai i legau earfe n jurul gtului pentru a ine cmile nchise. Mai trziu,
clasele superioare din Frana au adoptat aceste accesorii sub numele de cravat (derivat din
limba francez pentru croat), apoi popularitatea sa a nflorit n secolele XVIII i XIX. Este
incert dac acele earfe croate au evoluat n papion i dup n cravat sau prima dat a luat
natere cravata care a dus la evoluia papionului. (http://blackoutlet.ro/istoria-papionului/), last
checked 4.01.2015 17:52
2. n anii 50, Chanel introduce papionul i n inuta femeilor, element ce a strnit mult vlv i
reticen. (http://www.revista-atelierul.ro/2012/06/04/de-la-papion-la-papionaut/), last checked
4.01.2015 17:56
59
CALICO
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a plain-woven cotton cloth printed with a figured pattern, usually
on one side; British. plain white cotton cloth; a figured cotton cloth from India.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico?s=t, last checked
4.01.2015 18:00
NOTA BENE: 1495-1505; short for Calico cloth, variant of Calicut cloth, named after city in
India which orig. exported it
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural calicoes, calicos.
GENERIC CONCEPT: printed cloth
SYNONYMS: multicolored, particoloured, piebald, pied,varicoloured, motley, painted
CONTEXTS:
1. Calico is a plain-woven textile made from unbleached, and often not fully processed, cotton.
It may contain unseparated husk parts, for example. The fabric is less coarse and thicker than
canvas or denim, but owing to its unfinished and undyed appearance, it is still very cheap.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calico_%28textile%29 ), last checked 4.01.2015 18:04
2. Annie was wearing a long green calico dress and white apron.
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/calico?s=t ), last checked 4.01.2015 18:02
COMMENTS:1530s, kalyko, corruption of Calicut (modernKozhikode), seaport on Malabar
coast of India, whereEuropeans first obtained it. In 16c. it was second onlyto Goa among Indian
commercial ports for Europeantrade. Extended to animal colorings suggestive ofprinted calicos
in 1807, originally of horses.
DESIGNATION STATUS: Obsolete
RO EQUIVALENT: Stamb (estur din bumbac cu desene imprimate in culori)
60
DEFINITION: estur de bumbac cu desene imprimate n culori, folosit la confecionarea

mbrcmintei de var pentru femei
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/stamb%C4%83, last checked 4.01.2015
18:07
NOTA BENE: Din ngr. stmba, it. stampa.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantive comun, nearticulat, plural stmburi, Gen-Dat sg
stambei, Gen-Dat pl stambelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: esatur
SYNONYMS: estur multicolor
CONTEXTS:
1. Cel de al cincilea tovar de joc, Andrei, biatul buctresei - oache, bolnvicios, cu
rubac de stamb i cu cruciuli de aram la gt - st nemicat i se uit vistor la numere."
(Anton Pavlovici Cehov Opere; Copiii; pagina 19)
2. Fetele s-au artat receptive la moda de la ora, ncepnd s poarte sandale, fust de stof,
rochie de stamb nflorat, s-i scurteze prul, i chiar s se dea cu ruj pe buze, spre indignarea
btrnilor i mai ales a btrnelor. (https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/tag/haine/), last checked
4.01.2015 18:09
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CAMEO
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A gem or shell carved in relief, especially one in which the raised
design and the background consist of layers of contrasting colors; a medallion with a profile cut
in raised relief.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cameo, last checked 4.01.2015
18:11
NOTA BENE: Italian cameo and Middle English cameu (from Old French camaieu and
Medieval Latin camahtus)
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural cameos
GENERIC CONCEPT: medallion
SYNONYMS: medallion, gem
CONTEXTS:
1.Since Queen Victoria favoured cameos, the cameo was quite popular during and since her
reign. They were popular as pins and pendants usually worn on a black velvet ribbon or even
sometimes-pastel satin ribbons. (http://www.victorianbazaar.com/cameos.html), last checked
4.01.2015 18:14
2. Empress Josephine wore a shell cameo every day, making them a must-have in France, and
soon they caught on in England, where shell cameos were favored by Queen Victoria for her
own adornment and as gifts.( http://www.collectorsweekly.com/fine-jewelry/cameos ), last
checked 4.01.2015 18:17
RO EQUIVALENT: camee
62
DEFINITION: Piatr dur (cu multe strate divers colorate), sculptat n relief cu o figur sau cu
un motiv decorativ, folosit ca podoab
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/camee, last checked 4.01.2015 18:20
NOTA BENE: Din fr. came.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural camee, Gen-Dat sg
cameei, Gen-Dat pl cameelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: podoab
CONTEXTS:
1. n timpul erei victoriene (1837-1901), fiecare decad i avea propriile bijuterii favorite, nsa
cameea a rmas o constant n topul preferinelor femeilor din nalta societate.
(http://mademoiselle-vintage.blogspot.ro/2009/01/coup-de-foudre-istoria-cameei.html), last
checked 4.01.2015 18:23
2. n timpul domniei sale, Napoleon Bonaparte, el nsui mare amator de bijuterii, nfiinase o
coal de sculptur n camee, nsa creaiile de acest tip au cunoscut succesul de-abia la patru
decenii de la moartea sa. (http://www.daciccool.ro/blogurile-brandurilor-dacic-cool/blogyouame/5238-cerceii-in-secolul-al-xix-lea), last checked 4.01.2015 18:25
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
63
CANE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a stick or short staff used to assist one in walking; walking stick.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cane, last checked 4.01.2015
18:30
NOTA BENE: Latin canna
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural canes
GENERIC CONCEPT: stick
SYNONYMS: walking stick
CONTEXTS:
1. A cane was the most common accessory carried, and there was no relationship to ambulatory
inrmity in its use. It was an accessory, pure and simple. Men did not lean on their canes as they
walked, but they swung them jauntily along with each step, perhaps using them to whisk some
offending debris out of their paths or raising them to hail a friend. (Clothing through American
History-The Civil War through the Gilded Age, 1801-1899-Anita Stamper and Jill Condra;
page 170)
2. Walking stick manufacturing became big business by the 1800s, and, in the latter part of the
century, the principal London manufacturer reportedly sold "one hundred and fifty thousand
walking-sticks made of English wood, and three hundred and sixty thousand rattans and canes
for making the more expensive varieties. (http://18thcand19thc.blogspot.ro/2014/10/walkingsticks.html), last checked 4.01.2015 18:33
RO EQUIVALENT: baston
DEFINITION: Bucat de lemn lung (cam de un metru) i subire, de obicei curbat la un capt,
care se poate ine n mn i are diverse utilizri.
64
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/baston, last checked 4.01.2015 18:37

NOTA BENE: Din it. bastone
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural bastoane, Gen-Dat sg
bastonului, Gen-Dat pl bastoanelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: b
SYNONYMS: toiag
CONTEXTS:
1. Un adevrat domn din Belle poque nu putea iei fr baston. Era de neconceput! Bastonul
avea, de cele mai multe ori, mner din metale i pietre preioase, fiind un simbol al bogiei, al
puterii, un semn al staturii sociale. Dup baston puteai deosebi un aristocrat de un mic burghez
sau de un simplu trgove. (http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/bastonul-stilettoledo-al-sonetistului-mihai-codreanu), last checked 4.01.2015 18:40
2. [] n sfrit, bastonul, nencovoiat i cu mner de aur, de argint, de fildes, de baga ori de
sidef, dac nu chiar de vreun crmpeiu de corn de cerb. Uneori mnerul bastonului era detaabil
i avea ataat o lam de stilet, fiind folosit pentru autoaprare (baston cu i)." (http://deierideazi.blogspot.ro/2014/02/moda-si-stil-la-sfarsit-de-secol-xix.html), last checked 4.01.2015
18:43
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
65
CAPE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a sleeveless garment of various lengths, fastened around the neck
and falling loosely from the shoulders, worn separately or attached to a coat or other outer
garment.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cape, last checked 4.01.2015
18:45
NOTA BENE: Middle English cape, partly variant of cope, cope; see cope2, and partly from
Anglo-Norman cape (from Medieval Latin cpa, variant of Late Latin cappa)
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural capes
GENERIC CONCEPT: cloak
SYNONYMS: mantle
CONTEXTS:
1. A mantle is a type of loose garment usually worn over indoor clothing to serve the same
purpose as an overcoat. Technically, the term describes a long, loose cape-like cloak worn from
the 12th to the 16th century and during the American Civil War by both sexes, although by the
19th century, it was used to describe any loose-fitting, shaped woman's outer garment similar to
a cape. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantle_(clothing)), last checked 4.01.2015 18:49
2. A cape or cloak is a sleeveless outerwear garment which likely had its beginnings in the
Medieval period. A cape covers only the back and half of the front of a figure, it can vary in
length, and it usually ties around the neck. Some capes had collars, and others hoods.
(http://www.fashionintime.org/history-fur-fashion-10th-19th-century/), last checked 4.01.2015
18:52
66
RO EQUIVALENT: cap
DEFINITION: Pelerin scurt de blan sau de stof
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/cap%C4%83, last checked 4.01.2015
18:54
NOTA BENE: Din fr. cape.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural cape, Gen-Dat sg capei,
Gen-Dat pl capelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: pelerin
SYNONYMS: mantie
CONTEXTS:
1. ntr-o superb gradin public parizian de la sfaritul secolului al 19-lea atrgea atenia figura
cu totul insolit a unui barbat foarte sobru, care purta o uria pelerin neagr, stnd nemicat.
Din cnd in cnd, sub pelerina intrau grbii trectori care, dupa ce zboveau puin acolo, ieeau
cu totul satisfacui. (http://www.clipa.com/a1001-Omul-cu-pelerina-neagra.aspx), last checked
4.01.2015 18:57
2. O pelerin unic, fcut din pnzele colectate de la peste un milion de pianjeni, va fi expus
pentru prima dat n Europa. Crearea pelerinei a durat mai mult de 4 ani, la ea lucrnd peste 80
de persoane. (http://impact.md/stiinta/relansarea-unei-traditii-pierdute-pelerina-facuta-dinmatase-de-paianjeni-dezvaluita-pentru-o-noua-expozitie/1266), last checked 4.01.2015 19:00
67
CASHMERE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: the fine, downy wool at the roots of the hair of the Kashmir goat; a
garment made of this wool.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cashmere, last checked
4.01.2015 19:03
NOTA BENE: fr. cachemire.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, uncountable
SYNONYMS: wool
CONTEXTS:
1. Its principal imports are cotton and woollen goods, yarn, metals, sugar, coffee, tea, spices,
cashmere shawls, &c., and its principal exports opium, wool, carpets, horses, grain, dyes and
gums, tobacco, rosewater, &c. The importance of Bushire has much increased since about 1862.
(http://sentence.yourdictionary.com/cashmere), last checked 4.01.2015 19:06
2. Cashmere comes from the fleece of the cashmere goat, found in Inner Mongolia, China, Iran,
Iraq, Turkey and Afghanistan and the earliest documented usage dates back to the 14th century.
It takes a single goat one year to produce enough cashmere for a scarf.
(http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/the-history-of-cashmere-the-golden-fleece1196401.html), last checked 4.01.2015 19:09
RO EQUIVALENT: camir
DEFINITION: estur moale i fin confecionat din prul de camir
68
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/casmir, last checked 4.01.2015 19:11

NOTA BENE: Din fr. cachemire.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural camiruri, Gen-Dat sg
camirului, Gen-Dat camirurilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: material textil
SYNONYMS: ln
CONTEXTS:
1. n Europa camirul a fost cunoscut deja n perioada imperiului roman, dar era camirului n
Europa ncepe undeva la nceputul secolului 19, cnd la Paris apar alurile de pashmin aduse
din Orient i devin un trend modern destul de puternic. La scurt timp productorii din Frana i
Anglia au nceput s importe ln de camir neprelucrat din China.
(https://www.mahogany.ro/tema/clanky-18/istoria-textilului-natural-cel-mai-scump-ca-mirul),
last checked 4.01.2015 19:13
2. Camirul, acest moft vestimentar, e att de scump, nct o bogat englezoaic aa cum
istorisete Balzac ntr-o povestire ezit ntre a-i cumpra un al sau o trsur. Bijuterii, dantele
i un al din camir erau, prin tradiie, parte a darului de nunt fcut de logodnic iubitei sale.
(https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/2010/03/25/istoria-vestimentatiei-puloverul-din-casmir/),
last checked 4.01.2015 19:15
69
CHEMISE
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: a dress designed to hang straight from the shoulders and fit loosely
at the waist, sometimes more tightly at the hip.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chemise, last checked
4.01.2015 19:17
NOTA BENE: Middle English < Anglo-French, Old French: shirt < Late Latin camsa linen
undergarment, shirt; replacing Middle English kemes, Old English cemes < Late Latin camsa
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural chemises
GENERIC CONCEPT: undergarment
SYNONYMS: dress, frock
CONTEXTS:
1. The chemise protected the skin from the corset, and protected the corset from the skin as well.
It was much easier to launder the chemise than the corset, and it was much cheaper to replace.
(http://www.knowlesville.com/vintage/getting-dressed-02.html), last checked 4.01.2015 19:20
2. Fashionable women of the Regency era wore several layers of undergarments. The first was
the chemise, or shift, a thin garment with tight, short sleeves (and a low neckline if worn under
evening wear), made of white cotton and finished with a plain hem that was shorter than the
dress.( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1795%E2%80%931820_in_Western_fashion), last checked
4.01.2015 19:22
RO EQUIVALENT: combinezon
70
DEFINITION: Obiect de lenjerie pentru femei, confecionat din pnz, mtase, nailon etc., care
acoper corpul, sub rochie, de la umeri pn deasupra genunchilor
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/combinezon, last checked 4.01.2015 19:25
NOTA BENE: Din fr. combinaison
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural combinezoane, Gen-Dat
sg combinezonului, Gen-Dat pl combinezoanelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: furou
SYNONYMS: furou
CONTEXTS:
1. Combinezonul, un obiect de mbrcminte dintr-o singur bucat, care acoperea tot de la
mini pn la glezne, a fost inventat la New York i era purtat de femei, brbai i copii.
(https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/tag/vestimentatie/), last checked 4.01.2015 19:27
2. Design-ul unui costum brbtesc era asemntor unui combinezon cu mneci i pantaloni
lungi, creat dintr-o estur ce includea un amestec de ln.
(https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/tag/moda/), last checked 4.01.2015 19:30
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CHIGNON
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: a large, smooth twist, roll, or knot of hair, worn by women at the
nape of the neck or the back of the head.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chignon, last checked
4.01.2015 19:33
NOTA BENE: from Old French chaignon, chain, collar, nape
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural chignons
SYNONYMS: bun, coiffure
GENERIC CONCEPT: hairstyle
CONTEXTS:
1. Women began to wear simpler hairdos with long hair pulled back in chignons or simple pony
tails, long curls trailing over the shoulder, and short ringlets framing the face.
( https://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/tag/regency-hairstyle/), last checked 4.01.2015 19:35
2. Chignons were generally achieved by pinning the hair at the back of the head and it did not
matter whether the hair was smooth, wavy, curly, or in a braid.
(http://18thcand19thc.blogspot.ro/2013/12/evening-hairstyles-of-1860s.html), last checked
4.01.2015 19:37
USE AREA/FIELD: headwear
RO EQUIVALENT: coc
DEFINITION: Pieptntur femeiasc cu prul strns sau mpletit i rsucit la ceaf sau n
cretetul capului
72
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/coc, last checked 4.01.2015 19:40

NOTA BENE: Din fr. coque [de cheveux].
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural cocuri, Gen-Dat sg
cocului, Gen-Dat pl cocurilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: coafur
SYNONYMS: conci
CONTEXTS:
1. Pe la 1830, femeile au inceput sa se coafeze cu un coc circular sau rulat drept pe crestet,
sustinut de panglici si piepteni, si cu doi ciorchini de buce scurte deasupra urechilor. Incepand cu
1840, coafurile presupuneau parul lins, cu carare pe mijloc si prins in parti in noduri din care
atarna cate un ciorchine bogat de carnaciori(bucle spirala), iar mai tarziu se purta un coc greu din
bucle la spate. (https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/2010/06/06/istoria-coafurii/), last checked
4.01.2015 19:42
2. Coafurile preferate de doamne seara erau cocurile clasice, care niciodat nu se demodeaz.
(http://deieri-deazi.blogspot.ro/2014/02/moda-si-stil-la-sfarsit-de-secol-xix.html), last checked
4.01.2015 19:45
USE AREA/FIELD: coafuri
73
CLOAK
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a wraplike outer garment fastened at the throat and falling straight
from the shoulders
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cloak , last checked 4.01.2015 19:47
NOTA BENE: from Old French cloque, from Medieval Latin clocca cloak, bell; referring to the
bell-like shape
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural cloaks
GENERIC CONCEPT: cape
SYNONYMS: caftan, cape, mantle
CONTEXTS:
1. In full evening dress in the Western countries, ladies and gentlemen frequently use the cloak
as a fashion statement, or to protect the fine fabrics of evening wear from the elements,
especially where a coat would crush or hide the garment. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloak ),
last checked 4.01.2015 19:50
2. In examining the costume history of many countries a cloak may have another name such as
burnous for what is essentially an enveloping blanket to either keep heat in or keep dust and sand
out. (http://www.fashion-era.com/Coats_history/cloak_costume_history_1.htm ), last checked
4.01.2015 19:52
COMMENTS: A cloak is a type of loose garment that is worn over indoor clothing and serves
the same purpose as an overcoat; it protects the wearer from the cold, rain or wind for example,
or it may form part of a fashionable outfit or uniform. Cloaks have been used by myriad historic
societies; many climates favor wearing a full-body garment which is easily removed and does
74
not constrain the wearer with sleeves. Over time cloak designs have been changed to match
fashion and available textiles.
RO EQUIVALENT: mantie
DEFINITION: Hain (de ceremonie) ca o pelerin lung i larg, care se purta peste celelalte
haine.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/mantie, last checked 4.01.2015 19:54
NOTA BENE: Din sl. mantija.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: Substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural mantii, Gen-Dat sg
mantiei, Gen-Dat pl mantiilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: cap
SYNONYMS: cap
CONTEXTS:
1. Prima reprezentare a unui Domn romn, nsoit de simbolurile autoritii supreme, apare pe
monedele lui Mircea cel Btrn. Aceasta era reprezentat purtnd o coroan princiar deschis,
mbrcat cu o mantie pn la glezne, cu guler de hermin.
(http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ensemnele_regalit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_rom%C3%A2ne ),
last checked 4.01.2015 19:57
2. Athos sari peste gard, ajunse pana la fereastra lipsita de obloane, insa ale carei perdele erau
bine trase. Urca pe prispa de piatra, incat sa poata vedea ceva peste perdele. La lumina unei
lampi, vazu o femeie infasurata intr-o mantie de culoare inchisa, asezata pe un taburet, lanag un
foc moribund. (Cei trei muschetari-Alexandre Dumas)
IDIOMS: A lua sub mantie = a proteja, a ocroti
DESIGNATION STATUS: figurat, nvechit
75
COLLAR
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: The part of a garment that encircles the neck, especially when
raised or folded.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/collar, last checked 4.01.2015 20:00
NOTA BENE: Middle English coler, from Old French colier, from Latin collre
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural collars
GENERIC CONCEPT: collar
SYNONYMS: neckband
CONTEXTS:
1. Collars may also be stiffened, traditionally with starch; modern wash-and-wear shirt collars
may be stiffened with interfacing or may include metal or plastic collar stays. Shirt collars which
are not starched are described as soft collars. The shape of collars is also controlled by the shape
of the neckline to which they are attached. Most collars are fitted to a jewel neck, a neckline
sitting at the base of the neck all around; if the garment opens down the front, the top edges may
be folded back to form lapels and a V-shaped opening, and the cut of the collar will be adjusted
accordingly. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collar_(clothing), last checked 4.01.2015 20:03
2. Many of these upturned collars were even detachable from the shirt, with a snap on the front
and back. Now, where this originally started isnt exactly known. Because of how incredibly
uncomfortable these collars were, they didnt last much past the 19th century. Stiff, upturned
collars slowly faded away around World War II.( http://www.oilandwool.com/2012/09/26/thehistory-of-the-popped-collar/), last checked 4.01.2015 20:05
76
RO EQUIVALENT: guler
DEFINITION: Parte a unor obiecte de mbrcminte care acoper de jur-mprejur gtul sau cu
care se termin o hain la gt
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/guler, last checked 4.01.2015 20:07
NOTA BENE: Din magh. gallr.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural gulere, Gen-Dat sg
gulerului, Gen-Dat pl gulerelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: guler
SYNONYMS: coleret
CONTEXTS:
1. Gulerul Wing: Gulerul pentru papion. Este modelul de guler specific pentru cmile de
ceremonie i se poart numai mpreun cu papion. Vrfurile scrobite ale gulerului au o form
asemntoare aripilor, de unde i denumirea de guler Wing.
( http://blog.hulber.ro/cunoaste-ti-camasa-tipuri-de-gulere/), last checked 4.01.2015 20:09
2. Cmile de noapte din ln, foarte la mod n secolul al XVIII-lea, erau mai lungi dect cele
de zi i aveau guler care se putea rula. Cele mai multe nu aveau manete, dar puteau avea diverse
alte ornamente. (http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/c-ma-noapte-haina-fumat),
last checked 4.01.2015 20:11
77
CORSET
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: a close-fitting undergarment, stiffened with whalebone or similar
material and often capable of being tightened by lacing, enclosing the trunk: worn, especially by
women, to shape and support the body; stays.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/corset, last checked 6.01.2015
09:05
NOTA BENE: Middle English, bodice, from Old French, diminutive of cors, body, from Latin
corpus
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural corsets
GENERIC CONCEPT: undergarnment
SYNONYMS: bodice, underwear
CONTEXTS:
1. When the waist moves back to its natural place during the 1820s, corsets become more
popular again. Until the 1840s, well-shaped figures can do without one without drawing Looks.
In 1828, lacing eyelets with hammered-in metal grommets are invented (until then, eyelets had
been stitched). A year later, the planchet came in: Two metal strips, one with little mushroomshaped heads, the other with eyelets, used to close and open the corset in front without having to
undo the lacing every time. (http://www.marquise.de/en/themes/korsett/korsett.shtml), last
checked 6.01.2015 09:15
2. Small 'tournures' fastened to the corset were recommended for walking, small 'puffs' were for
the early afternoon to remove the flat look of the dress and larger, longer bustles were suited to
the ballroom. (http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/corsets-and-bustles-1880-1890-fromover-structured-opulence-to-the-healthy-corset/), last checked 6.01.2015 09:18
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USE FIELD/AREA: textile industry

RO EQUIVALENT: corset
DEFINITION: Centur elastic lat (i ntrit cu balene), care servete la strngerea taliei
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/corset, last checked 6.01.2015 09:20
NOTA BENE: Din fr. corset
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural corsete, Gen-Dat sg
corsetului, Gen-Dat pl corsetelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: centur
SYNONYMS: centur
CONTEXTS:
1. Dac un corset confecionat doar din pnz tare i legat cu ireturi rezistente strngea moderat
talia i o scotea n eviden fr a fi, totui, prea greu de suportat, n schimb "corsetele cu balene"
(ntrituri din fanoane de balen sau srm de oel), ajunse la mod n secolul al XIX-lea, pe
vremea cnd frumoasele vremii aveau ca ideal o talie cu circumferina de numai 40-45 cm, erau,
pentru multe femei, aproape nite instrumente de tortur, timp de muli ani din viaa lor.
(http://www.descopera.ro/cultura/8153862-cand-frumusetea-inseamna-suferinta), last checked
6.01.2015 09:25
2. De-a lungul timpului, femeia a folosit diferite tertipuri pentru a atrage sau pentru a menine
interesul brbatului. Printre ele se numr i lenjeria intim, iar unul dintre obiectele de
vestimentaie intim este corsetul. Acesta reprezint o centur elastic lat i ntrit cu balene,
care servete la strngerea taliei, cu alte cuvinte, este un harnaament de susinere a taliei,
bustului i oldurilor n tiparele unei forme ideale, dorina care a creat suferina multor generaii
de femei. (http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/istoria-corsetului), last checked
6.01.2015 09:30
USE FIELD/AREA: industria textil
79
COTTON
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a cloth or thread made from cotton fibres
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cotton, last checked 6.01.2015 10:30
NOTA BENE: 1250-1300; Middle English coton < Old French < OldItalian cotone < Arabic
qutun, variant of qutn
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable/uncountable
GENERIC CONCEPT: cloth
SYNONYMS: cotton fiber, cotton wool
CONTEXTS:
1. In the nineteenth century, cotton was comparable in power to oil in todays global economy.
Its political clout paralleled that of oil as described in Daniel Yergins Pulitzer Prize-winning
book, The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money and Power. The West understandably fears the
political and economic power of oil and chaffs under its dependency on the Middle East, Russia,
Nigeria, and Venezuela. We speak in emotionally charged languagean energy crisisyet we
pay scant attention to the impact, both devastating and constructive, of King Cotton, the most
important determinant of American history in the nineteenth century. Cotton prolonged
Americas most serious social tragedy, slavery, and slave-produced cotton caused the American
Civil War, our bloodiest conflict which almost destroyed the nation. (http://www.internationaleconomy.com/TIE_W10_Dattel.pdf) , last checked 6.01.2015 10:35
2. Cotton soon became the primary export in the U.S. and by 1860, on the eve of the Civil War,
the southern states were providing two-thirds of the world's supply of cotton.(Boundless. The
Growth of the Cotton Industry. Boundless U.S. History. Boundless, 14 Nov. 2014. Retrieved 01
May. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-historytextbook/the-market-revolution-1815-1840-13/the-market-revolution-108/the-growth-of-thecotton-industry-583-1160/), last checked 6.01.2015 10:40
80

