Access To Justice

NATIONAL
CONFERENCE
ON WOMEN
& ACCESS TO
JUSTICE
A REPORT
DECEMBER 10-11, 2006
INDIA HABITAT CENTRE
LODHI ROAD,
NEW DELHI 110 003
ORGANISED BY
PARTNERS FOR LAW IN DEVELOPMENT, NEW DELHI
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A REPORT
DECEMBER 10-11, 2006
9.00AM 6.00 PM
INDIA HABITAT CENTRE, NEW DELHI
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SESSION I
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The Relevance of Womens Access to Justice

Womens Movement and its Engagement with the Law
SESSION II
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Testimonies
Findings of PLDs Study on Women and Access to Justice
Sharing by Partner Organisations in the Study
SESSION III
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The Judiciary
Judicial and administrative reforms in relation to gender justice
Gender trainings, its relevance and impact in relation to the judiciary
Legal services, its scope and relationship with womens access to justice
Special Initiatives and Mechanisms: the Police, the Bar, Family

Courts and Approaches to Counselling and Mediation
Police initiatives: Womens Cells, alliances with NGOs, gender trainings
Attitudes, gender stereotypes in the Bar and responses towards gender concerns
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Family Courts
Counselling in matrimonial litigation
SESSION IV
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Sexual Assault and Rape Prosecutions

Custody in the Context of Cross-country Child Abductions
SESSION V
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Divergences and Intersections Between Notions of Justice in

Different Mechanisms Within the Law
Reections on the Gains of the Womens Movement
Inter-agency Alliance Building as a Strategy
Role of National Commission for Women
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Text of Justice Sujata Manohars presentation

Text of Justice Madan B Lokurs presentation
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Extracts of Some Relevant Legal Provisions

Table of Contents of the Reader Compiled for the Conference
List of Participants
List of Panellists
PLD and its Partner Organisations
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Executive Director
PREFACE
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haWXeg[\fg[X`X\aV_hWXg[XVh_gheXbYVb`ceb`\fXg[Tg[Thagf
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YTg[Xef!G[XYg[fXff\baVbaf\WXefg[XV[T__XaZXfTaWcbgXag\T_f
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bag[XfhVVXffYh_\agXe TZXaVlT__\TaVXffhV[Tfj\g[g[Xcb_\VX\a
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INTRODUCTION
11
cbgXag\T_ bY g[X ATg\baT_ 6b``\ff\ba Ybe Jb`Xa \a Yh___\aZ

