Experiments Relating to Phlogiston, and the Seeming Conversion of Water into Air.

By
Joseph Priestley, LL. D. F. R. S.; Communicated by Sir Joseph Banks, Bart. P. R. S.
Author(s): Joseph Priestley and Joseph Banks
Reviewed work(s):
Source: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Vol. 73 (1783), pp. 398-434
Published by:
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/106498 .
Accessed: 04/11/2011 14:11
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JOSEPH BANE59

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SIRs

th@?erfeaI4loa
of 1ny ft41etlds
I beg you wouldlay
befbr@
the:RoyalSocietymy late obServations
01w
Phlo

gSo and alSo on the -feemingGonverJ

on sf w-aterzenZo
airs
thoughTllaveby rlornealils
dene a11that I llavein v-ew with
t-efpeAto thefefuligeds The princifpalfSsareXI think,,fuf

fiC;ently
atScertatlledX
tfhough
Xdo notplefumevto
giveany opiZ
RiC9Il with refpeAto tile theory
of thelue
I arzzSwlththe;reateItxefpedX
&ce
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X pr1t;a T) X783.3

L)r PRIE$tLEYtS edgit7e#t3

E?t#aBN

tS

hH28s

&26

399

ExperietZstvlalingto Phlogn

THEll:E are few {ubje2Sv peJtlaps taczlleX tllat haveocC;a

fiotledmoreperplexity
to c}zernzi[Es
tilantilat of ttloon ors
as it is foluetitnescallcdS tbe prgenciple
oMfisJGazrtzzabilzty.
It
wastlle greatdiScovery
of st SEIL vl-attllisprilaciples
wIwateveritbeSis transferrable
fiotn o1lefubRatlce
to anotEwers
hesar
kliffCrenl:
foeverin theirotherpropertiess
fucilasftllpllurs
srondX
anelalltlaemetalsgarldtTlelefore
is rle iSanze
thLugin themall
ButwhatIlasgivetlan airof myIleryto tlwis
fubje2S:
haslDeetl
thatit was imaginedrthat
tllis
filbRance9
could
not
13e exhibited
exceptill conalination
wYith
otherfiilJllances
and could not be madeto aIfulnefeparately
eithera fluidor
Colidirme It wasalSoaderted1)yfiotnetlaatphlogzRotl
was
fo fir fromaddingto t-hevrre1ght
of 130diesthattheadclition
of
it madethemreallylighterthantheywere beforeXon vwhich
ACCQUNt
theychofe to callit tSeprincgple
of 11euityw
This opi
aionhadgreatpatrctas
C:)flateit llasbeenthe opinionof mallycelebrated
chetniRss
Mr LAVOISI:IER arnollgothers,thatthe wholedodrirleof plalow
giRotllladbeenfoundedon miRakeX
a;adthat in all caSesitf
whichit was thouglltttlatbodiespartedsviththe principleof
phlogiRolltheyin faStIo llothitlgs
but o} tbe
quiredfometlling
X aad itl moRcatesatladdition
of fornekind
of air; that a tnetal fbr inttatlcetwasanot a cornbitlation.
Oftwo thitlgs,viz. an eartIlandphlogiItonS
lzutwasprobclbly
a limplefubllallcein lts metaIlicRate;and tllatthe calx isproduced
not by tlle lofs of plllogifl:otlor of anythingclSes
but by the acquifitiorl
of aire
Vot LXXIIIo
Gg g;
Tlle:
pritlcipleX

or

contraryS

ac

44tt

Fb9LWt87#(g
ta Pt^ors
t2 tESTtJEt S EtCrlaSe<;X:gSs

Dgt

oiSttniS
1>Ele
arE,u3atlet-;ts
in f1vot1Xo
WtCh

alc

tdarsvtl

t;^Oin

t11t

tfpCcivill tXzofn;

Opitli0t]?

'2&vpCUi.tCt-ltS

Of

:;4|4e t..zAJa)lSIER

finyfc35
:fo
SEl--Acit ;1 osvn I wwcls
i-wc3Wedy
t-l>v^l-d
1urgX>vva:b-XS
mllchinnlinetlto<ldoptitZ Db;ay-t
-Ll
u;rx2l
alnvayst-leldth.n.t
pEwlogitoul sstas the Iametilitig
nazy e:xpew
pRONTed -ttliS fl-om
xuabte
air9 atadhe ha-sftlXiCiCIltty
c35oftllersF
tny ossrtz
as sve11as thcJ4z
?zildoblerva-iotl)
3:d;dnota,lleN;-ev-l^)
alcedet:oit till ][ diiccveredit 1)yd;reRw
itadeterrmitatte
tXperitnents
n-a.de
xvjtll generala-t-<d
wilich haci
CQllUCrtZillg
a fubj-lEt
orderto afcert<wl
foLnething
lo S*UCtl trc3ubl
giVeIl
nyfelf alldotlnLers
theexperimen-ts
ill x-hlch]:hadfoutld
I be;anxvithlsepentirlg;
flint gars tulesX-gave
thatinEarntnable
e alfolbedR
and was in a greatmenIul
to be OWi11g to the calxof leadill tho
zz-hich
I haddiScove1-ed
aire As t1Rc
frotntiae itldatntmable
glalsattraEcing
plwTogi0otl
wasveryfrnall7tlloughI gaveit
quallt:ity
of airirlthefett1bes
refiduurn
in olaeof tE-epr(JC6{i@s WSls
tlsat
tsne
otl
I perceived
no marksof alcetlfoon
phlogiRicatcd becauSe
on
X I was t1OtX
pre:Cetltirlg
to it tizeflaltloof a fmR}lcutldle
of
andwas defirous
recolledionw
fa-tlS:Sed
withthis
Wittl
naorecareSefpeciallyasXin one
-epeaXtlg
tlaeexperitnent:
experinzerltsS
I found only a very
of the altove-nentiolled
airitl thetube1rlwllichil;had
s>3gmalLlybubble
of the itlflamrnable
snatle

on

tmel^clX3ry)

1>3K>i(3us)

are

ltaflaXn

14imetwi-s

viewsX

air9

tlaetn

as

my

lts.k

lmade

red-llot

ill

in

tinge9

capiniotwS

air9

conclufiorlX

beenL

heatedO

thereexpeX
itl repeal;ilag
I found9hosvever,greatdifficulties
air operatedupon
rlments andthe quantityof itwflammalDle
n r:hem
is Ilecefiarily
fo fmallStl<attherefultis alsrayslialJ1e
][ thoughtS
t:hereforeX
that throwing;
to
Inuch-uncertaintyO
the focus of a burningletasupon a quantityof poundedl
fiillt ,laSs Iilrroundcdwith iilanlmabIc airXor rather
9

o-n.

dnSzlpefSevnig
Casetffinof AYXer
;7Z

4a-

Xr

tta thealx

of leadalotleX
sn tlaefamecircumftances;
would
be a mucll eafiler
and miglatlarit-]g
rnenearerto
snyolUe&;and on makitagtlle eXpetiSGIlt it ituinediately
an
fweredfarbeyondmy expeEtation.
experiluclltS

Fol thls purpofe;

I- p:Llt UpOIl a pteceof a brokela
crucibIet
(whichcouldyielelrloair)a-quantity
of mitaitltu
orll:
of vYIIiclt
a11airhadbevllextra&Cdg alld placingit upon a cotlvenient
introduced
it iato a largereceiverfilld with itwflamlzz-a
b1ea1r cozllfi:led
by water. As foo11as tlle naiatrztn
was dryX
by tnealws
of thelaeatthrownUpOfl it I obSet^ved
thatit became
blacktatld-therlratlitl the form of perfedlead,at the fatWne
timethattlle airclimiaiffied
ata greatrateX
Xthe srateraSctIading
withi1athe receiver.I viewedttl;S proceX
with thetnoReager
and pleafingexpe&atiot1
of tlle refult,havingat thattitneno
aFxed
OpilliOI} 01l the Iubje&;andfthcrefDre
I couldnot tellw
exceptSby:adual
triaI Xwhetller
the airwa$decompoling
in tle
procfefsX
rOthatfolneotherkiI1dof airwouldbe leftXor wlC-^
tllelzit wouldbe alfiorl)eclf intaa. The fbrmerI thoughtthe
moreprobabIeas if therewas any fuch thing as:logiRon
;tllllarnmalule-air,
I imagiwedS
conf1Red
of FitSatlciIomethig
clfe. J Hosvever,,
I was-therlIitisfiedthat it wouIdbe in tny
powerto determitleill a ve1^y
fatisfahory
whethertlae
pwhlogifton
in inflammable
air;hadany-JRor MOt andif it had
whattllatbafewas Forfeeingthe rnetalto be aduallyre
fiaNt-

rnantler5>

vived,atwd
thatitl a confideralule
at the lime titnt
thattheairssraS
dimilwiffied:,
I could1lotdoul3tbut that the:
salxwasaAuallyfimlJibing
femethirlg
m the air; atldfi:om
quatltityS

its cieEtsin mal:ingthe calx into metal,it couldle no other

than that--t:o
w-hichchemiftshadunanirgopIlyg;;ven
the name:
of phbgo>Z
bgg

2
UrQ

Bt60

402

fDr PRIES1'LEY'S

relai>gto PhtogSar,

X4pFi7XSZ5

Beforethis firRexperimentvvas concluded, I pelsceived tllat

if tlle phle3giR0ll itzflatn;lableair lclcl atly leaSe9it -nufl: be
till therewas
very iracoIltiderable:for the pr(cefs svent
tllc rtCelverX atld
ealda.ageri1ag
s^ritho:Xt
to opera,?e
10O1z1
1lo 1m1Ore
siz

Otl

I t oulad
tnuch>tl.lXiC+\79 tlld 2;l- tla+>lt relmlitledw
froTntl:lsltill XYtsiCtl I began
tllatit czuldIlotbe cliftitlgtliflCd
fromirotl13y oil of
xvasair estz-ac-8ced
tlle expe^itnelltVEwit}l
that-rilislnflarnZ
ibl.tisfiCcl
I svalsrlleloefore
rvitl-<

csatnilailab,

prtty

vitriolZ

sJell

plllog,iflon3 for
lzcfoclWs
lnable a;1*cotlid lLlotcotltai1waiay tTlit-<g
at tllat titne I reducecl al;orlt 4S oullce meafuresof the air t:o
nve
r

to afcertclia faAof fo
\ 111ol4del^
of
fioma qvlaatity
caIefullyexpellecl
care,I aftersvards
greateiR
aIldeveryttlitlg elSethat could
nziniuma11the phlobiflol3)
Tlavea{Iumedtlaefolomof aile,:1)yg;Yit]g It a red heatwhen
txlixedwitll fpiritoitnitre, arldirnfnediatelyufi11lgit iN the
of
above,I reducedxor ouncemeafures
snallnermelltiollecl
airtO tA70. t0 judgeof its degreeof inffamma
ilaflammal)le
the flanaeoffd ftnallcandleto rllemouthof
bility, I preSellted
Sepa
thatit m(adevllirteen
it, atldobfervedn
a phialfilled
thoughw7eakolles(fi-Oppillgthe mouthof therateexplofiol-ls
explofloll)vlletl frethmade
aftereacT-l
pllialwith l:nyfiXlger
tlzadeorllyfour
airSill the famecircumRaLlcesX
flammable
ones9
tlloughItroLlger
teenexploi:iotls,
Inucl-l

irn;30rtance

str-ltil

tlle

w?itll

Afierthis experitneIltI couldnot llefitateto conclude9that

without decompofitions,
tlaisillflaminableair went totallyS annd
at tllattirne; alldif the necefiary
llltO tlle leadwhicll I fiortned
it will bethought
of theexperimentbe coxsficlered
azircumllances
Ihouldbe fo
tllisXtl-lereiBult
thatXeven adrnitti]lg
cstrnordi;lary
clear itl :fav-ourof
zAecifilvely

itJ

gorX in

the firkplace, the

greateRcaremtlIlbe uSedto expela11airfromtEleaainiumj,

?