COMMENTS: late 13c., from Old French coton (12c.), ultimately (viaProvenal, Italian, or Old
Spanish) from Arabic qutn, aword perhaps of Egyptian origin. Philip Miller of theChelsea Physic
Garden sent the first cotton seeds toAmerican colony of Georgia in 1732. Also ultimatelyfrom
the Arabic word, Dutch katoen, German Kattun,Provenal coton, Italian cotone, Spanish
algodon,Portuguese algodo. Cotton gin is recorded from 1794
RO EQUIVALENT: bumbac
DEFINITION: Fibr textil obinut, prin egrenare, de pe seminele bumbacului
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/bumbac, last checked 6.01.2015 10:45
NOTA BENE: Din. sb. bumbak, bg. bubak.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural bumbacuri, genitiv-dativ
sg bumbacului, genitiv-dativ pl bumbacurilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: fibr
SYNONYMS: lnrica, vat
CONTEXTS:
1. Pe la 1860, n trguri se vindea ocaua (1,271 kg) de bumbac cu 2 lei, ceea ce nsemna valoarea
a dou gini sau a unei gte. n anul 1905 un pachet de bumbac costa de la 10 la 14 lei (salariul
unui muncitor obinuit era de 1 leu/zi) dar dintr-un pachet de bumbac se putea ese pentru 4
persoane adulte sau 8 copii. (https://ierburiuitate.wordpress.com/tag/bumbac/ ), last checked
6.01.2015 10:50
2. Producatorii europenii se impuneau n importul de materiale noi att de mult nct n Anglia,
n prima jumatate a secolului XVIII, a fost adoptat o lege mpotriva produciei, prelucrrii
bumbacului i chiar a comercializrii hainelor din bumbac, pentru a proteja producia local de in
i ln. (http://www.uniforme-hill.ro/articole-informatii/54-bumbacul), last checked 6.01.2015
10:55
81
COTTON GIN
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A machine that separates the seeds, seed hulls, and other small
objects from the fibers of cotton.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cotton+gin, last checked 6.01.2015
11:00
NOTA BENE: 1790-1800, Americanism
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun , countable, plural cotton gins
GENERIC CONCEPT: machine for cotton
HYPERNYM: gin
CONTEXTS:
1. From the caravel to the cotton gin, technological innovation has made things worse for blacks.
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/cotton%20gin?s=t ), last checked 6.01.2015 11:03
2. The articles on page 9 and 14 discuss two other air pollutants we study: dust from cotton gin
operations and soil, and ground-level ozone, which is the most damaging air pollutant to plants
by far.Sound science, sound air: helping agriculture and air quality at the ... by Walthall,
Charles L. /Agricultural Research (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/cotton+gin ), last checked
6.01.2015 11:06
COMMENTS: Machine for cleaning cotton of its seeds. The design that became standard was
invented in the U.S. by Eli Whitney in 1793. The mechanization of spinning in England had
created a greatly expanded market for U.S. cotton, but production was bottlenecked by the
manual removal of the seeds from the raw fibre. The cotton gin pulled the cotton through a set of
wire teeth mounted on a revolving cylinder, the fibre passing through narrow slots in an iron
breastwork too small to permit passage of the seed. The simplicity of the invention caused it to
82
be widely copied. It is credited with making cotton the most important export crop of the U.S.
before the American Civil War, as settlers and their slaves spread westward through prime
cotton-growing regions of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Texas.
RO EQUIVALENT: main de egrenat bumbac
DEFINITION: MAINA DE EGRENAT BUMBACUL este o pies construit din lemn i face
parte din grupul de unelte folosite n industria casnic textil, avnd rolul de a separa bumbacul
de semine.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.teleorman.djc.ro/EvenimenteDetalii.aspx?ID=10992 , last
checked 6.01.2015 11:11
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural maini de egrenat, GenDat sg mainii de egrenat, Gen-Dat pl mainilor de egrenat
HYPERNYM: masina
CONTEXTS:
1. Maina de egrenat a jucat un rol important n istorie, deoarece nu numai c a uurat munca
agricultorilor care curau mai mult bumbac ntr-un ritm mai rapid, dar n acelai timp a ajutat n
mod indirect sud-estul Statelor Unite s reanimeze o industrie pe cale de dispariie i care s
devin competitiv cu altele ce foloseau culturi mai profitabile, precum cele de tutun sau de
indigo (http://www.crispedia.ro/Inventarea_masinii_de_egrenat_bumbac ), last checked
6.01.2015 11:14
2. Maina de egrenat bumbacul a fost inventat n secolul al XVIII-lea, n anul 1793, de ctre
americanul Eli Whitney, care se spune c a beneficiat n mic msur de propria invenie.
Maina de separat bumbacul de semine a uurat mult munca omului, nct se poate spune c a
schimbat istoria lumii. (http://libersaspun.3netmedia.ro/rezumate/exponatul-lunii-masina-deegrenat-bumbacul/#more-20584 ), last checked 6.01.2015 11:17
83
CRINOLINE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
SOURCEFashion, Costume, and Culture-Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear
through the Ages-Sarah Pendergast and Tom Pendergast (Volume 3: European Culture from the
Reinassance to the Modern Era; THE NINETEENTH CENTURY)
STANDARD DEFINITION: a petticoat stiffened with this, worn to distend skirts, esp in the
mid-19th century; a framework of steel hoops worn for the same purpose
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/crinoline, last checked 6.01.2015
11:20
NOTA BENE: C19: from French, from Italian crinolino, from crino horsehair, from Latin crnis
hair + lino flax, from Latin lnum
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural crinolines
SYNONYMS: hoopskirt
CONTEXTS:
1. Crinoline was originally a stiff fabric with a weft of horse-hair and a warp of cotton or linen
thread. The fabric first appeared around 1830, but by 1850, the word had come to mean a
stiffened petticoat or rigid skirt-shaped structure of steel designed to support the skirts of a
woman's dress into the required shape. In form and function it is very similar to the earlier
farthingale.( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crinoline ), last checked 6.01.2015 11:25
2. From cage crinolines to bustles and body-hugging corsets, it will show how it was often the
structures worn under clothes which gave Victorian fashion its form.
(http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/corsets-and-crinolines-in-victorian-fashion/ ), last
checked 6.01.2015 11:30
COMMENTS: originally, a petticoat made of horsehair fabric, of the late 1840s, taking its name
from the French word crin ("horsehair"). It was worn with whalebone stays and multiple other
84
petticoats and flounces. In 1856, horsehair and whalebone were replaced by a light frame of
metal spring hoops. The wide, bell-shaped skirt contrasted with tiny corseted waists. In the late
1850s and early 1860s, the cage crinoline that evolved became so popular that it was worn by
ladies' maids and factory girls as well as by the rich. From the dome shape of the 1850s, the
crinoline was altered to a pyramid in the 1860s, and about 1865 it became almost flat in front.
Smaller "walking" skirts were devised, and by 1868 the crinolette was hooped only at the back
and served as a bustle. The crinoline was generally out of fashion by 1878.
RO EQUIVALENT: crinolin
DEFINITION: Fust lung i foarte larg, n form de clopot, susinut n interior de arcuri
subiri de oel, la mod pe la mijlocul sec. XIX; malacof.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/crinolin%C4%83, last checked 6.01.2015
11:35
NOTA BENE: Din fr. crinoline.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural crinoline, Gen-Dat sg
crinolinei, Gen-Dat pl crinolinelor
CONTEXTS:
1. Moda victorian timpurie, numit i al doilea Rococo sau moda crinolinei, a caracterizat a
doua jumtate a secolului al XIX-lea. Crinolina se face evideniat pentru a treia oar i se
nlocuiesc ghirlandele i podoabele de pe confeciile de dam cu volane i volanae caracteristice
stilului victorian. (http://artifexlohn.com/moda-victoriana-1840-1870/), last checked 6.01.2015
11:37
2. n sec. XIX, o dat cu apariia crinolinei, fustele au devenit i mai voluminoase spre fericirea
doamnelor i domnioarelor. (http://artifexlohn.com/evolutia-fustelor/), last checked 6.01.2015
11:40
85
DANCE CARD
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A dance card or programme du bal is used by a woman to record
the names of the gentlemen with whom she intends to dance each successive dance at a formal
ball.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_card, last checked 10.01.2015
12:00
NOTA BENE: from germ. Tanzkarte
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, countable, plural dance cards
GENERIC CONCEPT: notebook
SYNONYMS: notebook, card, book
CONTEXTS:
1. Dance cards were used to record women's dance partners. Inside the card were pages listing
the names of the dances, with a blank line after each. A man would ask a woman for a particular
dance, and his name would be penciled in on that line. Some dance cards had tiny pencils
attached to the string, but men usually carried pencils with them. According to etiquette, if a man
introduced himself and asked properly for a dance, the woman really could not refuse.
(http://archives.syr.edu/exhibits/dances_card.html ), last checked 10.01.2015 12:05
2. Having a dance card allowed women to fill out their card with men who they would prefer to
dance with, and it also allowed them to gracefully decline a dance by saying her card is full, even
though this may not be true. (http://www.archivejournal.net/issue/2/archives-remixed/my-cardis-full/ ), last checked 10.01.2015 12:10
86
RO EQUIVALENT: carnet de bal

DEFINITION: Un carneel de bal este folosit de o femeie pentru a nregistra numele domnilor cu
care intenioneaz s danseze fiecare dans succesiv la un bal official.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dance_card, last checked 10.01.2015
12:02
NOTA BENE: 1890-1895.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: grup nominal, nearticulat, plural carneele de bal, Gen.-Dat.
sg. Carnetului de bal, Gen.-Dat. pl carnetelor de bal
GENERIC CONCEPT: agend
SYNONYMS: carnet, caiet, agend
CONTEXTS:
1. Chiar i cunoscutii trebuiau s solicite dansurile cu o sear nainte, fiind nsemnai n
nelipsitul carneel de bal pe care domnioara l utiliza n asemenea ocazii. Regula era destul de
strict, solicitrile ulterioare nemaiputnd fi satisfcute decat dac vreun dans rmnea neacordat
sau dac solicitantul avea n prealabil consimmntul vreunuia din cei nscrii. (Oraul din
spaiul romnesc ntre Orient i Occident. Tranziia de la medievalitate la modernitate, volum
editat de Laureniu Rdvan, Iai, Editura Universitii Al. I. Cuza, 2007., paginile 310-311)
2. Invitaia la dans avea mai multe conotaii: una nsemna c biatul o plcea pe fat i, n unele
cazuri, i cereau acesteia mai multe dansuri, grupate sau disparate. O alta era aceea a cunoaterii
tinerilor n vederea cstoriei, caz n care unui tnr ofier care cerea loc n carnetul de bal al
unei fete i se gsea ntotdeauna un dans disponibil. n astfel de situaii contau att starea
material a familiei, ct i poziia social, iar atunci cnd aceste condiii nu erau ndeplinite, se
ntmpla ca tnrului s i se spun c acel carneel de bal era complet.
(http://www.banaterra.eu/romana/balurile-o-traditie-pastrata-banatul-ultimelor-sute-de-ani-0),
last checked 10.01.2015 12:11
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
87
DEERSTALKER CAP
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a hat, peaked in front and behind, with earflaps usually turned up
and tied together on the top
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/deerstalker, last checked
10.01.2015 12:14
NOTA BENE: 181020
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural deestalker caps
SYNONYMS: cap
CONTEXTS:
1. The deerstalker was a type of cap favored by deer hunters and other sportsmen in nineteenthcentury England. The deerstalker became especially fashionable between 1870 and 1890, when
sports clothes became a more prominent feature of men's dress. (Fashion, Costume, and
Pendergast and Tom Pendergast (Volume 3: European Culture from the Reinassance to the
2. More than a sportsman's cap, the deer-stalker is commonly associated with British writer
Arthur Conan Doyle's (18591930) fictional detective Sherlock Holmes. It became such a
recognized symbol of Holmes thanks to illustrator Sidney Paget (18601908). ( Fashion,
Costume, and Culture-Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the AgesSarah Pendergast and Tom Pendergast (Volume 3: European Culture from the Reinassance to the
88
RO EQUIVALENT: apc deerstalker

DEFINITION: apca deerstalker (tradus literal apc pentru vntoare de cprioare) este un tip
de plrie care se poart n special n zonele rurale, adesea la vntoare de cprioare.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerstalker, last checked 10.01.2015
12:19
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: grup nominal, nearticulat, plural sepci, Gen-Dat sg sepcii,
Gen-Dat pl sepcilor
SYNONYMS: plrie
CONTEXTS:
1. Deerstalker tip de plrie , purtat n zonele rurale englezeti, de multe ori pentru vntoare,
( vntoarea de cerbi n special) . Aceast plrie purtat de Sherlock Holmes este asociat
stereotip cu un detectiv englez. Caracteristica principal a tipului deerstalker este o pereche de
boruri n spate i fa i dou flapsuri laterale flexibile.
(https://sites.google.com/site/ideeidesprecumsa/despre-palarii-sepci), last checked 10.01.2015
12:22
2. n interpretarea sa, Holmes purta o apc deerstalker i o pelerin Inverness i fuma o pip
calabash curbat; aceast portretizare a contribuit mult la imaginea popular a personajului.
Exist indicii cu privire la apca deerstalker n ilustraiile originale ale lui Paget pentru The
Strand, dar aceasta nu reprezint un obiect de mbrcminte folosit frecvent.
(http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adapt%C4%83ri_ale_aventurilor_lui_Sherlock_Holmes), last
checked 10.01.2015 12:25
89
DENIM
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A coarse, twilled cotton fabric, often blue, traditionally usedfor
overalls and work clothes and now used for jeans andcasual wear.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/denim, last checked 10.01.2015
12:30
NOTA BENE: French (serge) de Nmes, (serge) of Nmes, after Nmes, France.
GENERIC CONCEPT: material
SYNONYMS: dungaree, jean
CONTEXTS:
1. Denim, the durable fabric which is almost always used to make modern blue jeans, was
originally made in Nmes, France. American manufacturers shortened the name serge de Nmes,
to denim. Denim fabric was often dyed dark blue so that work clothes made from it would not
show dirt and stains.( http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/EuropeanCulture-19th-Century/Blue-Jeans.html#ixzz3Yt6lCKKj), last checked 10.01.2015 12:34
2. Denim fabric seems to have been reserved for work clothes, when both durability and comfort
were needed. Common uses included overalls made of blue denim, worn by mechanics and
painters. (http://www.garmento.org/jeans/history_of_denim.pdf ), last checked 10.01.2015 12:37
RO EQUIVALENT: denim
90
DEFINITION: estur groas i deas, cu firul n diagonal, de obicei din bumbac,

asemntoare docului sau drilului, din care se confecioneaz jeani (blugi), salopete,
combinezoane
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.dexonline.news20.ro/cuvant/denim.html, last checked
10.01.2015 12:40
NOTA BENE: engl. denim, fr. (serge) de Nmes, serj produs la Nmes, oras din sudul Frantei
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural denimuri, Gen-Dat sg
denimului, Gen-Dat pl denimurilor
SYNONYMS: blug
CONTEXTS:
1. n secolul al 19-lea, jean-ul i denimul erau materiale diferite att din punct de vedere tehnic,
ct i prin produsele crora le erau destinate. Hainele de lucru ale muncitorilor din domenii
bazate pe munca fizic se fabricau din denim, n timp ce jean-ul era folosit pentru alte tipuri de
uniforme. (http://www.cozacone.ro/lifestyle/o-scurta-istorie-a-denimului-1/), last checked
10.01.2015 12:46
2. Dei i numim blue-jeans, pantalonii erau realizai, nc de pe-atunci, din denim, o stof a
crei compoziie s-a schimbat de-a lungul secolelor. Istoria termenului denim poate fi trasat
ncepnd cu Frana sfritului de secol XVI, unde era folosit o estur denumit serge de
Nmes, adic stof din oraul Nmes. Serge de Nmes era ns un amestec de mtase i ln,
compoziie care i face pe unii istorici s se ndoiasc de legtura cu actualul denim care e
format, astzi, doar din bumbac. Astfel, originea cuvntului denim este n continuare un subiect
controversat, mai cu seam c la acea vreme n Frana se mai fabrica o estur cu desen diagonal
denumit nim. (http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/blugii-au-o-istorie-mai-bine500-ani), last checked 10.01.2015 12:48
91
DRAWSTRING
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a cord, ribbon, etc, run through a hem around an opening, as on the
bottom of a sleeve or at the mouth of a bag, so that when it is pulled tighter, the opening closes
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/drawstring?s=t, last checked
10.01.2015 14:03
NOTA BENE: 1825-35; draw + string
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural drawstrings
GENERIC CONCEPT: string
SYNONYMS: tie, string
CONTEXTS:
1. The full-length, over-the-cuff gauntlet seals out snow with a one-handed, super-cinch
drawstring closure. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/drawstring?s=t ), last checked
10.01.2015 14:07
2. When the ruff reappeared in early nineteenth century England, it was smaller and simpler, a
strip of lace gathered and tied around the neck with a drawstring.( Fashion, Costume, and
Pendergast and Tom Pendergast (Volume 3: European Culture from the Reinassance to the
Modern Era; THE NINETEENTH CENTURY); pag 837)
RO EQUIVALENT: cordon
DEFINITION: Cingtoare (de material plastic, de panglic, de pnz, de piele etc.); centur,
curea.
92
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/cordon/paradigma, last checked

10.01.2015 14:12
NOTA BENE: Din fr. cordon.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural cordoane, Gen-Dat sg
cordonului, Gen-Dat pl cordoanelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: curea
SYNONYMS: curea, cingtoare, bru, centur
CONTEXTS:
1. Cureaua este o banda flexibila, de obicei fabricata din piele, din material textil tare sau
formata din bucati metalice intrepatrunse, ce este purtata in jurul braului.
(http://www.cineainventat.ro/cureaua/), last checked 10.01.2015 14:16
2. In secolul al XIX-lea, cureaua avea si rol decorativ, insa si unul practic, pentru razboi.
(http://www.amafashion.ro/blog/cureaua), last checked 10.01.2015 14:20
93
EARRING
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: an ornament for the ear, usually clipped onto the lobe or fastened
through a hole pierced in the lobe
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Earrings, last checked 14.01.2015
18:00
NOTA BENE: Old English earhring
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural earrings
GENERIC CONCEPT: jewelry
SYNONYMS: jewel
CONTEXTS:
1. In Europe, earrings tended to go out of fashion when the wig, coiffure, or headdress obscured
the ears, as in the late 17th and 18th centuries.
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/175955/earring), last checked 14.01.2015 18:05
2. Many of the brooches made at the time were offered with matching pairs of earrings, nearly all
in a drop style with ear wires. (Clothing through American History-The Civil War through the
Gilded Age, 1801-1899-Anita Stamper and Jill Condra; page 123)
COMMENTS: The two groups which had formerly a near monopoly on male earrings were
Gypsies and sailors. Both has the usual traditions about eyesight, but it was also said that sailors'
earrings would save them from drowning, while others argued that should a sailor be drowned
and washed up on some foreign shore, his gold earrings would pay for a proper Christian burial.
["Dictionary of English Folklore"]
RO EQUIVALENT: cercel
94
DEFINITION: Obiect de podoab care se poart, mai ales de ctre femei, fixat sau atrnat la
lobul urechii
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/cercel, last checked 14.01.2015 18:15
NOTA BENE: Lat. circellus
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural cercei, Gen-Dat sg
cercelului, Gen-Dat pl cerceilor
SYNONYMS: toart, crcel
CONTEXTS:
1. La inceputul secolului al XIX-lea, erau la moda cerceii girandole, franjurati, pe care doamnele
ii purtau in functie de coafura aleasa. Catre 1840, cerceii dispar complet, pentru a reaparea zece
ani mai tarziu, ca urmare a schimbarii tendintelor in materie de coafuri si a renuntarii temporare
la gulerele inalte. (http://www.daciccool.ro/blogurile-brandurilor-dacic-cool/blog-youame/5238cerceii-in-secolul-al-xix-lea), last checked 14.01.2015 18:20
2. Anul 1870 este anul cerceilor-ciucure suspendai de un blat oval pe lobul urechii. n
urmtoarele dou decenii cerceii mai c dispar din nou, alungai de gulerele nalte care acoper
aproape complet gtul. (http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/bijuteria-care-strpunge-trupul), last checked 14.01.2015 18:25
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
95
EMBROIDERY
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: the art of working raised and ornamental designsin threads of silk,
cotton, gold, silver, or othermaterial, upon any woven fabric, leather, paper,etc., with a needle;
embroidered work or ornamentation.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/embroidery, last checked
14.01.2015 18:30
NOTA BENE: 1350-1400; Middle English embrouderie needlework oncloth < Middle French
embroud (er) + Middle English -erie -ery; oi from embroider
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural embroideries
GENERIC CONCEPT: ornament
SYNONYMS: ornament, painting
CONTEXTS:
1. Whitework embroidery was frequently used on muslin dresses, fine lawn caps,
handerkerchiefs, tablecloths, and bed linens. Patterns were featured in Ladies Periodicals,
showing many different motifs, some fancier than others.
(https://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/2010/02/27/18th-19th-century-whiteworkembroidery/), last checked 14.01.2015 18:35
2. Embroidery styles for smock-frocks varied by region, and a number of motifs became
traditional for various occupations: wheel-shapes for carters and wagoners, sheep and crooks for
shepherds, and so on. Most of this embroidery was done in heavy linen thread, often in the same
color as the smock.( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_embroidery), last checked 14.01.2015
18:40
96
RO EQUIVALENT: Broderie
DEFINITION: Custur n relief (reprezentnd flori sau alte ornamente), executat pe un
material textil.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/broderie, last checked 14.01.2015 18:45
NOTA BENE: Din fr.broderie.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural broderii, Genitiv-Dativ
singular broderiei, Genitiv-Dativ plural broderiilor
SYNONYMS: desen, ornament
CONTEXTS:
1. Denumirea de broderie este un termen generic pentru o tehnic decorativ realizat pe suport
textil cu acul de cusut, folosind fire de mtase, metal, ln sau alte fire, uneori nsoite de pietre
preioase, semipreioase sau perle. Practicat n toate epocile, broderia cunoate momente de vrf
legate de mod, ca i de preferinele pentru una sau alta din variantele de tehnic, bazate pe
folosirea de puncte de cusut, de materiale, de suporturi preioase. (http://peles.ro/obiectul-luniiianuarie-2015-broderii-pereche-de-nobili/), last checked 14.01.2015 18:50
2. Originile broderiei romneti se afl n broderia bizantin, ale crei principii i motive au fost
preluate i rspndite n toate rile balcanice. Pe aceste premize bizantine i sud-slave, adaptate
nevoilor i posibilitilor locale, selectate, interpretate i mbogite pe msura ce societatea
romneasc i definea propriul su gust artistic, arta broderiei medievale romneti se
desvreste n a doua jumtate a secolului al XV-lea i va evolua cu strlucire timp de aproape
patru veacuri, pana n pragul timpurilor moderne. (http://www.rasfoiesc.com/hobby/artacultura/BRODERIA-VECHE-ROMANEASCA14.php), last checked 14.01.2015 18:55
97
FAN
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: an implement of feathers, leaves, paper, cloth, etc., often in the
shape of a long triangle or of a semicircle, for waving lightly in the hand to create a cooling
current of air about a person
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/fan?s=t, last checked
14.01.2015 20:00
NOTA BENE: Old English fann, from Latin vannus
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural fans
GENERIC CONCEPT: blower
SYNONYMS: ventilator, air conditioner, vane
COLLOCATIONS: hit the fan (to become suddenly more awkward, embarrassing, or
troublesome)
CONTEXTS:
1. Folded paper fans are one of the simplest origami creations, yet their charm and elegance
make them a perfect party favor, place setting, or detail for gift wrapping.
(http://www.wikihow.com/Make-Paper-Fans ), last checked 14.01.2015 20:04
2. Used for fashionable, functional or ornamental purposes, these hand fans are extremely
beautiful and simple. (http://www.paperlanternstore.com/paperhandfans.html ), last checked
14.01.2015 20:07
COMMENTS: The chaff, being lighter, would blow off. Sense of "device for moving air" first
recorded late 14c.; the hand-held version is first attested 1550s. A fan-light(1819) was shaped
like a lady's fan.
98
DESIGNATION STATUS: fashion

RO EQUIVALENT: evantai
DEFINITION: Obiect pliabil, n form de semicerc, executat din hrtie, mtase, pene etc., folosit
mai ales de femei pentru a-i face vnt i a se apra de cldur.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/evantai, last checked 14.01.2015 20:10
NOTA BENE: Din fr. ventail.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: Substantiv comun, nearticulat , plural evantaie, Gen-Dat sg
evantaiului, Gen-Dat pl evantaielor
CONTEXTS:
1. Evantaiul este un obiect pliabil (de obicei n form de semicerc) utilizat de obicei defemei
pentru a-i face vnt. Poate fi realizat din hrtie, mtase, pene, etc.
(http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evantai ), last checked 14.01.2015 20:15
2. Doamnele din nalta societate se foloseau de evantaie decorate cu pietre preioase i pene
exotice, sau de evantaie pictate de artiti renumii ai vremii, pentru a-i marca statutul, dar mai
ales pentru a se evidenia n faa brbatului pe care vroia s-l cucereasc.
(http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/top-10-lucruri-stiut-evantai ), last checked
14.01.2015 20:18
COMMENTS: Evantaiul, apreciat ca obiect funcional sau accesoriu vestimentar, are o istorie
veche de peste 5000 de ani. Cele mai vechi mrturii ale existenei evantaiului dateaz din China
mileniului III .Hr. Evantaiul era pentru chinezi un indiciu i un privilegiu al statutului social.
Att n China, ct i n Japonia sau Coreea, nu exista un premiu mai valoros pentru elevii
disciplinai dect evantaiul, iar prezena la o ceremonie sau la un spectacol cerea, n mod necesar,
un evantai. Chiar i condamnaii la moarte nu erau lipsii de privilegiul de a avea asupra lor n
momentul n care erau trimii la spnzurtoare.
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
99
FLANNEL
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a soft, slightly napped fabric of wool or wool and another fiber,
used for trousers, jackets, shirts, etc.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/flannel, last checked 14.01.2015
20:30
NOTA BENE: Middle English flaunneol
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural flannels
SYNONYMS: woolen undergarnment
CONTEXTS:
1. Flannel, already utilized during the Civil War as a cheap, tough material for soldiers
undershirts and simple four-button coats, easily found a place as the ideal fabric for workmen; it
was used to make one-piece union suits (long underwear) and work overalls for railroad and
construction workers. (http://gearpatrol.com/2014/10/02/history-flannel/), last checked
14.01.2015 20:35
2. Flannel continued to be made purely of wool into the 19th century when, like so many other
fabrics, cotton flannel began to replace it. Wool flannel was used as an insulating layer usually
worn close to the skin for garments like women's shifts (probably of white flannel), gowns and
under petticoats and for men's shirts, drawers, under jackets, and waistcoats and for lining outer
garments.
(http://www.wmboothdraper.com/Wool/indexwithnav.html?wools_worsted_flannel.htm), last
checked 14.01.2015 20:40
COMMENTS: The Welsh origin is not a universally accepted etymology, due to the sound
changes involved; some (Barnhart, Gamillscheg) suggest the English word is from an AngloFrench diminutive of Old French flaine "a kind of coarse wool." "As flannel was already in the
100
16th c. a well-known production of Wales, a Welsh origin for the word seems antecedently
likely" [OED]. Modern French flanelle is a 17c. borrowing from English.
RO EQUIVALENT: flanel
DEFINITION: estur de bumbac sau de ln, moale, pufoas i clduroas, folosit pentru
confecionarea obiectelor de mbrcminte
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/flanela, last checked 14.01.2015 20:45
NOTA BENE: Din fr. flanelle
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural flanele, Gen-Dat flanelei,
Gen-dat flanelelor
SYNONYMS: ln
CONTEXTS:
1." Iarna port pieptar de flanela si galosi blaniti."
(http://www.costachenegruzzi.eu/opere/scrisori_la_un_prieten/scrisoarea_II_reteta.html#.VVcG
Vfl_Oko), last checked 14.01.2015 20:49
2. " Moromete nu mai zise nimic, ncepu s-i vcsuiasc bocancii i s-i perie pantalonii. Se
brbieri. i schimb cmaa i flanela. Pe urm, nham caii la cru i se duse la gar." (Preda,
M., (2009), Moromeii-volumul II, Editura Curtea Veche, Bucuresti, pagina 183)
101
FLOUNCE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a strip of material gathered or pleated and attached at one edge,
with the other edge left loose or hanging: used for trimming, as on the edge of a skirt or sleeve or
on a curtain, slipcover, etc.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/flounce, last checked
18.01.2015 14:03
NOTA BENE: Alteration of frounce, from Middle English, pleat, from Old French fronce
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural flounces
GENERIC CONCEPT: adornment
SYNONYMS: furbelow, ruffle, frill
CONTEXTS:
1. The style for flounces on the dresses begins to be very popular, with more and more flounces
add all the time. Dress fabrics were milled especially for the flounces, with colors and patterns
designed to be cut into strips. (http://trulyvictorian.com/history/1840.html), last checked
18.01.2015 14:07
2. Before the invention of the cage crinoline, a lady would wear as many as a dozen starched
and flounced muslin petticoats to support the full skirts of her Victorian dress.
( http://www.victoriana.com/Fashion/1850sfashion/victorianfashionhistory1850.htm), last
checked 18.01.2015 14:11
RO EQUIVALENT: volan
DEFINITION: Fie de stof fin sau de dantel, ncreit sau gofrat, folosit la garnisirea unor
obiecte de mbrcminte femeiasc sau a unor cuverturi
102
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/volan, last checked 18.01.2015 14:16