ZXaWXe]hfg\VX!G[XeXcbegXaWfj\g[g[XV_bf\aZeX`Te^fbYg[X
6[T\eTaWVbafb_\WTgXfT__g[XeXVb``XaWTg\bafW\fVhffXW\ag[X
gjbWTlcebVXXW\aZf!4_g[bhZ[g[XfXeXVb``XaWTg\bafTeXabg
Vb`ceX[Xaf\iXg[XlT_XeghfgbVXegT\a^XlTeXTfeXdh\e\aZfXe\bhf
g[bhZ[gTaWTggXag\bagbTWWeXffUTee\Xefg[TgceXfXag_l[\aWXe
ZXaWXe]hfg\VX!
12
SESSION I
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SESSION SETbhgg[XVbagXkgYbeg[XVbaYXeXaVX!H`T
6[TêTiTeg\ T YX`\a\fg [\fgbe\Ta TaW WX`bVeTg\V
THIS
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ZTZXTVg\iX_lj\g[g[X_TjTaWg[X\ffhXbY_XZT_TVVXff!G[XXa
ZTZX`XagbY\aW\i\WhT_jb`XaTaWg[Xjb`Xaf`biX`Xagj\g[
g[X_TjjTfabgTabcg\baUhg\`cXeTg\iXTfg[XXkcXe\XaVXfbY
g[XcTeg\V\cTagffhV[TfVb``ha\glZebhcfTaWTVg\i\fg_TjlXef
\aW\VTgXW! F[X eXVbZa\fXW g[Tg g[\f W\T_bZhX UXgjXXa beZTa\fT
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XaffgehZZ_Xfj\g[g[X_Tj!;\Z[_\Z[g\aZg[Xf\Za\VTagVbage\Uh
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gjbcTaX__\fgfYbeg[XfXff\ba!Fh]TgT@Tab[Tej[b[TffXeiXWTf
T]hWZXbYg[XFhceX`X6bhegfcb^Xbag[XeX_XiTaVXbYjb`Xaf
TVVXff gb ]hfg\VX TaW g[X flfgX`\V UTee\Xef g[Tg Vbag\ahX gb bU
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TVVbhagbYg[XXaZTZX`XagbYg[Xjb`Xaf`biX`Xagj\g[g[X
_Tj!F[X`TccXWg[X]bheaXlfbYTeTaW\WXag\XWV[T__XaZXfYbe
g[XYhgheX!
13
G;8E8?8I4A68B9JB@8AF4668FFGB
=HFG<68$
SPEAKER
Justice Sujata Manohar
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gX`cgfYeb`g\`Xgbg\`Xgb\`cebiX_Tjf!4ceb`\aXagXkT`c_X
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4 `T]be [heW_X gb jb`Xa TccebTV[\aZ g[X Vbhegf Ybe XaYbeVX
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abiTg\iX`Xg[bWfVTaUXX`c_blXWgbfceXTW_XZT__\gXeTVlj[\V[
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Vbhagel!
4abg[Xe`T]beeXfgeT\agbaTVVXff\aZg[X_XZT_flfgX`\fg[XVbfg
\aib_iXW!F\aVXZbbWdhT_\gl_XZT_T\W\fTaXffXag\T_cTegbYfXVhe
\aZjb`XafTVVXffgb]hfg\VXTflfgX`VTaUXWXiX_bcXWj[XeX\a
TVb`cXgXag]ha\be_TjlXe\fTff\ZaXWgbTcbbejb`Taj\g[bhg
beYbeeXTfbaTU_XYXXf!
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YXVgf T jb`Ta TWiXefX_l TaW `Tl eXfh_g \a WXa\T_ bY ]hfg\VX Ybe
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cebVXXW\aZVTaWXal[Xeg[Xe\Z[ggbTaXj_\YXTaW`TlceXiXagT
fTg\fYTVgbelfb_hg\babYTVVXffgbbeVhfgbWlbYV[\_WeXa!
14
The full text of this presentation is
attached as Annexure 1.
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TVe\g\VT_`TffbYjb`Xa\ag[X_XZT_cebYXff\baWXfc\gXT_TeZX
ahÙXebYjb`XaZb\aZgb_TjfV[bb_fbedhT_\Yl\aZTf_TjlXef!
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ceXiXagXWZeXTgXe`b`Xagh`gbg[XXaTVg`XagbY_Tjfg[TgX`
cbjXejb`Xa!
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beZTa\fTg\baT_eXfcbafXffgTgXeXfcbafXfTaWbg[Xece\iTgX\a\g\T
g\iXf! Jb`XafbeZTa\fTg\bafg[ebhZ[Vb``ha\gljbe^XefTaW
cTeT_XZT_f[TiX\agXeiXaXW\aVTfXfeX_Tg\aZgbjb`Xaj[bVTa
abgTYYbeWgbZbgbTVbhegbY_Tj!G[X\eXkcXe\XaVXf[\Z[_\Z[gg[X
aXXWYbe_bjXeVbfgbY_\g\ZTg\badh\V^XeWXV\f\bafTaWTYTe`beX
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4WT_TgfATe\4WT_TgfTaWJb`XafCTaV[TlTgf[TiXVb`XhcTf
T_gXeaTgXflfgX`fbYW\fchgXeXfb_hg\ba!
JB@8AF@BI8@8AG4A7<GF8A:4:8@8AG
J<G;G;8?4J
SPEAKER
Indira Jaisingh, Senior Advocate
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TceXVXWXagYbebg[Xef!8TV[bYg[Xjb`XaX\g[Xej[bfXWXTg[
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SESSION I AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONTEXT
15
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`Xag!J\g[g[X@Tg[heTeTcXVTfX%TVg\i\f`baeTcXVTfXffgTegXW!
7hXgbfhV[VTfXfTggXag\baYheg[XegheaXWgbVhfgbW\T_i\b_XaVX
TaW eTcX! F[X fT\W g[Tg fhVVXff bY g[X VT`cT\Za Ybe V[TaZXf \a
g[X ETcX ?Tj WXcXaWXW ba g[X YTVg g[Tg g[X @Tg[heT VTfX \a
ib_iXW\ffhXfbYcb_\VXUehgT_\glTfjX__TffXkhT_i\b_XaVXg[XeXUl
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UehgT_\gl!;bjXiXeg\__g[X$,,#fg[XYbVhfbYg[X`biX`XagjTf
bag[X`babZT`bhfYT`\_lTaWeTcX!G[XaXkgc[TfXbYXaZTZX
`XagUXZTa\ag[X$,,#fj[\V[UebhZ[gTaXjfXgbYV[T__XaZXf-
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bY g[X i\Vg\`f WXTg[ TaW abg ce\be gb g[X \a\Vg\ba bY c[lf\VT_
gbegheX"UbW\_l[Te`!G[\fVT`cT\Za_XWgbg[XXaTVg`XagbYFXV
g\ba',+4\agbg[XcXaT_VbWX\a$,+'gbVbhagXeVehX_glj\g[\a
g[X`Tge\`ba\T_[b`X!<a$,+)FXVg\ba&#'5jTf\agebWhVXWTfT
cXaT_`XTfheXgbVbhagXeWbjelWXTg[f!5bg[jXeXVehV\T_i\Vgb
e\Xf!4fghWlWbaXUl?TjlXef6b__XVg\iX&fgTgXfg[Tgj[\_XFXVg\ba
&#'5ba_lVb`Xf\agbc_TlTYgXeg[Xjb`TaW\XfVbai\Vg\baha
WXeFXVg\ba',+4\fT_fbfhVVXffYh_ba_lTYgXeg[Xjb`TafWXTg[!
HaWXeFXVg\ba',+4VTfXfg[X]hW\V\TelTg`bfgg\`XfceXYXefgb
Z\iXg[Xbcg\baYbeeXVbaV\_\Tg\baeTg[Xeg[TacebabhaVX]hfg\VX!
F[XfT\Wg[Tg\g\fg\`XjXjb^Xhcgbg[\feXT_\glTaWWXUha^XW
g[X`lg[bY`\fhfXbYg[Xcebi\f\ba!
AIR 1979 SC 185; A constable was
accused of raping a 16 years old tribal
girl in a police station and the Supreme
16
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g[XF[T[5TabVTfX'!<g[\Z[_\Z[gXWg[XVba\VgUXgjXXaCXefbaT_
?TjfTaWTV\g\mXafYhaWT`XagT_e\Z[gfTfjX__Tfg[Xcb_\g\VfbY
_TjeXYbe`j[\V[eX`T\afhaeXfb_iXWg\__WTgX!4YgXeg[XCebgXV
g\babYE\Z[gfbY@hf_\`Jb`Xa4VgjTfcTffXW\a$,+)\gjTf
V[T__XaZXW\ag[X7Ta\X_?Tg\VTfX(! J[\_Xg[\fVTfXjTfUX\aZ
TeZhXW\aVbhegg[XA74ZbiXea`Xagg[Xa\acbjXeV[bfXgb
WXYXaWg[\f_TjWXfc\gX\gfcb_\g\VT_e[Xgbe\VTZT\afgTccXTfX`Xag
bY`\abe\g\Xf!H_g\`TgX_lg[XFhceX`X6bhegZTiXTa\agXeceXgT
g\bag[TgfXVheXWg[Xe\Z[gfbY@hf_\`jb`Xaj\g[\ag[XYeT`X
jbe^bYg[XaXj_Tj!
Court, reversing the order of conviction

by the High Court, acquitted the
accused on the ground that the victim
had submitted herself passively as she
had not raised any alarm and did not
have any injuries on her person!
3
Refer to Domestic Violence
Organised Repression on Women,

Dipti Kharude, Lawyers Collective, July
2006. This article is based on a study
done by the Lawyers Collective Womens
<ffhXfbYWb`Xfg\Vi\b_XaVXWXV_\a\aZfXkeTg\bfTaWeX_TgXW\ffhXf
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YbeVXg[Tg[Tf\agebWhVXWf\Za\VTagV[TaZXf!4V\i\__Tj\gWXaXf
Wb`Xfg\Vi\b_XaVXXk[Thfg\iX_lgb\aV_hWX`XagT_i\b_XaVX\aW\
VTg\aZg[Tgjb`XaTeXeXdh\eXWgbUXgeXTgXWj\g[W\Za\glj\g[\a
\ag\`TgXeX_Tg\baf[\cf!9heg[Xe\gVbiXefi\b_XaVX\aeX_Tg\baf[\cf
bg[Xeg[Ta`Tee\TZXTaWhc[b_Wfg[Xe\Z[gfbYjb`Xa!
Rights Initiative on the circumstances

of women facing domestic violence who
approached the organisation for legal
aid.
4
AIR 1985 SC 945; The Supreme Court
held that a Muslim woman is entitled to

claim maintenance from her husband
G[XaXjV[T__XaZXfUXYbeXg[Xjb`Xaf`biX`XagTeXdhT_\gT
g\iX_lW\YYXeXag-\ffhXfbY_\iX_\[bbW[bhf\aZTVVXffgbjTgXeTaW
_TaWgeTYV^\aZ\ajb`Xa\ag[XVbagXkgbYZ_bUT_\fTg\baTfjX__
under Section 125, CrPC.