aIld

of iWher?nf:Air
40J-:
A#dSDesMU]Z?C
COSFU/4JU4OS
atlyfioorza
tile
alldit tntlI}be uIed befbreit canhaveattta&ed
atmcxfphere
; and:in tlaellextplace thewateraifo(:acotafldei^able quantityof svtliclltnuR:lJeuiedyatld whicttsvillaifObe
as fiee frotlaairaspoflz
heatedill theprocefi)Ilaould
be xxwade
ble 1ntheSecircumftatlcesX
l-ladI iRutlcltIle fluallrefdumS
h.ve beetlph3ogiticated
o
of z oullcerneafures
from
; atldit svoulcl
1lot
sExed
air,I flaould
llothavebeenditappoitlted
have prevetltedmy colacluding
that tS>/tp08 svastlle t1ne
ill a combitled
RateiIz
thil}gwith inpawmzable cotataitled
ill challiad othercalca
rnetalsX
.uR as fisedair is cotXltairaed
reousfubllatlces,bo-thbeingequallycapableof beitlgexpelled
agaltl1nt le tormor alr
XzL
Afterwards
uXing
a calxof lead7svhichhadbeetlprepared
the farne
with the former7but svhlchhad remaitled
fotnewTeeks
expofed
to the airnI fourld,th:atwhetlby ui;tlgit:
of itlflammable
air:to XoS
I hadreducedt so outlcetneafures
thisrefiduum
wasphlogiRicated
air. Butexamitlingtlatsca1x
xct

to

-agrS

mallXtler

07eflelS
a
I found
it gave,by heatin a glaEs
air.
eonf1derabte
quantity
of phlogiRicated
Ihouldglotle teduced
to a
I muitobServe7
thatthemitlium
perfeEtly
colnpadgla of lead; forthenit wouldbe too reZd

feparatelyS

Ctlaat

fi*adoryto le eaEllyres7ived
1)ythis procefs MakinguSeof
olllymeltit; but thata co
lbmeof it I foULad
thatI coulcl;
the infideof the
piousblackfumecamefromit, and coalted
receiver:
an experimeIlt
whichI ffiallrepeatandrecotlfdero
I mull aISoolJfervethat the leadsvhichI-procuredzinttlO
from atly
abovesmeiltioiled
proceSs
wasNotto be ditapiIIled
airs^7as
all plocuredl
from
otherlead ancithatthe inflalutualJle
*

lron

.r

by 011 or vltrlot.

air froIn
woodS
I found}
WhenI madeuSeof inflallzzlable
that thoughI was able to reduce[ninillmwith itj,it
effcded
Mt&

.i4\Oisr PRISSTLEY9S
SIlddi1fficulty Fol4tyout<cemea5ureg
titne
rnore
svitll
keSewRed
>ofthis lsindof ;namrnableairI reducedto 25; vllen I fioutld
ef lrad,and :ao
that the heatof the lel;1sproducedotlly g/abyrs
and theae
Osevlc trtle air vas 024t;19 hosvevernilzxdatun:zableS
of itaXatMF
of fiXedait4 it-w ito This kitadl
finall Smixturc
%7{(18la
rea
flatu) 1:llaveScome
att*ss7t.ic1burnst! a latlbelw-t
rl<alule
Ot hxedairssfitlt
UIliOS
1on to l:llluk cotzLfoRs of ALlItltItllate
frotu3AzetalsTTJLe
wltibilts ofthe eJloJ9ve lsitlclextradted
tEwat
utla;icll1 tnadewith that lditidof
refult of ttxoSeexperina0;:ats
making
air which is colleEedin tile procefsfiQte
inflarvmable
A,.xpermez

rez>aZ@Sg

Zo

P/pXy/gsnb

aladwhichburnsRwitha lamlJent yellow flameS,

p-hof3Pll3rus,
airfron
svas{imilarto thofewhichI madewrith;nflammalble
svhitetqame
wltll a laml)-ent
whicllb-urns
vwoodX
re:fultsvi fiinflatumable I
Havlng hadthis remarkable
unmedlatelytrieda:llthe other lcindsof air in the farneman
.zerSlzut itl notzeof them did I procureally;tilzg fiotaat1Ae
a;r at1dvi
be1ideSglaSSOf 1ead7eXCePtitlL aSkaSine
nnin1Urn
ZirX,
aiX Ph10giRiCaEd
niTrOTlS
IN fiSeDAiRg
SC1daTrW
XPiO1iC
dePhl<,
21Ld
Ir}COLNmC3IL
flUOrCid airSSSAICO
Cid a;14S
XM3riI1C
FiiCaVCd air) I gOtI10meta1 ST ST1@II1vltrio3ic aid air theresras
and I haveobSelved
quarltityof lead producedS
1buta !ft-na:ll
thtlttllis kix3dof air itnparts a certailw portiotl -of phlogiRonto
ai-tSrtatler-lagit in fo4ne meafurephlogiflicatedX
cor;Ar<?O)
ti-loughby t-zo rl1eatls in 1t) greata clgreeas nltrousair TheuglsL
plllogiRotlX,
air ctttailllycborltaill
aiilatld plalop;tilicLit]d
:Xaitrous
experilalets to holclit too ob{tirlatelyto
lly
t}-wefe
ai3pear
t-l-*ey
thoughnitrousairquits
itlthis jprC)efs7
parr w;th t to rnilliurn
nireI siouldobServe7thattilere Were
readilyto refpiralzle
Xti/ca
I madeto reviere
ill the expfrtrnenl:s
nzepeculiarappearances
of ).irin wh;chthe attilnpt did
kirwds
c;f 1CadiritlaeSe
the calYW
atrS

:t10t

4OS
n of MazerznvoKr.
Con*erf
and:Se JreeBning
and lwotethe
not fttcceed;butI muRrepeatthe experimentsS
0
I reporttllem.:
befiore
lmoreaccuratelys
falzpearances
3[nalkalitleairIeadfeezlsto le fortnedfromrllemiziutnas
I thoughtrathermore
airg aIad
itaflamtmable
as z1w
readiSy
of
and 1lluRration
cntwfirmatlotl
fo; a1adtlliS iS -a retnalkatelein a
Epark
cle&t-ic
by takitagtEae
ill svlwich9
theSeexpet-itnetlts,
it itltc) threetiines as rrlucltc)falkalineait R I cotaver^ted
quatRtity
w-llich
, otl SCCOUIlt Of
pure itlfl;aLutnctblcn air; an exppritnetlt
t1lturt-of itv I have repeatedmvltlytitnesX
xtraordit-<ary
t:S>e
finceI firItpubliflledthe aCCOW'IlL Gt it, ild Al\VAys3 Wit- t1]t
f-mer-efult.
lightupon11QWEill sv1ach9
Sconle
a}i tIrosv-s
This experitnent
ail*I producedairon-stltil llitrcous
by fuper-pillogifiicat;-ng
experinaetlt whiclaI have
fmell of volatile
repeatedvith the fame refult. lUllerevivitlg
alfof^equelltly
of leaditl alkalitleairmayalSohelp tISto conceivehcowal11
aladto alkaltes7
vaidsIhouldhavcan affitlitybotlato phlogiftoz
fronz
to bethirlgsfoverydif3ierent
whiclahavehithertoappeared
thait
it is probable
eacheother;fillce, fromt-hefeexperimentsy
of thieother,or a cotulina
oneceEthetuis folnemodtfiicatiorl
elfe withrtheotherOTo tracethe cotanect
tionof fomethi-ng
is a cu
principles9
betweenthe alkalineand inflammable
tiOll
perhapsxlotbe
xiousfubje&;and fromtheSehints it
it to advalltageeIt is evident,hosv
to profecute
oerydifficult
thatallialilleairis tlac
e-ver,fromthe followingexperiments,
the moretitnple;
atr,or j?hlogiftotl,
andinfl-ammalDle
cornpound
of tlle two.
ilubIlance
a-irI gotn by meansof
of alkasline
meafures
From52 ourlcer
iothatsvasdifEelved
grainsof leadSbefides-folne
I7
llth-rgea
themercury,by whichthe airwasconfined Thereremairle
to be plllogiRicated
wlalchappeared.
22-ouncemeafuresb,
itlc?ieecl

firotlg

allSalXin

a11

rnayS

air9.

ata.&s

AftertnanytrialsX I thir:tl I rnayvetlture to that an

4 6

DJ4PR tESTI,EY S Expvt

a2aazfs
reltzr.gZoPhWorX

atldtoTlave
two hsedairill it
At anothertitneSill eiglltOUI1Ct
meafures
of alkalilleaito I g+ot5 graillsof lead beficles
svhat
svas diIlols7ed
itl the tnercuryuhich feemedto k a gooddeal
in plOp0ItiOt} tO it lt WARolzIerva'Dle thattilereremaitwed
in
tl:ais
procefs33 oul<cetneaIilres
of plllogiRicated
witTlollt
any
llAiXtUrt Qf fixedair:ttz eltotlgh
the maillcotwhichI uSedat
1.t5

this time gRA/rtby heAtonlr a gooddeal of pretty pure Exed

air t:I>l^ltie
experituet-lts
svith alkalineair svell deiServe
to be
efuleds al;ldI fi a11not fail to de t ata properopporturatye

T-3[avitlg
tilusproduced
leadtSw itlffatnmable
alr T proceeded
;11tnyattemptsto reviveot}lelX netals fromtheircalces1)ytle
rarne meatas; RndI fucceeded
s7ery with
bifmuthand
filveri tolerablysve11svitll copper irotlS atld regulus of cor
balt; butnot at all utitlaregulusof atltitnorayX
regulusof ar
iClliGv zirlcSor the tn&:tal
of rnangaefe
I wasdeElrous
alfoof aScertailwing
bythisnweans
the fav7Ztiey
of phlogiRotlthat etaterslnto vlhecornpofitiotl
of the feveral
3metals
n loutitz thlsI fotlndmored;fficulty
thanI lzadex3?eded
^
atldthisalofeclieffyfrom-the alIewance
thatwas to be made
ir the inflamluable
air wll;chE
etlteredilatothatpartof the
caix whlchwasonlypartiallyrevivedsatldit wasllot ta:fyt
revitethe svo1e of anyquatltityof calscomplete1y
\\?ell

OULlCtof

tin7

leadabSorbs
IOO OUllCO meafures
of lnflammal31e
airf
orperhaps
fomethingmore; ioritlotlerefultit Seemed
t{>have
Xubibed
ill the pro?ortiotl
of to8 OUIl(:DO
lBeAfUrtSo
f&nounceof tinabSo*bs
itlflammable
airill the propottion
of
37*7outlcemeafures
to the oUnC> H ounceof copperfiwoln
ve-rcliter
abSorbed
+O3 ottnce tut;s{ureS; froma folutiotl
of blue
vltriol precipltated
Ibyfalt of tartarS
andai-r-\^7ards;
madered
hotwitll fpiloit
of nitre 64O; 1tutfrotzlblut vitrol it:felf9O

vL}$zhBj
Jensstazg
CG}ZT'6rAS
6?FX
3gL1//S
Z6SZA
ArE

43 7

out1Ce
meaires. Ill thiscaCeS
IlosvevermUcil of tl-ltil:lflarn!
mableail svet1tto tt1C fOrlMStiOlI of ttld:E:-0VitUiQtiC (;cld tt<e
Emellof svlwicil
urasvery perctivable
ill t1-1e
cotlrSeof l;heexZ
periSnellt:
ThecoppertIxlat
I rnade
itl tliS
waS brittle7
ancl
tilerefore
Seen-wed
not to be perSeEtly
tmet:alizecl;
butbeitagftlzed
xvithborslxit l)ecameperfeRcopperS
alldXas I thitlk)svitholXt
anylofsof sveight.
BXftn?th abSorbed
itlflamtnal;le
airill tEleplOpOl4tiOl.l Of 1 8S
oulleelmeaful-es
to the OU11Ce. TEwe
cals I uSedsvasa plvecii
tatefromthefolutiorl
of tI-lismetalin fpiritof tlitre4
: Aroz
I got froma precipitate
of a foltltiotlof greetlvit^iolby
falt of tartarS
moiftellecl
vvitllfpil^it
of llitre,andexpofedto a
air9

\679y

red Eleat 'I5laiscalx abSorlDed

ill the proportionof 890 oullce
rzeafures of tile ilaflammableailo to (51t1
vunce of iroll,, W}liCtl
was in the fo:nmof a 131ack
posv(ler; but to ail appeartatlce
as
rRuChattraStedby the m-zgrit as irotl filtngse But it could tlor

bejexpeEtedf
thatperfiedirota9 colltaitz;tlg
its StlllproEcorLioll of
phlogiItoIl,
{laould
1)eproducecl
in tllis lmatlllerX
finceilaflanamableair may-l)eexpelledfrornperfet irotl ill lthisvery
procets.
Silver I evidlelltly
revivedfrotna folutionof it ill birit of
nitrept-ecipitated
l)y falt:of
and alfo from lanoz
A qualltityof tl-islaRfubIlatace
alforled33 outlcenaeafilres
(f
inflarramablc
air; bt:t:I could1lotget ttil2Y C9llX 05 fi9V0l frOwv
tartarS

cCrnev

:firomfmal] graitls of tElepel4teEt

rl-lichsvasecliily
diIV>o
vered by a tnagnifiel^,and tltereiNere
I cotlld not S1Scertaila
tEle
guntltity(3f itlflanlmableair abSoobed13yit
rnetllS