NOTA BENE: fr. volant
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantive comun, nearticulat, plural volane, Gen-Dat sg
volanului, Gen-Dat pl volanelor
SYNONYMS: falbala, manget
CONTEXTS:
1. Pe la 1885 dispar i orurile de jupe care sunt nlocuite cu volane, cucoanele nevoind nc s
renune nici la silueta nfoiat a vremurilor de mare luxurie, nici la distana aceea respectuoas
pe care forma toaletelor o impunea nc galanteriei brbailor. (http://deierideazi.blogspot.ro/2014/02/moda-si-stil-la-sfarsit-de-secol-xix.html), last checked 18.01.2015
14:20
2. O schimbare substanial a suferit rochia, a crei margine de jos a devenit mai larg, ca
urmare a folosirii cutelor, pliurilor i volanelor.
(http://ro.texsite.info/Moda,_stilul_din_perioada_de_secesiune_(de_la_sf%C3%A2r%C5%9Fitul
_secolului_al_XIX-lea), last checked 18.01.2015 14:26
103
FOB
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A small pocket at the front waistline of a man's trousers or in the
front of a vest, used especially to hold a watch; A short chain or ribbon attached to a pocket
watch and worn hanging in front of the vest or waist.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fob, last checked 18.01.2015 14:32
NOTA BENE: C17: probably of Germanic origin; compare German dialect Fuppe pocket
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, masculine, plural fobs
GENERIC CONCEPT: pocket
SYNONYMS: small pocket, watch pocket, vest pocket
CONTEXTS:
1. Watch fob, short ribbon or chain attached to a watch and hanging out of the pocket in which
the watch is kept; the term can also refer to ornaments hung at the end of such a ribbon or chain.
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/636738/watch-fob ), last checked 18.01.2015
14:37
2. Women did not wear breeches with fob pockets, so while men hid their watches in a fob
pocket and let the watch chain hang from it, women wore their watches at the hanging end of
their equipages in full view. (https://thepragmaticcostumer.wordpress.com/2014/04/12/keepingtrack-of-time-georgian-watch-chains-equipages-fobs-and-chatelaines/ ), last checked 18.01.2015
14:42
RO EQUIVALENT: buzunar mic
104
DEFINITION: Un fel de pung interioar cusut la haine, n care se in lucruri mrunte

DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/buzunar, last checked 18.01.2015 14:45
NOTA BENE: Din ngr. buzunra
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural buzunare, Gen-Dat sg
buzunarului, Gen-Dat pl buzunarelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: buzunar
SYNONYMS: pung, scule
CONTEXTS:
1. nainte ca ceasurile de mn s devin populare n 1920, ceasurile erau purtate n buzunare,
aveau capac i erau ataate de un lnior. (http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceas ), last checked
18.01.2015 14:50
2. Create cu multe secole inainte de aparitia ceasurilor de mana, ceasurile de buzunar au devenit
astazi unele din cele mai colectionate bijuterii. Inventii derivate din pura necesitate, ceasurile de
buzunar uimesc si astazi prin maiestria, arta si migala cu care au fost realizate. (http://www.wallstreet.ro/slideshow/Lifestyle/81837/Istoria-ceasurilor-de-buzunar-intr-o-expozitie-laHorologivm.html?full#ixzz3YiUkctNH ), last checked 18.01.2015 14:55
105
FRILL
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a trimming, as a strip of cloth or lace, gathered at one edge and left
loose at the other; ruffle.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/frill, last checked 18.01.2015
15:07
NOTA BENE: 1585-95; origin uncertain
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural frills
GENERIC CONCEPT: decoration
CONTEXTS:
1. He pretty much makes the same thing every time--some short, fitted jacked with some kind of
frill on it and skinny pants. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/frill ), last checked
18.01.2015 15:11
2. The 1870s to 1880s introduced styles that revealed the natural silhouette. A popular style was
the `princess line' dress, which was made without a waist seam to reveal the figure. Skirts fitted
tightly and required streamlined all-in-one underwear combinations. Corsets became longer and
were more rigidly boned. The busk, known as the spoon busk because of its shape, extended to
the stomach. Sleeves were tight. In the 1880s a bustle pad, or a tier of stiffened horsehair or
fabric frills, was introduced. After 1887-1888 the bustle went out of fashion.
(http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/i/introduction-to-19th-century-fashion/ ), last checked
18.01.2015 15:15
COMMENTS: "wavy ornamental edging," 1801 (with a doubtful attestation from 1590s), of
uncertain origin despite much speculation [see OED]; figurative sense of "useless ornament"
first recorded 1893. The verb meaning "to furnish with a frill" is recorded in 1570s.
106

RO EQUIVALENT: bibil
DEFINITION: Dantel lucrat cu acul sau custur cu coliori (aplicat la guler, la mneci sau
la poalele cmii)
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/bibil/paradigma, last checked 18.01.2015
15:20
NOTA BENE: Din ngr. bibla.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantive comun, nearticulat, plural bibiluri, Gen-Dat sg
bibilului, Gen-Dat pl bibilurilor
CONTEXTS:
1. A scos, n 1893, Altie i bibiluri, publicaie literar, destinat i studierii portului i artei
custurilor populare. A introdus i popularizat ca form de nvmnt coala n aer liber. [...]
(http://www.crispedia.ro/Biografia__viata__activitatea_si_opera_literara_a_Smarei- Smaranda
Gheorghiu), last checked 18.01.2015 15:25
2. La 1852, n ziua cnd s-a sfinit paraclisul spitalului din Trgul Neamului i s-a deschis
coala domneasc de acolo, eu, mpreun cu ali biei, isonari ai bisericii, stam aproape de
Ghica-vod, care era fa la acea serbare, nconjurat de o mulime de lume, i nu ne mai sturam
privindu-l. i el, frumos la chip i blnd cum era, vzndu-ne pe mai toi de-a rndul, mbrcai
cu cmeuice cusute cu bibiluri i albe cum e helgea, cu bondie mndre, cu iari de igaie i
nclai cu opincue, splai curat i pieptnai, cu ruinea zugrvit pe fa i cu frica lui
Dumnezeu n inim, arunc o privire printeasc spre noi i zise [...] .( Creanga, I., (2007),
Amintiri din copilrie , Editura Andreas, Bucuresti)
USE AREA/FIELD: industria textila
107
FRINGE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A decorative border or edging of hanging threads, cords, or strips,
often attached to a separate band.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fringe, last checked 18.01.2015
16:00
NOTA BENE: Middle English frenge, from Old French, from Vulgar Latin *frimbia, alteration
of Late Latin fimbria; see fimbria.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural fringes
SYNONYMS: edge, border, skirt, rim
CONTEXTS:
1. Fringe is an ornamental border consisting of short straight or twisted threads or strips hanging
from cut or raveled edges or from a separate band (http://www.merriamwebster.com/dictionary/fringe ), last checked 18.01.2015 16:05
2. The weaver put a fringe on the edge of the scarf.( http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fringe ),
last checked 18.01.2015 16:06
COLLOCATIONS: on the fringe of
RO EQUIVALENT: tiv (cu ciucuri, franjuri)
DEFINITION: Margine a unui obiect de stofa, de pnz etc., ndoit i fixat printr-o custur
pentru a mpiedica destrmarea esturii
108
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/tiv, last checked 18.01.2015 16:12

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: Substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural tivuri, Gen-Dat sg
tivului, Gen-Dat pl tivurilor
CONTEXTS:
1. Gaurelele duble se pot lucra ca si cusaturi de legatura pe marginea obiectului sau intre motive
dand un aspect estetic obiectului respectiv. (http://vintageclothingtime.blogspot.ro/2014/04/tivulcu-gaurele.html), last checked 18.01.2015 16:18
2. Blugii devin la fel de versatili ca i moda care, n fiecare an, i impune altfel. De la foarte
strmi la evazai, cu tivul ntors pe fa, apoi n interior.
(https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/tag/vestimentatie/), last checked 18.01.2015 16:25
109
FROCK COAT
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a man's close-fitting, knee-length coat, single-breasted or doublebreasted and with a vent in theback, as worn in the 19th century
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/frock+coat , last checked
18.01.2015 16:40
NOTA BENE: fr. redingote
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural frock coats
GENERIC CONCEPT: coat
SYNONYMS: coat
CONTEXTS:
1.It was a windy day and the candles borne gingerly atarm's length sputtered and spattered the
gorgeous uniform and frock coat. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/frock%20coat?s=t),
last checked 18.01.2015 16:43
2.The uniform is specified as a double breasted blue clothfrock coat and matching pants with
variations for each rank. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/frock%20coat?s=t ), last
checked 18.01.2015 16:44
RO EQUIVALENT: redingot
DEFINITION: Hain brbteasc de ceremonie (de culoare neagr), cu poalele lungi pn la
genunchi, ncheiat cu dou rnduri de nasturi.
110
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/redingota , last checked 18.01.2015 16:50

NOTA BENE: Din fr. redingote.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: Substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural redingote, Gen-Dat sg
redingotei, Gen-Dat pl redingotelor
CONTEXTS:
1. Epoca victorian aduce cu ea redingota, care, iniial nu era doar neagr, ci i de alte culori; un
obiect vestimentar devenit popular, un standard pentru viaa de zi cu zi a unui gentleman.
(http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/costumele-lui-adam ), last checked
18.01.2015 16:53
2. Redingota a fost vedeta sfarsitului de secol XVIII si inceput de secol XIX. Era o haina lunga
(mai lunga decat media lungimii celorlalte pardesie ale vremii), fiind o derivata a hainei groase si
lungi din zonele rurale britanice, restilizata pentru nevoile si normele estetice citadine.
(http://domnideromania.ro/2011/09/scurta-istorie-a-pardesiului-partea-i/ ), last checked
18.01.2015 16:57
111
FUR COAT
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: an outer garment that has sleeves and covers the body from
shoulder down; made of fur
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/fur+coat, last checked 18.01.2015
17:04
NOTA BENE: from bg. blana
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, countable, plural fur coats
CONTEXTS: 1. 'You sit at home,' said the cat, 'in your dark-grey fur coat and long tail, and are
filled with fancies, that's because you do not go out in the daytime. (Grimm Brothers, (1995),
Fairy Tales, Penguin Books, Limited (UK))
2. Come to see me, prince; we'll take off those gaiters of yours and dress you up in a smart fur
coat, the best we can buy. (Dostoyevsky , F., (2004), The idiot, Penguin Books, Limited (UK))
RO EQUIVALENT: hain de blan
DEFINITION: Hain mblnit; hain confecionat din blan
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.webdex.ro/online/dictionar/blan%C4%83, last checked
18.01.2015 17:07
NOTA BENE: Din bg. blana.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, nearticulat, plural haine de blan, Gen-Dat sg hainei de
blan, Gen-Dat pl hainelor de blan
112
GENERIC CONCEPT: hain

CONTEXTS:
1. Hainele de blan udate de ploaie i recapt strlucirea dac sunt aezate pe un umera i
lsate ntr-o ncpere clduroasa. Ele trebuie lovite uor cu un bttor de covoare. Dup 24 de
ore, se perie n sensul firelor de pr. (http://www.ziarulevenimentul.ro/stiri2/Nimic+in+plus/cum-se-intretin-blanurile--51335.html ),, last checked 18.01.2015 17:10
2. n abordarea acestui obiect vestimentar, orice gust i gsete satisfacia, ntruct haina de
blan a devenit o pies versatil, pretabil oricrui context cotidian.
(http://www.ziarulevenimentul.ro/stiri/lifestyle/cum-sa-porti-haina-de-blana-in-acest-sezon-36805.html ) , last checked 18.01.2015 17:14
113
GAITER
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a covering of cloth or leather for the ankle and instep and
sometimes also the lower leg, worn over the shoe or boot.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/gaiter, last checked 18.01.2015
19:00
NOTA BENE: French gutre
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural gaiters
GENERIC CONCEPT: footwear
SYNONYMS: spat
CONTEXTS:
1. Gaiters are garments worn over the shoe and lower pants leg, and used primarily as personal
protective equipment; similar garments used primarily for display are spats. Originally, gaiters
were made of leather. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiters) , last checked 18.01.2015 19:06
2. The stockings were sometime striped or plain colored, and boots were sometimes covered in
gaiters, especially for riding the bicycle. (Clothing through American History-The Civil War
through the Gilded Age, 1801-1899-Anita Stamper and Jill Condra; page 363)
RO EQUIVALENT: oon
DEFINITION: nclminte de iarn (din psl, cauciuc etc.) care se poart peste pantofi
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/sosoni, last checked 18.01.2015 19:10
NOTA BENE: fr. chausson
114
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural ooni, Gen-Dat sg

oonului, Gen-Dat pl oonilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: nclminte
SYNONYMS: pantof, cizm
CONTEXTS:
1. Obiceiul purtrii galoilor i a oonilor-galoi (form de protecie a nclmintei, permind
intrarea n spaiul interior cu pantofi curai) corespundea unor uzuri sociale, care puteau deveni
problematice chiar n trecut, n lipsa un spaiu sau comportament potrivit.
(http://dilemaveche.ro/sectiune/tilc-show/articol/sosoni-sosonari), last checked 18.01.2015 19:14
2. " Mi-am pus oonii i paltonul i am plecat. Cnd am ajuns acas, am neles de ce maiorul
ieise un moment cu cheseaua n vestibule-ca s-mi toarne dulcea n ooni." (Caragiale, I.L.,
(2012),Momente si schite-Vizita, Editura Nicol, Bucuresti)
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
115
GIGOT SLEEVE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A sleeve in the shape of a leg of mutton the sleeve is rounded and
full starting from the shoulder and extending to the elbow. It then narrows at the wrist. In the
1830s very full sleeves were fashionable, and they again came into fashion during the 1890s.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.creativeglossary.com/fashion/gigot-sleeve-leg-of-muttonsleeve.html, last checked 18.01.2015 19:20
NOTA BENE: Middle French, appar. diminutive of gigue fiddle
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, countable, plural
GENERIC CONCEPT: sleeve
SYNONIMS: leg-o-mutton sleeve
CONTEXTS:
1.Unlike the big sleeves of the 1890s, gigot sleeves did not start directly where the sleeve and
shoulder of the dress met. Instead, gigot sleeves began at the top of the arm, helping to create a
fashionable sloped shoulder look. (http://www.thefashionhistorian.com/2011/03/gigotsleeves.html), last checked 18.01.2015 19:25
2. The wide puffed gigot sleeve was showy and stylish but not very practical. In order to hold the
fabric out in a large balloon shape at the top of the arm, whalebone strips were sewn into the
sleeve. For very large gigots, padding and even hoops were used to keep the shape of the sleeve.
(Fashion, Costume, and Culture-Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through
the Ages-Sarah Pendergast and Tom Pendergast (Volume 3: European Culture from the
Reinassance to the Modern Era; THE NINETEENTH CENTURY), page 625)
116
RO EQUIVALENT: mnec bufant

DEFINITION: O mnec n form de picior de oaie - mneca este rotunjit i plin ncepnd din
umr i extinzndu-se spre cot.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.creativeglossary.com/fashion/gigot-sleeve-leg-of-muttonsleeve.html, last checked 18.01.2015 19:20
NOTA BENE: Lat. manica.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, neartciulat, plural mneci bufante, Gen-Dat
sg mnecii bufante, Gen-Dat pl mnecilor bufante
GENERIC CONCEPT: mnec
CONTEXTS:
1.La cabinele respective se ajungea de pe un pode, iar de aici doamnele intrau n valuri i se
mbiau n rochie cu mneci bufante i pantalonai pn la genunchi, menite s ascund formele.
La acest costum erau asortai ciorapi lungi de culoare neagr, papuci dantelai i plrii.
(https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/tag/moda/), last checked 18.01.2015 19:30
2. Rochiile sunt n form de clopot, cu mneci bufante - mai nti "picior-de-oaie", iar apoi
balon - talia apare astfel foarte ngust. Se poart corsetele ncheiate pn la gt cu excepia celor
pentru inutele de sear, cu decolteu ptrat i coliere gen zgard.
(http://www.vintageromania.com/antichitati-pentru-toti/moda-de-a-lungul-timpului), last
checked 18.01.2015 19:35
117
GLOVE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A close-fitting covering for the hand with a separate sheath for
each finger and the thumb, worn especially as protection from the cold.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/glove , last checked 18.01.2015
19:40
NOTA BENE: Middle English, from Old English glf
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural gloves
SYNONYMS: suede glove
CONTEXTS:
1. He took off his glove and showed one shrivelled hand.
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/glove?s=t ), last checked 18.01.2015 19:43
2. Gloves are made of materials including cloth, knitted or felted wool, leather, rubber, latex,
neoprene, and metal (as in mail). (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glove ), last checked 18.01.2015
19:46
IDIOMS: fit like a glove ; hand in glove ; handle with kid gloves ; hang up (one's gloves) ; with
the gloves off
COMMENTS: A glove (Middle English from Old English glof) is a garment covering the whole
hand. Gloves have separate sheaths or openings for each finger and the thumb; if there is an
opening but no covering sheath for each finger they are called "fingerless gloves". Fingerless
gloves with one large opening rather than individual openings for each finger are sometimes
called gauntlets. Gloves which cover the entire hand or fist but do not have separate finger
openings or sheaths are called mittens. Mittens are warmer than gloves made of the same
material because fingers maintain their warmth better when they are in contact with each other.
Reduced surface area reduces heat loss.
118

RO EQUIVALENT: mnu
DEFINITION: mbrcminte a mini i a fie-cru deget n parte i care se ntinde pn la
ncheetura pumnulu sa puin ma mult sa (cum poart damele la bal) pn dincolo de cot.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/manusa, last checked 18.01.2015 19:50
NOTA BENE: dim. d. mn, sa d. lat. manucia, pl. d. manucium, mnu, d. manus, mn
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv feminin,articulat, nominativ-acuzativ, plural manusi
CONTEXTS:
1. ncepnd cu secolul al XIII-lea, mnuile din pnz sau mtase ncep s fie folosite de femeile
aristocrate ca obiecte de podoab. La Paris, breasla creatorilor de mnui exist chiar din secolul
amintit, iar ca materiale erau folosite pielea i blana .
(http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/manusi-istorie-tutankhamon-audreyhepburn ), last checked 18.01.2015 19:53
2. n secolul al XIX-lea, mnuile primesc o nou ntrebuinare, ncepnd s fie purtate i la
oper. Mnua de oper avea ntre 40 i 50 de cm lungime, era confecionat din piele fin i
avea culoarea fildeului, alb sau neagr, cu o deschidere la ncheietur prevzut cu trei nasturi
(deseori perle) sau capse. (http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/manusi-istorietutankhamon-audrey-hepburn), last checked 18.01.2015 19:56
IDIOMS: a umbla(a se purta) cu manusi (cu cineva); a ridica manusa, a arunca (cuiva) manusa
COMMENTS: Mnuile au aprut, se pare, nc din Antichitate. Unul dintre cele mai timpurii i
faimoase exemple a fost o pereche de mnui din pnz descoperit n Egipt, n mormntul lui
Tutankhamon (circa 1.400 .Hr.). Faraonii purtau mnui ca pe un simbol al puterii i al
influenei pe care o aveau. Femeile egiptene foloseau aceste accesorii ca parte a tratamentului de
nfrumuseare. Ele i ungeau minile cu uleiuri volatile parfumate i cu miere i-i puneau apoi
mnui, pentru a se proteja.
119
GOWN
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: any of various outer garments, such as a woman's elegant or
formaldress, a dressing robe, or a protective garment,a long loose flowing garment, such as a
robe or nightgown, A long, usually formal dress for a woman.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/gown, last checked 18.01.2015
20:00
NOTA BENE: Middle English goune, from Old French, from Late Latin gunna, leather garment.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, singular, plural gowns
GENERIC CONCEPT: garnment
SYNONYMS: dress, frock, nightdress, robe
CONTEXTS:
1. A gown, from medieval Latin gunna, is a usually loose outer garment from knee- to full-length
worn by men and women in Europe from the early Middle Ages to the 17th century, and
continuing today in certain professions; later, gown was applied to any full-length woman's
garment consisting of a bodice and attached skirt. A long, loosely-fitted gown called a
Banyanwas worn by men in the 18th century as an informal coat.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gown ), last checked 18.01.2015 20:03
2. Artificial flowers are much used both for hair ornaments and as trimming on the gown-the
largest size roses possible made of silk or velvet in black, white, or different colors with, as has
been said, the dewdrop effect of rhinestones or diamonds. The regular ball gowns have all short
sleeves, but the gowns worn for small dances have elbow sleeves or long sleeves, with lace or
chiffon.( http://www.vintagevictorian.com/costume_1900.html ), last checked 18.01.2015 20:06
120
RO EQUIVALENT: rochie
DEFINITION: mbrcminte femeiasc la care bluza i fusta (din acelai material) formeaz o
singur pies.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.dexro.ro/definitii/rochie, last checked 18.01.2015 20:10
NOTA BENE: Din bg., scr. roklja.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural rochii, Gen-Dat sg
rochiei, Gen-Dat pl rochiilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: rochie
SYNONYMS: stol
CONTEXTS:
1. Rochiile cu malankof (un schelet fcut din oase de balen purtat sub jupe cu rolul de a le ine
nfoiate) care se mai purtau nc pe la 1870 ncep s fie nlocuite de cucoanele mai tinere cu
fuste de pnz scrobite puse cte doua-trei, unele peste altele. Taliile rochiilor treceau puin peste
cingtoare i aveau mnecile lungi i largi, iar la gt se ncheiau pn sus cu un rnd de nasturi.
La gt i la mneci rochiile erau chenrite cu dantel ngust. (http://deierideazi.blogspot.ro/2014/02/moda-si-stil-la-sfarsit-de-secol-xix.html ), last checked 18.01.2015
20:13
2. Se poart rochii lungi cu multe volane, se folosesc n continuare cercurile, dar unele rochii
sunt doar scrobite. Frumoasele perioadei stteau n picioare n caletile lor ca s nu i ifoneze
rochiile pn la bal. (http://www.vintageromania.com/antichitati-pentru-toti/moda-de-a-lungultimpului ), last checked 18.01.2015 20:15
121
HAIR COMB
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a toothed strip of plastic, hard rubber, bone, wood, or metal, used
for arranging the hair, untangling it, or holding it in place.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/comb, last checked 18.01.2015
20:20
NOTA BENE: Old English comb, camb
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, countable, plural hair combs
GENERIC CONCEPT: adornment
SYNONYMS: comb
CONTEXTS:
1.Large Spanish-style folk combs known as peinita, designed to hold the traditional Andalucan
lace mantilla (veil) atop of the head, became popular in France and spread to England in the early
19th century. They were worn without the mantilla itself however, instead perching above the
forehead as a diadem or on top of a chignon or bun.
(http://web.prm.ox.ac.uk/bodyarts/index.php/temporary-body-arts/hair/77-hair-comb-england19th-century-.html), last checked 18.01.2015 20:23
2.During this period in Spain and Latin cultures, women wore lace mantillas, often worn over a
high comb, and in Buenos Aires, there developed a fashion for extremely large tortoise-shell hair
combs called peinetn, which could measure up to three feet in height and width, and which are
said by historians to have reflected the growing influence of France, rather than Spain, upon
Argentinians. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairstyle), last checked 18.01.2015 20:27
USE AREA/FIELD: fashion, headwear
RO EQUIVALENT: pieptene
122
DEFINITION: Obiect de toalet confecionat din os, din metal, din materiale plastice etc., cu
dini mruni, care servete la pieptnat prul sau pe care femeile l poart n pr ca podoab.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/pieptene, last checked 18.01.2015 20:29
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural piepteni, Gen-Dat sg
pieptenelui , Gen-Dat pl pieptenilor
CONTEXTS:
1. Pieptenele este un obiect universal de toalet, confecionat din os, din metal sau din materiale
plastice, cu dini mruni, care servete la pieptnat prul sau pe care femeile l poart n pr ca
podoab i pe care l putem gsi n toate colurile lumii, sub diferite forme, stiluri i din diverse
material. (http://www.agerpres.ro/flux-documentare/2014/01/24/o-inventie-pe-zi-pieptenele-0850-59), last checked 18.01.2015 20:32
2. Un preios pieptene din aur a fost gsit, datnd din anii 400 nainte de Hristos n Ucraina de
astzi , teritoriu n care la acea vreme se gseau sciii. Supranumit pieptenele din Soloka are n
loc de mner o sculptur n miniatur cu trei brbai, cel din mijloc clare pe un cal, gata s
strpung cu sulia un animal. Aceast bijuterie era folosit i ca un accesoriu elegant pentru
domnie. (http://ralucica.blogspot.ro/2014/03/istoria-pieptenelor.html), last checked 18.01.2015
20:36
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
123
HANDKERCHIEF
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: A small square of cloth used especially for wiping the nose or
mouth; A large piece of cloth worn as a decorative article; a scarf.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/handkerchief, last checked
18.01.2015 20:42
NOTA BENE: 1520s, from hand + kerchief "cloth for covering the head
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural handkerchiefs
GENERIC CONCEPT: shawl
SYNONYMS: shawl, nose rag
CONTEXTS:
1. In the late 1800s, Daniel R. Shafer wrote about the handkerchief and its ability to signal
feelings. "The handkerchief, among lovers, is used in a different manner than its legitimate
purpose. The most delicate hints can be given without danger of misunderstanding, and in
'flirtations' it becomes a very useful instrument. It is in fact superior to the deaf and dumb
alphabet, as the notice of bystanders is not attracted."
(http://18thcand19thc.blogspot.ro/2014/02/handkerchiefs-and-flirting-language.html), last
checked 18.01.2015 20:46
2. The 16th century was also a time when high-societywomens clothing, particularly frame
skirts made of bone or wood, made it difficult for a lady to move at all. She would use her
handkerchief as a flag to signal when she needed something. Hankies, often of bobbin lace, came
in a wide variety of shapes until the late 1700s, when Louis XVI, under the influence of Marie
Antoinette, declared that all handkerchiefs should be square. For a time after that, handkerchiefs
were generally made of fine linen lawn, with geometric or plant-themed embroidery or lace only
around the edges... (http://www.collectorsweekly.com/accessories/handkerchiefs), last checked
18.01.2015 20:50
124

RO EQUIVALENT: batist
DEFINITION: Bucat ptrat de pnz ntrebuinat la ters nasul, faa, minile etc.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/batista, last checked 18.01.2015 20:54
NOTA BENE: Din fr. batiste.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural batiste, Gen-Dat sg
batistei, Gen-Dat pl batistelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: estur fin
SYNONYMS: basma
CONTEXTS:
1. Totodata nsa Genarul i arunca n fata o batist roie, usoar, mirositoare. (Eminescu, M.,
(2013), Ft Frumos din lacrim, Editura Unicart, Bucuresti)
2. Titaca Leona a prins a plnge. A plns i i-a ters ndesat lacrimile c-o batist parfumat,
pn ce i s-a fcut nasul viiniu.( Sadoveanu, M., (1973), Nada florilor, Editura Ion Creanga,
Bucuresti, pagina 8)
125
HAUTE COUTURE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: high fashion; the most fashionable and influential dressmaking and
designing; the leading dressmaking establishments in the world of fashion, considered
collectively
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/haute+couture, last checked
20.01.2015, 10:00
NOTA BENE: fr. haute-couture
GENERIC CONCEPT: high fashion
CONTEXTS:
1. Haute Couture as we now know it these days originated in the 19th century. It was Charles
Frederick Worth, the Father of Haute Couture, who can be called the first modern couturier.
When he founded his couture house in 1858 he introduced some important innovations such as
showing his dresses on live models, which pleased his clients such as the Empress Eugnie of
France (wife of last French Emperor Napolon III who reigned from 1852-1870) and the
Princess Metternich (wife of Austrian diplomat Metternich) immensely. (http://www.elegantlifestyle.com/haute_couture.htm), last checked 20.01.2015, 10:04
2. The origins of the haute couture system were laid by the late seventeenth century as France
became the European center for richly produced and innovative luxury silk textiles. Thus the
preeminent position of France's luxury textile industry served as basis and direct link to the
development of its haute couture system. (http://fashion-history.lovetoknow.com/fashionclothing-industry/what-is-haute-couture), last checked 20.01.2015, 10:07
RO EQUIVALENT: haute couture
126
DEFINITION: Croitorie de lux (cu unicate sau serii mici)

DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/haute+couture, last checked 20.01.2015,
10:10
NOTA BENE: fr. haute-couture
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantive comun, indeclinabil
GENERIC CONCEPT: croitorie de lux
CONTEXTS:
1. Haute couture = se refer la crearea de haine personalizate. n Frana contemporan, haute
couture este un nume protejat ce poate fi folosit doar de firme ce ndeplinesc anumite standarde
bine definite. (http://www.formare.info/corner/revista-presei/haute-couture-si-pret-a-porter-intraining/), last checked 20.01.2015, 10:13
2. Realitatea sferei haute couture este greu de conceput si de inteles pentru un om obisnuit, sau
chiar si pentru un om instarit. Preturile atinse de o creatie haute couture sunt cuprinse undeva
intre 10.000 si 40.000 de euro, si aici ne referim doar la o medie a preturilor.
(http://www.stilfeminin.ro/moda-si-frumusete/Haute-couture-lumea-de-vis-a-designuluivestimentar.html), last checked 20.01.2015, 10:17
127
HEM
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: An edge or border on a piece of cloth, especially a finished edge,
as for a garment or a curtain, made by folding an edge under and stitching it down.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/hem, last checked 20.01.2015, 10:23
NOTA BENE: Middle English, from Old English hem, hemm.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural hems
GENERIC CONCEPT: fringe
SYNONYMS: edge, border, margin, trimming
CONTEXTS: textile industry
1. Because big shoulder pads have been banished from furs, the new coats have graceful shapes,
flaring toward the hem. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hem?s=t ), last checked
20.01.2015, 10:26
2.The yellow cotton skirt with the big patch pockets and the hand detail around the hem.
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hem?s=t ), last checked 20.01.2015, 10:26
RO EQUIVALENT: manet
DEFINITION: Partea de jos a mnecii unei cmi (brbteti) sau a unei bluze; band
(detaabil) aplicat ca garnitur la partea de jos a unei mneci; Partea de jos (rsfrnt) a
pantalonilor; Poriune de la nceputul unui ciorap tricotat, lucrat de obicei ca un elastic
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.dex-online.info/dictionar/22639/ , last checked 20.01.2015,
10:30
128
NOTA BENE: Din fr. manchette, germ. Manschette.