5
(2001) 7 Supreme Court Cases 740
TfVbaVXeafTe\f\aZYeb`\agXeaT_Vba\VgfTaW`TffVe\`Xf_\^X
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baZb\aZfgehZZ_Xf!
SESSION I AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONTEXT
17
SESSION II
:ebhaW\aZg[X6baVXeaf\a
8kcXe\XaVXf
SESSION WASWXf\ZaXWgbZ\iXTa\af\Z[g\agbg[X]bhe
aXlg[Tg`Taljb`Xa[TWgbhaWXeZb\ag[X\efXTeV[
THIS
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g\baf! G[X ceXfXagTg\ba bY g[X aW\aZf bY g[X fghWl VbaWhVgXW
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[X_cXWVbafb_\WTgXg[X\af\Z[gfbajb`XafXaZTZX`Xagj\g[g[X
_XZT_flfgX`!
18
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SESSION III
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THIS
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SPEAKER
Full text of this presentation is attached
as Annexure 2
Justice Madan B Lokur
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30
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4R[QR_ A_NV[V[T` Va` ?RYRcN[PR N[Q 6Z]NPa V[ ?RYNaV\[ a\ aUR 7bQVPVN_f

SPEAKER
Justice Sujata Manohar
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SPEAKER
Justice Ravindra Bhat
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SESSION III INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSES
31
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g[X`XV[Ta\f`bY?b^4WT_Tgfj[\V[jXeX\aYbe`T_TZXaV\Xfg\__
g[X XaYbeVX`Xag bY g[X 4Vg! 8\g[Xe be Ubg[ cTeg\Xf \aib_iXW \a
g[XW\fchgXVbh_WTcc_lgbg[XVbhegYbegeTafYXee\aZg[XVTfXgb
T ?b^ 4WT_Tg! G[X TjTeW cebabhaVXW Ul T ?b^ 4WT_Tg \f XdhT_
gbg[TgbYTVbhegbeWXeTaW\faT_TaWU\aW\aZbacTeg\Xf!G[X
TjTeWbYT?b^4WT_TgVTaabgUXTccXT_XWTZT\afgUlX\g[XecTegl!
?b^4WT_Tgf[TiXg[XcbjXegbeXfb_iXT__`TggXefXkVXcgVe\`\aT_
VTfXfg[TgTeXaba Vb`cbhaWTU_X!
AIR 1995 Supreme Court 1695
AIR 1999 Supreme Court 1149
(1997) 6 Supreme Court Cases 241
(1980) 1 SCC 81, 91, 93, 98,108,115;
These were a series of cases taken up

by the Supreme Court on the basis of a
newspaper article highlighting the plight
of undertrial prisoners languishing in
jails in Bihar. The court issued several
directions including the provision of
legal aid and interpreted the right to life
to include the right to speedy justice.
32
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34
Sridevi Goel, I.P.S., Director, Maharashtra Police Academy, Nasik
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0\[PR_[`
SPEAKER
Meenakshi Arora, Advocate on Record, Supreme Court
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35
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Geeta Ramaseshan, Advocate, Chennai High Court
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36
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0\b[`RYYV[T V[ :Na_VZ\[VNY 9VaVTNaV\[

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Anjali Gandhi, Womens Studies, Jamia Millia Islamia, Delhi
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SESSION IV
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F8KH4?4FF4H?G4A7E4C8CEBF86HG<BAF
SPEAKER
Pratikhsa Baxi, Jawaharlal Nehru University
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SPEAKER
Kirti Singh, Advocate
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SESSION IV CHALLENGES FOR WOMEN NAVIGATING THE LEGAL SYSTEM
41
SESSION V
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Usha Ramanathan, Senior Law Researcher
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Veena Gowda, Lawyer, Mumbai
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Anjali Dave, Tata Institute for Social Sciences
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Prof. Malini Bhattacharya, Member, NCW
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RECOMMENDATIONS
51
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52
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53
ANNEXURE 1
G[XEX_XiTaVXbYJb`Xaf
4VVXffgb=hfg\VX
JUSTICE SUJATA MANOHAR,
RETD. JUDGE, SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
MUST THANK CTegaXef Ybe ?Tj \a 7XiX_bc`Xag Ybe \ai\g\aZ

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ANNEXURE 2
=hW\V\T_TaW4W`\a\fgeTg\iX
EXYbe`f\aEX_Tg\bagb
:XaWXe=hfg\VX
JUSTICE MADAN B LOKUR,
JUDGE, DELHI HIGH COURT
JUSTICE HAS `TWX ZeXTg fge\WXf Yeb` g[X g\`X

j[Xa \a g[X XTe_l $,%#f Ta Tcc_\VTg\ba Ul T
GENDER
_TWl\a6T_VhggTEXZ\aT:h[TTaWTabg[Xe_TWl\aCTgaTFh
1
The decisions are reported as In re
Regina Guha, (1916) 44 Calcutta 290

and In re Sudanshu Bala Hazra, AIR
1922 Patna 269.
2
Section 3 of the Act reads: Women
not to be disqualied by reason only

of sex.Notwithstanding anything
contained in any enactment in force in
the territories to which this Act extends
or in the letters patent of any High Court
or in any rule or order made under or
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g[XZebhaWbYg[X\efXk%!
in pursuance of any such enactment

or letters patent, no woman shall, by
reason only of her sex, be disqualied
from being admitted or enrolled as a
legal practitioner or from practising as
such; and any such rule or order which
is repugnant to the provisions of this Act
shall, to the extent of such repugnancy,
be void.
3
http://www.answers.com/topic/other-
backward-class
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Annual Report 2003-04 of the National
Commission for Backward Classes. The

report of the Kaka Kalelkar Commission
was not accepted by the Central
Government.
5
16. Equality of opportunity in matters
of public employment. - (2) No citizen

shall, on grounds only of religion, race,
caste, sex, descent, place of birth,
residence or any of them, be ineligible
for, or discriminated against in respect
of, any employment or ofce under the
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G[X 4aW[eT CeTWXf[ ;\Z[ 6bheg [Tf Vbaf\fgXag_l Yb__bjXW g[X
62
State.
6
AIR 1993 SC 1695
AIR 1995 SC 1695
15. Prohibition of discrimination on
grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or