SrnallglAitlS of reguluscobalzI producedfiotn

a11d
11ffarnLnable
air t.srasz
alCollted) ltlt I did zot e{lilnatetlle
quanvity
V(3t
zJairc5-

uLXXlIt

1--l91

11

.t

qUali

EXpb2sA77bSfis , ,>sf f g S.g /n a shA>

a>Pt
of toa-n>nefie
aItforbed
,<out1Ctmeafd>res
of ttl-

1)2 .. tst I E S a LFJ

Y

40,3.
Z

gualhtity

S-

RblmX>k(R-l)-Rv
atr^ 1)1>lt
t c0tz1d
t1O:t
peCtive atz;vtE-};tg
irli-tsvXcha
hs>id
tthb appe^Rr3laceo-t Illetal
1;Ct1t
I iontliIed I hV>at1aot heat:
;t-anf3--1l*<,1as
fo1 the plzpet-Cw
<>ldrxzixiSag
svitl-it i-Onze
cakiilwed
1O<
;ax o reDpensted the experivlmelwr)
whettthe7.ee
vva-s
ag;aillala-evi<
(>-1C->at
a9knio-b8
Toat
t tliz^,allditl the cotlrftof thatexperiment)g
fOt)t<.5f: th0u5glat t1)tt } ditlt
perceisre a SmIll @obuleof metaLw
Zifi/^rs
alld vzJ}nissve*eC3t11y
i-!lirlled io}rlaisp^OceESGv
Tht
me srast-hecctfev
svi-tllt1atglaSso-fvoZtizvont7) J2tlt tahO tXporinleilt

svas

attekA;cle:

NVitll

tiais

peC-uliat

fircuLnaTACe

tll-at

wCtt

tlwegJafslvasnaelt;ed
il1 itzfia-rulolzabl@
as it for9eKl itSelifinto-;
:neetllelilie
cl-yIl:lls
atol425tagred
iKlae
sf<
s?eloy
Ctlrtotls
rnata?aerS
though
licouldnX produceth-at:
a,lopearatxC-e
i) otherkills of air
ltlflarnmable
ait:beitl-$cleatS)yirx31)tLbeet
W-the calcesof me
thierel);y
thena is a; fuHicielltproofof itsX
corzZainZeoZg Nv:tSlat 1aS 1)CCt1 CCII1e4I
PIL1OgiRO}-1
95Z-Ll-dbit$S b-ei-lzg
abv
trlJeel
by t-km
vrwhout
t3ecolupotitiC)
a*p1
oof t3fitis
taXsS

ai1

revfiiz?i1lg

;;n

lJeing

notlaitlg

totoR

l)ertleS

isN

pblogiJ^ton
in te

for78

of CZZr73 uilles:

the-re

fhould-bei:olnethingIolid depoISted
f--o*ln
it a-tthe I>>lrne
tinaxeP
that tile properphlvgitlicp;Irtcf tt ozas abR)bt<;lor
Tth re;fpedto t-his 1Lcall otwly Cly thatj,3LwLJtlatrCourte of tlle experiK
ne<zvs,-:Idwd llotE
percti7euit-zy
tlailagof tlle kitaasl
o;for thollg;
:hA

;;zfemeof t-fleproceflestheresvas2, b1aClh fnz)ke T3ledUced+

ill
ot}:ersl couldperceive
tzotIlillg
t-utpar;lt
of tlle calxfublimillg*
*^l-Xld
cloudingt-wegl;fA. Q.I1tllis accoullt-ho;weerS1 could
prer@nd
to - atertaitl
tNhe wrtig;lw of tlle ilwflarnmable
air ill
tha calx, i as to prexJe:tha^t
zt fl-al
czeatuaired
at additiotlof
+veigtxtby beilagtnetallized>
wllich 3 ortetlp attlspred>
Buti:
we:ret p-oITiblc
-t:o-proctIre'1fo
5?elifedi
c:al) lao;parto WhiCil.
flaotl:lfd
rbeibliuled anddil'periedS
lzy the heatnectISa-rliiy
to Lic
trvaile
-a^$eof ux)the p:i^OCOfS7 I Otlllllot dlztlbtbtlt that tlae
gt4atltlty
XiOt

4oi

zno AirX
fe>-S-;,Snqpefotof A>Zazer
andt,@e
S

fuffixiefiltly

lvy it wouI:d

airitnbibed

of-izflammslU1e

gllalltity

add to lts weiglz.

of a twatule

atld

proofs

tther

Of SttAiS

irAlatiOtR

the

Befides

o;f itRalu

curiousX

fsEcttIatly

I had

calces,

their

fiom

nO-t fufficielltly
tlloughperhaps
aircor3tainit-<g p-hlogi{ion)
-nzable
to itsbei]gwhollyar1dfmplyphlogiSo
withrtIic&:
co-twtufve
atSeli;Thus: by tneansOfit9 I swtSa4le mjakephoehorzas
ilaall of wEflch
ad fiIpharitSe;If;
v1r,liverot lpAsurs
7Zxtroas
Rto

to he
phlogiftonis acktwowledged
of tlz<Xt
ie1asupot a <1uaRtt.y
Throwirlgrlre icTasof atI-1e
a

glady

and all rlle inflde

sviatll anSorangecoloured

Nvas covered

tlle receiver

had a ft-rOIlg fulell of plloblao)rusX

whicll

borles lby oil of vltz-*iot

calcilled

iotn

air,0 S;otne of it -M7-asabfiorlDeds

Sw i-lzflarnulabIt
of

is rnade

which

mfatter

ingreiliefnt.

prltlc]3al

rIthen

fu-ieRatlSces

wallted

Iulz-;Ihiwe

thatthelewas
-fatiysfied
the c:xperituttlta butl:Xsras
;Sltlats
beit3gaduallyfotemed
lXixietlt pt4oofof phofpllorus

to con:titlut

with

anere

rxlentielled

ulatter

t1we-vefi1

I fXuceeedezl n<uch

bertSel.

:betng ollly

fom

tEacglaSv4-

2 gt4<sitl-s ofT 3?I10FP11QUUSill one maXS

alJove7

svllit-e

S-11e-d witl-l

il

s durltlg

1)u1ui of ttwe atv ;remail,ed

-\of :the

-C>lleiurtl;l

ceiRo

at1*

tueafZures of vllis air ;Tfproduce;d

Ot1ct

I-l:l i

alkalil<e

the

?-ro

alld

Vt-l-li

flarne,e-Xa&1y
ilathe prOcers br XalsirlgphoI
Iike tllat -wllicllis produced
1 0
Pho ru$4
bura;Stlg;Nvlt}w

inflanz;ma131e,

N>ab

That
f thele
provedX
its bulk,,

fbe aty
that

The

tc) be

prillciples,
moIt

cafy

4 and

plalogiItotnl9

to

aluleE

tiz.
procefs

1 have

lnFake

nitrous

to

-howeverX

t-he

tlitrous

vapour

for cthis purpo:Le

IS h h a

farther

in propgtFion

I havie-rsow9

air itSel

Vevoden-ts

wis frlfficiWtly

as phlogiRon

as-;tnucla

lt mtwtains

as ilflamm-able

coIlRituerlt

ble aire

COlltAtAS :phlOgiR021

tI-ling
fWX1<

latisEa&;ioll

ither
two

tlltlOUS 2;

lambellft

a veill(3Ev

air
and

:fiom-

its

gilwflamtna-

isw l;o throwt

fiream

+t o
4$ireatn-

\\r]Lt

Dz->
tr 2St tzvs Bxperinents
trelX*sg
o PhlgXs:,

of izitrousrapezurltatoa lalge plwlalprev:tou0sfilleai

Tl i+wa-nte+able
ail Iw tTaintuant<Cr
Tli-*LOWS Aif iS 1ua1ltg
rTzeAd atlcl in g;reat
qui,sltities
X but
this llitfOUS V2pOtTf. iSh
e

tf)l

aJ

pre)duCesi

13y

tl-le

l*apiCI

tollltlOlzw

O.5 bifilluttl

i11 :lpil.it

of

Hi+I-ey

na;*tlich
1t tl-lefametitne proulutes a quatAtity of llitfOUS Airs the
e.SZperi-n:weIat
is not quite7uIexceptiona1JleF
I t-helzef)e
attexnpted;
t1.teIatnething itl tIa-eillov>>rillg
tnaIlSatr0

a quantityof hat I llavecalledaitize*Sted

caSeof
leadX wXnictl I firAproduced
bD7
unitirlg11itlOtIS vapour to tni
.t4tS
(itl
COiCuCt1Ct
,0 lsVlliCl7s; t rona
beinga red aad p:Osv
deryfubRanceit becatne
svh-teX colla;)adtS andhrittle3;
I piLaced
it upona ItalldX
in a receiverfilledsvitllinLRatntnable
air andL
52kiElg

tilitosvitig

of

tlaefocusof t}<eletws
Up0t1 Ity theresvasa dillalllutlotl
t]at inda1nmablealrXwhitl atnouwtedto about
t\v0-tlAiJ$t

of the
atwd
duringt-hlstltnt leadsvasrevivedfromthe
ca1X \eer tlaistlaerewasza)xnoredilmillutNoll
of tlle ail ole
revivalo:Sthg cab-iand
v;Ilattetuainedo
wlaeleX

tilen

exanaitlitig

the
fouladit to beall Rrollgly11itl0US atldX fio-1zl
tTlecir
cutm-ances
n sv}wclzit t>vas preduced)it tuuR 1anve
leen ior3zzedt
Som tlle nitmus va-pourconta-twed
in the calXXX
a-tIdthe inm
fl;lmmableairw
itl ttzereceiverZ:I:t1
orderto a>fiCertait:l
the puriC
of this xlitrotlsalrj,I rmixecl
iXtsvitil atltqualquatltityof cotaz
motl a;r?arldiottld t1Wa;t
tIzv occtped rlaeface of In33 mea
lvlrese Fre{hnitrous-irStmaden the uIual srayX atld tnixed.
with comazonaIrlTl- the fameproportion-:7
occupiedrlae9ace of
airX

Thts diffelenceatooSe
T1Ot Sernanyimpurity
l-tl the tli
tous airX,
ltut ota the nwixtvre
gf th@dephlogitlicated
a;rS
whichis a]totspelledt rotuthis calx1Zy
heate
Is26@

lXiverof {tllpl<ur
was procuredl^)y
throwingtile icus of tIae
3.ellS vlpoll vitrIolated
tartar i.Il itlManatnable
t-tirt
andTt appearel
e

to

5e peri2tY

+XVre11
irnat.
W

ta.a01ya.

Wir. - 4
the Socusof the lens or
La0:ly, to producelpltl?nvI threv^?
eartElelitl axl taosllosv
a quantityof oil of vitriol cetatained
ill a receiverfilled svitllia
it to clrftxlefs
reffeS,atldcvaporated
of wI-lichtlqeitlfde of tlle re
flamlnalgleairX:ita cotlSequetle
nvarmed
svhic?hu^then
ctiver acquireda whztith itacruftatiotl7
aladrepeatitlgthe prt3cefi 111t:ile
a Rlollg :Imellof ftllpl-l-ur;
Iwad
fame rectivervI was able>-this fecolld tirlle?to ScrapeoS
andto
enoughof the tnatterts put on a piece of hot
producethe get3tlitleblut fl-alueyas svellas tlle peculiarfmell of
dna7

tSefievt8Z'ng

of

Conveo-z

mfer

X X

a.-fo

iron7

rulplul.
tsN7C)
Witll
phlogiflcota
otl
01.3fervatiotws
I thallcoticludetlywefe
tnax;rm
all eIzcabli:thed
artlclesC olaeof wlwichfeetBsto contrasdiE

opinionof nzyC)\VIl
atnongclaetniRs;andtheothera fiormer
1)y
is illdeAruSil)leevxcept
clan1*conl
tTaat
iSaids
- It isgeilerally
a redheatfitlcorltadwith air. ButI fitldtilat it is perfe&ly
al;lfd lDy the Ilent of a
or decompofediya
deRruAible?
air; f)
burniilglellsaImoRsvllollyconverteditltQinflammable
that IlOXCtliL1g fElllAiRS loefidcsan exceedilhglyflnaIlquantityof
*nacvoX

ln very
vifible,exceptwlaetav
svhiteanzes,svhicharefe]>dc3m
as they flv
the fulawbeatnX
to;erof:s
theyhappe-tl
finalll3articles)
to colleAorabolltvitllin tizerecelver It Wouldbe impolElble
thefa{hesthus pro
to appea-ranee
weigll therlz;;bu=taccoralitzg
man5ypcsundscafsvood could lwothe fuppofedt(38
ducedfiXolal
sveiglltof afhesproducedby burw
weigh a graitl: Tlle glOeat
bTthem
itlg woodlill the OpC:Ll air-arifesfrolnsvhatiisattradEed
the airv The airsvhichI get ill tljis manneris wholly
frotn
ButSit
air iLl it.
withoutthe leaRparticleof L5xed
illflammable:,
svesllmadesor witIa
le perfE&ly
orderto thisSthe cilarcoaltnuLE

the woocls
fuclla heat as wouldexpelall t}le SsedairsvXlich
aiXM
till it yield ilaflamtnable
contaills,, and it tnuR l)ecotlt-inued
is I:ootlpl^oducecle
letol^tS
tuly whicb iIl a< cartI-wen
Brooda