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural manete, Gen-Dat sg
manetei, Gen-Dat pl manetelor
CONTEXTS:
1. Maneta franuzeasc este de dou ori mai lung dect cea normal. Este purtat rsucit
napoi pn gurile pentru butoni se ntlnesc. (http://moda-fashion.sepoarta.ro/Articole/mansetafrantuzeasca-butoni-camasa-secretul-este-in-detalii.html ), last checked 20.01.2015, 10:34
2.Pantalonii cu manet, au fost inventai n 1890 de ctre Edward al VII-lea, avnd un scop
practic. n timpul vizitelor pe care le fcea Edward al VII-lea la ar, acesta i rula pantalonii
pentru a nu se murdri de noroi i umezeal. Maneta a devenit popular prin anii 20- 30 n
America, dar i-au pierdut popularitatea n timpul celui de al II-lea rzboi mondial.
(http://www.stilmasculin.ro/pantalonii-cu-manseta/ ), last checked 20.01.2015, 10:39
129
HEMLINE
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: the bottom edge of a coat, dress, skirt, etc.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hemline, last checked
9.02.2015, 10:26
NOTA BENE: 1899, from hem (n.) + line (n.).
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural hemlines
GENERIC CONCEPT: border
SYNONYMS: Border
CONTEXTS:
1. Most dresses featured straight hemlines that neatly circled the upper calves. However, more
flowing lines came into fashion later in the decade. The handkerchief hemline was created by
circling the waist with an overskirt made of thin, transparent panels of fabric, which gave
glimpses of the shorter straight hem of the tubular dress below. One corner of each fabric panel
pointed toward the floor, giving the hemline an uneven look. Dresses and skirts with
handkerchief hemlines hung below the knee.
(http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/Modern-World-19191929/Hemlines.html#ixzz3ZZQ17dcT) last checked 9.02.2015, 10:30
2. The term "hemline" entered fashion-speak in the 1930s. Prior to that time, the fashion press
referred to skirt lengths and, since the 1920s, when hems first became a focus of fashion,
slavishly reported on how many inches above the floor the latest season's models were hemmed.
While the press and fashionable women of the twentieth century obsessed about hemlines,
throughout most of Western fashion history, skirt length was not an issue.
( http://www.encyclopedia.com/article-1G2-3427500297/hemlines.html), last checked
9.02.2015, 10:34
130

RO EQUIVALENT: tiv
DEFINITION: Margine a unui obiect de stof, de pnz etc., ndoit i fixat printr-o custur
pentru a mpiedica destrmarea esturii
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/tiv, last checked 9.02.2015, 10:41
NOTA BENE: Et. nec.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural tivuri, Gen-Dat sg tivului,
Gen-Dat pl tivurilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: tivitur
SYNONYMS: tivitur, refec, margine tivit
CONTEXTS:
1. Pentru a da rezisten diferitelor obiecte textile, la marginea lor, pe lng alte moduri de
finisare, se folosete i tivul cu gaurele. Tivul poate avea laimi diferite, de la 0,5 cm la 8-10 cm,
laimea fixndu-se n funcie de mrimea obiectului i de grosimea materialului.
(http://vintageclothingtime.blogspot.ro/2014/04/tivul-cu-gaurele.html), last checked 9.02.2015,
10:43
2. n anii70, blugii la mod sunt foarte strmi i cu talie joas. Pentru a nvinge n lupta cu
fermoarul, cine i mbrac e constrns s-i in rsuflarea ca i cum ar trebui s intre ntr-un
corset din secolul al XIX-lea. Blugii devin la fel de versatili ca i moda care, n fiecare an, i
impune altfel. De la foarte strmi la evazai, cu tivul ntors pe fa, apoi n interior.
(https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/tag/vestimentatie/), last checked 9.02.2015, 10:50
131
HOOP SKIRT
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a woman's skirt made to stand out and drape in a stiff bell-like
shape from the waist by an undergarment framework of flexible hoops connected by tapes
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hoop+skirt, last checked
9.02.2015, 11:00
NOTA BENE: 185560, Amer.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, countable, plural hoop skirts
GENERIC CONCEPT: skirt
SYNONYMS: crinoline
CONTEXTS:
1. The caged crinoline was also known as the hoop skirt because of the series of concentric
hoops found in its earlier version. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/hoop+skirt), last
checked 9.02.2015, 11:05
2. Hoop skirts typically consist of a fabric petticoat sewn with channels designed to act as
casings for stiffening materials, variously rope, osiers, whalebone, steel, or, from the mid-20th
century, nylon. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoop_skirt), last checked 9.02.2015, 11:09
USE AREA/FIELD: textile industry. fashion
RO EQUIVALENT: malacof
DEFINITION: Vemnt femeiesc cu talia foarte strmt, cu fust larg, n form de clopot,
fixat pe nite cercuri subiri (la mod pn ctre sfritul secolului al XIX-lea).
132
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/lexem/malacof/32487, last checked 9.02.2015,

11:13
NOTA BENE: fr. malakoff.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural malacofuri/malacoafe,
Gen-Dat sg malacofului, Gen-Dat pl malacofurilor /malacoafelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: fust
SYNONYMS: crinolin
CONTEXTS:
1. Dar toat croiala fiinei sale nu se potrivea cu moda din vremea ei. Vditei lipse de proporie
ntre trunchi i picioare parc-i lipsea malacoful. De o mrea aristocraie n micri, pea ncet
cu o ciudat legnare a oldurilor. (Regina Maria a Romniei, (2009), Povestea vieii mele ,RAO
International Publishing Company, Bucuresti)
2. n zilele cu baluri costumate la Sport i Muzic, strzile Iailor erau invadate de rochii
malacof, crinoline, trasuri (imitaii de pietre preioase din sticl), coafuri extravagante, mantile
i tot felul de mti privite cu admiraie de trectori. (http://ziarullumina.ro/file-depoveste/principatele-romane-pasi-de-vals), last checked 9.02.2015, 11:20
133
LACE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a delicate decorative fabric made from cotton, silk, etc, woven in
an open web of different symmetrical patterns and figures
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lace , last checked 9.02.2015, 11:23
NOTA BENE: Middle English, from Anglo-French lace, laz, from Latin laqueus snare; 14th
century
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable and uncountable, plural laces
GENERIC CONCEPT: decorative fabric
CONTEXTS:
1. The delicate silk and lace shawl is still in near-perfect condition, free of any rips or visible
repairs. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/lace?s=t ), last checked 9.02.2015, 11:26
2. Lace is a delicate fabric made of yarn or thread in an open weblike pattern, made by machine
or by hand. Originally linen, silk, gold, or silver threads were used. Now lace is often made
withcotton thread, although linen and silk threads are still available. Manufactured lace may be
made of synthetic fiber. A few modern artists make lace with a fine copper or silver wire instead
of thread. A totally different scale are the architectural lace fences by Dutch designers.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lace ), last checked 9.02.2015, 11:30
COMMENTS: Ornamental openwork fabric formed by the looping, interlacing, braiding, or
twisting of threads, originally primarily of linen. Almost all high-quality artistic lace is made by
one of two techniques: needle lace involves a difficult technique that originated in Italy; bobbin
lace is a more widespread craft that originated in Flanders. The art of lace is a European
achievement. Fully developed lace did not appear before the Renaissance. By 1600 lace had
become a fabric of luxury and an important article of commerce. The Industrial Revolution in the
19th century led to the use of machines to produce less-expensive lace made of cotton, and lace
134
gradually disappeared from both men's and women's fashions. By 1920 the industry was dying.
Fine handmade lace is still made in Belgium, Slovenia, and elsewhere, but chiefly as souvenirs.
RO EQUIVALENT: dantel
DEFINITION: mpletitur fin i uoar cu gurele, reprezentnd modele variate, executat
(manual sau mecanic) din fire subiri de a, de mtase sau de fibre sintetice i folosit ca
garnitur la lenjerie, rochii, perdele
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/dantela, last checked 9.02.2015, 11:36
NOTA BENE: Din fr. dentelle.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: Substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural dantele, Gen-Dat sg
dantelei, Gen-Dat dantelelor
CONTEXTS:
1. Dantela este un produs textil, o testur cu goluri, reprezentnd ochiuri largi, lucrat cu acul, cu
croseta, cu ciocnelele sau prin folosirea simultan a mai multor tehnici, care se realizeaz
manual sau industrial. (http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dantel%C4%83 ), last checked 9.02.2015,
11:40
2. Pentru manetele unei jachete din jeans ai nevoie de o dantel mai lat, cam de 4-5 centimetri.
Dac piesa este una clasic, atunci recomandat ar fi s coi dantelua pe manet, ns, dac ai o
jachet cu o croial mai feminin, poi ncerca s adaugi dantela la marginea manetei, ns mult
mai ngust. (http://stil.acasa.ro/do-it-yourself-347/diy-dantela-si-denim-combinatia-perfecta197781.html ), last checked 9.02.2015, 11:45
135
LAPEL
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: The part of a garment, such as a coat or jacket, that is an extension
of the collar and folds back against the breast.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lapel, last checked 9.02.2015, 12:04
NOTA BENE: Cf. lappet.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural lapels
GENERIC CONCEPT: revere
SYNONYMS: overlap, revere
CONTEXTS:
1. Ladies have a large variety of fabulous lapels to choose from, but most men usually only wear
lapels on business or formal suits. Apparel prior to the late 18th century was also seriously
lacking in the lapel department. The 1780s decided that this lack of lapels was a crime and by the
1790s, men were wearing lapels so large they dwarfed the coat they were attached to! Not
satisfied with just a single magnificent lapel, gentlemen and dandies layered lapels.(
https://thepragmaticcostumer.wordpress.com/2014/12/08/lords-of-lapels-flamboyant-tailcoatsand-frock-coats-of-the-early-19th-century/), last checked 9.02.2015, 12:10
2. The Empire style, associated in early 19th-century France with Josephine, was an attempt to
recapture classic simplicity. Women wore a thin muslin dress with a high waist, a low round
neck, and puffed short sleeves. Men wore a short-waisted cutaway coat with tails, a high collar,
and large lapels and military boots; plain-colored wools became predominant. The whole male
appearance was strikingly military. ( http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/society/costumenineteenth-century-costume.html#ixzz3ZZKsVWeF), last checked 9.02.2015, 12:14
136
RO EQUIVALENT: rever
DEFINITION: Parte rsfrnt a unei haine, n prelungirea gulerului, de o parte i de alta a
pieptului; Poriune a unei haine care se ncheie n fa, ndoit n afar, n prelungirea gulerului
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/rever, last checked 9.02.2015, 12:20
NOTA BENE: Din fr. revers.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural revere, Gen-Dat sg
reverului, Gen-Dat pl reverelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: guler
SYNONYMS: guler larg
CONTEXTS:
1. n 1789, Revoluia Francez nltur pudrele i perucile i trimite aristocraii la ghilotin doar
n cma. ntre timp, pe strzile Parisului mrluiesc revoluionarii care scandeaz liberte,
egalite, fraternite. Pe sub jiletc sau pe sub haina scurt poart o simpl cma din bumbac al
crei rever e numit a la Robespierre chiar n onoarea Incoruptibilului, i tradiia cere ca, nainte
de a zbura capul condamnatului, clul s i smulg gulerul de la gt.
(https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/tag/istoria-camasii/), last checked 9.02.2015, 12:25
2. Reverul ascuit este un derivat al fracului, motiv pentru care este considerat mai formal dect
cel al. Acest model ofer senzaia de nalime i deschidere mai mare a umerilor. Reverul al, pe
de alt parte ofer o imagine mai delicat dect celalalt model. Considerat de unii mai puin
formal datorit originii sale, acesta se potrivete de minune seara.
(http://anantara.ro/index.php/blog/18-garderoba-masculina-smokingul), last checked 9.02.2015,
12:30
137
LEATHER
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: the skin of an animal, with the hair removed, prepared for use
bytanning or a similar process designed to preserve it against decay andmake it pliable or supple
when dry.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/leather, last checked 9.02.2015,
14:00
NOTA BENE: Middle English lether, Old English lether- (in compounds);cognate with Dutch,
German leder, Old Norse lethr, MIr lethar skin, leather,Welsh lledr, Middle Breton lezr leather
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural leathers
GENERIC CONCEPT: skin
SYNONYMS: skin, hide, pelt
CONTEXTS:
1. During the late 18th and early 19th century, fur and leather garments in New England
exemplified the intersection of Native American Indian and Euro-American material culture and
fashion, in ways that crossed and blurred categories of class, wealth and ethnicity. In medieval
Europe, fur garments and leather gloves had been the province of the nobility; in colonial
America, they were available to anyone who traded with the Indians.
(http://www.nativetech.org/clothing/mittens/FurMittens&LeatherGloves.htm), last checked
9.02.2015, 14:05
2. What exactly is causing this later leather to degrade? There are many reasons such as
environmental factors, but two of the most common condition issues are caused by the type of
animal skin used, and the materials used to tan the leather. For example, sheepskin leather
exhibits characteristic degradation of shearing away in layers while calfskin does not. This is
essentially because sheep have a thicker undercoat of fur.
(http://blog.thepreservationlab.org/2015/01/18th-and-19th-century-leather-a-conservationchallenge/), last checked 9.02.2015, 14:10
138

RO EQUIVALENT: piele
DEFINITION: piele de animal jupuit i preparat
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/piele, last checked 9.02.2015, 14:15
NOTA BENE: Lat. pellis, -em.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural piei, Gen-Dat sg pielii,
pieii , Gen-Dat pl pieilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: piele
SYNONYMS: blan
CONTEXTS:
1. mbrcmintea la sate se confeciona, de regul, n gospodrie: cmi i indispensabili din in
sau cnep, pantaloni din postav de ln, cciul de piele de miel, opinci din piele de porc sau de
viel, cojoc din blan de oaie etc. n zonele de munte se purta, n mod obinuit, costumul naional
(opinci, iari, cma brodat). i n celelalte zone btrnii au rmas consecveni portului
tradiional. Tinerii au nceput s-i cumpere haine nemeti (pantaloni i veston), bocanci,
plrie. (https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/tag/haine/), last checked 9.02.2015, 14:20
2. nclmintea la mod erau pantofii escarpins(scobii) purtai la rochiile de sear i
ghetele cu carmb nalt, cu 16-20 de nasturi i cu tocuri de lemn nvelite n piele, nalte de doar
5 cm. (http://deieri-deazi.blogspot.ro/2014/02/moda-si-stil-la-sfarsit-de-secol-xix.html), last
checked 9.02.2015, 14:25
139
LEGGINGS
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A tight-fitting, stretchable garment that covers the body from the
waist to the ankle; Warm outerwear pants for children.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/leggings , last checked 9.02.2015,
14:30
NOTA BENE: "extra outer covering to protect the leg," 1763, from leg (n.).
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, sg legging
GENERIC CONCPT: pants
SYNONYMS: outwear pants
CONTEXTS:
1. Arapaho men wore a breechcloth, sometimes a shirt, hip-length leggings of deerskin, a robe
and moccasins. (http://www.colorado.edu/csilw/arapahoproject/traditional/clothes.html ), last
checked 9.02.2015, 14:35
2. Leggings are a type of skin-tight garment that covers the legs and that may be worn by both
men and women. Formerly, leggings were two separate garments, one for each leg.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leggings ), last checked 9.02.2015, 14:40
RO EQUIVALENT: jambier
DEFINITION: nvelitoare de piele, de ln sau de postav, care acoper i protejeaz piciorul de
la glezn pn aproape de genunchi.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/jambier%C4%83, last checked 9.02.2015,
14:45
140
NOTA BENE: Din fr. jambire.

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: Substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural jambiere, Gen-Dat sg
jambierei, Gen-Dat pl jambierelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: desuuri, pantaloni
CONTEXTS:
1. Leggings-ii au aparut in perioada Renasterii in Europa, sub forma de jambiere ce se purtau
separat, uneori fiind confectionati din piele de caprioara! (http://dailygossip.ro/pantaloniileggings-cate-ceva-despre-cei-mai-nonconformisti-pantaloni/ ) , last checked 9.02.2015, 14:50
2. O alta forma de leggings erau pantalonasii pe care ii purtau femeile pe sub crinolina, prin
secolul 19. (http://dailygossip.ro/pantalonii-leggings-cate-ceva-despre-cei-mai-nonconformistipantaloni/ ) , last checked 9.02.2015, 14:55
141
LINEN
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: fabric woven from flax yarns. Often, linens. bedding, tablecloths,
shirts, etc., made of linen cloth or a more common substitute, as cotton.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/linen, last checked 10.02.2015
11:04
NOTA BENE: Middle English lin (n) en (noun, adj.), Old English linnen, lnen (adj.) made of
flax, equivalent to ln flax (< Latin lnum)
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable and uncountable, plural linens
SYNONYMS: bedding, cloth
CONTEXTS:
1. In the 19th century some finer linen for clothing and household furnishings was produced in
England, notably at Knaresborough in Yorkshire.
(http://www.victoriacountyhistory.ac.uk/explore/themes/industry/textile-industries), last checked
10.02.2015 11:09
2. Linen ground was retained, however, for a particular type of sampler worked in a needle lace
stitch called hollie point, most examples of which date from the second quarter of the 18th
century. (http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/h/a-history-of-samplers/), last checked
10.02.2015 11:13
RO EQUIVALENT: pnz
142
DEFINITION: estur fcut din fire de bumbac, de in, de cnep etc., din care se
confecioneaz albituri de corp, de pat
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/p%C3%A2nz%C4%83, last checked
10.02.2015 11:16
NOTA BENE: Et. nec.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural pnze, Gen-Dat sg
pnzei, Gen-Dat pl pnzelor
SYNONYMS: estur, (nv. i reg.) pnztur, (reg.) pnur, pnzare
CONTEXTS:
1. Rochiile cu malankof (un schelet fcut din oase de balen purtat sub jupe cu rolul de a le ine
nfoiate) care se mai purtau nc pe la 1870 ncep s fie nlocuite de cucoanele mai tinere cu
fuste de pnz scrobite puse cte doua-trei, unele peste altele. (http://deierideazi.blogspot.ro/2014/02/moda-si-stil-la-sfarsit-de-secol-xix.html), last checked 10.02.2015
11:21
2. n 1890, Levis ncepe s-i numeroteze modelele. Iau natere 501 Levis. Sunt din pnz de
culoarea albastru-nchis, de la fabrica din Amoskeag, New Hampshire, i etaleaz o serie de
nasturi pentru susinerea bretelelor, un buzunar anterior adnc, pentru ceas, i o cataram la
spate, care strnge talia dupa dorina fiecruia. (https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/tag/haine/),
last checked 10.02.2015 11:25
143
LINSEY-WOOLSEY
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a coarse fabric woven from linen warp, or sometimes cotton, and
coarse wool filling
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/linsey-wolsey, last checked
10.02.2015 11:32
NOTA BENE: late Middle English lynsy wolsye literally, linen cloth, wool cloth, equivalent to
lyn
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural linsey-woolseys
SYNONYMS: linen cloth, wool cloth
CONTEXTS:
1. Linsey-woolsey (less often, woolsey-linsey or in Scottish English, wincey) is a coarse twill or
plain-woven fabric woven with a linen warp and a woollen weft. Similar fabrics woven with a
cotton warp and woollen weft in Colonial America were also called linsey-woolsey or wincey.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linsey-woolsey), last checked 10.02.2015 11:40
2. In the Colonies, linsey-woolsey was often made with a linen warp and a woolen weft, and later
with a cotton warp, which resulted in a sturdy fabric that didnt use as much precious wool.
(http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-linsey-woolsey.htm), last checked 10.02.2015 11:45
RO EQUIVALENT: stof
DEFINITION: estur de ln sau de fibre sintetice, mai groas dect pnza, folosit pentru
confecionarea mbrcmintei, pentru tapisarea mobilei etc.
144
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/stofa, last checked 10.02.2015 11:50

NOTA BENE: germ. Stoff, it. stoffa.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural stofe, Gen-Dat sg stofei,
Gen-Dat pl stofelor
SYNONYMS: pnz, postav
CONTEXTS:
1. n Primul Rzboi Mondial, romnii au luptat n uniforme gri-bleu, confecionate din stof
primit de la aliaii francezi. Spre sfritul ostilitilor, ns, din pricina penuriei din ar, nu s-a
mai gsit nici vopsea bleu pentru stof, aa c s-a luptat n inute din stof nevopsit, de culoare
gri.( https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/2014/06/28/secolul-mohorat-scurta-istorie-auniformelor-militare/), last checked 10.02.2015 11:53
2. Prin 1878 aceste fuste sunt reduse la una singur, mbrcat peste coapsa corsetului rigid, la
care nu se renunase nc, iar jupele rochiilor au fost i ele restrnse din croial, la att ct
cereau deschizturile pailor n mersul ntins. n schimb nfoiala a fost fcut pe-afar prin dou
oruri de stof la fel cu a fustei, drapate n fa i n spate i printr-un volan de dou palme,
ncreit i cusut peste marginea de jos a fustei. (http://deieri-deazi.blogspot.ro/2014/02/moda-sistil-la-sfarsit-de-secol-xix.html), last checked 10.02.2015 11:59
145
LORGNETTE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A pair of eyeglasses or opera glasses with a short handle.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/lorgnette , last checked 10.02.2015
13:15
NOTA BENE: from French, from lorgner to squint, from Old French lorgne squinting
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural lorgnettes
GENERIC CONCEPT: glasses
SYNONYMS: spectacles, eyeglasses
CONTEXTS:
1. Lorgnettes were developed around 1780 from scissor spectacles. Early lorgnette designs
consisted of a pair of eyeglasses with a single, long handle. In 1830, a French manufacturer
designed a hinged bridge with a spring, which allowed the eyeglasses to be folded. Lorgnettes
became so popular during the mid to late 1800s that manufacturers placed them into all manner
of objects including mechanical pencils, fans and even an ear trumpet.
(http://www.museumofvision.org/exhibitions/?key=44&subkey=4&relkey=35) last checked
10.02.2015 13:20
2. The lorgnette is believed to have been invented circa 1770 by George Adams I (1709-1772)
and subsequently illustrated in his son's Essay on Vision (1789 and 1792) where it was described
as 'a kind of substitute for spectacles...both eyes are used at once, without any effort'.
(http://www.collegeoptometrists.org/en/college/museyeum/online_exhibitions/spectacles/lorgnettes.cfm), last
checked 10.02.2015 13:25
146
RO EQUIVALENT: lorniet
DEFINITION: Binoclu mic folosit la vizionarea spectacolelor
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/lorniet%C4%83, last checked 10.02.2015
13:30
NOTA BENE: Din fr. lorgnette.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural lorniete, Gen-Dat sg
lornietei, Gen-Dat pl lornietelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: ochelari
SYNONYMS: lornion, binoclu
CONTEXTS:
1. n secolul 18 a aprut lornieta, o pereche de ochelari cu mner. Lornieta era mai degrab
folosit ca accesoriu la mod dect ca dispozitiv optic medical. (http://oftalmestet.ro/istoriaochelarilor/) last checked 10.02.2015 13:35
2."Dar ce snt douzeci de scuzi pentru coconaul sta, care se zgia cu lornieta la barometrul
meu ca i cum ar fi vrut s-l dea pe foc?!" (Balzac, H., (2006), Eugenie Grandet, Editura Leda,
Bucuresti, pagina 22)
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
147
MOB CAP
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a soft cloth cap with a full crown, fitting down over the ears and
frequently tying beneath the chin, formerly worn indoors by women.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mobcap, last checked
10.02.2015 13:50
NOTA BENE: Dutch mopmuts
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, countable, plural mob caps
GENERIC CONCEPT: cap
SYNONYMS: bonnet
CONTEXTS:
1. A housekeeper, for example, would wear a more elaborate cap than a scullery maid, whose
mob cap was simple by comparison.
(https://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/2008/02/22/bonnets-caps-and-hats-a-regency-fashionaccessory-no-lady-can-do-without/), last checked 10.02.2015 13:55
2. By the Victorian period, mob caps lingered as the head covering of servants and nurses, and
small mob caps, not covering the hair, remained part of these uniforms into the early 20th
century. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mob_cap), last checked 10.02.2015 14:00
RO EQUIVALENT: scufie
DEFINITION: Cciuli de form special, care se leag sub brbie, purtat mai ales de sugari;
boneic; Bonet de pnz, de stof etc., care se poart mai ales noaptea, n timpul somnului
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/scufie, last checked 10.02.2015 14:05
148
NOTA BENE: ngr. skfia, it. scuffia