place of birth - (3) Nothing in this article
shall prevent the State from making
any special provision for women and
children.
9
2000 (3) ALD 54
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`Xaggb__hc&&$"&cbfgfTfcXeg[XeXVeh\g`Xageh_Xf!
4abg[Xe \`cbegTag WXV\f\ba eXaWXeXW Ul g[X 4aW[eT CeTWXf[
;\Z[ 6bheg cXegT\af gb g[X jbe^\aZ [bhef Ybe jb`Xa! <a >!F!
Ge\iXa\i!Ha\babY<aW\T$#g[X;\Z[6bhegVbaf\WXeXWg[XVba
fg\ghg\baT_iT_\W\glbYFXVg\ba))$UbYg[X9TVgbe\Xf4Vg$,'+!
G[\fcebi\f\baeXTWfTfYb__bjf))! 9heg[Xe eXfge\Vg\baf ba X`c_bl`Xag bY jb`Xa!
$G[Xcebi\f\bafbYg[\f6[TcgXef[T__\ag[X\eTcc_\
VTg\ba gb jb`Xa \a YTVgbe\Xf UX fhcc_X`XagXW Ul g[X
Yb__bj\aZYheg[XeeXfge\Vg\bafaT`X_l
UAbjb`Taf[T__UXeXdh\eXWbeT__bjXWgbjbe^\aTal
YTVgbelXkVXcgUXgjXXag[X[bhefbY)T!`!TaW*c!`!
Cebi\WXWg[Tgg[XFgTgX:biXea`Xag`TlUlAbg\VT
g\ba\ag[XBYV\T_:TmXggX\aeXfcXVgbYTalYTVgbelbe
ZebhcbeV_TffbeWXfVe\cg\babYYTVgbe\XfiTelg[X_\`\gf
_T\W Wbja \a 6_ThfX U Uhg fb g[Tg ab fhV[ iTe\Tg\ba
f[T__Thg[be\fXg[XX`c_bl`XagbYTaljb`TaUXgjXXa
g[X[bhefbY$#c!`!TaW(T!`!
G[X ;\Z[ 6bheg Yb__bj\aZ Ta XTe_\Xe haeXcbegXW eh_\aZ bY g[X
@TWeTf;\Z[6bhegfgehV^Wbjag[XfXVg\ba!EX_\TaVXjTfc_TVXW
hcbafhU fXVg\ba%bYFXVg\ba))j[\V[fgTgXf%G[X FgTgX :biXea`Xag `Tl `T^X eh_Xf cebi\W\aZ Ybe
g[XXkX`cg\baYeb`g[XeXfge\Vg\baffXgbhg\afhU fXV
g\ba$gbfhV[XkgXagTaWfhU]XVggbfhV[VbaW\g\baf
Tf\g`TlceXfVe\UXbYjb`Xajbe^\aZ\af[ Vhe\aZbe
f[ VTaa\aZYTVgbe\Xfj[XeXg[XX`c_bl`XagbYjb`
XaUXlbaWg[X[bheffcXV\XW\ag[XfT\WeXfge\Vg\baf\f
aXVXffTelgbceXiXagWT`TZXgbbeWXgXe\beTg\ba\aTal
eTj`TgXe\T_!
10
2002 (5) ALT 223
G[X;\Z[6bheg[X_Wg[Tgg[XXkVXcg\baVTeiXWbhgUlfhU fXV
g\ba%jTfeXT__lYbeg[XUXaXgbYf[ Vhe\aZbef[ VTaa\aZ
YTVgbe\XfTaWabgYbeg[XUXaXgbYjb`Xa!G[XVbhegYbhaW\g
TUfheWg[Tgjb`Xajbe^\aZ\af[ Vhe\aZbef[ VTaa\aZYTV
gbe\Xfjbh_WUXfTYXTga\Z[gUhgg[Xljbh_WabgUXfTYX\Yg[Xl
jXeXjbe^\aZ\abg[XeYTVgbe\XffTlYbeXkT`c_X\aTgXkg\_X`\__!
J[TgXiXe UX g[X UTf\f Ybe \gf WXV\f\ba \g `hfg UX fT\W g[Tg g[X
i\XjbYg[X;\Z[6bhegjTfTcebZeXff\iXfgXc\ag[Xe\Z[gW\eXV
g\ba!G[X;\Z[6bhegjXagT_\gg_XYheg[XeTaWW\eXVgXWg[XFgTgX
:biXea`XaggbXkgXaWg[bfXfTYXZhTeWfg[TgTeXZ\iXagbjb`Xa
jbe^\aZTga\Z[g\ag[Xf[\aWhfgelgbjb`Xajbe^\aZ\aa\Z[g
f[\Ygf\abg[Xe\aWhfge\Xf!
ANNEXURE 2 JUDICIAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE REFORMS IN RELATION TO GENDER JUSTICE
63
9be`bfgbYhf_\i\aZ\a_TeZXeV\g\Xf\gf[bh_WVb`XTfabfhece\fX
g[Tg jb`Xa Wb jbe^ Tg a\Z[g TaW g[X\e ]bU eXdh\eX`Xag bYgXa
`T^X\gaXVXffTelYbeg[X`gbWbfb!Fb`XXkT`c_XfbYg[\fTeXbY
ahefXfjbe^\aZ\a[bfc\gT_fZebhaWfgTYYTgT\ecbegfTaWjb`Xa
jbe^\aZ\aVT__VXageXfbeYbeg[Tg`TggXei\eghT__lTalc_TVXg[Tg
\fjbe^\aZ%'[bhef!AbaXbYg[XfXjb`XaTeXcebi\WXWfXVhe\gl
TaW\aWXXW\g`TlfgeXgV[g[XeXfbheVXfbYg[XFgTgXT_\gg_XgbbYTe
\YT__jb`Xajbe^\aZ\aa\Z[gf[\YgfTeXcebi\WXWfXVhe\gl!
<a `TggXef bY ZXaWXe W\fVe\`\aTg\ba TaW X`c_bl`Xag g[X Fh
ceX`X6bheg[TffgebaZ_lTWibVTgXWceTZ`Tg\f`!<a6!5!@hg[
T``Ti!Ha\babY<aW\T$$g[XFhceX`X6bhegVThg\baXWg[Tgg[X
aTgheX bY X`c_bl`Xag fXaf\g\i\g\Xf be g[X [TaW\VTcf bY fXk be
g[XcXVh_\Te\g\XfbYfbV\XgT_fXVgbefXgV!VTaabgUXUehf[XWTf\WX!
G[XfXTeX`TggXef g[Tg `hfg UX gT^Xa \agb Vbaf\WXeTg\baj[Xa
WXT_\aZj\g[\ffhXfbYZXaWXeW\fVe\`\aTg\ba\aX`c_bl`Xag!G[X
VThg\baZ\iXaUlg[XFhceX`X6bhegjTfTVghT__lefgTeg\Vh_TgXW
Ulg[XCha]TUTaW;TelTaT;\Z[6bheg\a@ef!ETZ[hUTafFTh
WTZTeF\aZ[i!FgTgXbYCha]TU$%!<ag[\fVTfXT:biXea`XagbeWXe
jTfcTffXWgbg[XXYYXVgg[Tgjb`XaVbh_Wba_l[b_WV_Xe\VT_cbfgf
beg[bfXbY`Tgebaf\ag[X`Xaf]T\_f!G[\f:biXea`XagbeWXe
jTfhc[X_WUlg[X;\Z[6bhegUXVThfXbYg[X[TmTeWfbYg[X]bU
cTeg\Vh_Te_lg[bfXbYg[XcbfgbYjTeWXefbebg[Xe]T\_bYV\T_fj[b
[TiXgbXafheXTaW`T\agT\aW\fV\c_\aXbiXe`T_XVe\`\aT_f!<gjTf
fT\Wg[Tgj[XeXW\fcTe\g\XfbYX\g[XefXkcTgXag_lTWWgbbeWX
geTVg Yeb` g[X VTcTV\gl TaW fh\gTU\_\gl gb [b_W T cTeg\Vh_Te cbfg
becbfgfg[Xag[XFgTgXjbh_WUXXag\g_XWgbgT^Xg[\fYTVgbe\agb
Vbaf\WXeTg\ba\aVba]haVg\baj\g[bg[Xef!
11
AIR 1979 SC 1868
12
AIR 1972 P&H 117
13
(1987) 2 SCC 469
14
2004 (6) AD 106
15
Section 4 of the Act reads: 4. Duty of
employer to pay equal remuneration to