4XX lDr.PRIFiS'rIJEY'S

E^per/;Ale#/S

relcting
toPlslo-iCov

\\rood or c}]arcoalg
ls even perfeElydeRludSible
ttlat;>
*>-efolvclble
ilwro
ituflamr3:lable
air in a goodeartherll
retoIt)atld
3 fis4t
tll2t\rouldabouttnelt irow It1 tlaefecil-cumilatlcess
tfrerallt11efixedairhadcorneover,I lzasefeveralttmescolltiz
rluedtheplofs duliitlga ssrhole
day)ill al1nvlaich
timeilaflatne
inableaillslaslten produced
equallyarldxsitllorltzlaly
appearatuce
of a tertnitlatiot.Nor did r srotldelfi at t6wisg
afterIeeiagit
wholly vatliffiilutoituflatnrlzal)le
air it tvcMa. A quatltity
o:f
cllal^coal
Inadeftolusoakg
vawd
weigllitlg,
aloutawouncesge1z-eZ
lslllygasrene a1Oout
fiveot11ace
tneafuresof iIldlalulualDle
ait itt
twelzre
tnitautese
The fec(3lld
al-ticlethatI thallnosr nzenttota
aSordsatz itlv
dilputableproofof tlle getleratloIz
or fiXMecl
airfiroladepl-llov
giRicated
airalldplllogiSl:onf
or inflamlual:)le I havefeve
ra1times
it as my
oariLliollg
tElatfiXed
faHatiovs
Juby6tanca,
allda modificato-l
ot tle nitrousatadVitliOliC acids
aly fotmerexperimerlts
greatltr
favoul^;lag
ti}<;lt
catlcluf<oil
X but
vllcltit was compoSed
of dephlogi0tcatejd
alralldphiogiRon,
rllougllmailltailled
by my fi-iendMr.KIRWAN' I sv.s f,lrfrotr.
l;eingfatisfiecl
with, till I wasforcedto corfiCat
to 1wis
prcotnf
ait4*

gisTell

it Irol:n

tny

a114

ORVI1 former

expexlmet<tss atId gave

is

I-witn
leaveto

he hasdot-teill his late eXee31eXlt paper OI) faleso

13ut:tI-lave
latelyhadtwo dilteEt
proof-s
cufit l)yexpetinletlt
The firRwaswhell, il-1repeatitlg a beautiftll
tsperiluellt
fil*R
xnadeby Dre INGEN-HOUSZ, 5ut Aritll fromevariations
I svas
hrig fonle{hRYillgS of irOtl it} deplllogifiicated
a;rconSIledby
mercury,by meatls of a lourtli1<g lel js 1L} tlwissvayI qickly
firedthe iron, and it lJulolled
<1Xvay
itla verypleaisng
lmalallelo
Btlthat flruckme nzoItWAS9 thatsotitie airthatsetnniIledX
,-(>otlfideratele
portiotl
wasl;xedaii tiloughill therectiver I laad
a;;(ztlZiXb
l)utt1-1e
puleRdeplllogillicated
airstogetller\N7itll t]lO
lnention

it9

as

irota s

3
air. TwouldobSeve,,
sroll,whichcouldolllygiveinflalumalJle
itfielfinto largeballsgwhicllapZ
ironformed
tllatthe 1nelted
alldwasIlo loogeriron
to bea merek
peared
the coITiZ
concernillg
to; put this hypotllefis
Afterwards)
prooi;I tnixeZe
alr to a tnorediteEt
of fiSsed
tueit principl>s
virrwitllredpreciw
oszlyLnflammatele
g;avte
v;*-hch
Xrotl filitlgs?
Azr.
of hzer Xazo
vad thefeem1ngGonauefon

+t

orglaJ2D

delrhlo
pitate svlltchI fatllldto glvetlothirlgbut tEselJul^eI}
glafsretorte
giltiated9a1sdwSletl10heatedtllelM iII a COated
{f fixedairviLl fOItlCApO-l^tiOnS Of
they gavez}greatq;uatltity
lJut
ly li-ne-Rv-lterX
abli30rbed
tere
whsh nltatettetl;-tssteoltieths

svhetlI tnixrdwit]
ti[ovreve-r;
J:Slad;
Ct3atC0ay tVllicll
^
ilOtl
fiorl:
producecl
otlly xlaflattlrbla5ie aXl* ttt-e
foundtos
tRIf
(f it re;Xwained
pas*t
oulyotwefol*tiettl
it srasblpure tI>at
re-6cluus

the

wtas

tnflarnmC1133fla

0t'

qilltity

fili!llgi

i-)oNvtitred

.0X-cdF

giv7e

<tir

fixedair svasas trureas tl-Xat

alJCorbey tatel*, b that tE-lisfrotachalkby og1of itliol
is generallyprectlredg
sv]-aicll
that thtteOtl;tlCt
It alpeatedtilxbtneof thefe
tneau-reS oi diphlOg*tfiicat:etvl a1:t got itlito tlle COtllp()ltiOU of two.
expelittlelz-tsX

red0pSlJecF
i- fised(air }9orale oanceof tTwis
ouilcemeailres
Klil*alldwlle]
tneai;lesd det}ogiItated
pitategave6ooulwce
withtWo OtEltlGES0 SU01t ifii'lilhgSx i.t gfitsrt 5011t 4<) 01lilft
znised

F wateT !O).
a-bIbarlDed
frxedar thatSwe-adua-llv
mestires-;-oiS
i fiad the i:Xae;p)
thratwas-tlfh;mttab-le.
fidesa reiiduum
];otiQ+stl NVh;Cll-

fEt(1'

1E;1}

alil w*11Cet

0-5

eatElt

of tE>

mateliillst

eachs}Xgot olllY hO-oullECe -tneao

oBe outllce-d
I u?Sed
Butzvla;en
t
tfitnes
rlxereflduun.A-torlwer
of fiX@4 air ttlcludiJng
:f-ures.
fiii]g;wof irf3to
4uantitefs
cTiirenit
haddiifemuxprortslasw-itil.

atldch,arcoa.l.
}

theit
al:llllOt C<3112C1Ufd5t

l3t)fiC1VLItlO{lSy\vitilOUl:

aklIlg

I+lOtlCCy

is a goodburl;
itw;pllfilofophy
xaia
illRrument
holrverywtalllulule
iI) {nay of nay
tuu> havebectlpercei-Vel
r]g lesso lZla;s;
6014tfJ,

+ 4 Dr. PRIE,StrLEY'S Erzmens reStg o PPlglcConX

irmerexperimelltS louttllc)reefpeciallyitlthtWeO
BVn00tEweru1eat1s
catl1^1eat
1)eg;vento fubRalCest vcaS or ill allyorller
h;tld of airleEldesattmofpllwriccll
S alXd withoutfotlae
methodo:lD
doilogvllis llo fuch experirnelats as thefecalapowbly be madeQ
l:tlwerefbre
cotlgratulate
a11tlle loxrers
of tcienceon tlaefcce
ful attelupt of WIr.P.eNkEERtV eSeCUlte {V CApit.Sl 3't) illarUrnellt
as lle tansdonecf tlwlis
killd. Sucll {piritedatndgerlercous
exer
tilas refleAhotlouron hilnS:Cjlf
aad oll o-tlrcoutatryvzltis olaly
to be sviMed tllat ssrecould 11avelell4ses
of a ftnallerIixe(vaz
fiom x 2 to X8 illclles diameter)l<ztlde
toterll)lyclleap fo that
they mightk13eitl more cotnazollufee All trwJr
experimetlts
nvcrerlaelewitll olle of Xz ;ncllesill diameter

_XM

Exper}Sents
tetI;g

theemizlg Xe+

hfer

gntoA<

SINCE mallyper{bns
haveexprelled
astrithto be acquainted
with the experitnetlts
i: havelately tnadeSwhichat firAfeemed
to ivour rlleideaof a converAn
of w4terxnto dir) but svhich
tertnilaated
ill the dikottet-y
of a
itl my opiniconllill snore
extraoldillarysT thallfubtawlt
t tlizeRa1 Societytlzereftlltof
the obirvattotlsI 11avealready1nade;thougla as yet9 I have
&y11o-meatls
l)eeilalJleto fatisClnyfelf {o Sllly as J cotlldwiiS
wltll rerpeEt
to IAtme
particulars
contle2edsvitTltlle ful)je&*A11
r<e/) sz7hlch
I fl}allfiatemay be depe1ldeel
upcta) but it is
proba}zIc7
that di;it-eIztpelZiot}s
;zla.ydrasv diS-rel<tcozv1?Wi0Ss
fiaS

2,

fi*OlM

andtkefee7ouing
Coozvef
onof tYateritto A4r. 4t 5
fromthem; a1ad
to mereopinionsI have never{hewnmyrClf
muchattachedO
Havil)gbrtmerlyoliervedfevelulremarkal:)le
challgesin fiuld
fufia3zces,ill confeqwence
of lotagexpofureto Ileatin glafsveflelsflermetically
fealed(Ofwllichan accoulatmaybe feell-:
in
fourtll
Of 1ny PllilofoplAical
I
then fortneda defigtlof expoflrlg
all kitldsof folid fuleJ}anc>s
to gleathears ill a f1lmilar
fl:ateof corlfi1aetnelltX
atldforthat
purpoSe
provided
mySelfstritlla caR-iron
vedel uthicllr coul(l
cloSeat one;endX
like a digeRerX
and of ftlch a letlgtla,that
otleof theE
elldsmig,-llt
l)e red-llot,whilethe otlaerss7as;fuffi
ciently ct)(31 to be h;llldlede
1>0this end theresvasa cock
cvilzed:ed
to (I tulDe,I)yrneansof svllichI couldlet off fieam,
air, ill allyperiodc)ftheploceI9*
I itnagiaed,tha-twhetlfubItances
coniL1Ritlg
of partsSorolatile as to fly of befiore
theyhadatt:ailled
anvconfiderable
degree
of heat, ill tlle ufualpreflilreoiTthe atlnobheresrerecom
pelledto beargreatheatsutade-r
a greaterpreffilre,
theymight
ailurne
l1e6^r
forms,anda
ut1dergo
remarkable
changes fimilarto
wlaatwe tnayfuppofeto be the cafessTithill
the lJowelsof the
earth,where9bymeans of {;lbterraneotls
fires,variousfub
Ilancesljealgreatheatsul1der
verygreat:
preIlures
>-I-l1avehadthis
butit rvasfo ill
ltrud:ed,thatI could110tmaketheuSeof it that I lhadorigi
l1allyintended I tllereforelately fittedul?fomegun-l)arrels
t
ixlthe fatne
andma(letnyfirR:
experimel1t
svitl1limeZ
expeding-that svhenthe fixedair, alld otliervolatile
matters,thatmightle cotltaitwed
in it,, Illotlldbe compelled
to
beara red11eatwithouta poilbilityof rnaking
theirefcape,the
fubRanceitSelf-mightu1wdergo
fotnechange, but I laadtzo:
particular
expedatiotlconcerningtShe11ature
of that chat1geQ
V9EJ
LXXIIIX
Iii
; I hadX
tlhe

Volutale

()lerVatioIls);

014

il1titumetlt

rna:ntlerX

Rotle;

fiotne

years;

con

PRStSTTjEY S 28dtZgdSfS Ywdkv.8gto Fffii7fors

6 lArs
wst- valuableteEelts
beetlX- ofietu a-voured
I hadXhowe>7er

AI
A

thlllgS ItltO *T.]w\VIiti]$$tONoX t(1t) 1 \;VaS

uta>xp>azd
esperiment hutI iund wntnss
tl-we
to t<X-13ke
et-lcouraged
pUttitl8;
ifOmk X1Cft}yX

b- attbttt atld1[team
thatur>)uid
irz;etttw;a to-^ai
li-{liculty
to anp;
S;rXM8tifhed
.ti llt >1tldCt410 gUtat a ptCrd
neigh
I s asnR>lltit>Jilitzgt-l&)ft idC-itStO I4>itX4
m1e3:w
hen 1A.e
t be 3ituXXae;d
I havetile T-lapluita>->yis
3)o-Vlllwood
of the
OfIliSytf1zthLttof tAktpolE51Tity
t-dea
a Iit<wilar
vtotic-d
ttl