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural scufii, Gen-Dat sg
scufiei, Gen-Dat scufiilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: cciul
SYNONYMS: tichie, cciuli
CONTEXTS:
1. Scufiile de noapte pentru brbai erau din catifea, aveau o croial sofisticat, erau brodate i
foarte asemntoare celor purtate n timpul zilei. Bonetele de noapte ale femeilor erau din
bumbac, brodate cu dantele i alte zorzoane.
(http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/c-ma-noapte-haina-fumat), last checked
10.02.2015 14:09
2. Dar i doamnele purtau surguci, probabil nc de la sfritul secolului al XVI-lea, dei
dovezile sunt puine i insuficiente, astfel c nu tim cum putea s arate scufia aurit cu pene
din zestrea Zamfirei Movil din 1575, i cu att mai puin poate fi nsuit portretul de la
Mnstirea Galata a Mariei, fiica lui Petru chiopul, unde aceasta poart o cum masculin
decorat cu surguci. (http://www.capodopere2019.ro/garnituri-de-podoabe-nobiliare-dintransilvania.html), last checked 10.02.2015 14:15
149
MONOCLE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: An eyeglass for one eye, a lens for correcting defective vision of
one eye, held in position by the facialmuscles
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/monocle, last checked 10.02.2015
15:00
NOTA BENE: 1855-60; < French, noun use of adj.: one-eyed < Late Latin monoculus equivalent
to mon- mon- + oculus eye
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural monocles
SYNONYMS: eyeglass
CONTEXTS:
1. The association of monocles with a stereotype of the rich, especially with the rich and
pretentious, began at least as early as Charles Dickens skewering of young Mr. Barnacles
intractable eyepiece in Little Dorrit, serialized between 1855 and 1857.
(http://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/why-do-rich-people-wear-monocles-21374/?noist ), last checked 10.02.2015 15:06
2.The monocle as we understand it though, is worn on the face, its edges wedged within the bone
socket and dates from the mid 19th century. (http://www.collegeoptometrists.org/en/college/museyeum/online_exhibitions/spectacles/monocles.cfm ), last
checked 10.02.2015 15:09
COMMENTS: Though the exact origins of the monocle are unclear, fashion historian Richard
Corson sets their general appearance around the turn of the 19th century in Great Britain, with
quick adoption and further development in Germany. According to a 1950 article from Optical
Journal, from the beginning the single lens carried with it an air of conscious elegance, making
it ripe for ridicule: he had the feeling the wearer was being a trifle foolish, an attitude which
150
resulted to some extent from the fact that monocles frequently did not fit and kept dropping out
of place.
RO EQUIVALENT: monoclu
DEFINITION: Lentil rotund, concav sau convex, care se fixeaz n orbita unui ochi pentru a
corecta un defect de vedere; Pansament fcut la un singur ochi.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/monoclu, last checked 10.02.2015 15:13
NOTA BENE: din fr. monocle
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural monocluri, Gen-Dat sg
monoclului, Gen-Dat pl monoclurilor
SYNONYMS: lorniet
CONTEXTS:
1. Monoclul a aprut tot n secolul 18, devenind foarte popular n secolul 19, n special n
Germania si Rusia. Monoclul era purtat iniial de brbaii nobili.( http://oftalmestet.ro/istoriaochelarilor/ ), last checked 10.02.2015 15:17
2. Pn n secolul XVI, att n Anglia ct i n Frana, folosirea ochelarilor pentru corectarea
vederii se fcea doar cu reticen n public, pentru a nu lsa de neles c persoana are probleme
de vedere i de aceea se prefera monoclul care putea fi ascuns cu uurin. .
(http://www.novaoptic.ro/informatii-pentru-pacienti/istoria-ochelarilor.html ), last checked
10.02.2015 15:20
COMMENTS: Monoclul a aprut n Germania n secolul al XVIII-lea, dar creterea popularitii
lui s-a datorat unui austriac, J.F. Vortlander, care a nceput s-l produc pe la 1814. S-a rspndit
mai ales n Germania i Rusia, unde aristocraia considera monoclul ca un simbol al superioritii
sale. Englezul George Adams a inventat lornionul (rama era inut cu o baghet, dintr-o singur
parte), care s-a bucurat de popularitate, mai ales n rndul doamnelor, n secolul al XIX-lea.
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
151
MOUSSELINE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a fine sheer fabric (as of rayon) that resembles muslin
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/mousseline, last checked
10.02.2015 15:25
NOTA BENE: From fr. mousseline, pol. mslin, tc. musln.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural mousselines
GENERIC CONCEPT: textile material
CONTEXTS:
1.The bride's gown was of white mousseline de sole, fashioned with lace insertion and puffs.(
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mousseline ), last checked 10.02.2015 15:30
2. A typical cowboy outfit consisted of a muslin (sheer cotton fabric) shirt with a waistcoat,
similar to a vest, and denim or buckskin trousers. (Fashion, Costume, and Culture-Clothing,
Headwear, Body Decorations, and Footwear through the Ages-Sarah Pendergast and Tom
Pendergast (Volume 3: European Culture from the Reinassance to the Modern Era; THE
NINETEENTH CENTURY), page 841)
RO EQUIVALENT: muselin
DEFINITION: estur de bumbac sau de mtase, subire i strvezie, din care se confecioneaz
mbrcminte uoar
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/muselin%C4%83, last checked 10.02.2015
15:35
NOTA BENE: Din fr. mousseline, pol. mslin, tc. musln.
152
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural museline, Gen-Dat sg

muselinei, Gen-Dat pl muselinelor
SYNONYMS: tulpan
CONTEXTS:
1. Corsetele sunt n continuare la mod, se ncheie pn la gt cu nasturi i au gulere mici.
Mnecile sunt lungi i strmte, uneori se poart un al doilea set de mneci din dantel sau
muselin. (http://www.vintageromania.com/antichitati-pentru-toti/previous/7 ), last checked
10.02.2015 15:45
2. Un outfit tipic unui cowboy era compus dintr-o cmas de muselina care se purta cu o vest i
pantaloni din denim. (Fashion, Costume, and Culture-Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations,
and Footwear through the Ages-Sarah Pendergast and Tom Pendergast (Volume 3: European
Culture from the Reinassance to the Modern Era; THE NINETEENTH CENTURY), page 841)
153
MUFF
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a thick, tubular case for the hands, covered with fur or other
material, used by women and girls for warmth and as a handbag.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/muff , last checked 10.02.2015
17:05
NOTA BENE: < Dutch mof, earlier moffel, muffle mitten, muff < Old North French moufle <
early Medieval Latin muffula, perhaps < Frankish
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural muffs
GENERIC CONCEPT: accesory
SYNONYMS: handwear
CONTEXTS:
1. In the 17th century they were used by both men and women. In the 19th century, however,
muffs were considered an essential accessory only for feminine dress and ranged from large
down muffs to small fur or velvet ones matching the trim on a womans dress.
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/396076/muff ), last checked 10.02.2015 17:09
2. This particular muff is unusual in that it is made of feathers, as opposed to the usual fur, but
some records suggest that swansdown was worn as an alternative in the warmer months of spring
and autumn. Its size, a compact nine and a half inches, implies that it dates from around 1880,
when muffs were at their smallest. (http://www.fashionhistorytheory.com/2010/Will.html ), last
checked 10.02.2015 17:15
COMMENTS: In wearing apparel, usually cylindrical covering of fur, fabric, feathers, or other
soft material, with open ends into which the hands are placed to keep them warm. Originally a
purse and hand warmer in one, the muffwas first introduced to women's fashion in 1570, when
fur trimming was becoming popular
154

RO EQUIVALENT: manon
DEFINITION: Accesoriu de mbrcminte feminin, n form cilindric, deschis la ambele
capete, confecionat din blan sau din stof vtuit i folosit pentru a apra minile de frig
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/manson, last checked 10.02.2015 17:20
NOTA BENE: Din fr. manchon.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: Substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural manoane, Gen-Datsg
manonului, Gen-Dat pl manoanelor
CONTEXTS:
1. Imbracate in haine croite special si purtand centuri late, mansoane, fuste, pantaloni bufanti si
palarii cu buzunare ascunse, membrele grupului operau descinderi in magazinele londoneze de
unde plecau cu bunuri in valoare de mii de lire. (http://smartwoman.hotnews.ro/doua-secole-decrima-organizata-ce-poarta-semnatura-feminina.html ), last checked 10.02.2015 17:25
2. Gentuele ascund civa bnui, o oglinjoar, sticluele cu sruri i pe cele cu parfum. Dar
doamnele acelor timpuri i mai vr micile comori i n mnecile de la haine sau n interiorul
manonului de blan. (https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/tag/moda/), last checked 10.02.2015
17:30
155
NECKLACE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a piece of jewelry consisting of a string of stones, beads, jewels, or
the like, or a chain of gold, silver, or other metal, for wearing around the neck
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/necklace, last checked
10.02.2015 17:40
NOTA BENE: 158090
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural necklaces
GENERIC CONCEPT: chain
SYNONYMS: chain, necklet
CONTEXTS:
1. Like pearls, the necklaces must be washed with a damp cloth (no detergents) and restrung
periodically. (https://janeaustensworld.wordpress.com/2009/05/09/coral-necklaces-regencystyle/), last checked 10.02.2015 17:45
2. Showcased are ornate 19th century bracelets, lavish necklaces, elaborate hair combs, and
Victorian rings made of precious metals set with gems or imitation gems.
(http://www.victoriana.com/Jewelry/), last checked 10.02.2015 17:50
RO EQUIVALENT: colier
DEFINITION: irag, salb, colan de mrgele, de pietre scumpe etc. care se poart n jurul
gtului
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/colier/cauta/, last checked 10.02.2015 17:55
NOTA BENE: fr. collier
156
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural coliere, Gen-Dat sg

colierului, Gen-Dat pl colierelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: lan
SYNONYMS: salb
CONTEXTS:
1. Prima bijuterie descoperita, realizata de homo sapiens este un colier format din 4 scoici
perforate si prelucrate ornamental. Acestea au fost descoperite intr-un sit arheologic din Oued
Djebbana, Algeria, de catre o echipa de arheologi francezi.
(http://www.descoperauniversul.ro/primele-bijuterii), last checked 10.02.2015 18:00
2. Stridia si perla sunt cunoscute drept simboluri ale fortei feminine, generatoare de viata,
fecunde si ale unei realitati transcedentale. Iata de ce, in societatile antice, femeile insarcinate si
copiii purtau coliere sau bratari din scoici sau perle, pentru a-i feri de duhurile rele.
(http://www.vforvintage.ro/simbolismul-fascinant-al-siragului-de-perle/), last checked
10.02.2015 18:05
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
157
NIGHTGOWN
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: a loose gown, worn in bed by women or children.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/nightgown, last checked
10.02.2015 18:25
NOTA BENE: night-Middle English; Old English niht, neaht, cognate with German Nacht,
Gothic nahts, Latin nox (stem noct-), Greek nx (stem nykt-); gown-Middle English goune < Old
French < Late Latin gunna fur or leather garment
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural nightgowns
GENERIC CONCEPT: dress
SYNONYMS: nightdress, nightie, night-robe, gown
CONTEXTS:
1. Dressing gown, undress Gown, nightgown, nglige, all of these were terms for a comfortable
house garment. In the 17th and 18th centuries it was known as a nightgown and worn by both
sexes as in informal house-dress. It was orignally based on the Far Eastern kimono or banyan.
(http://www.janeausten.co.uk/nightgowns-and-underthings/), last checked 10.02.2015 18:30
2. A nightgown is worn for sleeping, varying in length from a baby doll with matching panties
to a full length gown. Over their history, nightgowns have been made in almost any fabric,
including cotton, silk, linen, rayon , wool and nylon. (http://vintagefashionguild.org/lingerieguide/), last checked 10.02.2015 18:35
RO EQUIVALENT: cma de noapte
158
DEFINITION: mbrcminte de pnz, de mtase etc. (lung), care se poart ca vemnt pentru
dormit.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://definitie-camasa.webdex.ro/, last checked 10.02.2015 18:40
NOTA BENE: Lat. camisia
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural cmi de noapte, GenDat sg cmii de noapte, Gen-Dat pl cmilor de noapte
GENERIC CONCEPT: rochie
SYNONYMS: rochie de noapte
CONTEXTS:
1.() aproape tot secolul al XIX-lea, cmaa feminin rmne ascuns sub haine, alturi de
corset, i poate fi folosit, dac e cazul, drept cma de noapte.
(https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/2010/03/20/inventii-in-istorie-camasa-alba/), last checked
10.02.2015 18:45
2. Dicionarul de costume al lui R. Turner Wilcox definete cmaa de noapte ca fiind un obiect
vestimentar croit pn mai jos de genunchi i despicat n prile laterale.
(http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/c-ma-noapte-haina-fumat), last checked
10.02.2015 18:50
USE FIELD/AREA: industria textil
159
OVERCOAT
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a warm heavy coat worn over the outer clothes in cold weather
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/overcoat, last checked 12.02.2015
09:30
NOTA BENE: 17951805
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, countable, plural overcoats
SYNONYMS: greatcoat, topcoat
CONTEXTS:
1. Overcoats in various forms have been used by militaries since at least the late 18th century,
and were especially associated with winter campaigns, such as Napoleon's Russian campaign.
The full length overcoat was once again popularised by the use during World War I of the trench
coat. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overcoat), last checked 12.02.2015 09:36
2." . Soon rumours spread that a ghost is stripping coats from pedestrians; one night, while on the
way to visit his mistress, the Certain Important Personage is seized by the collar and relieved of
his overcoat. The ghost, satisfied, never returns."
(http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/435900/The-Overcoat), last checked 12.02.2015
09:42
RO EQUIVALENT: pardesiu
DEFINITION: Hain lung, mai subire dect paltonul, care se poart primvara i toamna peste
hainele obinuite
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/pardesiu, last checked 12.02.2015 09:46
160
NOTA BENE: Din fr. pardessus

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural pardesie/pardesiuri, GenDat pardesiului, Gen-Dat pardesielor/ pardesiurilor
SYNONYMS: palton
CONTEXTS:
1. Pardesiul cu guler de blana (greatcoat, watchcoat, mai tarziu overcoat) era un pardesiu
cusut din lana groasa, menit sa protejeze purtatorul de intemperii si vreme rece, specific insulei
Britanice, caci acolo ii este atribuit locul de nastere. Atat reverele pardesiului cat si manecile pe
interior erau captusite cu blanuri pretioase pentru a putea fi oricand intoarse spre interior, spre
a conferi un confort termic sporit. (http://domnideromania.ro/2011/09/scurta-istorie-apardesiului-partea-i/), last checked 12.02.2015 09:50
2. Un obiect de mbrcminte similar, din material mai subire, care se poart de obicei
primvara i toamna, se numete pardesiu. (http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palton), last checked
12.02.2015 09:55
161
OUTWEAR
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: garments, as overcoats, worn over other clothing for warmth or
protection outdoors; clothing, as dresses, sweaters, or suits, worn over undergarments.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/outerwear, last checked 12.02.2015
10:00
NOTA BENE: 1925-30; outer + wear
GENERIC CONCEPT: clothing
SYNONYMS: overclothes
CONTEXTS:
1. These outerwear pieces were paired with flared pants, which we've been seeing quite a bit of
this season. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/outerwear ), last checked 12.02.2015 10:05
2. Outerwear is clothing worn outdoors. OR: "clothing designed to be worn outside other
garments" (Shorter Oxford English Dictionary), as opposed to underwear.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outerwear ), last checked 12.02.2015 10:10
RO EQUIVALENT: mbrcminte de exterior, exterioar
DEFINITION: Haine (cum ar fi pulovere, paltoane, jachete) pe care le purtm peste alte haine n
special pentru caldur sau protecie cnd ne aflm n spaii deschise
162
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://translate.google.ro/translate?hl=roRO&dr=0&langpair=en%7Cro&u=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/outerwear, last

checked 12.02.2015 10:15
NOTA BENE: Lat. imbracare; fr. extrieur, lat. exterior.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, nearticulat, plural mbrcmini, Gen-Dat sg
mbrcmntei, Gen-Dat pl mbrcmnii
GENERIC CONCEPT: mbracminte
CONTEXTS:
1. Aceste piese de mbrcminte exterioar au fost au fost asociate cu pantalonii evazati, pe care
i-am vzut destul de putin in acest sezon. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/outerwear ),
last checked 12.02.2015 10:20
2. mbracmintea de exterior este mbracmintea purtat n exterior, n spaii deschise.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outerwear ), last checked 12.02.2015 10:25
163
PAISLEY
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a soft fine wool fabric traditionally printed with this pattern; a
garment made of this fabric, esp a shawl popular in the late 19thcentury; of or decorated with this
pattern: a paisley scarf.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/paisley , last checked 12.02.2015
10:35
NOTA BENE: 1825-35; named after Paisley
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural paisleys
GENERIC CONCEPT: a kind of scarf
SYNONYMS: cashmere scarf
CONTEXTS:
1. Paisley or Paisley pattern is a term in English for a design using the boteh orbuta, a dropletshaped vegetable motif of Persian origin.(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley_(design)#Origins),
last checked 12.02.2015 10:40
2. The Paisley Shawls have been for long regarded as masterpieces of design and weaving,
worthy to rank with the best tapestries, and greater than the finest brocades.
(http://www.tartansauthority.com/resources/archives/the-archives/harrison/the-paisley-shawl/ ),
last checked 12.02.2015 10:45
COMMENTS: textile pattern characterized by colourful, curved abstract figures; it is named for
the shawls manufactured at the town of Paisley, Scot. When, about 1800, patterned shawls made
from the soft fleece of the Kashmir goat began to be imported to Britain from India, machinewoven equivalents were made at Paisley to supply the insatiable demand that had been created
for "cashmere" shawls. Paisley shawls, in silk and cotton and later in wool, with sober colouring,
were beautiful in their own right. Their rich, abstract, curvilinear patterns, modified from their
164
Kashmir counterparts and deriving ultimately from Mughal art, have continued to be widely
adopted in modern textiles, especially for clothing. A motif resembling an enlarged comma
(well-known in Mughal decorative art) is the one by which most people recognize a paisley
pattern
RO EQUIVALENT: al
DEFINITION: estur din ln, mtase etc., de diverse forme i dimensiuni, mpodobit cu
desene, broderii sau franjuri, pe care femeile o poart pe cap sau pe umeri; Stof fin de ln,
fabricat n Orient
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/sal, last checked 12.02.2015 10:50
NOTA BENE: Din tc. al.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantive comun, nearticulat, plural aluri, Gen-Dat sg
alului, Gen-Dat pl alurilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: earf
SYNONYMS: fular
CONTEXTS:
1. Camirul este unul dintre cele mai fine i uoare materiale naturale. Este plcut la atingere,
clduros i, prin adaosul de mtase, mai rezistent. Poi purta un al din camir indiferent de
sezon. (https://batik.ro/despre-batik/ ), last checked 12.02.2015 10:55
2. n Europa camirul a fost cunoscut deja n perioada imperiului roman, dar era camirului n
Europa ncepe undeva la nceputul secolului 19, cnd la Paris apar alurile de pashmin aduse
din Orient i devin un trend modern destul de puternic. (https://www.mahogany.ro/tema/clanky18/istoria-textilului-natural-cel-mai-scump-ca-mirul), last checked 12.02.2015 11:00
165
PALETOT
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: any of various loose or fitted coats or jackets for men and women,
especially a close-fitting jacket worn over a dress by women in the 19th century
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/paletot, last checked
12.02.2015 12:00
NOTA BENE: French, Middle French, variant of paletoc < Middle English paltok a jacket,
peasant's coat
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural paletots
SYNONYMS: overcoat
CONTEXTS:
1. The 1850s saw a hybrid garment called a paletot-cloak which had splits for the arms and the
earlier paletot sac of the 1840s was similar, but generally had a hood rather than a collar.
( http://www.fashion-era.com/Coats_history/pelisse_history_1.htm), last checked 12.02.2015
12:05
2. In the mid 19th century, a paletot was considered to be a waisted or at least slightly waisted
overcoat with certain peculiarities with regard to its cut. Many paletots resembled a frock coat,
and could be worn without a vest-like undercoat. (http://www.gentlemansgazette.com/paletotdouble-breasted-overcoat/), last checked 12.02.2015 12:10
RO EQUIVALENT: palton
DEFINITION: Hain de iarn (lung pn sub genunchi), confecionat din stofa groas i
cptuit cu vatelin sau cu blan, care se poart peste celelalte obiecte de mbrcminte
166
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/palton, last checked 12.02.2015 12:15

NOTA BENE: Din fr. paletot
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural paltoane, Gen-Dat sg
paltonului, Gen-Dat pl paltoanelor
SYNONYMS: pardesiu
CONTEXTS:
1. Incepand cu secolul 18, paltonul a inlocuit capele si pelerinele utilizate pana in acel moment.
Ulterior, in anii 50 ani ai secolului 20, designerii si populatia faceau confuzie intre termenul de
palton si cel de jacheta. (http://vivo-collection.ro/incursiune-in-istoria-notiunii-de-palton_12.ht),
last checked 12.02.2015 12:20
2. Paltonul Chesterfield a devenit cunoscut n secolul al XIX-lea i este o hain lung care se
poate purta peste costum sau la inute mai puin formale. (http://www.romaniatv.net/influentedin-moda-britanica-paltonul-chesterfield_58958.html#ixzz3aILZD2jg), last checked 12.02.2015
12:25
167
PANTALETTES
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: Long underpants with a frill at the bottom of each leg, worn by
women and girls in the 19th century.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/pantalettes, last
checked 12.02.2015 12:48
NOTA BENE: Middle French Pantalon < Upper Italian (Venetian) Pantalone
GENERIC CONCEPT: underpants
SYNONYMS: pantaloons
COMMENTS: Pantalettes or pantalets/pantaloons are esentially long drawers worn to
modesestly cover the legs. They were made in both plain and fancy styles with a lace frill,
ruffles, or other finish at the bottom of each leg. They were widely worn by women and children
(boys and girls) during the first half of the 19th century. The pantaletts extended below the hem
of the dresses worn by boys and girls and the ankle and calf-length trousers worn by boys.
CONTEXTS:
1. Girls wore various forms of pantalettes until their skirts reached their ankles; somewhere
between twelve and sixteen years of age depending on the parents outlook and the maturity of
their daughter (some girls were married at twelve). (http://www.katetattersall.com/earlyvictorian-undergarments-part-4-pantelettes-pantalettes/), last checked 12.02.2015 12:55
2. The pantalettes worn in the early 19th century were quite long and worn at ankle length. This
was because dresses at the time were quite long. Also boys commonly wore long pants-commonly skeleton suits. For the flounces and frills of pantalettes were to be seen, the garments
had to be quite long. (http://histclo.com/style/skirted/Panta/panta.html), last checked 12.02.2015
13:00
168

RO EQUIVALENT: pantaloni dantelai
DEFINITION: mbrcminte exterioar care acoper, de la mijloc n jos, corpul i fiecare picior
n parte
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/pantalon, last checked 12.02.2015 13:06
NOTA BENE: Din ngr. pantalni, fr. pantalon.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: grup nominal, singular (rar folosit) pantalon dantelat, Gen-Dat
sg pantalonului, Gen-Dat pl pantalonilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: pantalon
SYNONYMS: izmene, ndragi
CONTEXTS:
1. Noua mbrcminte a revoluionarilor diferea destul de mult de cea a clasei nobile din Vechiul
Regim, dar dou erau caracteristicile mai importante: pantalonii lungi erau largi, n vreme ce
pantalonaii purtai nainte vreme erau mulai pe corp. De asemenea, noii pantaloni coborau pn
la glezne, n vreme ce pantalonaii ajungeau doar pn la genunchi.
(http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/pantalonii-i-lupta-femeilor-afirmare), last
checked 12.02.2015 13:09
2. Sportivele se ntreceau n competiii n pantalonai.
((http://www.monitorulexpres.ro/mobil/?stiri&p=mozaic&sID=138182), last checked
12.02.2015 13:13
169
PARASOL
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: an umbrella used for protection against the sun; sunshade
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Parasols, last checked 12.02.2015
13:20
NOTA BENE: via French from Italian parasole, from para- + sole sun, from Latin sl
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural parasols
GENERIC CONCEPT: umbrella
SYNONYMS: sunshade
CONTEXTS:
1. The word parasol usually refers to an item designed to protect from the sun; umbrella refers to
a device more suited to protect from rain. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella), last checked
12.02.2015 13:25
2. Today, larger parasols are often used as fixed or semi-fixed devices, used with patio tables or
other outdoor furniture, or as points of shade on a sunny beach.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrella), last checked 12.02.2015 13:26
COMMENTS: Parasols are sometimes called sunshades. An umbrella may also be called a
brolly (UK slang), parapluie (nineteenth century, French origin), rainshade, gamp (British,
informal, dated), bumbershoot (American slang).
RO EQUIVALENT: parasol
DEFINITION: umbrel de soare
170
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/parasol, last checked 12.02.2015 13:31

NOTA BENE: it. Parasole , fr. parasole
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv neutru, genitiv-dativ, nearticulat, plural parasoluri
CONTEXTS:
1. Umbreluele de soare fceau furori, erau o not a rafinamentului i feminitii, la fel plriile
mari, cu franjuri, panglici sau fundie. (http://jurnalul.ro/viata-sanatoasa/frumos-sisanatos/amestec-rafinat-de-farmec-si-eleganta-539155.html ), last checked 12.02.2015 13:36
2. Umbrela este un obiect folosit pentru aprarea mpotriva ploii sau a razelor solare.
(http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbrel%C4%83 ), last checked 12.02.2015 13:40
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
171
PELISSE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a high-waisted loose coat, usually fur-trimmed,worn esp by women
in the early 19th century
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pelisse, last checked 13.02.2015
11:13
NOTA BENE: via Old French from Medieval Latin pellicia cloak,from Latin pellis skin
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural pelisses
SYNONYMS: mantle, cape
CONTEXTS:
1. A pelisse is defined as a long mantle of silk, velvet, cloth, or other material, reaching to the
ankles, and having arm-holes or sleeves. (http://gallery.sjsu.edu/paris/fashion/pelise.htm ), last
checked 13.02.2015 11:16
2. A pelise was originally a short fur lined or fur trimmed jacket that was usually worn hanging
loose over the left shoulder of hussar light cavalry soldiers, ostensibly to prevent sword cuts.
( http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelisse ), last checked 13.02.2015 11:19
RO EQUIVALENT: scurteic
DEFINITION: Hain de stof, de obicei mblnit, lung pn la (sau pn sub) genunchi,
purtat mai ales la ar.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/scurteic%C4%83, last checked 13.02.2015
11:22
172
NOTA BENE: Scurt + suf. -eic.