men and women workers for same work
or work of a similar nature.
(1) No employer shall pay to any worker,
employed by him in an establishment
or employment, remuneration, whether
payable in cash or in kind, at rates
less favourable than those at which
remuneration is paid by him to the
workers of the opposite sex in such
establishment or employment for
performing the same work or work of a
similar nature.
(2) No employer shall, for the purpose
of complying with the provisions of
sub-section (1), reduce the rate of
remuneration of any worker.
C4LF64?8F
(3) Where, in an establishment or
employment, the rates of remuneration
64
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jTfTeTg[Xef\`c_XVTfX!;bjXiXe@TV^\aaba@TV^Xam\Xi!4h
WeXl76bfgT$&cebi\WXWTf_\Z[g_lW\YYXeXagcXefcXVg\iXf\aVXg[X
X`c_blXe[X_WaXZbg\Tg\bafj\g[\gfX`c_blXXfTaWbag[XUTf\fbY
TfXgg_X`Xagg[TgjTfTee\iXWTg\gjTfTZeXXWg[Tg_TWlfgXabZeT
c[XefUXZ\iXaT_bjXecTlfVT_Xg[Tag[X\e`T_XVbhagXecTegf!7X
fc\gXg[\fg[XFhceX`X6bheg[X_Wg[XW\fVe\`\aTg\bagbUX\__XZT_
TaWW\eXVgXWXdhT_cTlYbeXdhT_jbeêX_l\aZhcbag[Xcebi\f\baf
bYg[X8dhT_EX`haXeTg\ba4Vg$,*)j[\V[jbh_WbiXee\WXTal
fXgg_X`Xagg[Tgg[XX`c_blXe`Tl[TiXj\g[g[XX`c_blXXf!
payable before the commencement of

this Act for men and women workers
for the same work or work of a similar
nature are different only on the ground
of sex, then the higher (in cases where
there are only two rates), or, as the
case may be, the highest (in cases
where there are more than two rates),
of such rates shall be the rate at which
remuneration shall be payable, on and
from such commencement, to such
men and women workers:
4eTg[XecXVh_\TeW\fg\aVg\bajTffbhZ[ggbUX`TWXUlg[XX`
c_blXe\a5\`_TETa\i!4ccX__TgX4hg[be\gl$'j[XeX\aT_g[bhZ[
`T_X TaW YX`T_X jbe^Xef jXeX Wb\aZ g[X fT`X jbe^ lXg g[X
X`c_blXeUlZ\i\aZg[X`W\YYXeXagWXf\ZaTg\baffbhZ[ggbW\f
Ve\`\aTgXUXgjXXag[X`\a`TggXefbYcTl!G[X7X_[\;\Z[6bheg
fgehV^g[\fWbjaTfUX\aZVbageTelgbg[Xcebi\f\bafbYg[X8dhT_
Provided that nothing in this sub-section