AttrAt.T7

t < v

t11tit

icel

ii()

l)

fi

t } t

t.-} 8*

AA >

i.;

R-L

%zlaOre

t 1 t

1X

t2-

yi

t ]

1tl
Ibnae
cou(1 be
tTat if t}Ca1n
-Xtuto expeRt]wissHe tt-zoub77At
tile

(Rzrpear>(zilces

ot

u-OR:$kitag

tliJ

l^;Xad

tir-Ctzgine

I1eatffiiotel be cota-Vertnd
-naderedtworCothtlta]l ttS
ot}ter chcnge vould
;nto fel1ti)le1-1eattitl-er tI<isor Sc>ine
1Glte-3t

pCOl)AlUlFt tA1MstplRCt
lX)CX
1'2S

tIl itS

lr
C(DLl0ttCUltiOl

4 1acld<aRAft2S NCN73StO

to tzXyfotrnerprom
particu1adxr
lLed
LZ1t tO att>tldmwore
atwd
in
itu>fioz-)eX
t1atureand I began uXit-h
Of a t^Xtn1lar

ln xvhlchsvater
Of givitzg a redlzeattt3 lilme
to t11eeEEed
tt tnlglatpoiEoluly
tElit<kltag
cornlir1eclv
le previou{ly
o<ly tht3uld
thervatertitIS rd-hera
lmalsng;
havethe 1ametieA w1t:h
lIlg

rlXy

and mis
Accordilg;ly I took a quatltii y of vve11catciiAed
X-gwth it a littIc water o-Uto:5-Rvhicha11atv twadbeetl careSlily
limeS

carthen
in Xatn
I expofedlt grasduatly
b)XIed9
by 1X3X^*
wD1th
fupplied
as I lladleen ufually1;Xch
zerortS
by his>lovealadge:lle^ous
dtR1nt,uified
Wo0:D (uTho is as mucTx
1X1
his
of fcience as he ib1)yliis itnprovenzents
erlcou1agetnetwt
difL
arwy
OWS CUfiC>U5art)-not iSagi21I.lg t1AAt it couldIazake
ffiouldtectiveits heat
rewce svlzetherthe la:mefe p1*eparedS
glaXeProceed
of
ve-Eel
an earthen
Ifo.undthat-nothilagcanzeover
trag,he3weveri-wthistmat12er
quantityof sGrs
xrasaggreat
butthatutlaere
in theformo5J9Mvt7ZS
aadlat
6JfthewaterX
t;tuesmorethanthe 1)u1k
laundredi
-feveral
that
5
to

Rrotag

llent

XTE9G

retort

ot

ill

ircatl

or

X w"/-^ + 7
f ArmZ
O fiNrCd AiZ
pr-oportioll
therewasi:l it a confiderable
that tituW
hadtlOt been
whicIl 1 lmagitlednuighteitherbe tlwatwtlxich
of fome
be comp-oWed
or 3mxg:ht
beilae>ifficierttly expeLled
in the liluesalldthepureratrthat
eontai1wed
rnatter
plllogifEtc
tl1atthe
bythewater* fbrI owrlI thellconcIudetlS
svasyihelded
Aefer}Xzg

and

C>tverJWou

<

the fixed air was txtra2ed

air wIlichI get (and whichSxnthel1
frornit srasfuch as-a candlevould JuI}birt n) carnefrom

of
thewexght
asth fomeof theproce-iSe$
efpecially
the
theairI caughtwas ve tlearltrf;f not quite equalto that:ofX
waterS

a larg;eglafs ballxtzbetweenthe
the watersatldltlterpofing
that1tremailled
it the air, I obServed
and the recipietut
5rerort
periStly coo:landdryduringthe svholepr<efh and liveral
Cedin
cotlden
therewasnot the leaRltnoiRure
hoursafterwards
of tif made
prod-uce
a-quantityof another^
it I alSorecei^7ed
vlewedit w<tuthe
in mercury}a1<d;having
n this 3ma1lzer
greateRattentlotl obfervedthat att;erfevera1days,it never
the leaRmos-Rure.
depoEltd
litneRot1es^7iththts
3Ethetl calcineda quantityof natura1
and found1R0
in the famem;alwner9
interpofed
$lafi 13alIootl
s

but-orllya1rto come Som 1ts t:houghtlle Rorleis gene;"

to contaitl water Ru-twhel1I vlid muchtnore
rally fiappofed

taterS

waterto the quantityof whitingor

thatwhal-fan o-unceof
I alsvayshadfotnewatercome-overy
lilne alovementzoneslf
to t:hequantitymadeuSeofO
thoughverylittlei:nproportiotl
iA
therehadbeenally10ffisI didt1Ot iil to-exa1ninesvhether
the weiglutof the litne, or whitilagill orderto determine
hadenteredilltOtl1ev
fubRances
atlypartof tllefei:blid:
wl1etller
o:fthe all, lzutI {i)UIlld tllUCtl diffiCult lS wEighillgt
cotnpoftiol1
rethemoutof an eawrthen
aRer-ffiaking
with exaAlael7S
thernsntowhich I couldx1otSee aild to svhichpar-tof thHe
much
not obtait1
fo thatI cou1(1
oftenadheredg
earthylnatter-s
therewa-s
tisfiAionevewwI1enI brokethe retort J3eSides)
a wavs
IliZ
tortS

8 Dr PuT

+X

EiSPrt- BYS

Exper1X8nSsre/ttmg n

w>/SzXIl4ara

alxra;)rs
folue lOlb of t1le ealtll IL1 ttit cloudinefiof tti aAS
nntlaenever
ttweprodulSiotl
of it svasrapideIraa tw1ture
precefiI
11ad
abtltldatlt
prooftiat tEleairdidno-tcornef}^otu
ataycartlay
luat-ter
svitll
wlaicil
the
beetlconSixaecl
LI;therto
I tladno ideblbt-tthata11tl1atvvasaecdaryto tI<e
coI<X7erOtl}
as I cotlcluded
it to be of waterz11t-o
alrX to
;ive ita redlleat) witllout wthicl-l it svouldI10t QUit tlle calca
touseartl-l;atadI imagI2led
lzyt:hislmeatls
the Illatteror priXcipleof heatsvasfo illtimately
cornbilled
withitnasnotto beIe
pal*ated
fi-omit bycooling7as itl the cafeof IleatmeBut IS aswell as all my frielldsX
sras a lo1agti.ne uttetlydtfcollcerted
1v7pOIl
fiIldingthat whetl T put the Whitill g 211d water illtO a
coatedglaHs
retort)the watercameove1^
iIl tEle
fotom
of tTeamS
andlittleorIloairsvasproduced TherefultsvasatfotI-lefame
svhenI nzadethe procefsin a gulz"lJarrel,
ilaa UJo;rcelairl
retort
c-ln eartlletl
retort
glazved
iratileitllide.
tIlat t:T<e
eartlllaadnot loR its property
of doig its partiLl
tlAehutineltsS
I foutldby puttingluorewaterto tllelafale
sz7hitlnb
utthich
fladSiled in tlle glatsretort9atldwllicllhadbeelluSed
-Xolefs tlwlan
four titnesl)eforeSand thetl hevating
it in atl
eslrtlleil
Xetort
n s^7Elell
agatnit gaveair only) alldrzosvaterthe
srater

lanWd

\\T98

or

ewven

fatzleaS
4tr

\\'t$

iuL

hetO^eO
ttly

t()

And attllis tinaeI obServedS

that pal^tof thebe d;Rillguiffied
frolnthat of th-eatnofpheree

CatwtX1et
expreEs
lalyfttrprife
at my ullexped:ed
failurewltI
t.t1O glSS
rCtOJ*t t 9Ild -tBy ipCCUlatlOIlS
(:)Il the fubeAsvetoe
va
ricous,
but at that titne ealtogetller iilefFedualAJ>motag
other
thil3g;S ]1;1t
occurred
to .tMe tllajeS
poIElblya
foulepllsgalS etlkler
sotwtained
ln the tarthet-l
retort
or-cvnaitlg
thr6oug;I-l
it (theugh
3:couiclnottellhovwg
oron wllatprinciple)
fromtI-leErelnight
be necefiary
to watel^aiwd$11 otiler fulailcesS
aSutningthe
te3rtn
of a4trs But ^vvhen:
w-itlltllis idea)l put lpiritof zvlnea
j

o-1y

Arv
of 2S7t-l6r:Xato
fc?emtg.Casverfin
vvd tEua

+ ry

thefe
to tItelime,,I got notilirlgfiro;tm
oll- ol iroll-filitlgs
ail^frou
l)etdesRentuatd itlRarnInable
itl glClfS retorts
cOtltELiTlillg plllOgi2Oll
tleSefubRatlces
of
fI>Ilatthere sv^*s
s
the-ai>t
producecli
svasmadothtt lleceIlXtritly
retol^t
cartllern
svhellI pottaclda- b^roke
fucceedilwg
Inix

tures

tl-le

of

decof:llpotioll

irl

llotlairlg

tile

tnaterials

tIXe-

uZllicl}

\\rElS

er7iclellt

IlOt

Iny

fiotn:

of glafst
itl
-laixedss7itll
itS
ad 11eate(1
verytuucIs.
of airdepelltS-ed:
tllatthe produEtiota
Beillg f>ltisfiPed
I tlloughtof utixlgthe retorttlly svith
upotlthe retortitfel:lE,
waterX

retortX

otwe

andI
fubRalace;
butsvithout
i'or svhellI puta fizlu
my expeEttcltiojn.
ir beyoaldX
it {Llcceed
to
andetldeavoured
quailtityof svateritltO oneof tlzeleretortsX:
ounce
aboutan11ualdred
I neverfailedtoprocure
diRtlit getat157
of air; atld tllis I coulddoasoftenas I pleafedsvith
1neaEllres
air
the fameretort,andwttlloutits long anyweight> andftheproduceditl tlis mannerhadnes7er ally portion of Exetlairin
it, aIld was always but:very little inferiorto that of the
armofphereX
thatverylittle of:tllis ail:
Ill all thefeproceSesI obi:erved,
orea3*tl-ly

al1ylimeS

waterS

foutSlc

tllat couldbe pouredo-utof tI<e

Ltillall jthewYater
was procured

was
itl the produce
retortwas evaporatedfor the differellce
retortto the firequitefullof
verylittle whetherI expofed;the
of wateri1a
water,or withouly aboutar;outlcemeafure
fora IhorttitneXalldthenpourw
evenafter
lng outall t:hatI couldfromit fo that it wasonlythatwater
of the retortS
as it weresin the p>-ores
which was entalagledS
of
unitedto thefllURance
andwhichhadbeenitl fomemearure
of atr
to thisproduEtion
it,, thatlladcontributed
it9

letting

it

remain

full

lue aremade
itaforrns
WEDGEWOOD
Thefe retorts(whichMre
plpeclay) are
aldof burtlt DesTonIkire
of: a mixtureof freffiL
tlloughs1otto air; fo tlzatwhlle the air is
to waterX
perYious
l.reduced

44O

Dr;

PRlEStLEYS

to/7eH089
Eerincen-tsreAatzizg

the1fleR
the
flonathatwaterwllichhasetateled
prod6Aced
ill the foXneiSa eopious
its eScape
vYSllytualiitzg
;s forutiwle!SS
fttele otltlle outSde It wasevidelltly
tllat air Ou1c1
the 1asvsof hydroRatics3
to aV11
atldcolltrvlrsT
po*eJsf

irnpolE1lDleS

houreverS

poresby svlic}lth-esvatetOL ReRM svase>(caz

c)-terbv t}1e1atn1e
titmelthalt:tFsendeavourto forceits way
XO) awdat tIte;fai-Xat
t
a couE1derable
luch tllat it OveRcanlt
out of the retort
wtas

at tlle tnouthof my rect

of
Wotn colurrlll
{iRatXce
pores
have esteX tIlroughatayulwobServed
picRts Airxatlgllt
and lf
but tlorlecollldhaveentetedthatway:
in ttle
elzeresnclstne leaRfetlfiblecrackiIl anypal4tof tlle retort::t
svas lleverableto colle&anyairat a11s
{hewthat it
perhapsf
13utti1-e fblloNVing experime21tS
of airthatReanzcotntilto cow
fbrthe procluSiorl
sIS fufficitut
a copperRill atld
taA svith1ay fufficientlyheatede Betsveen
forairaI in
tuv recipietlt
sv;t1a
the ,1afs ttlbecommelaicatilg
n andby meatlsof a ftnalf
the Itemof a tobacco-pipe
troduced
part of it
furnace,I lept abelltthtee itlchesof tElerri1ddle
the svaterboilft
ltaeS rnaking
It1 this
re-hXe
nederfately
receivel thoughmixedsvithReamS at the rate
unifiortnly
for tnorethan aa
in twelve minut:es
0f Sve oullte mieafures
butReatntas dew
hour; butwhenI let thep-ipecoolSnorllitzg
TIzere\vA5no fiXedair-in
llveredby it withoutanyait- at
wouldhardlyhave
and it wasall I;lchasa ca-tldle
this produces
it. It mightXI thouglathave beetzbetteratldalfo
bu-rtled
Btle
if 3 hadnot uSedthellem-of a folitpl-S)ee
itl quantity
snor-e
I did t-ot find
when-I uid a cleanpipeitl the fime manner?
from
thlsto al4ife
the airmuchXif at-a11iluprove-dSufpehi1lg
ln an
tlae-llearicontaft of tlle fuelg I ltlcloSedthe tobacco-pipe
tarthentubeyalld l;hetlI had a;tas goodas I had gerlerally
svatbrS

tI1e

retertX

tnayX

airS

allO

get.