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: Substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural scurteici, Gen-Dat sg
scurteicii, Gen-Dat pl scurteicilor
GENERIC CONCEPT:
SYNONYMS: manta mblnita
CONTEXTS:
1. Deasupra rochiei poart o scurteic. Mai observ c ,,femeile i fetele fac deosebite
mpletituri din prul lor pe care cte odat le las s atrne, sau pe care le leag ntr-o basma
mprejurul capului n forma unei csci; ele adaug la aceast gteal fulii de diamant sau alte
pietre. rncile se mulumesc a-i mpleti prul mprejurul capului n lips de
coroan.(http://ebooks.unibuc.ro/istorie/ciupala/imagineafemeii.htm ), last checked 13.02.2015
11:25
2. Bunicul i-a pus scurteica pe el, i-a tras, suflnd greu, pantofii n picioare i s-a dus s
deschid. (http://www.romlit.ro/o_amintire ), last checked 13.02.2015 11:30
173
PETTICOAT
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A girl's or woman's undergarment, worn under a dress or skirt, that
is often full and trimmed with ruffles or lace.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/petticoat, last checked 13.02.2015
11:35
NOTA BENE: Middle English petycote short tunic, petticoat, from petysmall + cote coat
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural petticoats
GENERIC CONCEPT: short coat
CONTEXTS:
1. As she summons the field hands for their meal, a gust of wind reveals a provocative bit of
petticoat and her shapely ankles. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/petticoat ), last checked
13.02.2015 11:40
2. Each petticoat would contain approximately five to seven yards of fabric, as did the skirt.
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/petticoat ), last checked 13.02.2015 11:40
COMMENTS: In reference to a female, this term is usually used for humorous effect, but is
sometimes perceived as insulting or demeaning to women.
RO EQUIVALENT: jup
DEFINITION: Fust care se mbrac pe dedesubtul rochiei sau al altei fuste.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/jup%C4%83, last checked 13.02.2015
11:45
174
NOTA BENE: Din fr. jupe.

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: Substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural jupe, Gen-Dat sg jupei,
Gen-Dat pl jupelor
CONTEXTS:
1. Probabil cea mai mare problem care apare este cea a jupei, menit s susin fusta i s-i
ofere acel aspect de clopot. (http://www.clickpentrufemei.ro/Jupele-voluminoase-ale-anilor-50din-nou-in-trend_0_6543.html ), last checked 13.02.2015 11:55
175
PIGTAIL
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a braid of hair hanging down the back of the head.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/pigtail?s=t, last checked
13.02.2015 13:13
NOTA BENE: 1680-90; pig1+ tail1
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable
GENERIC CONCEPT: hair
SYNONYMS: tail
CONTEXTS:
1. [...]Now is the time to remember what I told you to remember: Diane had two pigtails, golden
pigtails, very long pigtails, pigtails that reached below her waist. (Fountain Pens and Pigtails-A
Reminiscence Threaded Through a Lot of Pen History
http://www.richardspens.com/?page=ref/history/pigtails.htm ), last checked 13.02.2015 13:17
2. At the beginning of the century, men, especially young men, clipped off their love-locks and
pigtails to create very short hairstyles that they combed forward over their foreheads. Throughout
the century men continued to wear short hair. The variety of styles they chose were distinguished
by the middle, side, or lack of a part and the type of face whiskers they
wore.(http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/European-Culture-19thCentury/Nineteenth-Century-Headwear.html#ixzz3YolpisjQ), last checked 13.02.2015 13:20
COMMENTS: 1680s, "tobacco in a twisted roll," from pig (n.) + tail(n.). So called from
resemblance. Meaning "braid ofhair" is from 1753, when it was a fashion amongsoldiers and
sailors.
176
RO EQUIVALENT: cosi
DEFINITION: Prul lung al femeilor, mpletit n una sau dou cozi; suvi de pr
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/cosita, last checked 13.02.2015 13:25
NOTA BENE: Din bg. kosica.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural cosie, Gen-Dat sg.
Cositei, Gen-Dat pl. Cositelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: pr
SYNONYMS: suvi, coad
CONTEXTS:
1. Femeile Aztece i mpleteau cosie cu nururi colorate, pe care le purtau cununa n jurul
capului, aa cum unele femei din Mexicul zilelor noastre mai poart nc. (http://www.joliespa.ro/coafura.html ), last checked 13.02.2015 13:30
2. n Roma antic, republican i auster, brbaii i femeile au adoptat stilurile simple ale
grecilor, dar n timpul imperiului, clasele superioare foloseau drotul, iar brbaii i pudrau prul
cu praf colorat sau de aur. Femeile i vopseau prul blond sau purtau peruci n culoarea
abanosului, sau blonde, fcute din prul femeilor barbare luate sclave. Prul era prins n cretet,
n bucle i cosie, uneori fiind fixate n forme nalte pe nite coulee mpletite din srm.
(https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/2010/06/06/istoria-coafurii/), last checked 13.02.2015
13:35
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
177
POCKETBOOK
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a bag usually with handles and pockets that is used by women to
carry money and personal belongings
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pocketbook, last checked
13.02.2015 13:42
NOTA BENE: 1617
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural pocketbooks
GENERIC CONCEPT: wallet
SYNONYMS: wallet
CONTEXTS:
1. The pocket, or handbag, or purse or pouch goes back a long way, thousands of years. But for
this scant view of the history of the pocketbook the action begins in the 14th century or so, when
pouches with drawstrings were used to haul this and that, attached to the exterior girdle of the
clothing of men and women alike. (http://bobulate.com/post/745456262/a-history-ofpocketbooks ), last checked 13.02.2015 13:46
2. The first pocketbooks had been made flat and shaped like envelopes. They were closed with
ribbon ties and placed in the pocket. Later however, the names pocketbook and purse were both
used for any women's handbag. Pocketbooks were made of fabric, leather, or metal mesh
attached to a circular metal frame and closed with a metal snap. Pocketbooks made of beaded
fabric became popular for eveningwear during the late 1800s.
(http://www.fashionencyclopedia.com/fashion_costume_culture/European-Culture-19thCentury/Pocketbook.html#ixzz3YsILDbEG), last checked 13.02.2015 13:52
178
RO EQUIVALENT: portmoneu
DEFINITION: Pung mic de piele, de pnz etc. n care se in de obicei banii mruni
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/portmoneu, last checked 13.02.2015 13:57
NOTA BENE: fr. porte-monnaie.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, plural portmonee, Gen-Dat sg
portmoneului, Gen-Dat pl portmoneelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: portofel
SYNONYMS: portofel
CONTEXTS:
1. Dac nu voia s fie alungat, burghezia trebuia s-i uureze bine portmoneele, fiind nevoit
s suporte pn i creterea influenei culturale a radicalilor de stnga (care, din cnd n cnd,
chiar mai primeau cte un sfande la sindicatele ce au obinut fonduri).
(http://www.criticatac.ro/6873/chestiunea-sindicala-in-secolul-al-xxi-lea/ ), last checked
13.02.2015 14:02
2. La un alt capt al lumii, japonezii ingenioi au inventat un portmoneu ultrasensibil vorbitor. A
fost conceput n special pentru mpiedica persoanele afectate de febra cumprturilor s
risipeasc prea muli bani. (http://independent.md/cateva-din-cele-mai-ciudate-inventii-aleomenirii-portmoneu-vorbitor-si-vesela-comestibila/#.VUM7jdLtmko ), last checked 13.02.2015
14:05
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
179
POCKET WATCH
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A pocket watch (or pocketwatch) is a watch that is made to be
carried in apocket, as opposed to a wristwatch, which is strapped to the wrist
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/pocket+watch, last checked
13.02.2015 14:09
NOTA BENE: Old English woecce
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, countable, plural pocket watches
GENERIC CONCEPT: watch
SYNONYMS: watch, ticker
CONTEXTS:
1. Pocket watches generally have an attached chain to allow them to be secured to a waistcoat,
lapel, or belt loop, and to prevent them from being dropped. Watches were also mounted on a
short leatherstrap or fob, when a long chain would have been cumbersome or likely to catch on
things. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_watch ), last checked 13.02.2015 14:11
2. A pocket watch (or pocketwatch) is a watch that is made to be carried in a pocket, as opposed
to a wristwatch, which is strapped to the wrist. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pocket_watch), last
checked 13.02.2015 14:12
USE AREA/FIELD: industrial
COMMENTS: They were the most common type of watch from their development in the 16th
century until wristwatches became popular after World War I during which a transitional
design,trench watches, were used by the military.
RO EQUIVALENT: ceas de buzunar
180
DEFINITION: Aparat care servete la determinarea i msurarea timpului n limitele unei zile
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/ceas, last checked 13.02.2015 14:16
NOTA BENE: Din sl. as.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: grup nominal, nearticulat, plural ceasuri de buzunar, Gen-Dat
sg ceasului de buzunar, Gen-Dat pl ceasurilor de buzunar
GENERIC CONCEPT: ceas
CONTEXTS:
1. Intrnd puin in istorie, numele ceas de buzunar ( pocket clock) a fost menionat n Noiembrie
1462 ntr-o scrisoare trimis de ceasornicarul italian Bartholomew Manfredi ctre Marchese di
Manta.Primul ceas de buzunar a fost realizat de ctre Taqi al-Din n anul 1556,urmnd ca n
secolul 17 s devin un accesoriu foarte rspndit n Europa i nu numai.
(http://www.stilmasculin.ro/ceasul-de-buzunar/), last checked 13.02.2015 14:20
2. John Harrison, un tmplar i ceasornicar autodidact, a imbuntit i mai mult metodele de
compensare ale pendulului lui Graham i a reuit s ctige Premiul Longitudinii in 1761 cu un
ceas de buzunar -H4- ce a reusit sa aiba o eroare de cca. 0.2s/zi in primul voiaj spre Indiile de
Vest. (http://www.wall-street.ro/slideshow/Lifestyle/81837/Istoria-ceasurilor-de-buzunar-intr-oexpozitie-la-Horologivm.html?full), last checked 13.02.2015 14:25
COMMENT: O surs indic proveniena cuvntului ceas n englez ("watch") de la un cuvnt
din vechea limb englez woecce care nseamn "persoan de ceas" ("watchman" n englez),
din cauz c era folosit de paznicii oraelor pentru a urmri timpul scurs pe durata schimburilor
n care lucreaz.
USE AREA/FIELD: industrie
DESIGNATION STATUS: invechit
181
POWER LOOM
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a mechanized textile machine for weaving yarn into a textile
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/power+loom, last checked
13.02.2015 15:04
NOTA BENE: 1800-10
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP
GENERIC CONCEPT: loom
SYNONYMS: loom
CONTEXTS:
1. A power loom is a mechanised loom powered by a line shaft. The first power loom was
designed in 1784 by Edmund Cartwright and first built in 1785. It was refined over the next 47
years until a design by Kenworthy and Bullough made the operation completely automatic.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_loom ), last checked 13.02.2015 15:09
2. Invented by Edmund Cartwright in Great Britain in 1784, the power loom allowed
manufacturers to create textiles much more quickly than with hand-driven looms. This
improvement helped the power loom become one of the defining machines of the industrial
revolution. (http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-power-loom.htm ), last checked 13.02.2015
15:14
COMMENTS: Edmund Cartwright patented a power loom in 1785. This used water as power
instead of human power which sped up the weaving process. Weavers were able to use all the
thread that spinners could produce. It was to be forty years before his ideas were modified into a
reliable automatic loom. Cartwright was not the first man to design an automatic loom, this had
been done in 1678 by M. de Gennes in Paris, and again by Vaucanson In 1745, but these never
developed and were forgotten. Those designs preceded John Kay's invention of the flying shuttle
182
and they passed the shuttle through the shed using levers. It was not a commercially successful
machine. His ideas were licensed first by Grimshaw, of Manchester who built a small steampowered weaving factory in Manchester in 1790. The looms had to be stopped to dress the warp,
but the factory burnt down before anything could be learned.
RO EQUIVALENT: rzboi de esut mecanic
DEFINITION: 1. Main de lucru folosit pentru confecionarea esturilor din fibre textile;
unealt casnic de esut; argea, stativ.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/r%C4%83zboi, last checked 13.02.2015
15:20
NOTA BENE: Din bg., sb. razboj.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, nearticulat, plural rzboaie de esut mecanice, Gen-Dat sg
rzboiului de esut mecanic, Gen-Dat pl rzboaielor de esut mecanice
GENERIC CONCEPT: rzboi de esut
SYNONYMS: rboj
CONTEXTS:
1. n 1785, Edmund Cartwright a obinut patentul i a construit primul rzboi de esut mecanizat,
la care suveica, iele i vatala erau acionate mecanic.
(http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboi_de_%C8%9Besut ), last checked 13.02.2015 15:25
2. Rzboiul de esut mecanic a fost o versiune mecanic, acionat cu aburi, a rzboiului de esut
acionat anterior manual. Funcia lui era, pur i simplu aceea de a combina firele ntr-un mod
sistematic pentru estur. (http://jurnalspiritual.eu/inventii-care-au-schimbat-lumea-razboiul-detesut-mecanic-1785/ ), last checked 13.02.2015 15:30
DESIGNATION STATUS: invechit
183
RETICULE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a woman's small bag or purse, usually in the form of a pouch with a
drawstring and made of net, beading, brocade, etc
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/reticule, last checked 13.02.2015
16:47
NOTA BENE: French rticule, from Latin rticulum, diminutive of rte, net
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable
GENERIC CONCEPT: bag
SYNONYMS: handbag, purse, bag, pocketbook
CONTEXTS:
1. In the 1790s women's fashions changed very dramatically. Wide hoops and full petticoats
went out of style. Instead, dresses had a high waistline and skirts that fell close to the body and
legs. This meant that traditional pockets and their contents would ruin the line of the dress. As a
solution, women began to use reticules, decorative bags designed be carried over the arm in the
manner of our contemporary handbag. However, reticules are very small with barely enough
room for a hankie and a coin, never mind the mirror, watch, keys, needlecase and oranges that a
pocket usually contained. (http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/a/history-of-pockets/ ), last
checked 13.02.2015 16:55
2. Reticules might be indispensable useful, but they werent beyond reproach. Older women
continued to prefer pockets, and reticules were seen as being almost risqu, because they were
essentially pockets, and thus an undergarment which was suddenly carried on the outside.
(http://thedreamstress.com/2013/11/terminology-what-is-a-reticule-or-indispensable/), last
checked 13.02.2015 17:00
184
RO EQUIVALENT: poet
DEFINITION: Geant mic din piele, material plastic etc. n care femeile in acte, bani i diferite
accesorii de toalet
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/po%C8%99et%C4%83, last checked
13.02.2015 17:05
NOTA BENE: Din fr.pochette
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, plural poete, Gen-Dat sg poetei, Gen-Dat
pl poetelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: geant
SYNONYMS: geant, plic
CONTEXTS:
1. Geanta, aparent un accesoriu cutat doar pentru funcionalitatea sa, este unul dintre elementele
semnificative ale garderobei i imaginii femeii in societate emblema a afluentei financiare i a
pozitiei in societate, depozitar al secretelor purtatoarei, simbol al responsabilitatilor ei in
continua expansiune. (http://www.fundatiacaleavictoriei.ro/2010/geanta-istoria-unui-accesoriudin-evul-mediu-pina-in-sec-21/ ), last checked 13.02.2015 17:10
2. In secolul al 19-lea apare geanta cum o stim azi, sub forma de fileu moale care se ine n mn,
strns sus cu un iret, unde se strecurau crii de vizit, scrisori o batistu, parfumul, pudra si
eventual evantaiul. (http://corinaboutique.ro/ro/content/10-istoria-gentilor ), last checked
13.02.2015 17:15
USE AREA/FIELD: moda
185
RIBBON
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a woven strip or band of fine material, as silk or rayon, varying in
width and finished off at the edges, used for ornament, tying, etc.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/ribbon, last checked 13.02.2015
17:20
NOTA BENE: Middle English ribban, riban, from Old French ruban
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural ribbons
SYNONYMS: bow
CONTEXTS:
1. Off the shoulder evening gowns with lush cap sleeves left creamy necks perfectly exposed,
often displaying swathes of diamonds or simple velvet ribbons.
(https://thepragmaticcostumer.wordpress.com/2012/03/27/ribbons-and-curls-flowers-and-pearlsmid-19th-century-french-headdresses/), last checked 13.02.2015 17:25
2. Chine A fancy ribbon where figures are painted or printed on the warp while it is on the
ribbon. (https://19thcswatchbook.wordpress.com/2012/06/16/types-of-19th-century-ribbons/),
last checked 13.02.2015 17:30
RO EQUIVALENT: panglic
DEFINITION: Fie ngust de bumbac, de mtase, de catifea etc., folosit mai ales ca podoab
(la mbrcmintea feminin).
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/panglic%C4%83, last checked 13.02.2015
17:35
186
NOTA BENE: Din magh. pntlika

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural panglici, Gen-Dat sg
panglicii, Gen-Dat pl panglicilor
SYNONYMS: cordea, band, fa
CONTEXTS:
1. Barbatii purtau palariile din fetru negru, cu bor intors in fata, decorate cu panglica lata prinsa
cochet intr-o parte cu o brosa, catarama sau cateva pene de strut.
(http://ploaiadecuvinte.blogspot.ro/2013/11/istoria-palariei.html), last checked 13.02.2015 17:40
2. Ciorapii se purtau la nceput pn la genunchi, apoi pn deasupra lor, i erau susinui de
jartiere elastice, fastonate n frou-frou i mpodobite cu ghirlande mici de flori de cmp
lucrate n mtsuri colorate sau cu cte un trandafir de catifea sau chou de panglic.
(http://deieri-deazi.blogspot.ro/2014/02/moda-si-stil-la-sfarsit-de-secol-xix.html), last checked
13.02.2015 17:45
187
RUFFLE
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A strip of frilled or closely pleated fabric used for trimming or
decoration; a high tight collar
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/ruffle , last checked 13.02.2015
17:50
NOTA BENE: from earlier ruff, of imitative origin
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural rufles
SYNONYMS: flounce, furbelow, frill, neck ruff, ruff, choker
CONTEXTS:
1.In the 1900s the ruffles were still present, even though the silhouettes were more sleek and
formfitting and hemlines were rising. (http://ruffletrendspring2013.weebly.com/genesis.html),
last checked 13.02.2015 17:55
2.Ruffles appeared at the draw-string necklines of full chemises in the 15th century, evolved into
the separately-constructed ruff of the 16th century. Ruffles and flounces remained a fashionable
form of trim, off-and-on into modern times. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruffle), last checked
13.02.2015 18:00
RO EQUIVALENT: manet dantelat, manet gofrat din dantel, volna
DEFINITION: Partea de jos a mnecii unei cmi (brbteti) sau a unei bluze; band
(detaabil) aplicat ca garnitur la partea de jos a unei mneci
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/man%C8%99et%C4%83, last checked
13.02.2015 18:05
188
NOTA BENE: Din fr. manchette, germ. Manschette.

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv feminin, nearticulat, plural manete, Gen-Dat sg
manetei, Gen-Dat pl manetelor
CONTEXTS:
1.n aceast perioad apare redingote, cu guler nalt i revere late, de asemenea apar paltoanele,
gulere triple i mneci largi cu manete dantelate. (http://www.vintageromania.com/antichitatipentru-toti/moda-de-a-lungul-timpului), last checked 13.02.2015 18:10
2." manseta ce prezinta multe pliuri in zona de etanseizare cu maneca, denota o camasa de
calitate" (http://domnideromania.ro/2010/01/manseta-camasii/), last checked 13.02.2015 18:15
189
SABOT
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: A shoe carved from a piece of wood, traditionally worn in some
parts of Europe.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/sabot, last checked 13.02.2015
18:20
NOTA BENE: from Old French abot, alteration of savate, old shoe, probably of Turkish or
Arabic origin.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural sabots
SYNONYMS: wooden shoe
CONTEXTS:
1. We generally associate wooden shoes with the Dutch, of course, who are often stereotypically
depicted wearing them while picking tulips in front of their windmills. They werent the only
people, however, who traditionally wore these clunky things; in fact, they were common among
peasants all over Europe, including France, where they were called sabots.
(http://jeparleamericain.com/2012/06/29/labor-disputes-wooden-shoes-italian-bread/ ), last
checked 13.02.2015 18:25
2. A sabot is a clog from France or surrounding countries such as Belgium. Sabots are whole feet
clogs. Sabots were in the 16th to 19th centuries, associated with the lower classes.
(https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/age-sabot-1500s-repeats-1700s-rob-carter), last checked
13.02.2015 18:30
USE AREA/FIELD: foot wear
RO EQUIVALENT: sabot
190
DEFINITION: nclminte fcut dintr-o bucat de lemn scobit sau dintr-o talp de lemn cu fee
de piele groas
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/sabot, last checked 13.02.2015 18:35
NOTA BENE: Din fr. sabot.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural saboi, Gen-Dat sg
sabotului, Gen-Dat pl saboilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: papuc
SYNONYMS: pantof, bocanc, gheat
CONTEXTS:
1. Cnd vremea este ploias gheiele se ncal cu nite saboi de lemn, numii geta. Gheiele
ucenice au nite saboi speciali din lemn negru lcuit, okobo (sau pokkuri).
(http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghei%C8%99%C4%83), last checked 13.02.2015 18:40
2. n secolul al XIX-lea, cel mai ntlnit simbol al anarhitilor europeni era sabotul din lemn. A
fost adoptat n onoarea muncitorilor olandezi care, n timpul unei revolte, s-au desclat de saboi
i au aruncat cu ei n patroni, acetia acceptnd n final s le ofere condiii mai bune de munc.
Din acest gest, provine originea termenului sabotaj, cu trimitere direct la saboii aruncai.
(http://www.descopera.ro/cultura/9164317-anarhismul-paradisul-frustratilor-periculosi), last
checked 13.02.2015 18:45
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SATIN
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a fabric of silk, rayon, etc, closely woven to show much of the
warp, giving a smooth glossy appearance
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/satin, last checked 13.02.2015 20:00
NOTA BENE: Old French from Arabic zaitn of Zaytn
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural satins
SYNONYMS: silk
CONTEXTS:
1. Originally, during the Middle Ages, satin was made of silk; consequently it was very
expensive, used only by the upper classes. Satin became famous in Europe during the twelfth
century. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satin) , last checked 13.02.2015 20:05
2. On her feet, the bride wore white satin slippers over white stockings, sometimes decorated
with clocks, as was fashionable at the time. (Clothing through American History-The Civil War
through the Gilded Age, 1801-1899-Anita Stamper and Jill Condra; page 305)
RO EQUIVALENT: satin
DEFINITION: estur deas de mtase, de bumbac, de fibre sintetice etc., cu una dintre fee
lucioas, folosit mai ales pentru cptueli de mbrcminte.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/satin, , last checked 13.02.2015 20:15
NOTA BENE: fr. satin.
192
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural satine/satinuri, Gen-Dat

sg satinului, Gen-Dat pl satinelor/satinurilor
SYNONYMS: atlas, mtase
CONTEXTS:
1. Mtasea i satinul au ajuns pn n Persia, India i Imperiul Roman. De aici i s-a atribuit
Chinei frumosul nume de ,,ara Mtsii.
(http://romanian.cri.cn/chinaabc/chapter14/chapter140301.htm), last checked 13.02.2015 20:20
2. La origine, satinul era prelucrat doar din matase si a fost fabricat pentru prima data in China,
in secolul al XII-lea, in orasul-port Zayton (de unde i se trage si numele).
(http://byclaudiungureanu.ro/satinul/), last checked 13.02.2015 20:25
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SEWING MACHINE
ID COUNTRY: U.K., U.S.A
STANDARD DEFINITION: any of various foot-operated or electric machines for sewing or
making stitches, ranging from machines with a shuttle for a spool of thread and a needle for
sewing garments to industrial machines for sewing leather, book pages together, etc.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sewing+machine, last checked
13.02.2015 20:30
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural sewing machines
GENERIC CONCEPT: machine for sewing
HYPERNYM: machine
SYNONYMS: textile machine, serge
CONTEXTS/ COLLOCATIONS:
1. The introduction and development of the sewing machine made construction of dresses with
intricate patterns possible. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/sewing+machine), , last
checked 13.02.2015 20:35
2. Sewing machines were invented during the first Industrial Revolution to decrease the amount
of manual sewing work performed in clothing companies. Since the invention of the first
working sewing machine, generally considered to have been the work of Englishman Thomas
Saint in 1790, the sewing machine has greatly improved the efficiency and productivity of the
clothing industry. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewing_machine), last checked 13.02.2015 20:40
COMMENTS: Machine for stitching material (such as cloth or leather), usually having a needle
and shuttle to carry thread and powered by treadle or electricity. Invented by Elias Howe in 1846
and successfully manufactured by Howe and Isaac Merritt Singer, it became the first widely
194
distributed mechanical home appliance and has also been an important industrial machine.
Modern sewing machines are usually powered by an electric motor, but the foot-treadle machine
is still in wide use in much of the world.
RO EQUIVALENT: main de cusut
DEFINITION: Maina de cusut este acel dispozitiv complex, care prin coasere unete dou sau
chiar mai multe buci de material
DEFINITION SOURCE: https://zoom-biz-news.ro/masina-japsew-de-cusut-nasturi/, last
checked 13.02.2015 20:45
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv feminin, nearticulat, plural maini de cusut, GenDat sg mainii de cusut, Gen-Dat pl mainilor de cusut
GENERIC CONCEPT: main pentru cusut
HYPERNYM: main
CONTEXTS: La nceput maina de cusut a fost mecanic i funciona cu pedale, iar mai apoi sa inventat maina de cusut electric i chiar electronic, aceasta din urma fiind i programabil.
(https://zoom-biz-news.ro/masina-japsew-de-cusut-nasturi/ ), last checked 13.02.2015 20:50
195
SIDEBURNS
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: facial hair that has grown down the side of a man's face in front of
the ears (especially when the rest of the beard is shaved off)
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/sideburn, last checked 13.02.2015
21:30
NOTA BENE: 1880, American English, alteration of burnsides
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural sideburns
GENERIC CONCEPT: whiskers
SYNONYMS: side-whiskers, burnside, mutton chop
CONTEXTS:
1. Burnside sported a slightly unusual facial hair style with particularly prominent mutton chop
sideburns connected to a moustache, while keeping his chin shaved perfectly clean.
(http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2013/03/why-sideburns-are-named-as-they-are/),
last checked 13.02.2015 21:35
2. Men, since 1840 until approximately 1865, wore their hair more or less long, and became in
fashion big moustaches, sideburns, and beards. Also was " la mode" the puritan hairstyle of the
19th century, with no moustaches, and sideburns attached to a short beard, like Abraham
Lincoln. (http://thehistoryofthehairsworld.com/hair_19th_century.html), last checked 13.02.2015
21:40
RO EQUIVALENT: favorit
DEFINITION: (Mai ales la pl.) Pr lsat s creasc de o parte i de alta a obrazului unui brbat
196
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/favorit, last checked 13.02.2015 21:45