shall be deemed to entitle a worker to
the revision of the rate of remuneration
payable to him or her with reference
to the service rendered by him or her
before the commencement of this Act.
EX`haXeTg\ba4Vg$,*)$(!
@4EE<4:8
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ceX`X6bhegTWiXegXWgbEh_X+%bYg[X<9F6baWhVg7\fV\
c_\aXEh_XfTaWTWiXefX_lVb``XagXWba\gUXVThfX\ghaeXTfba
TU_leXdh\eXWTYX`T_XX`c_blXXgbfXX^:biXea`XagcXe`\ff\ba
UXYbeXZXgg\aZ`Tee\XW!G[Xeh_XT_fbXaTU_XWg[X:biXea`Xag
gbfXX^[XeeXf\ZaTg\ba\Y[XeYT`\_lTaWWb`Xfg\VVb``\g`Xagf
VT`X\ag[XjTlbY[XeXYV\XagW\fV[TeZXbYWhg\Xf!G[XFhceX`X
6bhegjTfabgVT__XWhcbagbWXV\WXg[XiT_\W\glbYg[XEh_XUX
VThfXg[XfhUfgTag\iXeX_\XYV_T\`XWUlg[XcXg\g\baXejTfZeTagXW
Ulg[Xg\`Xg[X`TggXeVT`XhcYbeW\fcbfT_!<g\fj[\_XeXYXee\aZ
gbg[\fcebi\f\bag[Tgg[XFhceX`X6bhegZTiXg[XVThg\bag[Tg
[TfT_eXTWlUXXa`Xag\baXWTUbiX!
5T_j\aWXe>Thei!Ha\babY<aW\T$)jTfTVTfX\aj[\V[TfcXeg[X
XkgTageh_Xfg[XfXei\VXfbYTcebUTg\baXeUX_baZ\aZgbg[X@\_\
gTel Ahef\aZ FXei\VX Vbh_W UX gXe`\aTgXW UXVThfX bY [Xe `Te
e\TZX! G[X 7X_[\ ;\Z[ 6bheg [X_W g[\f fXei\VX VbaW\g\ba gb UX
j\g[bhgTaleTg\baT_XTaWabg[\aZUhgTU\TfbaTVVbhagbYfXk
V_XTe_l\ai\b_Tg\babY4eg\V_Xf$(TaW$)bYg[X6bafg\ghg\ba!
@4G8EA<GL
BaXbYg[XefgVTfXfg[TgVT`XhceX_Tg\aZgb`TgXea\gl\aX`
c_bl`XagjTf4\e<aW\Ti!ATeZXf[@XXemT$*!<ag[\fVTfXg[XFh
ceX`X6bhegfgehV^WbjaTV_ThfX\ag[XVbaW\g\bafbYfXei\VXbY
4\e;bfgXffXfgbg[XXYYXVgg[Tgg[X\efXei\VXjbh_WfgTaWgXe`\
aTgXWbag[XefgceXZaTaVl!4_g[bhZ[Ta4\e;bfgXffVbh_WZXg
`Tee\XWf[XjTfXYYXVg\iX_lceb[\U\gXWYeb`[Ti\aZTV[\_W!G[X
FhceX`X6bhegWXfVe\UXWg[\fV_ThfXTf`Ta\YXfg_lhaeXTfbaTU_X
TeU\geTelTaWTZT\afgg[XVbhefXbYaTgheX!
16
1995 (3) AD 365
17
AIR 1981 SC 1829
18
AIR 1992 SC 392
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\a j[\V[ g[X fXei\VXf bY T cebUTg\baXe jXeX gXe`\aTgXW ba g[X
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`T_XWbVgbebag[XTccebiXWcTaX_bYg[X6becbeTg\ba[TW`XW\
VT__lXkT`\aXWg[X_TWlTaWVXeg\XWg[Tgf[XjTfabgceXZaTag!
LXg[XefXei\VXfjXeXgXe`\aTgXW!G[XFhceX`X6bhegabgba_l
fgehV^Wbjag[XgXe`\aTg\baUhgT_fbW\eXVgXWg[X6becbeTg\ba
gbWX_XgXfb`XdhXfg\bafg[TgTccXTeXW\ag[XTcc_\VTg\baYbe`
j[\V[jXeXabgba_lXkgeX`X_lcXefbaT_UhgT_fbbYYXaf\iX!Ha
YbeghaTgX_lg[XFhceX`X6bhegW\WabgbeWXecTl`XagbYUTV^
65
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bhgbYX`c_bl`XagUlg[X6becbeTg\bag[ebhZ[abYTh_gbY[Xef!
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;BHF<A:
<ffhXfbY[bhf\aZ[TiXgebhU_XWg[XVbhegfcTeg\Vh_Te_l\a`Tge\
`ba\T_`TggXef!EXYXeXaVX`TlUX`TWXgbg[eXXWXV\f\bafbYg[X
7X_[\;\Z[6bhegaT`X_l5!E!>TaV[Tai!4^Tf[%$4ahFXg[i!
Eb[\gATeT\a%%TaWGTehaT5TgeTi!F!E!5TgeT%&j[XeX\ag[Xi\Xj
gT^XajTfg[Tgg[X_bVTg\babYg[X`Tge\`ba\T_[b`XWbXfabgWX
cXaWhcbaj[XeXg[X[hfUTaWfgTlf!@XeX_lUXVThfXg[X[hfUTaW
jT_^fbhgbYg[X`Tge\`ba\T_[b`XTaWWXV\WXfgbfXghcTabg[Xe
eXf\WXaVXT_gbZXg[XeWbXfabg`XTag[Tgg[X`Tge\`ba\T_[b`X
f[\Ygfj\g[[\`.abeWbXf\g`XTag[Tg[\fbU_\ZTg\bagb`T\agT\a
[\fj\YXVXTfXfUXVThfXf[X\fabg_\i\aZ\aj[Tg\fV_T\`XWgbUX
g[X`Tge\`ba\T_[b`X!
19
2000 (3) SCC 224
20
Article 11(2)(a) and (b) read: 2. In
order to prevent discrimination against

women on the grounds of marriage or
maternity and to ensure their effective
right to work, States/parties shall take
66
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TVVXWXWgb!<g\fabgTf\Yg[XYTg[Xe[Tfgb_\iXba_lj\g[TfbaTaW
VTaabg_\iXj\g[T`Tee\XWWThZ[gXeTeXTfbag[TgTccXTefgb[TiX
jX\Z[XWj\g[g[XET\_jTlfj[\_X\ffh\aZg[XV\eVh_Te!
Fb`XbYg[XTUbiX]hWZ`Xagfjbh_Wf[bjg[TgTeg\V\T_UTee\Xef
TeXVeXTgXWgbUe\aZTUbhgZXaWXeW\fVe\`\aTg\ba!G[XVbhegf[TiX
fbYTeUXXadh\gXceTZ`Tg\VTaW\aTfXafXg[Xl[TiXUXXaYT\e_l
appropriate measures:
(a) to prohibit, subject to the imposition
of sanctions, dismissal on the grounds
of pregnancy or of maternity leave and
discrimination in dismissals on the basis
of marital status;
(b) to introduce maternity leave with
pay or with comparable social benets
without loss of former employment,
seniority or social allowances;
21
2001 (90) DLT 681
22
2000 (87) DLT 486
23
2005 (116) DLT 646
24
(1996) 2 SCC 380
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gbUXbaTeXZh_TeUTf\ffbg[Tgj[XaXiXeTVTfXbYW\fVe\`\aTg\ba
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4aW[eTCeTWXf[;\Z[6bheg\aC!>TgT`TEXWWli!EXiXahX7X
iX_bc`Xag BYVXe%( gbb^ T ceTZ`Tg\V WXV\f\ba j[Xa g[X FgTgX
:biXea`XagWXV\WXWg[Tg[XaVXYbeg[T__9T\eCe\VXF[bcfjbh_W
UXT__bggXWba_lgbjb`Xa!G[X;\Z[6bhegW\WabgTZeXXj\g[
T$##eXfXeiTg\babeT__bg`Xagcb_\Vl\aYTibhebYjb`XaUhg
eXfge\VgXWg[XZheXgb&#%)!G[XZheXbY&#jTfTee\iXWTgba
g[XUTf\fg[TgeXfXeiTg\bafVTaabgXkVXXW(#TaWg[Tg&#\fT
jX__TVVXcgXWg[Xbel\a4aW[eTCeTWXf[!
25
1997 (6) ALT 548
26
The court observed Emancipation
<a:TlTge\7Xi\i!FgTgXbYBe\ffT%*g[XFhceX`X6bheghc[X_WT
:biXea`XagbeWXeZ\i\aZceXYXeXaVXgbjb`Xa\abcXa\aZhcgb
&# `XW\VT_ fgbeXf bY [bfc\gT_f ba g[X ZebhaW g[Tg \gf checbfX
jTfgbcebi\WXfX_YX`c_bl`Xagbccbegha\g\Xfgbjb`Xa!
of women can be made real, only if

they are made self-reliant by economic
independence. The State, from time
87H64G<BA4?BCCBEGHA<G<8F
to time has been taking effective steps