:Air
of :[<ler :Xxtgndtte /Ser'ngCwtoe-Z/ToB

4z,l

tllatof the
worlet}la&<
Ilot;much
-atl-d
re--tort
got:intheearFthen
atlnfofrhere

rvas that if the outfideof

I o13ferved
circumRa1*lce
A^nother
svhic-l}
tlnrough
the watelor
colltaitled:
t}wesredelsw-hich
to it, was llet
the leQtiltitC sheatsras:apE>1led
it pafledv
itltllofeCiRCUllll
goodair(ffio;r
nTittl
furroullded
dryXor per}<aps
differsfi-otnthe p1eceditlg
expetzi-mfellt
Rancesthe olloutitlg
didnotfucceel.
ones)the expelimen-t
WhenI put t-lleballof anearthertlretortSfilledw-ithnoi-Itandappliedlleatto it I get otllya
clay, intc)an irondEeRerS
of a Emall
verylittlefixedairSwhichwas probablycompofed
fromthe tnaterials
to be ptoduced
quantityoXfair beSgintlitlg
that comeoverbethe
airfroLn
alldiwflammal31e
air from the vefi;l
at laR illflam-mabIe
{;deswaslleam, anLd
fiem9

sfirlactl

^11

07@el.

tfelRff

13eingnowable to proctreair by meatzsof waterin this

tZe rbywaterolllyin xtheearthenretort,
methoiJS
moI}iRmplewithgreateaSeandexadof aScertaining,
I hadan opportullity
t heprocefsX atl(l of obneX, feveralcircumRatlces
thatI
to:the conciufloil
viatiilg?as I thovlght,fomeo%*-ed:ions
haddrawnfrotnit. -AmongatherthirlgsI i1 tisfied my
nothingat a11 to
Selfthat the eartb tf therert contrilJllted;
:ir havinguSedtlae
this prodtldriota of airs 5:ut the waZer o4:
relatitlg

to

fame retort till I had got tfiom;it nearly atl ounce weight of aifr,
I ibunaltheat it hadIlOt 1d3:ffo-mtlch asor S-ooouncemeXaI;ure-s

juI}
it ssttiglled
grailaill weight. Afterthe firR proceEs
fit<-gle
to weigh
it c0X1tinzue<1
threegraitlsmore-thanit didat frR70fand

of
proceIk.This Snall addition
the fime till aEerrthe
:of tlwewateihav
havecome:froma 1t-ttle
eafilywelght-migl<t:
imbibedby the necl of -theretort w}Afere t-helaeatof
witig lzeen
wele over,,
a11the-plecetSes
not reacllit> Wherlthe:firecor-llFd
1 kept:
Xla0

Do>.
va TESTLEY5S
Phlogiflons
I ke}ztthe svholeretortin a redheatforfeveralllours,atadtllets
ioundt5zatS
befldeslofizg thoSetllreegraitls it weighedeight
gl aiNS lefsthallit didat SrRe
Befiore
tllisI 11ad
foulld9thatthe calcinedvvhitingwhichI
haduSedill tlle firilexperiluent
cotllclllOt9 AS fome fuppoIedS
attraEfrolntlie atmofphere
a1lyconflderable
part of the air
+zz

Experi7nents

reiZaZing

to

wvhichI get frotnit, after cotnbitlitag

srrater
svith it: f<)rtsvo
outlcesof tlle ss?hititlg
(which vn7as
tlle qualltitysvlaicEl
I gelle
^allytlzafleuSe o<JdicIllot attraE luore thall eigllt graits of
W.llyvl-aing
rw1wetl
it s^ras
expoSeda sstholedayiluan open dffi

tlwougll
it hadloRmore-thallhalf its sveightill caltixRatiot
It hasbee1lilnaginedbygfovue7
tllatthe air which I got S}
tilcreearthellretortssrasthatwhicllhadbeen-attraded
fjo.-xl
tlle atillofphere
loy tlle itlfde fuloface
of thtlaloButslJefides
t1-latlsoaircoul(leverle produced
xvithoutwaterst(> oluviate
t.ltS O5gtaiOI}
[Moreparticula^lyS
whell one of tllefe letort)
v6ras
giving1ts1aLQ
pOltiON of air I ilnmerSed
the tmouthof it
@XIa
a baSetw
(3fwater; alidlettilig it cool itith-atfituationS hiled
l agaiS
sstithouta-dtnittillp;
ally acceEs
of ait to the infide, axld
3ret on repeatiligtlaeprocefswith it, the airsvasproduced
juI}
as freely as before. tRlaisoperatiotlI repeatedfeveral
If it befaid tl<atthe otltfideof the retortattradedthe air,:Ltill
the ir3fidelDeing cotupoledof the fame
tnuRhave:
attradedair alSo; atidit svouldhaveappeared
1)ythe aScelltof
the waterfromthe bafotlSt;heretortbeitigfufficietltlyimperZ
titilesi

tnaterialsS

0f

SlOllS

tO alro

3ByIomet

iInaginedtllat eitlzerttle air itfeIftllatI

procuredX
or at leaftthepowerof the retortto colltril)ute
to
vlieprocludiot-}
of itXwasovl1aglto1omethirlg
that wastranC
Swittedfrotuthe lurningcoalss but svhichcould aot pafs
*tlll<ough
glafsor metals To deteltnitle
thisxI took eartllea
svas

atl

tulJe9

rvedRet*Ontls:

W:ir.

at-znto

4oJ

..

atld putting a
iittle water ill its placedEitSfurroundectwith falldSitl a glafs
alfo utitll falld, in atl iron
v-eflelg, AIld tshis again:,ffnrroullded
o1ze; and ret the heat traniinittedthroup,llall tllefe futbllatIce6
witll

hl6efl -X35the filmne compo]tioil

t}le retort,

enal31ed

+:the -eat thell

stub.e

to give

air5

itl tile

llle

::prOpOI tiOtls

have dolle if -it had bees

X6 it svouldL
and of the ^fameqzualEit->
expofedtoltLe;llakedfire.
airs by tne-atls of a *vater,it} a very
Havirlg }low;procur.ed
fmple andXas I thoutg all ullexceptionablemallner,,1Xxilh
proportionto tlit xvatelcmr
to makeit in greaterquantitieso1-1
ployed , atld:for this iperpofeI firIt thouglle of itlcreafitlgtl-le
fige or the thicknefsof the porousretorts; but I thougllt it migElt

astwellizftpUt illtOthe retortS illpowder, tlle tnaterials

atlfwer
famekzilld.
oftEle::
made,;
orotherftlbRatlces
d whichtheywe-re
flintalldclayill statious
jgloullXd
I)y rnixing
Accordilglty<,
of airmucllbe
tilequalltity
itlcreafed
I prefently
proportions,
It1 the firIttrials,inssllichI lladmucl!
yerld my eXpetatioll.
failedto Sget200 OUIlCCmeafMa4$<
-alitticclay a Ilever
iint a2zd
Qftair fiOIn sOtlf tC)tisvater. Thellf uling tnore clay

lefAs

ane

flitltf I lwa.dvftillmorc air; atld at lafis leaving out the fltinst

---atldufllog clay otlly, I 1lertr EdiledXto get much
altoget:laer,
msole thaLl 400t arlcl genersllly bevtsveellSoo aald 6oo, ou1<ce
meafures of air frc>tnolle of svaters sYhicll vra$ abtut tlllee
:fourthsof etheweight of tlle vater;; allglill otle particularpro
.

cefsI pl'OCUrCd velylittlelefsthatlIlinetellths ot theweiglat

lnuclllefspurethan
wasnVever
of thevxteritl air,atldtl--wisXair
it couldI1 .e diRillguiffied
Sometilntvs
rllatQfth-.atlmoIWl-wcre.;
air; alldotlce or twice
atallfiorniitat all bytheteItof llitrous
thantilatof thgatmoIphere.
evenfF?urer
I thought-it
to putfo
it notcollve1liellt
thatI -fowldJ
iobServe,
1 lllUtR here
xnuch water to any quantity of clay as vrouldmake it.cohere
X olaenzafsSbut oI1lyfo nztlchas that it ffiorlldrtlnain it1 the
_"<

S0L.

_ _lrs*v

LJ29A11. .

^r

.i

i x,

rlom

424 Drs PRIESTLZYtS Bxperiimenes

relaxing
o PPlog0ton

irm of powder. By tllis meansit wouldeafilypour outof

tIzeretort;rhentheexperirnent
Thesveightof thewaterexpellded
ill this pl>edud3:io-n
of aiLo
I atcertainedX
in tl-we
moRullexceptionable
manner,
luysveigTw
sstas

over

lllg the retorteWittl 11 its cotlteiltsS

beforeatldafter the po
cefBvI fhallexplaillthisbYthercfultof tszro
of the pocedeso
f11orieof

tSwc
retortand tnoiItelledclay togetlaet lolt itx
\vCjigllt I OE. + dV^rtie I 2 gl-Sx ACS yieldig 74I O'ULlCiaIe:RrLrCS
oF ail^)svilicl1(l11tlle 3roportiC3tof r< graitls- te cal>ounce
meaSure)svouiLcl
laavewtejgtlecttS dui-ts.I: grsXatld CO1lCqut-1t1>7
thrpe-fcurtllsof the snrei,-ltof rllesvater
itl the otherpl*OCtfiS the Tofsof sveightwas I 5 d-tseI 8 grs
afteryielditig 556 c)uncemeaiuresof air, ssrIaicll
would have
weighed3ds-vts. zt grsO TloeproportiorsS
thereforebetsveen
the ^rsiglatof the air andthat of the watersvasI I I to s I 6>
tlaernX

or neal-ly

l<lle to telle

I-alSofioutldnosvstllatfo rnuchheatas I 11adhitIaerto

ap
plsd svasIleltherIleceIlary
norureful9 In the 1aItlnelltioned
proceXthe retortwas collfiatltly:fufpeuded
aboutfix iIaches
.

above a moderatecharcoalfire; at anothertinae more thatl

twSelveor fiiSteeninches above it where a FAHRENEI:RITxS
thermometer(3id not ibew more thatl 2 t o \Vith this
razodefrate
heat I got 465 outlce 1neal:ures
ijl the courSeof

abouttwelve1lours. Whel the retortwas-fufpendedwlthi

faxinchesof tlle fire, tlle airsvasgenerallyproduced
Xat the*ateof 3o ouncerneafures
in fivelminuteseBut a thernnc>3me
terSthe bulb of wh-ichsvas immerfeditl the c]asatS
tas flil:t
ol-llyatthe heatof boilingwatere
Itl al1 thefe procei:NesS
honvevers
therenas evdenty fQ1X
lofs of water forXexceptingtlle firfltexperitnenb
s.Vltlthe
lilne9I nevergot t:hewhole weightof the svater1XX
ailZ
) a$5d

4z5
the air lefo<cotltailaed
itl

and tAe JfetZXX Cotvf rfon a>FA;rGa/r&f/?tt '.