NOTA BENE: Din fr. favori, -ite, it. favorito i rus. favorit.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural favorii, Gen-Dat sg
favoritului, Gen-Dat pl favoriilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: perciuni
SYNONYMS: barbet, cotlei (pl.), (reg.) perciuni (pl.)
CONTEXTS:
1. Brbaii i lsau de regul musta i purtau favorii. (http://deierideazi.blogspot.ro/2014/02/moda-si-stil-la-sfarsit-de-secol-xix.html), last checked 13.02.2015
21:50
2. Treptat, pe msur ce barbaii deveneau tot mai ocupai cu comerul, ei aveau la dispoziie tot
mai puin timp pentru a se ngriji de pr. Astfel c l purtau destul de scurt, doar uneori ondulat i
aranjat cu ulei de macassar. Majoritatea purtau musta, favorii i barb ntr-o mare varietate de
forme. (https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/2010/06/06/istoria-coafurii/), last checked
13.02.2015 21:55
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
197
SLIPPER
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: any light, low-cut shoe into which the foot may be easily slipped,
for wear in the home, for dancing, etc.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/slippers, last checked 14.02.2015
12:00
NOTA BENE: [147080]
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural slippers
GENERIC CONCEPT: footwear
SYNONYMS: bootie, footwear
CONTEXTS:
1. To go with all the breezy less structured dresses during The Regency were breezy, less
structured shoes. No more heel. No more discomfort. No more squashing toes into rigid up
turned points. Let's talk, slippers! Sure they still had pointed toes but they were made of soft
materials and came in romantic pastels like lavender, pink and robin's egg blue.
(http://www.headoverheelshistory.com/1800.html ), last checked 14.02.2015 12:05
2. The first pair of shoes on this page dates from c. 1800. With tiny cone-shaped heels and
pointed toes, these ladies' slippers were meant to be worn indoors or in fine weather with the
full-skirted gowns of the early Regency. (http://www.songsmyth.com/shoes.html ), last checked
14.02.2015 12:10
RO EQUIVALENT: papuci de cas
DEFINITION: nclminte uoar (far toc), care se poart n cas
198
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/papuc, last checked 14.02.2015 12:15

NOTA BENE: Tc. papu, din per. papu
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural papuci de cas, Gen-Dat
sg papucului de cas, Gen-Dat pl papucilor de cas
GENERIC CONCEPT: ncalminte
SYNONYMS: cipici, botosi
IDIOMS: A o lua (sau a o terge) la papuc = a fugi.
A fi (sau a pune, a ine etc.) sub papuc = a fi (sau a pune, a ine etc.) sub ascultarea deplin a
cuiva, a se lsa sau a face s se lase condus de cineva.
A lsa (pe cineva) la papuci = a srci complet (pe cineva).
A da (cuiva) papucii = a da (pe cineva) afar, a obliga (pe cineva) s plece.
CONTEXTS:
1. Copiii din satul Mirash i dau jos nclrile pe treptele colii, pun n loc papuci de cas pe
care i-au adus ntr-o pungu. Directorul colii a luat msura asta pentru c drumurile sunt varz
i e nmol peste tot. coala trebuie s rmn curat. (http://casajurnalistului.ro/kosovowunderland/ ), last checked 14.02.2015 12:20
2. (....)n fine, cuvntul persist prin sonoritatea sa aproape onomatopeic, cu ecouri comice,
care l face potrivit pentru substituii glumee n expresii, ca termen generic pentru nclminte
sau ca echivalent cu papuc . (http://dilemaveche.ro/sectiune/tilc-show/articol/sosoni-sosonari ),
last checked 14.02.2015 12:25
199
SPINNING JENNY
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: an early type of spinning frame with several spindles, invented by
James Hargreaves in 1764
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/spinning+jenny , last checked
14.02.2015 12:30
NOTA BENE: 1775-85
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural spinning wheels
HYPERNYM: wheel
SYNONYMS: spinning machine
CONTEXTS:
1. The spinning wheel was superseded by the spinning jenny and the spinning frame at the
beginning of the industrial revolution in the mid 18th century.Following the thread by Ledsome,
Colin / Engineering Designer (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/spinning+jenny ), last checked
14.02.2015 12:35
2. The spinning jenny would not have been such a success if the flying shuttle had not been
invented and installed in textile factories. Its success was limited in that it required the rovings to
be prepared on a wheel, and this was limited by the need to card by hand. It continued in
common use in the cotton and fustian industry until about 1810. The spinning jenny was
superseded by the spinning mule. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinning_jenny ), last checked
14.02.2015 12:40
COMMENTS: Early multiple-spindle machine for spinning wool or cotton. The hand-powered
spinning jenny was patented by James Hargreaves in 1770. The development of the spinning
wheelinto the spinning jenny was a significant factor in the industrialization of the textile
200
industry, though its product was inferior to that of R. Arkwright's water frame.
(http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/spinning%20jenny )
RO EQUIVALENT: roat de tors bumbac
DEFINITION: Roata de tors este o main primitiv cu ajutorul creia fibra textil era
transformat n a sau fire toarse ce serveau la fabricarea pnzei, esut n Rzboiul de esut.
Este posibil ca roata de tors s fi fost inventat n India. Originea sa nu se cunoate cu
certitudine. A ajuns n Europa, din Orientul Mijlociu, n Evul Mediu.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.crispedia.ro/Roata_de_tors, last checked 14.02.2015 12:45
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv feminin, nearticulat, plural roi de tors, Gen-Dat sg
roii de cusut, Gen-Dat roilor de cusut
CONTEXTS:
1. Roata de tors a constituit o inovaie cu un mare impact asupra industriei textile. n locul
transformrii manuale a fibrelor naturale n fire, roata de tors permite executarea acestei operaii
prin simpla apsare a unei pedale. (http://www.scientia.ro/stiinta-la-minut/48-scurta-istoriedescoperiri-stiintifice/719-istoria-descoperirilor-stiintifice-1.html ), last checked 14.02.2015
12:50
2.La nceput, dintr-o grmad de ln numit caier nfipt ntr-o furc erau trase fibre
individuale, care se nvrteau pe un alt b de lemn numit fus. Apoi, firul astfel obinut se esea
cu ajutorul unui rzboi pentru a se obine o stof. De-a lungul anilor au aprut mai multe
mbuntiri. Printre acestea se numr montarea fusului ntr-un lagr pentru a putea fi rotit cu
ajutorul unei corzi montate pe o roat nvrtit cu mina, nemaifiind astfel nevoie s munceasc
simultan dou persoane. Acest dispozitiv a devenit cunoscut sub denumirea de roat de tors.
(http://www.crispedia.ro/Inventarea_masinii_de_filat ), last checked 14.02.2015 13:00
201
SPOON BONNET
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: a hat, usually tying under the chin and often framing the face,
formerlymuch worn by women but now worn mostly by children.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/bonnet, last checked
14.02.2015 13:05
NOTA BENE: 1375-1425; late Middle English bonet < Middle French; Old French bonet
material from which hats are made, perhaps < Old Low Franconian *bunnisomething bound (<
Germanic *bund-, noun derivative of *bind- bind; cf.bundle ), with -et -et; compare Late Latin
abonnis, obbonis ribbon formingpart of a headdress < Germanic, with a prefix corresponding to
Middle High
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural bonnets
SYNONYMS: chapeau, hat, lid
CONTEXTS:
1. One of the most ornate of all bonnets was the spoon bonnet, which was introduced during the
early 1860s. One of the most popular womens hats of the American Civil War (186165) era,
the spoon bonnet had a wide front brim that rose straight up from the crown, giving the bonnet
the shape of a shallow spoon. While providing little protection from sun or rain, the underside of
the tall brim could be decorated with ruffles, lace, bows, and silk flowers, making the spoon
bonnet frame the wearers face prettily. Because it had little use except as decoration, the spoon
bonnet was largely worn by wealthy women, or young women who wanted to wear the latest
fashions. (Fashion, Costume, and Culture-Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and
Culture from the Reinassance to the Modern Era; THE NINETEENTH CENTURY))
2. The spoon bonnet was the last nineteenth-century bonnet that was styled to cover the head. By
the 1880s, as womens hairstyles became more elaborate, few women wanted to cover them up,
202
and they began to wear smaller bonnets which sat on top of the head, more like a traditional hat.
Finally the bonnet disappeared to be replaced by modern hats whose only function was
decoration. (Fashion, Costume, and Culture-Clothing, Headwear, Body Decorations, and
Culture from the Reinassance to the Modern Era; THE NINETEENTH CENTURY))
RO EQUIVALENT: bonet
DEFINITION: Acopermnt de cap confecionat din pnz sau din stof, fr boruri sau
cozoroc, purtat de femei, de copii, de buctari, medici, laborani, militari etc
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/bonet%C4%83, last checked 14.02.2015
13:10
NOTA BENE: Din fr. bonnet.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun,nearticulat, plural bonete, Gen-Dat sg
bonetei,Gen-Dat pl bonetelor
SYNONYMS: tichie, scufie
CONTEXTS:
1. Podoabele pentru cap evolueaz astfel: dac la nceputul secolului al XIX-lea bonetele erau
mari, cu boruri foarte lungi, tip burlan, pe la mijlocul secolului ncep s se micoreze progresiv,
descoperind fruntea i alunecnd tot mai mult spre spate. (http://galateca.ro/arhiva/the-rest-isyesterday.html) , last checked 14.02.2015 13:15
2. n prima jumtate a secolului XIX, femeile purtau bonete care au devenit gradat tot mai mari,
decorate cu bentite, flori, pene i alte ornamente. Pn la sfaritul secolului, mai multe stiluri au
fost introduce: printre acestea plrii cu boruri late i coroane plate sau toci. La mijlocul anilor
1920, cnd femeile au nceput s-i tund parul scurt, acestea au ales s poarte plrii care le
ofereau impresia unui cap mrit, asemenea castilor.
( http://www.cineainventat.ro/palaria/), last checked 14.02.2015 13:20
203
STOCKING
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A close-fitting, usually knitted covering for the foot and leg made
from nylon, silk, cotton, wool, and similar yarns.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/stocking, , last checked 14.02.2015
13:25
NOTA BENE: From dialectal stock, from Middle English stokke, leg covering, probably from
stok
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural stockings
GENERIC CONCEPT: sock
SYNONYMS: sock
CONTEXTS:
1. Apart from the familiar knitted stockings, there were also those made of woven fabric, felt or
leather. (http://www.marquise.de/en/1700/howto/struempfe.shtml), last checked 14.02.2015
13:30
2. Women favored stockings with decorations such as embroidery around the ankles, which
became visible as the wearer moved.
(http://www.kci.or.jp/archives/digital_archives/detail_47_e.html), last checked 14.02.2015 13:35
RO EQUIVALENT: ciorap
DEFINITION: Obiect de mbrcminte care acoper piciorul, confecionat din fire de bumbac,
de ln, de mtase sau din fire sintetice
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/ciorap, last checked 14.02.2015 13:40
204
NOTA BENE: tc. orab

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural ciorapi, Gen-Dat
ciorapului, Gen-Dat ciorapilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: oset
SYNONYMS: dres, colant
CONTEXTS:
1. Moda ciorapilor de matase s-a extins tot mai mult, iar in secolul al XVIII-lea femeile din inalta
societate optau adesea pentru ei, considerand ca le confereau un look regal. Ciorapii de atunci
erau mai lungi de genunchi si se prindeau cu o jartiera.
(http://www.femeiastie.ro/lifestyle/inventii/ciorapii-dresurile---o-inventie-de-succes), last
checked 14.02.2015 13:45
2. n secolul XIX, ciorapii fr custur, mai ales din bumbac, erau mpletii la maini circulare,
dar nu se potriveau prea bine pe picior; colanii fr custuri nu au devenit populari dect n anii
1940, cnd mtasea a fost nlocuit cu nailonul i s-au fabricat dresurile. Ciorapii-pantalon au
aprut n anii 1960. (http://www.crispedia.ro/Ciorap) , last checked 14.02.2015 13:50
205
TAFFETA
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a medium-weight or light-weight fabric of acetate, nylon, rayon, or
silk, usually smooth, crisp, and lustrous, plain-woven, and with a fine crosswise rib effect.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/taffeta, last checked 14.02.2015
14:00
NOTA BENE: 1325-75; Middle English taffata < Medieval Latin Persian tftah silken or linen
cloth, noun use of past participle of tftan to twist, spin
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural taffetas
SYNONYMS: fiber,thread,tulle
CONTEXTS:
1. From 1810 to 1820 dresses became slightly more structured with padded hems and firmer
fabrics, such as twills and even some taffeta. (http://vintagefashionguild.org/1800s/), last
checked 14.02.2015 14:05
2. The second distinguishing feature is the fabric. Evening gowns tend to use luxury materials
such as silk, velvet, and taffeta, and they may be richly embroidered or decorated with beads,
sequins, jewels, and other ornaments. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_gown), last checked
14.02.2015 14:10
RO EQUIVALENT: tafta
DEFINITION: estur de mtase lucioas care fonete, folosit la confecionarea obiectelor de
mbrcminte
206
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/tafta, last checked 14.02.2015 14:15

NOTA BENE: Din tc. tafta. Cf. fr. taffetas.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural tafltale, Gen-Dat sg
taftalei, Gen-Dat pl taftalelor
SYNONYMS: fibr, tul
CONTEXTS:
1. La recepiile de dup-amiaz se poart costume din material uor, brodate, cu decoraii din
tafta colorat. Culorile la mod sunt mov, albastru deschis, roz, negru.
(http://www.vintageromania.com/antichitati-pentru-toti/moda-de-a-lungul-timpului), last
checked 14.02.2015 14:20
2. Cand se intorc de la bal, grabite sa se culce, asvarle imprejuru-le rochiile, florile
ofilitepantofioriiagrafele, spelcile, carligele ce sustineau elegantele edificii ale
pieptanaturii corsetul balenele, mansetele taghisite cu tafta gumata, toate
podoabeleamagitoare, lungile plete cumparate de la frizer. (Balzac, H., (2005), Istoria celor
treisprezece, Editura Aldo Press, Bucuresti, pag 229)
207
TAIL COAT
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a man's black coat having a horizontal cut over the hips and a
tapering tail with a vertical slit up to the waist: worn as part of full evening dress
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Tail+coat, last checked 14.02.2015
14:25
NOTA BENE: 1840-50
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural tailcoats
GENERIC CONCEPT: official dress
SYNONYMS: dress suit, full dress , tails, white tie and tails, white tie
CONTEXTS:
1.Full dress for evening remains unchanged, except that the swallow-tail coat is shorter than it
has lately been made. (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/tail%20coat?s=t ), last checked
14.02.2015 14:30
2.Tailcoat is a formal jacket that is worn by a man and that has a short front and a long back
which divides into two pieces. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/tail%20coat ), last
checked 14.02.2015 14:35
RO EQUIVALENT: frac
DEFINITION: Hain brbteasc de ceremonie din stof neagr, n fa scurt pn la talie, iar
n spate terminat cu dou cozi lungi i nguste.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/frac, last checked 14.02.2015 14:40
208
NOTA BENE: Din fr. frac.

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantive comun, nearticulat, plural fracuri, Gen-Dat sg
fracului, Gen-Dat pl fracurilor
CONTEXTS:
1. Creat n 1966 de ctre celebrul couturier Yves Saint-Laurent, fracul pentru femei Le Smoking
a fost primul de acest gen care a ctigat atenia, n lumea modei i n cultura popular. Este
materializarea unui stil feminin minimalist, lung i androgin
(http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Smoking ), last checked 14.02.2015 14:45
2. Papionul negru se poart la smoching i papionul alb la frac. (http://www.stilmasculin.ro/cumse-poarta-smochingul/ ), last checked 14.02.2015 14:50
209
TOP HAT
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: a man's hat with a tall cylindrical crown and narrow brim, often
made of silk, now worn for some formal occasions
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/top+hat, last checked 14.02.2015
15:00
NOTA BENE: [180010]
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, countable, plural top hats
SYNONYMS: opera hat, silk hat, dress hat, high hat, stovepipe, beaver, topper
CONTEXTS:
1. Silk plush thus appeared at almost the same moment as the silk top hat and although the two
were to become inseparable in the latter 19th century, the silk top hat was slow to be accepted.
The final depletion of the American beaver in the mid 19th century ushered in the reign of the
silk top hat. (http://www.thetophatshop.com/history1.html), last checked 14.02.2015 15:05
2. The black silk top hat was made from cheesecloth, linen, flannel and shellac. Using various
types of flat-irons, the shellac was 'baked' in the linen around a five-piece wooden hat block and
covered with black silk plush, which came mostly from France. Only the master tradesman
(foreman) was permitted to cut the expensive silk.
(http://www.silktophats.eu/historytophat.html), last checked 14.02.2015 15:10
COMMENTS: The history of the silk top hat is somewhat interesting. According to one story
the high silk hat was invented in Canton about 1775 by a Chinese hatter for a Frenchman who
carried his headpiece back to Paris. Another is that the silk hat was invented in 1760 in Florence.
Introduced during the early 1800s, the top hat became the most common men's hat of the
nineteenth century. Worn by men of all classes, for all occasions, at any time of day, the top hat
was a narrow-brimmed silk hat with a tall, straight crown and a flat top. Formal, dramatic, and
210
imposing, the top hat represented much of the spirit of the late eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries, in which middle class and wealthy Europeans focused on elegance and formality in
their dress and manners. The century even saw the first rabbit pulled out of a top hat by French
magician Louis Conte in 1814.
RO EQUIVALENT: joben
DEFINITION: Plrie brbteasc nalt, de form cilindric, tare, de obicei de culoare neagr,
purtat astzi numai la ceremonii
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/joben, last checked 14.02.2015 15:15
NOTA BENE: Din n. pr. Jobin.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural jobenuri, jobene; GenDat sg jobenului, Gen-Dat pl jobenelor/jobenurilor
SYNONYMS: cilindru, plrie de oper, plrie de mtase , plrie mare
CONTEXTS:
1. Dei oamenii l-au ridiculizat iniial, n acelai fel n care un domn a fost luat odinioar n
derdere ca efeminat dac purta o umbrel, jobenul i-a ctigat treptat notorietate n ealoanele
superioare ale societii engleze. Prinul Albert l-a adoptat n 1850, ceea ce a pus definitiv capt
controversei. Din acel moment, jobenul a fost acceptat.( http://jurnalspiritual.eu/inventii-care-auschimbat-lumea-jobenul-1797/), last checked 14.02.2015 15:20
2. n spaiul nostru romnesc jobenul se numea ilindru. Numele acesta era utilizat, cu
preponderen, n Transilvania, denumirea fiind mprumutat, ca attea alte cuvinte, din termenul
german Zylinder (cilindru), sau Zylinderhut (plrie-cilindru), datorat formei sale caracteristice.
Astzi, dac cuiva i-ar veni ideea s se duc la un concert la Ateneu n redingot, purtnd i un
joben, ar fi una din atraciile serii, de care s-ar vorbi mult i bine n lumea bucuretean.
( http://www.amosnews.ro/jobenul-redingota-si-papionul-2013-12-23#sthash.ST7guCJj.dpuf),
last checked 14.02.2015 15:25
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
211
TRIM
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a decoration or adornment on a garment, (a piece of) decorative
material added around the edge of something, decorating, especially by adding a border or
contrasting element.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/trim, last checked 14.02.2015 15:30
NOTA BENE: (Place name) the county town of Meath, Republic of Ireland; 12th-century castle,
medieval cathedral; textiles and machinery.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, singular, plural trims
GENERIC CONCEPT: decoration
SYNONYMS: adornment, braiding , braid, miniver , rickrack
CONTEXTS:
1. Before the industrial revolution, all trim was made and applied by hand, thus making heavily
trimmed furnishings and garments expensive and high-status.
(http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trim_(sewing), last checked 14.02.2015 15:35
2. (.) showed that trim garments are detected and recognized at greater distances than areareflective garments. (http://www.safetyhumanfactors.org/wpcontent/uploads/2011/12/295Costello_Wogalter2007.pdf ), last checked 14.02.2015 15:40
RO EQUIVALENT: ornament
DEFINITION: Detaliu sau obiect adugat la un ansamblu pentru a-l nfrumusea; accesoriu,
element decorativ folosit n artele plastice, n arhitectur, n tipografie pentru a ntregi o
compoziie i a-i reliefa semnificaia
212
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/ornament, last checked 14.02.2015 15:45

NOTA BENE: Din fr. ornement, it. ornamento, lat. ornamentum.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural ornamente
SYNONYMS: accesoriu, podoab
CONTEXTS:
1. Decorarea sau ornamentarea unui produs de mbrcminte poate fi realizat cu ajutorul celor
mai diverse elemente i mijloace (cordoane sau curele, buzunare, clape, epolei, sisteme de
nchidere, dantele, earfe, cravate, broderii, custuri .
(http://qserver.utm.md/carti_scanate/carti/Carti_in_PDF/Manualul_inginerului_textilist_Vol_II/S
ectiunea_VII/Cap_4.pdf ), last checked 14.02.2015 15:50
2. Rochiile pentru teatru, oper, dineuri comune i pentru serate erau mai sobre, cu decolteuri
mici, umerii acoperii i ornamente puine; cele pentru dineuri de gal i baluri erau foarte
luxoase, din stofe bogate, cu dantele i panglici, mult decoltate i garnisite cu bijuterii preioase.
(http://www.bucurestiivechisinoi.ro/2014/09/cum-s-a-schimbat-imbracamintea-femeilor-dinromania-in-60-de-ani-perioada-1850-1910/ ), last checked 14.02.2015 15:55
213
VELVET
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: a fabric of silk, nylon, acetate, rayon, etc., sometimes having a
cottonbacking, with a thick, soft pile formed of loops of the warp thread eithercut at the outer
end or left uncut.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/velvet, last checked 14.02.2015
16:00
NOTA BENE:1275-1325; Middle English velvet, veluet, veluwet < Old French veluotte,
equivalent to velu (< Medieval Latin vil (l) tus; Latin vill (us) shaggy nap(cf. villus ) + Late
Latin -tus for Latin -tus -ate1) + -otte noun suffix
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable and uncountable, plural velvets
SYNONYMS: cloth, fabric, textile, material
CONTEXTS:
1. Velvet was originally a fabric made from silk and real velvet is still made entirely of silk. Less
expensive velvets are often made on a silk face with a cotton basis. This velvet-like material has
the appearance of velvet with a cotton backing. Modern imitation velvets are often made from
synthetic fibers (acetate, nylon, rayon, and others). A less expensive fabric is made from cotton
and variously referred to as velveteen or courderoy. (http://histclo.com/mat/mat-velvet.html), last
checked 14.02.2015 16:05
2. Dresses were made from sumptuous materials such as velvet, brocade, taffeta and silk. In
1840s, sleeves were fitted to the wrist, but by the 1850s they were worn wider and shorter, often
with a muslin, sometimes puffed, undersleeve. Mantles and taffeta or velvet cloaks were popular
along with a variety of shawls. (https://content.lib.washington.edu/costumehistweb/fashiontrends.html), last checked 14.02.2015 16:10
214
COMMENTS: Velvet is one of the most familiar of what are known as pile fabrics. It is is
generally considered a luxurious fabric both because of its appearance amd the material used to
make it. It was widekybused for younger boys' suits and girls' party dresses. True velvet is quite
expensive and made from silk. The image of a Fauntleroy suit is generally associated with velvet
for boys wear, but velvet suits were worn well before the late-19th Century. Velvet is still
considered a luxurious fabric, but now commonly made of various cotton synthetic blends.
DESIGNATION STATUS: acepted
RO EQUIVALENT: catifea
DEFINITION: estur de mtase, de ln, de bumbac etc. care prezint pe fa fire dese cu
lungimea mai mic de un milimetru, perpendiculare pe suprafaa esturii.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/catifea, last checked 14.02.2015 16:15
NOTA BENE: Din tc. kadife, ngr. katifs.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural catifele , Gen-Dat sg
catifelei, Gen-Dat pl catifelelor
SYNONYMS: plu, velur
CONTEXTS:
1. n vemnt de catifele, un bondar rotund n pntec
Somnoros pe nas ca popii glsuiete-ncet un cntec. (Eminescu, M., (2014), Calin (file din
poveste), Editura Litera, Bucuresti)
2. Vzu un biat cu faa oval, palid, cam slabit, prul de aur acoperit de o plrie de catifea
neagr cu margini largi, mbrcat c-o bluza de catifea care cuprindea, strns de un colan lustruit,
mijlocul cel mai ginga din lume. Ochii lui Dionis pe jumtate-nchii nu trdau c el vegheaz. l
privi n intreg, de la capul inundat n aur pan-la botinele micue ce sticleau radioase pe covorul
nflorit. (Eminescu, M., (2003), Sarmanul Dionis-partea a V-a, Editura Corint, Bucuresti)
215
WAISTCOAT
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A short, sleeveless, collarless garment worn especially over a shirt
and often under a suit jacket; a man's body garment, often quilted and embroidered and having
sleeves, worn under the doublet in the 16th and 17th centuries.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/waistcoat, last checked 14.02.2015
16:30
NOTA BENE: 1510-20 waist+coat
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural waistcoats
GENERIC CONCEPT: short garment
SYNONYMS: vest
CONTEXTS:
1.To make an embroidered waistcoat, the needlework was done first on two lengths of fabric,
one for the left front and the other for the right front. The lengths, known as waistcoat shapes,
were purchased at a silk mercers or haberdashers, then taken to a tailor for making up into a
waistcoat. (http://collections.vam.ac.uk/item/O117866/pair-of-waistcoat-unknown/ ), last
checked 14.02.2015 16:35
2. A waistcoat is a sleeveless upper-body garment. It is usually worn over a dress shirt and
necktie and below a coat as a part of most men's formal wear. It is also sported as the third piece
of the three-piece male business suit. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waistcoat ), last checked
14.02.2015 16:40
RO EQUIVALENT: vest
216
DEFINITION: Obiect de mbrcminte fr mneci, care acoper pieptul i spatele pn la talie

i este purtat (de brbai) sub hain.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/vesta, last checked 14.02.2015 16:45
NOTA BENE: fr. veste, it. vesta
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: Substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural veste, Gen-Dat sg vestei,
Gen-Dat pl vestelor
CONTEXTS:
1. La vest nasturele de sus i cel de jos se poart descheiat. (http://www.stilmasculin.ro/incheienasturii-corect/ ), last checked 14.02.2015 16:50
2. Un consilier parlamentar a brevetat o vest special, care protejeaz corpul de energii
negative. (http://www.antena3.ro/romania/haina-care-apara-de-flacara-violet-un-consilierparlamentar-a-inventat-vesta-care-ii-fereste-pe-233598.html ), last checked 14.02.2015 16:55
217
WEDDING RING
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: A ring, often one of a pair of plain gold or platinum bands, given
during the wedding ceremony by the groom or bride to his or her future spouse.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/wedding+ring, last checked
15.02.2015 10:10
NOTA BENE: 1350-1400; Middle English
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: NP, countable, plural wedding rings
GENERIC CONCEPT: ring
SYNONYMS: wedding band
CONTEXTS:
1. The double-ring ceremony, or use of wedding rings for both partners, is 20'th century
American innovation. The US jewelry industry started a marketing campaign aimed at
encouraging this practice in the late 19th century. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_ring),
last checked 15.02.2015 10:15
2. The use of diamonds in wedding rings did not appear until around the end of 15th century and their first appearance occurred again among royalty and the nobility.
(http://www.everything-wedding-rings.com/history-of-wedding-rings.html), last checked
15.02.2015 10:20
USE AREA/FIELD: jewelry
RO EQUIVALENT: verighet
DEFINITION: Inel de metal (preios, fr pietre) purtat ca simbol al legturii dintre logodnici
sau soi
218
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/verighet%C4%83, last checked 15.02.2015