for women empowerment in all fronts
Educational, Economic and Political.
Women reservation in fair price shops
is an act of Economic empowerment of
<a`TggXefbYXWhVTg\bag[XeX[TfUXXaTiTe\XglbY_\g\ZTg\ba\a
fXiXeT_ ;\Z[ 6bhegf! C! FTZTe i! FgTgX bY 4aW[eT CeTWXf[%+ jTf
TVTfX\aj[\V[eXfXeiTg\babYfXTgfhcgb&#Ybejb`Xa\ag[X
\agXZeTgXW@55FVbhefXjTfhc[X_WUlg[X;\Z[6bheg!
women.
27
AIR 2000 SC 1531
28
AIR 1968 AP 165
29
AIR 1995 Madras 164
GjbWXV\f\bafYeb`g[X@TWeTf;\Z[6bhegTeXjbeg[`Xag\ba\aZ!
<aA\g[lTi!Ha\iXef\glbY@TWeTf%,TaT_lXTefghWXagYX__f[begbY
TggXaWTaVXbaTVVbhagbY`bea\aZf\VâXff!G[X;\Z[6bhegVeX
Tg\iX_l TaW \`TZ\aTg\iX_l hfXW g[X cebi\f\baf bY 4eg\V_X '% bY g[X
6bafg\ghg\baeX_Tg\aZgb`TgXea\gleX_\XYTf\aV_hW\aZ_XTiXTaWg[XeX
UlW\eXVgXWg[Xha\iXef\glgbVbaWbaXg[Xf[begYT__\aTggXaWTaVX!
30
AIR 1995 Madras 307
<a I! F[Tag[TaT_T^f[`\ i! FgTgX bY GT`\_ ATWh&# g[X dhXfg\ba
67
g[TgTebfXjTfTUbhgj[b\fTWXfXegXWjb`Ta!<gTccXTefg[Tg
g[X ha\iXef\gl [TW fb`X fXTgf eXfXeiXW Ybe T WXfXegXW jb`Ta!
G[XcXg\g\baXejTfabgba_lWXfXegXWUl[Xe[hfUTaWUhgf[XT_fb
\aYTVgZbgTWXVeXXbYW\ibeVXbag[XZebhaWbYWXfXeg\ba!G[X
ha\iXef\gl gbb^ T eTg[Xe aTeebj i\Xj TaW VbaV_hWXW g[Tg f\aVX
f[XW\WabgcebWhVXg[XeXdh\eXWVXeg\VTgXbYTWXfXegXWjb`
TaTaWg[Tgf[XjTfTW\ibeVXXTaWabgTWXfXegXWjb`Taf[X
jTfabgXag\g_XWgbg[XUXaXghaWXeg[Xeh_Xf!G[X;\Z[6bheg
[X_Wg[Tg`XeX_lUXVThfXTWXVeXXYbeW\ibeVXjTfcTffXWbag[X
ZebhaWbYWXfXeg\bag[Xcbf\g\babYTWXfXegXWjb`TaWbXfabg
\`cebiXabeWbXfg[XWXfXeg\baW\fTccXTe!Bag[Xbg[Xe[TaWg[X
WXVeXXbYW\ibeVXcTffXWbag[XZebhaWbYWXfXeg\baVbae`f\g!
G[XWXV\f\babYg[Xha\iXef\gljTffgehV^Wbjaf\aVXg[X\agXe
ceXgTg\bajTfXkgeX`X_lTab`T_bhfTaWg[XcXg\g\baXejTf[X_W
Xag\g_XWgbTfXTg!
AXXeT:hcgTi!Ha\iXef\glbY7X_[\&$jTfTVTfX\aj[\V[_XTiXjTf
ZXaXeT__l cXe`\ggXW Ybe g[X checbfXf bY VT_Vh_Tg\aZ TggXaWTaVX
Ybe f\gg\aZ \a T ha\iXef\gl XkT`! 4 YX`T_X fghWXag gbb^ `TgXe
a\gl_XTiXUhgjTfabgZ\iXag[XUXaXgg[XeXbYTaWjTfTf^XWgb
TccXTe\aTfhcc_X`XagTelXkT`\aTg\ba!G[X7X_[\;\Z[6bheg
fgehV^g[\fWbja[b_W\aZg[Tg\YfghWXagfjXeXXag\g_XWgbTiT\_bY
iTe\bhf^\aWfbY_XTiXj[lVbh_WabgT_TWlfghWXagTiT\_bY`T
gXea\gl_XTiX!<gjTfabgXWg[Tgg[XeXjTfabXkc_TaTg\baTfgbj[l
T_baZ_XTiX\fcXe`\ggXWgbT__bg[XefghWXagfYbeiTe\bhfeXTfbaf
j[\_X ba_l YX`T_X ZeTWhTgX fghWXagf TeX abg cXe`\ggXW gb TiT\_
`TgXea\gl_XTiX!<gjTf[X_Wg[Tgg[XeXfXX`fgbUXabeTg\baT_be
_bZ\VT_Xkc_TaTg\baYbeg[\fW\fVe\`\aTgbelgeXTg`Xag!
E8CE8F8AG4G<BA
31
AIR 1997 Delhi 175
32
4. Appointment of Judges. (4) In
selecting persons for appointment as
68
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UXXag[XfhU]XVg`TggXebYfb`XWXUTgX\aVbhegf!5hgUXYbeXg[Tg
\g`hfgUXabgXWg[Tgg[XeX\fabjg[X6bafh`XeCebgXVg\ba4Vg
$,+)j[\V[cebi\WXfg[Tgg[XeX`hfgTg_XTfgUXbaX_TWl`X`
UXe\aXiXelTW]hW\VTgbelYbeh`haWXeg[X4Vg!F\`\_Te_lFXVg\ba
''UbYg[X9T`\_l6bhegf4Vg$,+'`TaWTgXfTceXYXeXaVX
gbg[XTccb\ag`XagbYT_TWlTfT]hWZX&%!F\`\_Te_lhaWXeg[X=h
iXa\_X=hfg\VX6TeXTaWCebgXVg\babY6[\_WeXa4Vg%###g[X
=hiXa\_X=hfg\VX5bTeWTaWg[X6[\_W JX_YTeX6b``\ggXX`hfg
[TiX Tg _XTfg baX _TWl `XÙXe&&! G[X *&eW TaW *'g[ 6bafg\gh
g\baT_T`XaW`XagfeXdh\eXg[TgbaX g[\eWbYg[XfXTgf\a?bVT_
FX_Y:biXea`Xagf[bh_WUXeXfXeiXWYbejb`Xa!
Judges, (b) preference shall be given

to women.
33
4. Juvenile Justice Board.- (2) A
Board shall consist of a Metropolitan

Magistrate or a Judicial Magistrate of
the rst class, as the case may be, and
two social workers of whom at least one
shall be a woman, 29. Child Welfare
Committee. (2) The Committee shall
consist of a Chairperson and four other
members as the State Government may
think t to appoint, of whom at least one
<a >!C! :bc\aTg[Ta AT\e i! FXa\be <afcXVgbe bY 6b bcXeTg\iX