0lttnig,htbe faidtlautGE
(3nly
zthew1te-) tI:lough
hvo-1n
theIW
t;^}peritnetts
it al3penzecl
to c(3S1taitl muell rn(reair thatl it hal beentholugtitSszxpable
of cor
-taitlitg. t1fl{3
-Obv-iate
t1:liS
oVjeAin3n
I colitlivedto cat-thall the
<water
that -ekapetlthtot7ghtile pore,,6 of the /re-tt3lt
itl tIle -cvl
expPlle>el

'

10\vi L)g
ilaving;

n) allilOr.
put

l:e

t0iRtledrclay
lJ1 St] catrt-heIl
tluSe9to-Xvhich

I laadfi:tteda nc-ock
atwci
-a 30rig
tUit3t (by tnieatws
of -vvilich
I
<-Could
colleEta11ythW
Eairthat ccltntfrotnit) I 13t1tthis tstElill
glSa$

whxicla
svasclofedat the end
fire, but
opewat the-o-ther
end alldfo lo-lg that1 couldca{ilyknepthis
s3penatld grlitecool V hle;theothiel:vasitR the iEre;cotlSe
q;Ctlt^ly9
zsrhate-ver
wa<ter
eXcaped
dthrough
the ;poresof tiae
Qrtll!eil
tulSeit srouldbe co-ldmi<fEed
ill thecoolparLof t-tleiro
a1S-lsrotl tubeS

twex^t

tile

one tLkzswaterIca--refully
colleiSed and:alsrrays
fou*tid;tizat
tI<e reig;0Llt
of itS toge-ther
vxi:th-that--ofthe alrproduceditl tXhe
svas lbearlytlwatof tlle origitlalweigilt of tEle
water) eftimatedby the loEsvf weight in the earthetltulDe alacT
it-S CO-tlttIltS
I alfo foulldXthat tI1CX
water fo coll-edEed
fexved
for tl-leprsoduzAiotl
of more air juR as well as a-tlrothervater
tXperitneta--t5

fo -thattherehadbeellno decompefi>-tiotl
of l:hewater
in theocabSeO
InLthe laI procefstIaatI wetlt-tfihrotzgh
of tlliskirldgrtle
loSsof sveightinL
the e-arthen
tube, or rat1wer
of t-hesvaterCOT1zvhatesTer)

tainedlS1 ttg was I2 dwts. + gl'S. the air col:leAedras I73

ouacerntafures3which wtou-ld
llaveweighed4 dwts 3 grs. ad
the ta-teru7hicheIkaped
throtigilthe pore$viFtlle eattthell
tuleS
arldsvhichI collededXwas Ilearly8 dwts. 3 grs*; fo tfhatthe
5

ar aM this vratertogetherweighedIZ dWtsX ;X4 grs. or tetl

;rains morethan thG origirlalwater. Butas I tRitnated
the
weightof the wateroulyby the fpac-esvllichit occupiedin a
iKk k X
cylirxZ

z6 L)rePrIE$TLEY $ XperiE7Xea/!
telvgiSg
to p+Xs
cJ7lindlelca1
glafstulze dividedaccol@ding
to outacesandpatsof
outces of nraterfit svas not eafy to avoida trOr of a few

the-rewas aIl er1-O1 of a ftna11tsj3gL

te
ttldeot1tT:Le
other {ide0 13ut
it sv;11
aP1)ea-r
Isereaiters
ttant xuore
gUn-^lill-Se
9t t OttltIstilllCS

eScapedinviflblyat
rot1tUIetlt-1all
I was avvare OfBe
9atN

haXrt

Il1U

tShO

oTtICtz

t-noutho f

tla-e

coulctentet ty t;l-ae
poresoiFthLe r@to3Xt at the
iatme tine t11at tt1e svater was raakitag its elwape
out of thetn9I
t}aoubht I afcerta;led
pretty fatisfadiorily
I:>yRINmOrX;tLg thO
Tvulb
of it iw H}eRGllys COt'blinCd iN 1] iloll V6ffi@ie Il t11CO
- l Iant tlothiz<g

cilcurnItances
I olJtaiLacd ail
-.ifOrOlpial

as

uftlalXonlr the prsduce was taot

11 th;S \vayS! t10\vCVCf X 3l-ocured :at)oVe an htltldled

of airfro1nlazolRetled
clay atldI diScontzIlued
the proceiirvlthoutperctis7itag
awyterrnirlatioll
of ;t@ 13utthe
rnomentthe rerortsvasxaifedout of t1zeme1-c-vlrvS
1t gave air
threetitnes as faR as it lad dolaebeiSoreoT1Aequalityof the-nirwas the fatneXl bot1wcaSesSviz. a little s7(>Xfe
rlaa)<
that of
the atmofphe1*ee
I even colleEtedthirtyOv1tlCe
lneafure3of air Whell the bulb
OUt1CC' meaIures

of tIa@
fame retort:was iLnalerIed
1Il 1A0t lit-lfeedoils but the pro
dU&iOI] Of air gradually ceafedSatid tlle tlext clay I foutadthe
;retortaltnoR fu11 of the oils which l:zadfoaked through ita

DiRillin$thtseil I get 3oo ouncemeafures

of ail whollyitl
flal<-mableX,
excepta veryfewouncemeafures
atthelaR:,which
sVere

on1y

phlogifl:ictCde

Still hearitlgof lmatly oI)JeEtions

to the cotlarerfoon
of water
xltO
X
partic;llaratteNtio3.l to aw experimentof
M-r.CAVENDl:$H9S5 colacerningtlle
of a1r lnto
corljutlEionwitll inflammable
giro
AIwdin the firitplace ila ol^ler to lDe Diure tlhatrlle sra
>r 1 naght fXd x; tXe az1 xlrxr
ls really a coaIlituert part of
air9

nosv

gave

reXconverilotl

\47att

d020lnp0fil-lg

1Il

4z7

of 7zZer*arto fr.
te tref7rsgCar-;;erfn
v;ssrf

I
afterits formatiolla
fflf-andI10t what it mighth-aveitlabibed
air
alld itwflalutnable
of both dephlogifticated
madea
everjcomeinto
il fucha malltlerasthattleitherof thelnIhoulcl
iil
contadt urith l^7ater, receivwing thetu as tlley sveleproduced
mercury;. tlA.e forlner firom llitre, alld itw tlle middleof the
\vslS COlMC os er)!
procefs (10I1g afitel the waterof cryfiallizatioll
chalcoul. TIletsroliinds.
alldthe latterf;-otnperfeflcly-made
tlaelntogetherby.
by fis-ilzg
I decom?ofed
of airthusproduced
of sv-aters
depofitioll
explofil*andfoutldatnallifiefl
t4eeletotric
as if bothtlle ltilldso
ill tlle falue;aantit5*r
aIldto -appearallce
confilltdbvsvater.*
ar Ilasll)eeIlprexrou{ly
ofwater
of tlze(lt-latatity
tnol-eaccurcltely
II1orderto Jvudg$
it withtlle sveightof the air defo depofited,aildto compare
?ieceof filtcrilzgpaper,aIld
compofed.I carefillly
iil
tle lllf-deof the glaIssZeiScl
it agaitl,aIad1
xveig,lled
tlle air had 13eendecompofed,<
w1aicll-4
tlaesreiglltof the
alwaysfoutld,as llearlyas I.could
ty tl-le?a?e-..
airi them-ifiureacqpired
decompofed
t, ill the
;11tllis exl?eriinell
As tllereis a fourceo deceptiots
to adheleto-tl e illfde
melctll-y.vilicil areaptX
finalI;lobules;.of
t11?1)y tlle p.swrersvitll xvl)icll.
teV)
of the glaSsvefiel,
tlle izapervitll tlleInoiRul-c
ssreitlled
I fametitl3es
it is vip@do
qualltitby

ssTeiU>lacd

1laVitg

thetl

BtipCd

\itiloittall

jutlge

alibl

alwd tlle lmercur,v adherillg

place,

lvhele

lDetallietl

eQ it ; alld tl-lell exporlag

trlle vatelt lvoul;l evapolate,

t)tltlsottlle

it il]

svarin

naerct1ly,

Rillfotllld,as lleallyas I7cotlld:?retellda

eiglled it ag<-z alaid
t vveit,llfo fizaalla tn<tter,a lOrsQf sveigllteqtlulto tiate of +
to linvehad axtliwerbala1lcefe-r.
lzosveveI,
I sw-ifheA,
t?lefumpthe purpore:tlle lelilltxvasfucll(istt? (liorda Ltrotag
bIIlCt tlltrC6Ol-t.
B!lttrb
into
ss7asle-collvcl-tetl
ttotltilclttlle ;L;1^
bectav-ater.
thattilc olig;illst it 11ad
jt]v

ttle

;t-*

A-lotllcrs

4 78

Dre

PA IE$ T L EY $ XperiE7Xea/!
(

relvgiSg

to P+Xs

Atlotherp-eI5tlmptioll
ill f:avotlr-of
-thegeneration
of ttz<4
a.tnwoSphere
fiotnfwater wasX tIla;f
=the
-purityof tIseair that1:
pOiucix frotnit is :fo veryillcarly
the ramevwlththat of t$A*>
atmoSphereO
ALlcl
the-degree
vf lleatrequirlte
to produces
t
ereig,reateL
-tha m-aybegivenby the raysos
fun
cvitcvX-<l0;an^eso
Stll)terraneous
fites, laowever9
w0ui63
be >tStX<
,

it''t

tlflt

3!tl

C-81^63tt).

ciL1tlely
tvlfFicielltfor tlle purpoSe9as it appcarsto bw fuicnFiX5t
tor tI-e converfiotl of svater into refpir611)1e
airs tEat ie con*Re

and perhapsnzanyobher tarthyfub

StancesTl the fol*tzlof vapoureI muIt,hosveverS
obtervet
tlaats^7hetl
I threwthe focusof a burninglensupona quatltitys
of ^noiR
clay, titheria tacao, olsitzcommollairD,
1 got tao ai>
;frotntX
: 9
I tnadetE<is
experilnetat
lsotll
with tlle clay expofeclltu atit
Open dithnandalfo cotlfined
ill a ffiorteart:herl
llubteHad tS
then proceeded
to repeat
this1aRproceissvitll a commun;tca
t^iOtl betsveeXl
t:laeillfildeof the carthentube a21d
the external
air as 1 thellpropoSed
to dos l3tltwasprevellted2,
I ffio-uld
much
fooillerlaavediScovered
what I did afterssrardss,
6VtZe thatthere
131tO CO1ltAa

\vittl

cl9y

cot:lxJelfioll
Lofwater into alrin this proceSseIlu
favetlrof hic1)5, hosveverst ;maynot be amifs to obServeS
tElatthe greatdificulty Mr. zDztuc Satad
otlhershave foutldit
was

ne

1oCal

expellillga:11
air :fromw<ter9 is be{taccountedl
forOI1 the fupo
pOiitioli
of the gelaeratioll
of air flornwater,tlloughn other
ircuinllacestlaantllofe that 1 have obfe-rved0
I l-lave the
pleafure
to addXthatMt*.DE LUC hitnfelfconcurssvithme ita
s

tIl1S

Opllle10t16

the-diSicultytlnat Ariakes
tnallyperSotls
tlaelmOfi
foleclL)IyX
i&
the xvatatof analog-vltetnareen
the collverrlon
of zvaterinto air
vith hny oLheld
kRosvtlfadw:s
n ptliloSoplly
ox i nature Bv
-adlmittilg
that this coWe{1Oais e:ffiUded
l)y t1le iI1titMtO UIliOtl

rPtheJneatszag
Convefor
of Mater
28/0 Air
4tg
or wh-atis called;the principle
of hearwith the water, it ap
gpears
to lmeto be frifficiellotly
allalogousto: other changes, OLX
-atllercotntiiXnatiolls
of ftlbRalaces.Is laot th:e acid of nitley
and alSothat:of vitriol, Xathitlg as ullilte to alr as vater is
rlatirpropertiesbeilagas remsarkably
different> And yet it is
detnollfir.ll)le,t-hatt}le acid of itre is coalvertibleitltO tlle
a.lldprol3ably
by tlle uzliot-w
vf tlle fatz-XeJ
pritaciple
of heatj
It is trtle, vllatReamis a tluingveloydifEere]tfrOIM SX1, atld;
I 8fillcitElatit is tnotable to decompofenitrousair; but theIlX
thoughit has acqllired
fetlfiblelleat,it 11aagot llO latentlaeatfe
gtw.ituatelycotmlitled
svitIait as it is
air; and for the fame
reaSo-nS
perllapsnthe rapourof 1aitrotls
acidis xlotzdephlogiRi
catedair.
By the fame procefsby svhich reEpiral)le
air is tnade t3y
means of water, itlflamnable
fair tnay be made frotn liquicl
purett

tefpilealule

air7

t\titl]

fiubRances
contaitlitlg
plllogifiotlvMakitlgfpiritof svtneto boit
iz a glafsretort,I rnade
tilevapour
pafsthroughtheRenof aTaot
tobacco-pipeg
:atldfourudthat it ixvasall feemillglyconveltec3
intoitlflatn1nable
air andit wasof thatkitldxvllicllL)urns
svitl-z
a lambent
wiliteflame. 13utwhetlI let 0theDpipecoolno airx
xvas producedZ
but ola]y vapoul"svllich nvas itwlItaIltlycot1
denfedin the water.
BeitagIlosvtnaRerof a tlewalldeatt procefsgi was willltlg
to exteildit to otherliqtlidfdi3Iarlces;
atld I preSetltlyfolltad9
as I thetl itnagz}ed7
by this tnealls,
I could give a per
snallelltnerialforn to atly liqtlid fubStallce
that 1wad13eetl
pre-:
vlouflytlwrovvn
into the formof vapour.
- VVhetl1[lr.adethe VApOUl of fpiloit of tlitret llenteditl a
glafs retort7pafs tl-wrougil
tlle Re*n:
of the Elottoleacco-pipe,I
got as pl.lredeplllogiIticated
air as ever I llaveproctlredfrom
K1 k 4
aitreX
tlwatS

to

Dr. PRIES14LE,S

.Evatgrgf72aS!s
re.ld-;;r3C
/a^PtXinn

+iltrethotlgllthz cork,by whichthe

retort

utas

conile&e}

haarecontriSuted
to
COleltam11late itv alld giVe it d 0;g1lt
a^lixture
of fi edair
SY1t1:1
Q11
oi virio3i S(?L
a*8:r
coilEdercbly
plllogifticated7
i

with

the

plpe)