10:25
NOTA BENE: ngr. verghta
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural verighete, Gen-Dat sg
verighetei, Gen-Dat pl verighetelor
GENERIC CONCEPT: inel
SYNONYMS: inel
CONTEXTS:
1. Adoptarea verighetei. Prima mentiune despre folosirea verighetei la ceremonia de nunt este
din Manualul Bisericii Metodiste din 1872 cunoscut cu titlul "Randuieli": "Dac prtile doresc,
brbatul va aduce un inel pastorului care il va aseza pe degetul al treilea al mainii stangi a femeii
si brbatul va zice femeii repetand dup pastor: "Cu acest inel m cunun cu tine si te inzestrez cu
bunurile mele pmantesti, in numele Tatalui, al Fiului si al Duhului Sfant".
(http://www.resursecrestine.ro/tipareste-resursa/113331), last checked 15.02.2015 10:30
2. Obiceiul ca verigheta s fie purtat de ctre ambii miri, dateaz de la sfritul secolului 19,
dup o campanie de marketing a industriei de bijuterii din America. Aceasta dorea creterea
veniturilor. nainte de acest eveniment, doar mirele oferea verigheta miresei.
(http://www.ghidmariaj.ro/articole/Verighetele-marturii-ale-dragostei-eterne-180), last checked
15.02.2015 10:35
USE AREA/FIELD: bijuterie
219
WIG
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: an artificial covering of hair for all or most of thehead, of either
synthetic or natural hair, worn tobe stylish or more attractive; a similar head covering, worn in
one's officialcapacity, as part of a costume, disguise, etc.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wig, last checked 15.02.2015
10:40
NOTA BENE: 1665-75; short for periwig
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: noun, countable, plural wigs
GENERIC CONCEPT: peruke
SYNONYMS: toupee, periwig, peruke
CONTEXTS:
1. Wigs in the nineteenth century, however, came with their own rather more social dangers. For
men, in particular, a wig was now considered a preposterous vanity, whilst women who wore
wigs were accused of shameful deception in the pursuit of husbands. Wigs of the Victorian era
were advertised in a guilty kind of code, often as gentlemens invisible perukes or ladies
imperceptible hair coverings, and it was common practice for no one but the hairdresser to be
aware if one was fitted for a wig. (http://britishlibrary.typepad.co.uk/untoldlives/2013/08/a-hairysubject-secrecy-shame-and-victorian-wigs.html ), last checked 15.02.2015 10:45
2. Philosophic changes, changes of the way of thinking, changed also the hairstyles. Little by
little, people stopped to wear wigs, and the hair started to be natural, with no powder. The
Revolution and the transformation of the whole system happened suddenly -although it was, in
many ways, expected- by a legislative coup of the deputies of the bourgeoisie with the back up of
part of the clergy and the nobility, but it was not that fast. All the images we can see today of
Robespierre and Danton, chief leaders of the Revolution, show them with powdered wigs, until
their death in the guillotine. (http://thehistoryofthehairsworld.com/hair_18th_century.html ), last
checked 15.02.2015 10:50
220

COMMENTS: 1670s, shortened form of periwig. Meaning "personwho wears a wig
(professionally)" is from 1828. Theverb meaning "to behave hysterically" (usually with out)is
attested from 1955, from notion in to flip one's wig.Cf. dash my wig!, a former mild imprecation
(1797),also wigs on the green (1856), Irish colloquial for "afight or rumble" (because wigs are
likely to getdetached from owners in such an event).
RO EQUIVALENT: peruc
DEFINITION: Obiect confecionat din pr, din ln, din fire sintetice etc. i purtat pe cap, peste
sau n locul prului natural; Coafur din pr fals
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/peruc%C4%83 , last checked 15.02.2015
11:00
NOTA BENE: Din fr.perruque, it. perrucca.
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural peruci, Gen-Dat sg.
Perucii, Gen-Dat pl. Perucilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: peruc
SYNONYMS: me
CONTEXTS:
1. De pild, in Anglia, femeile purtau peruci rocate din respect pentru regina Elisabeta (aceasta
deinea peste 80 de peruci a cror culoare imitau prul su natural care era rocat). Alte regine
preocupate de moda perucilor au fost Regina Mary a Scoiei, despre care se spune ca pe timpul
deteniei n Anglia i schimb peruca zilnic sau Marguerite de Valois care ar fi inut la curte
doar sclave blonde pentru a le tunde prul i a-i face peruci. (http://www.istoriaromanilor.com/peruca-accesoriu-si-rang-nobiliar/2013/10/08 ), last checked 15.02.2015 11:05
2. Mrturiile istorice arat c, pe vremea regelui Ludovic al XVI-lea al Franei, tehnica de
obinere a perucilor nu era deloc simpl. Mai nti se lua msura capului posesorului perucii i se
confeciona o scfrlie din lemn, potrivit acelor dimensiuni. Apoi se esea fundaia perucii,
fcut din panglici sau fir de bumbac. (http://www.historia.ro/exclusiv_web/general/articol/c-ndperuca-era-regin-mic-istorie-perucilor), last checked 15.02.2015 11:10
USE AREA/FIELD: mod
221
WOOL
ID COUNTRY: UK
STANDARD DEFINITION: The dense, soft, often curly hair forming the coat of sheep and
certain other mammals, such as the goat and alpaca, consisting of cylindrical strands of keratin
covered by minute overlapping scales and much valued as a textile fiber.Fabric or yarn made of
this hair.
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/wool, last checked 15.02.2015 11:20
NOTA BENE: Middle English wolle, from Old English wull
SYNONYMS: cashmere, fleece, fur
CONTEXTS:
1. Incidentally in the 16th century scarlet was not a color it was the name of a fine, expensive
wool. (http://www.localhistories.org/womensclothes.html), last checked 15.02.2015 11:25
2. In the districts where people could obtain wool, they wore clothing that had been made at
home.(http://www.scran.ac.uk/packs/exhibitions/learning_materials/webs/55/dealbhmor_aodach
_Beurla.html), last checked 15.02.2015 11:30
RO EQUIVALENT: ln
DEFINITION: Fibr natural de origine animal, cu proprieti textile, folosit la fabricarea i
confecionarea esturilor, a tricotajelor i a pslelor
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/l%C3%A2n%C4%83, last checked
15.02.2015 11:35
222
NOTA BENE: Lat. lana.

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural lnuri, Gen-Dat sg lnii,
Gen-Dat pl lnurilor
GENERIC CONCEPT: fibr natural
SYNONYMS: ln artificial, blan, pr
CONTEXTS:
1. mbrcmintea la sate se confeciona, de regul, n gospodrie: cmi i indispensabili din in
sau cnep, pantaloni din postav de ln, cciul de piele de miel, opinci din piele de porc sau de
viel, cojoc din blan de oaie etc. (https://istoriiregasite.wordpress.com/tag/haine/), last checked
15.02.2015 11:40
2. n cazul n care estura din ln nu este btut n piu, aceasta nu poate fi folosit ca material
pentru confecionarea hainelor. nainte de a fi inventat acest tip de instalaie tehnic, esturile
din ln erau btute cu maiul sau cu pislogul, dup ce erau nmuiate n ap.
(http://www.muzeul-satului.ro/viziteaza-muzeul/15/piua-fenes-sec-xix-judetul-alba), last
checked 15.02.2015 11:45
223
WRAPPER
ID COUNTRY: UK, USA
STANDARD DEFINITION: a loose negligee or dressing gown, esp in the 19th century
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/wrapper, last checked 15.02.2015
14:00
NOTA BENE: 1425-75; late Middle English
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY:
GENERIC CONCEPT: housecoat
SYNONYMS: neglige, negligee, peignoir
CONTEXTS:
1. Every one knows that a tea-gown is a hybrid between a wrapper and a ball dress.
(http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/wrapper), last checked 15.02.2015 14:05
2. The most suitable dress for breakfast, is a wrapper made to fit the figure loosely, and the
material, excepting when winter weather requires woolen goods, should be of chintz, gingham,
brilliante, or muslin. (http://www.originals-by-kay.com/learn_about_ladies/wrapper.htm), last
checked 15.02.2015 14:10
RO EQUIVALENT: capot
DEFINITION: mbrcminte femeiasc de cas, de obicei lung pn la clcie
DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/capot,
NOTA BENE: Din fr. capot, capote last checked 15.02.2015 14:15
GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural capoate, Gen-Dat sg
capotului, Gen-Dat pl capoatelor
224
GENERIC CONCEPT: halat

SYNONYMS: halat
CONTEXTS:
1. "O gsi pe vaporoasa lui silfid nvluit ntr-un capot de camir brun, cu fronseuri
meteugite, tolnit pe divanul dintr-un budoar abia luminat." (Balzac, H., (2005), Istoria celor
treisprezece, Editura Aldo Press, Bucuresti, pagina 162)
2. "Purta un capot foarte deschis, care lsa s se vad, ntre reverele lungi de pe piept, o
cmu plisat, cu trei nasturi de aur. Cordonul era de nur gros, cu ciucuri mari, iar pantofii,
de un rou-nchis, aveau un smoc de panglici late, care se resfirau deasupra piciorului."
(Flaubert, G., (2009), Doamna Bovary, Editura Adevarul, Bucuresti; pagina 30)
225
IV. ETYMOLOGY
IV. 1. Etymology
Narrowly defined, contrastive analysis investigates the differences between pairs (or small sets)
of languages against the background of similarities and with the purpose of providing input to
applied disciplines such as foreign language teaching and translation studies. With its largely
descriptive focus contrastive linguistics provides an interface between theory and application. It
makes use of theoretical findings and models of language description but is driven by the
objective of applicability. Contrastive studies mostly deal with the comparison of languages that
are socio-culturally linked, i.e. languages whose speech communities overlap in some way,
typically through (natural or instructed) bilingualism.38
In its strongest formulation, the Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis claimed that all the errors
made in learning the L2 (second language) could be attributed to 'interference' by the L1 (mother
language). However, this claim could not be sustained by empirical evidence that was
accumulated in the mid- and late 1970s. It was soon pointed out that many errors predicted by
Contrastive Analysis were inexplicably not observed in learners' language. Even more
confusingly, some uniform errors were made by learners irrespective of their L1 (mother
language). It thus became clear that Contrastive Analysis could not predict all learning
difficulties, but was certainly useful in the retrospective explanation of errors.39
Since one of the fields of analysis in my glossary is the etymology of the terms, it is necessary to
mention a few basic facts about it.
Etymology is the history of words, their origins, and how their form and meaning have changed
over time. By extension, the term "the etymology of [a word]" means the origin of the particular
word. The word etymology is derived from the Greek word , etymologia, itself from
, etymon, meaning "true sense" and the suffix -logia, denoting "the study of". Etymon is
also used in English to refer to the source word of a given word. For example, Latin candidus,
which means "white", is the etymon of English candid.40
Etymological theory recognizes that words originate through a limited number of basic
mechanisms, the most important of which are the following:
Borrowing, i.e. the adoption of loanwords from other languages.
38
http://www.personal.uni-jena.de/~mu65qev/papdf/CA.pdf, last checked 4-04-2015 12:09
39
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrastive_analysis, last checked 4-04-2015 12:15
40
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etymology, last checked 4-04-2015 12:26
226
Word formation such as derivation and compounding.

Onomatopoeia and sound symbolism, i.e. the creation of imitative words.41
On one hand, English is an Indo-European language, and belongs to the West Germanic group of
the Germanic languages. However, language change has eroded many grammatical elements,
such as the noun case system, which is greatly simplified in modern English, and certain
elements of vocabulary, some of which are borrowed from French. Although many of the words
in the English lexicon come from Romance languages, most of the common words used in
English are of Germanic origin.42
English is divided into several historical forms. Each historical form of English had certain
characteristics that distinguish it from the forms of English that came before and after it. The Old
English period was from the mid-5th century to the mid-11th century, the Middle English period
from the late 11th century to the late 15th century, the Early Modern English period from the late
15th century to the late 17th century, and the Modern English period from the late 17th century
to the present.
During the English Renaissance, from around 15001650, some 10,000 to 12,000 words entered
the English lexicon, including lexicon. Some examples include: aberration, allusion,
anachronism, democratic, dexterity, enthusiasm, imaginary, juvenile, pernicious, sophisticated.
Many of these words were borrowed directly from Latin, both in its classical and medieval
forms. In turn, Late Latin also included borrowings from Greek.43
On the other hand, Romanian is a Romance language, belonging to the Italic branch of the IndoEuropean language family, having much in common with languages such as French, Italian,
Spanish and Portuguese. Romanian has obvious grammatical and lexical similarities with
French, Catalan, Spanish and Portuguese, with a high phonological similarity with Portuguese in
particular; however, it is not mutually intelligible with them to any practical extent.
The Slavic influences on Romanian are especially noticeable and can be observed at all linguistic
levels: lexis, phonetics, morphology and syntax. About 20% of modern Romanian words are of
Slavic origin.
Word origins in the Romanian language:
Romance 75.57%
Slavic 14.7%
41
http://www.reportingpoint.net/591362ce9ccf7e77.html, last checked 4-04-2015 12:30
42
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language, last checked 4-04-2015 12:35
43
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_influence_in_English, last checked 4-04-2015 12:46
227
Germanic (German-based influence, English loanwords) 2.54%

Greek 1.7%
Others 5.4944
In the glossary I have created, most of the English terms are of Old and Middle English origin,
but also French. There are also terms that come from Scottish, Latin, German, Italian, Dutch.
Some of the words have multiple provenance, for example, belt buckle: belt from
Middle English; Old English both from Latin balteus + buckle from Middle English bokel, from
Old French boucle, from Latin buccula.
Another term of multiple provenance is collar: Middle English coler, from Old French colier,
from Latin collre.
As I already said, some words have Italian origin. For example, the word cameo comes from:
Italian cameo which means sculptured jewel from the Medieval Latin camahtus.
In what concerns the Romanian terms, most of them have French and Latin origin. Most of the
words have entered into language by French connection. For example, crinolin: from French
crinoline; manseta from French manchette; maneca bufanta from Latin manica.
Statistically speaking, I came to the conclusion that 70% of the English terms come from Old
and Middle English and French, and the rest of 30% come from Latin, German, Italian, Scottish
and Dutch.
Reffering to the Romanian terms in my glossary, I observed that 90% of them come from the
French language and the rest of 10% from Latin, Italian, German, Turkish, Neo-Greek.
IV. 2. Word Formation (in theory)
In linguistics, word formation is the creation of a new word. Word formation is sometimes
contrasted with semantic change, which is a change in a single word's meaning. The boundary
between word formation and semantic change can be difficult to define: a new use of an old
word can be seen as a new word derived from an old one and identical to it in form. Word
formation can also be contrasted with the formation of idiomatic expressions, although words
can be formed from multi-word phrases.45
44
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_language, last checked 4-04-2015 12:50
45
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_formation, last checked 4-04-2015 13:01
228
Firstly, I will present briefly the major morphological processes that lead to the creation of new
words:
Compounding is the word formation process in which two or more lexemes combine into a
single new word. Compound words may be written as one word or as two words joined with a
hyphen. For example:
noun-noun compound: note + book notebook
adjective-noun compound: blue + berry blueberry
verb-noun compound: work + room workroom
Clipping is the word formation process in which a word is reduced or shortened without
changing the meaning of the word. Clipping differs from back-formation in that the new word
retains the meaning of the original word. For example:
advertisement ad
examination exam
influenza flu
Blending is the word formation process in which parts of two or more words combine to create a
new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words. For example:
advertisement + entertainment advertainment
breakfast + lunch brunch
cybernetic + organism cyborg46
Derivation is the process of forming new words from existing ones by adding affixes to them,
like shame + less + ness shamelessness. In cases in which there is a one-to-one
correspondence between affixes and syntactical categories, this is known as agglutination, as
seen in agglutinative languages.47
46
http://www.brighthubeducation.com/esl-lesson-plans/59679-forming-new-words-compounds-clipping-andblends/ , last checked 4-04-2015 13:20

47
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Word_formation, last checked 4-04-2015 13:27
229
Acronymy: Acronyms are formed by taking the initial letters of a phrase and making a word
out of it. The classical acronym is also pronounced as a word. Examples: NASA (National
Aeronautics and Space Administration); NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization); Interpol
(International Criminal Police Organization); FAO, ONU, USA.48
Back formation: The process of forming a new word (a neologism) by extracting actual or
supposed affixes from another word; shortened words created from longer words. Examples: the
verb burgle from the older English noun burglar; the verb diagnose from the older English noun
diagnosis.49
Borrowing: Borrowed words are words that came to the language from another language.
Examples: Latin nervus (strength)=nerve; Old French blanc (white)=blank; Norwegian klover
(skillful)=clever; Italian spago (small cord)=spaghetti50
Coinage: One of the least common processes of word-formation in English is coinage, that is,
the invention of totally new terms. Words like aspirin and nylon are originally invented trade
names. Familiar more recent exampls are kleenex and xerox , which also began as invented trade
names, and which have quickly become everyday words in the language.51
Abbreviation: An abbreviation (from Latin brevis, meaning short) is a shortened form of a

word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the
word or phrase. Examples: "in" for "inch" ; "km" for "kilometre" ; cm for centimetre etc.52
Conversion: Conversion is the word formation process in which a word of one grammatical
form becomes a word of another grammatical form without any changes to spelling or
pronunciation. Examples:
1. My grandmother bottled (verb) the juice and canned (verb) the pickles.
2. My grandmother put the juice in a bottle (noun) and the pickles in a can (noun).
48
53
http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words/wordtypes.html, last checked 4-04-2015 13:35

http://grammar.about.com/od/ab/g/backformterm.htm, last checked 4-04-2015 13:40
50
http://www.really-learn-english.com/word-formation-processes.html, last checked 4-04-2015 13:45
51
http://www.ling.ohio-state.edu/~afeldman/201/morphology2.html, last checked 4-04-2015 13:50
52
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbreviation, last checked 4-04-2015 13:55
49
230
Eponyms: An eponym is a person (real or fictitious) from whom something is said to take its name. The
word is back-formed from "eponymous", from the Greek "eponymos" meaning "giving name". For
instance: Alois Alzheimer Alzheimer's disease; Nicolas Chauvin chauvinism; Rudolf Diesel the
diesel engine, etc. 54
Nonce words: Nonce words are new words formed through any number of word formation
processes with the resulting word meeting a lexical need that is not expected to recur. Nonce
words are created for the nonce, the term for the nonce meaning "for a single occasion." Some
examples of nonce words include jabberwocky, twi-thought and cotton wool.55
Calquing: Calquing is the word formation process in which a borrowed word or phrase is
translated from one language to another. Calques are also referred to as root-for-root or wordfor-word translations. For example, the following common English words are calqued from
foreign languages: beer garden German Biergarten; blue-blood Spanish sangre azul;
commonplace Latin locus commnis.56
IV.3. Word Formation (in practice)
In the English part of the present glossary, I have found some of the above mentioned word
formation processes, such as:
Compounding: For example, the term drawstring is made up of the word draw and the
word string; the term broadcloth is made up of the word broad and the word cloth.
Borrowing: For example, in the structure haute couture, the words haute and couture
are borrowed from French, meaning dressmaking, sewing, or needlework, respectively
elegant or high, the two combined result in high fashion.
In the Romanian half of the glossary, the most productive word processes I have identified is:
53
http://www.brighthubeducation.com/esl-lesson-plans/59339-teaching-word-formation-conversion/, last
checked 4-04-2015 14:00
54
55
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponyms_(A%E2%80%93K), last checked 4-04-2015 14:10

http://lexicalchangemadeeasy.yolasite.com/processes-of-lexical-change.php, last checked 4-04-2015 14:15
56
http://www.brighthubeducation.com/esl-lesson-plans/60060-formation-types-coinages-nonce-loanwords-andcalques/, last checked 4-04-2015 14:20
231
Borrowing: For example, the term denim is borrowed on French connection, named after
Nmes, France; camee is also borrowed from the French, meaning Piatr dur sculptat n
relief
The surface structure of the terms

The glossary I have made about Clothing in the 19th century contains 100 English terms and their
Romanian equivalent. Generally speaking, most of the terms were noun phrases in both
languages, having the surface structure Noun+Noun both in English and in Romanian. For
example, the term Pocket watch with its Romanian equivalent ceas de buzunar, the term
Sewing machine with its Romanian equivalent main de custut, the term Spinning jenny
with its Romanian equivalent roat de tors. The rest of them were simple nouns, such as:
velvet with its Romanian equivalent catifea, petticoat with its Romanian equivalent
jup, glove with its Romanian equivalent mnu, calico with its Romanian equivalent
postav, and so on.
Drawing a line between the English and the Romanian terms of this glossary, I did not encounter
so many difficulties in finding the appropriate equivalent in Romanian for each term, since most
of them originate in French and Latin and therefore they the same form or a one-to-one
equivalent. For example: bottine-botina, bracelet-bratara, mousseline-muselina,
satin-satin, denim-denim, brooch-brosa, crinoline-crinolina.
However, a difficult task in creating my glossary was finding appropriate and complete
definitions for the Romanian terms. In my opinion, Romania is not particularly interested in the
field of Clothing in the 19th century and the resources on this topic are limited. Consequently,
not all the specialized terms related to this topic are included in specialized dictionaries, books or
web sites. So I had to read articles, documents and anything somehow related to the said topic in
order to achieve a better understanding of the terms and come up with a pertinent definition, like
in the case of the terms deerstalker cap, mob cap or linsey-woolsey.
Conclusions
Reminding that this is a specialized glossary, that analyses both English and Romanian terms, it
is safe to say that most of the specific terms on Clothing in the 19th century originate from Old
and Middle English and French.
232
On the other hand, in the English part I have also identified some terms of Latin origin, as for the
Romanian terms, I have noticed the French and Latin influences, and also some words of Italian
and German origin.
V. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
My opinion is that the most important part of my work is represented by the glossary I have
created, which is a list of terms belonging to a specific domain of knowledge, Clothing in the
19th century, which is widely used and which provides definitions and further explanations for
those specific words in order to make it easier for whoever, specialist or non-specialist, is
interested in this certain field to better understand it and get familiar to it.
The terms were selected from books specialized in Clothing in the 19th century, but also from
sites dedicated to this specific domain, that are used across the entire world both by students and
professionals. What I did was to look for specific material, read it and then select the ones I was
interested in, the ones that are used to describe the global context and the ones that tend to create
problems of understanding. I also tried to find the most important and general terms from these
domains in order to allow the reader to perfectly understand the content, without creating
ambiguity or vagueness.
From the technical point of view, even though some terms needed more thorough research, I
managed to provide the best definitions, contexts, their grammatical category or generic concept.
Clothing in the 19th century is a vast and interesting domain, mostly based on the development
and the history of clothing during the nineteenth century. I consider it to be a very interesting
domain, but what was indeed challenging was to find the suitable synonyms, antonyms,
hyperonyms and their etymology but unfortunately, the Romanian language and culture is not a
very rich one in this domain compared to the English language, and, as we can see, the
specialized English terms from Clothing, Garments and Fabrics are borrowed directly in very
many languages, but I have provided enough material, in both languages, to support some of the
most well known elements related to this domain and I paid a lot of attention to the semantic
fields in order to make the explanation as clear as possible and not to leave any trace of doubt in
what concerns it.
It was also necessary to provide some information about the terminological and lexicographical
disciplines, to create the concept map with the most important terms present in this glossary for a
233
better understanding of how to use a glossary of key terms related to my subject, Clothing in the
19th century.
In conclusion, even if creating this glossary was a difficult task, I had the opportunity to enrich
my knowledge with every new research and stay in touch with the ever-moving world of
clothing. The biggest achievement is that all the information I have gathered while doing this
study will remain very well fixed in my memory and it will serve as background information for
my future career, and not act only as linguistic information, due to the topic I have chosen. I
hope this glossary will be useful for those who have the curiosity to find out more about the
history and development of fashion during the nineteenth century.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1) Reference Books:
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234
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237
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238
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UNIVERSITATEA DIN BUCURETI

FACULTATEA DE LIMBI I LITERATURI STRINE

Candidat: Dumitroiu Ana Maria

FACULTATEA DE LIMBI I LITERATURI STRINE

Candidat: Dumitroiu Ana Maria

Fashion, fashion, fashion. Today everyone knows about fashion

http://victorianeracnr.blogspot.ro/2011/01/fashion.html, last checked 22.03.2015 09:30

Chapter I. Presentation of the Field

I.1. Definition of fashion

http://www.pbs.org/newshour/extra/1999/10/what-is-fashion/, last checked 22-03-2015 10:00

NINETEENTH CENTURY INDUSTRIALIZATION

http://www.directessays.com/viewpaper/73333.html, last checked 23-03-2015 09:00

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Fashion, last checked 23-03-2015 09:05

http://www.nps.gov/vick/learn/education/upload/clothing-2.pdf, last checked 23-03-2015 09:10

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1706624/fashion-industry Last checked 23.03.2015 11:53

COTTON IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY

http://www.nps.gov/vick/learn/education/upload/clothing-2.pdf, last checked 23-03-2015 11:00

https://www.boundless.com/u-s-history/textbooks/boundless-u-s-history-textbook/the-market-revolution1815-1840-13/the-market-revolution-108/the-growth-of-the-cotton-industry-583-1160/, last checked 23-03-2015

http://www.international-economy.com/TIE_W10_Dattel.pdf, last checked 23-03-2015 11:15

I.3 NINETEENTH CENTURY FASHION

http://www.nps.gov/vick/learn/education/upload/clothing-2.pdf, last checked 23-03-2015 11:25

http://www.memorialhall.mass.edu/classroom/curriculum_6th/lesson13/bkgdessay2.html, Last checked

http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/corsets-and-crinolines-in-victorian-fashion/, last checked 23-03-2015

http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/c/corsets-and-crinolines-in-victorian-fashion/, last checked 23-03-2015

I.4. High fashion and Haute Couture

Chapter II. TERMINOLOGY

II. 1. The definition of terminology

How to distinguish between words and terms

II. 3. The criteria of term selection

https://benjamins.com/#catalog/journals/term.1.2.06des/details, last checked 24-03-2015 10:01

II. 4. The distinction between terminology/ terminography/ lexicology/ lexicography

http://ocw.um.es/cc.-sociales/terminologia/material-de-clase-1/unit-i.pdf, last checked 24-03-2015 10:15

Terminology and lexicology

Lexicography and terminology

II. 5. The distinction between dictionary/glossary

http://dictionary.reference.com/help/faq/language/e19.html, last checked 24-03-2015 10:30

Creating the glossary:

http://dictionary.reference.com/help/faq/language/d29.html, last checked 24-03-2015 10:35

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary, last checked 24-03-2015 10:40

II. 6. Concept map

http://edutechwiki.unige.ch/en/Concept_map, last checked 25-03-2015 10:40

http://cmap.ihmc.us/docs/conceptmap.php , last checked 24-03-2015 10:47

Spinning jenny (wheel)

Roat de tors bumbac

Main de egrenat bumbac

Rzboi de esut mecanic

Chapter III. Glossary of key terms

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv comun, nearticulat, plural oruri, Gen-Dat sg

USE AREA/FIELD: industria textil

DEFINITION SOURCE: http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Enot, last checked 4.01.2015

DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/cataram%C4%83, last checked 4.01.2015

DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/corsaj, last checked 4.01.2015 14:25

USE AREA/FIELD: footwear

NOTA BENE: Din fr. botine

NOTA BENE: Din fr. melon.

Republic. Arlington, Virginia: Q Graphics Production Company, Product division of Sally

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORY: substantiv, Nominativ-Acuzativ, singular, articulate, plural

NOTA BENE: Din fr. papillon

DEFINITION: estur de bumbac cu desene imprimate n culori, folosit la confecionarea

DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/baston, last checked 4.01.2015 18:37

DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/casmir, last checked 4.01.2015 19:11

DEFINITION SOURCE: http://dexonline.ro/definitie/coc, last checked 4.01.2015 19:40

USE FIELD/AREA: textile industry