Bras

cliOlve)

alld

tnuti

a catldlemtouldnot tanveloul*lled
itl it; but this1 alfeattrX
hv1teto the covXS >tlwicTl
wab dttioVedirttE1e
prcCeS. tI8here
futt
was
Ilearly
tI+ StnQw}wetl GL
vlfed w*(1ter ltnptegllated
woitIl
witriol acidail) tilouglltne corkxvasLl()t difiolved But tl<;s
acidis known riocolitaill
ulucil
phle3giRo3lX
Spiritof filt gaveair Ilo purerthatl the beI}atinofpherical
air But tasby ti;s proceIiI tlevergot air 18pureas this from
water ouly I collcltlded t1latts7enttls acid9as sntellas the
tlt<at

nitrousatldvitrioitcS
is capableof beingturnedsuto dephIoX
giflticated
aIr.
WheXlI uSedsvaterimpreguated
with fxed air this air was
expelledby theheat atadcame 0A7er
wlthoutany chatagethat:I
could
exceptthat the refiduunzwas larger Som the
watert}at camealongwith ite tI*lleair I got aRerwarals
was
oxllJr
that fiotn thewaterSaladof the tne qualityas if it 11ad
perceiveX

notbeewlmpregnatec
t W1th

hXec

alrO

Waterimpregnated
with alkalirleair gave neitherfixednor
inXarnmal:le
airSwhich I had ratller expeAedX
but only air
contiderablyphlogiRicated;though IRoule
of it was fo pure
that a catldlewouldlaaveburnedin it
N :B II1all thei tspertmetltssviththe t:obaccowpipe
all the
atirwas remarkably
turbidSlike milk>-atldaventlle comrnonair
X}tlle-retorttxeire vlleprocefsproperlybeban@
In thls Rate of tlle experimentsI tllilll [ nzayventureto
fay that no perfotlcouldtave f9enthenzwitlloutcocluding

thattherewasa realconvertiotl
cf waterinto therebeing
1o hnoznprilcwleor d X1phlloipl<yX
thatcou}(1
haveled
airS

XP

.4

ang
,.v

tX

.st.JiX

].

2,<-*.

znfo241vr 434
ff tYater
ud tbeewttg ConqJerfon
a fillacyillthecaIb. Irlthis therefbreS
to fuIi?e&
perAlu
nany
I lnuRhaveacquiekedas illdeeddid all tny acquaintalwe,
on the i:ubJe&>
eventhofewhohadbeerlrllemo itlcredulolls
ButI wa-s1ecl
Seentheexperimetlts.
efterthetrhadthetnSelves
of
irlcolltiquenfce
to the fartherprofecutsnof tlllsbulineSs,
de
havitlgobirvedthatthepUttt of theairwhichI procured
contit
pendedupon the Rateof thatwhichwasilnmediately
I ippolddthe
retortortube ill wlwich
guousto theearthen
havebeerlmade;atldthatfoluecommllicatior}
converfionxto
of any
to theptoduEtiotl
was neceSary
with the attnofphere
withtlw-e
andthoWe
withthedigeRerS
airSasin theexperitnetlt
airssras
clayandthe burninglens. AndEncepureest:ernal
by
in orderto procuregoodatrfit was concludedznecelSary
WIr%rttt7 thattheope
iveralof myfrielldsandefpecially
rationof the carthenretortwasyto tranfmitphlogiflorlfrom
ill theclaytothe exterllal aiL ; arldtllatthe
thewatercotltained
ssrascapableof beillgeollverted
water5thus depllloglfticated,
of
air by the illtimateutliorlof tlle p3+ttlciple
into refipiralble
;
heat
of the externalairia
whatthei-tlfluence
to afcertEaill
II1orclex
this cafe really:was,I inclofedan earthenretortfilledwith
ttlrough
openatbothelldsy
clayirla largeglafireceiver,
moiRenec:l
I tllruRthe nccko;
the upperorificeof svllictl(leillg 1larrow)
plAClI3g
) 2;tad
air-tigiat
it fo asto be pet-fE2ly
lutill>
the
by whiclltIe atl-witin svas
ill a bain of wtaterX
xtilerece;srer
airXl fitted
extertw.R1
with vlwlte
al1cornInutwicatioll
c-uteiTfrcXaa
whicht co}all
oS t-heretorta gla1ittlb t11toug31
rwouth
to t1ze
It1tElisf*Vlatkotz
w;s plodzeedill theproceSO
receivewlwatever
llr:l
CSCe1LCL<
tlle retortby zueansof
lzeated
retortX

*MI'o

t}tEEtRS

ttlletubecomrxlulwi
tllroug;ll
tvceived
) but aFt11eIne
as vlltu4)l
reC;rt
a:ftl-S-e
the itltie-e
catillgwit'ttt

air

wllell

lells7

;Xng

was

aFp2Cnn
rel-;;r3
Dr. PRIES14LE,S E>ttgr*f2azZs
tiluethe xvater llo{e svlthintheftCtiYC5e tt'his effczA mightbe
t}:e rectirter;tt
O>vAf'itlg
to a p}11Ol0-iCiitiOll 0 ttld airwitl-zitl
4J2

farbeyotldthe utnntiftlilmitOX-that prc

it rvasfoon (lilmitai{hed
airS
n andexatnitlitlgtI-ais
cefs fo tEatverylittle of tit retmatned
little
sv6)1^1i
t}wantlwatof tl-le at
I fouzldit to lJe1)ut
XittlelJette-*
cataleo1n t1we
t-ettrtWas{(1
fphereSas tIuatsvil-9tc1Ul
ovItfid$
ttlaisexperitnetltnzadeit probable)tlaatthe a;1oSz tIze
patd thrtuglait- o}alya Iittlep
of tltatreceiverhadladluvllJy
ve;1Sy

aladyet it x07ascontraxv to al1 tTae-klaosva

rifiedin its
RI1V8vIl
ant1evetlatlytIait$;hitIatt*to
principles
o1hydro{tatics)
tilrougha veITel
ef
bc tranItmitted
itl chelmiRrv)
thatairAaould
it svotld
tlaiskit1d and itl ( direStellcotzratyto thatitauvEwicTl
pa>.igeX

9 svlile the
pl-tITilre
of the atlnoSpllere
have beetlbrced by t};we
svct1tFheother
\vttiaS
Witl]
vvlaichtI-Se-C1aysvas troi{letwed,:
ssray lSor had the retol*tbeexwperviousto ai1*as tIzeixllide
eXthe svater
vitta tlle (<ttno{9hei
llad a f-ee cotnnauilCatiotl

tnoxveverX apr
couldnot haverfiCtl nvitlain vlae
experitnetltse
decif1ve
pearedto be tlle caSehy the f0110X^7illg
clay ss
retortwlth tlaemoiNCtled
Havingfilled-tlaeeartSwelz
efiQrC
I azadetlaeilzlfldeof the receiverperfeSIydry and
UpOllj heatingtho
placedit lil a baSotlof mercury+snrheneg
snras
Kall
coveredwxtilclewswhich
retortas beS1*ey
tE}elXeceiver
dzn the ilatideo the receive
colled:i<g
intodropstriclSled
aladretnalned
upon the xnercuryhich xofewithin
I had
receivedfretllthe retert
CeiYCrx shile air svaXs
receiverv

14^1lis

tlhe

aS

re-

fU2I-

x1odoubtStherefiorebut that all the wsiterwithill the retort

wouldIaavWgot threughitltO the receiverXSpiritof vineS or
femertlirlgthat had thiefrnel1Qf it9 rvastranfmittedfrom th*
il1the fAmematlrler.
clay throughthe retcort

atr atadupo
I thetz-fillecithe receiverwith=tzflamnzable
hcatingthe retortit wasall drawIlthroughit> anddeliveredls
5

a.S.,

Lf

6433
as;Rrongly it-aflalminable
as ever by t11etu1oec:Ornmuljiccti]g
vith the illE;deof t svlailethe watcrrofewithitl rlaereceiver9
atidterellcoveredtile retort,Whicilvvasfixed at tile very to
of itXfo thwt Eltrdlyally of tile iIflal<]t:nable
air rem<zilled
^rithinit/ -1t1like rnatltlerlaitrousairpaICed
threlightE1e
rt-tort
dal thcvffliolffi,r Corzverflon af 3mfer

ti

into Air.

ulllchaInged.

Fron tEaefe
:expt-it-nWnts
it iSsitnpofiSble
IlOt to ilifer, that t1n1(>
clay of tlse eatthell
beirxgtllvis-heater37
deltroysfcor-a
titlle
the atriXal
fDrlalof vvllates7elo
ait is expvSedto the outflde
of it; svlicil aeral fortmit recoversafterit has beetl v-ral-lrif:
retortX

tedill con:lbltiatif3n from orie part of theclayto (lIlotilel, till :tt

hasrechedthe itaiide
of the retort,s^rhile
tile wateris drav
tlarougla
;t itl thfecalltrary
diredlola.
t-Ibld
vlaisSypothetisbeellpropofeci
a
n70tlid I dollbt
IlOtv lwave
beewtl-ougl<ttlaoreextraordil3ary
tlrlailthe coverfoa ofwater illtOaile I propatle
to tBallie:tnally
otlleloexperimeatsi
tlle profecut1tx3n
of ti-zefe;beuttill I have a.;t1
opportunityofdoit<gthis, I fhalltaSot
troul)le0theSocietysvithatlyco3llJeEtul-Csd
tllat
haVOiOCCUFltd
tO Dle OI1-vllefubjcciX
tthe greatdifficultywith refpWEt
to the ts;l?eltinient
svitht4^4e
lells is0)tilat vlaexvaterthouldpafs thiougil the retortQnewayf
alid the ailovlaeother, atadyet tilatrlQeai- flaoul-d
1wotbe ablb
to pa-fswitho!titthe wvlter It is alio IlOt a little extiaorditlaryi
tilat the wetglatof the airand that of ti uraterfIzouldbe foklearlyeclual.
Itl the laRpraceI tnuR:oI)ferveX
thiattllereis;noth;tag1tlthis
experirnent
tiat colatradids;
the ideao:f the COIlVeEfiOIl Qt' water]3At0 airs thoughit does not lprove
it: for fl:illtlae experimen
L
^riththe tobacco-pi-peiil svhicil the ftealn is lrade redhot
(WilertaS
itl that with tile-lensit is olily of a I)oilitzb
heat-}
carluotbe explaitledSowell otl any otherhypothefisay mord
p7>iari7

tt

&o
*34 l)Z^
PRIESTt.EY9S }Exper?Xetts
rGlAtXeGg Pbtogt/dogg
011 ftldlng wateron the
tilaN
NIra
CAVENI:MISH S eXpefirnltilt
-tlecompolittoxl
of air
mLy
l Cal.l20t COIlClLUdOttAiS Sccount: wlthoutackrzow1edgin;
lensS
oUligation
to Mr@
vaRx:Er
forthe uSeof lhisillcomparable
ofto ItldeedS
andls ohllgigIJrailIlingmein themanagement
thanmy
srrithout
thisarerv
inRrurnexltg
ol oneof greaterpower
experiments
could
ownSI donotltllOW thattlle laftmentior3ed
Xavebeen-Xmade
at a112 certailllynot to fo muchIiatisi&xono