FbV\Xg\Xf&'g[X>XeT_T;\Z[6bheghc[X_WTcebi\f\bag[Tg`Ta
WTgXWg[X@TaTZ\aZ6b``\ggXXbYXiXelVbbcXeTg\iXfbV\Xglgb
[TiXTg_XTfgbaXYX`T_X`XÙXe!4f\`\_Tef\ghTg\baTebfXj\g[
eXZTeWgbVbbcXeTg\iXfbV\Xg\Xf\a4aW[eTCeTWXf[TaW\aGbZheh
shall be a woman
34
AIR 1987 Kerala 167
35
1993 Supp (4) SCC 439
FhW[T^TeEXWWli!:big!bY4!C!&(g[XFhceX`X6bheghc[X_Wg[X
cebi\f\ba\ag[X4aW[eTCeTWXf[6bbcXeTg\iXFbV\Xg\Xf4Vg$,)'
g[TgXaTU_XWg[XEXZ\fgeTegbab`\aTgXgjbjb`Xagbg[X@Ta
TZ\aZ6b``\ggXXbYTVbbcXeTg\iXfbV\Xgl!
G[XfX WXV\f\baf eXTYe` g[X YTVg g[Tg g[X ]hW\V\Tel [Tf T_jTlf
Z\iXaTcbf\g\iX\agXeceXgTg\bagbg[X_TjfbTfgbUXaXgjb`Xa!
<g \f abg Tf \Y g[\f WXcXaWf hcba g[X c[\_bfbc[l bY T cTeg\Vh_Te
]hWZXUhgg[\f\f`beXbe_XffVbafg\ghg\baT__l`TaWTgXW\ai\XjbY
4eg\V_X$(&bYg[X6bafg\ghg\ba!G[\fcbf\g\iX\agXeceXgTg\ba[Tf
UXXaZ\iXaUlg[XVbhegfgbXaVbheTZXfX_YeX_\TaVXT`baZjb`Xa
ZeXTgXe\aib_iX`XagbYjb`Xa\ag[XVbbcXeTg\iX`biX`Xagbe
XWhVTg\baYbejb`Xag[XeXUli\eghT__lfVTaa\aZTj\WXfcXVgeh`
bY\aib_iX`XagbYjb`Xa\aXiXelWTl_\YXbhgf\WXg[X\e[b`X!
6E<@<A4??4J
Jb`Xa TaW Ve\`\aT_ _Tj [TiX UXXa g[X fhU]XVg `TggXe bY gjb
Thg[be\gTg\iX cebabhaVX`Xagf Ul g[X FhceX`X 6bheg! <a FgTgX
bY Cha]TU i! :he`\g F\aZ[&) TaW FT^f[\ i! Ha\ba bY <aW\T&* g[X
FhceX`X 6bheg _T\W Wbja VXegT\a ce\aV\c_Xf Ybe Tcc_\VTg\ba \a
VTfXfj[XeXjb`XaTeX\aib_iXWX\g[XeTfTj\gaXffXfbeTfi\V
g\`f!G[XfXTeX\! G[X\WXag\glbYTeTcXi\Vg\`f[bh_WabgUXW\fV_bfXW!
<aYTVgg[\f\fabjfgTghgbe\_leXVbZa\mXWTaWcha\f[
TU_XUlFXVg\ba%%+4bYg[XCXaT_6bWX&+!
36
(1996) 2 SCC 384
37
(2004) 5 SCC 518
38
228-A. Disclosure of identity of the
victim of certain offences, etc.(1)

Whoever prints or publishes the name
\\! I\WXbgTcXWXkT`\aTg\ba \a V[\XYVT__XWTa\agXei\Xj

\fTWi\fTU_X!G[XFhceX`X6bheg\aFgTgXbY@T[TeTf[
geTi!7e!CeTYh_5!7XfT\hc[X_Wg[XiT_\W\glbYi\WXb
gTcXW Xi\WXaVX \a V\i\_ VTfXf&,! G[XeX \f TUfb_hgX_l ab
eXTfba j[l g[X ce\aV\c_X XahaV\TgXW Ul g[X FhceX`X
6bhegVTaabgUXXkgXaWXWgbVe\`\aT_VTfXfTfjX__!
\\\! G[Xi\Vg\`bYTVe\`XVTagXfg\Yli\TTV_bfXV\eVh\gGI
beYebÙX[\aWTfVeXXa!
or any matter which may make known

the identity of any person against whom
an offence under Section 376, Section
376-A, Section 376-B, Section 376-C
\i! 6ebff XkT`\aTg\babYTj\gaXffj[b\fTi\Vg\`bYfXk

hT_TUhfXf[bh_WUXg[ebhZ[je\ggXadhXfg\bafZ\iXagb
g[X=hWZXVbaWhVg\aZg[Xge\T_!
or Section 376-D is alleged or found to

have been committed (hereafter in this
section referred to as the victim) shall
be punished with imprisonment of either
i! J[XeXiXeaXVXffTelfhYV\XagUeXT^ff[bh_WUXZ\iXa
j[\_XeXVbeW\aZg[XgXfg\`balbYTjb`Tai\Vg\`Ybe
XTf\aZg[XgXaf\ba\ag[XVbhegebb`!
description for a term which may extend

to two years and shall also be liable to
ne.
39
(2003) 4 SCC 601
i\! G[XTVVhfXWf[bh_WabgUXi\f\U_Xgbg[Xj\gaXff!G[X
eXTfbaYbeg[\f\fg[TgiXelceXfXaVXbYg[XTVVhfXW`Tl
fb`Xg\`Xf biXecbjXe g[X i\Vg\` TaW g[Tg \f j[l g[X
FhceX`X 6bheg [Tf cXe`\ggXW g[X eXVbeW\aZ bY gXf
69
g\`bal g[ebhZ[ T V_bfX V\eVh\g GI be Yeb` UX[\aW T

fVeXXa!
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[h`\_\Tg\aZ dhXfg\baf! G[\f `TaWTgX bY g[X FhceX`X
6bhegjTfeXVXag_leX\gXeTgXWUlg[X7X_[\;\Z[6bheg
\a@b[W!4_Tì!G[XFgTgXA6GbY7X_[\'#!
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f[bh_W UX [X_W \a Ta bcXa Vbheg ba_l \a XkVXcg\baT_
V\eVh`fgTaVXf!
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Yb__bjXWTaWfgeXaZg[XaXWUlg[X7X_[\;\Z[6bheg\aF[XX_T4U\W\
i!FgTgX'$!<ag[TgVTfXabgba_ljTfi\WXbgTc\aZcXe`\ggXWUhgTfhc
cbegcXefbabg[Xeg[TaTj\gaXffjTfT_fbT__bjXWgbUXceXfXagj\g[
g[Xj\gaXff!
G[\f\fabggbfTlg[Tgjb`Xai\Vg\`fTaWj\gaXffXfTeXZ\iXag[X
UXfggeXTg`Xag\aVbhegf YTeYeb`\g!G[XeXTeXT_TeZXahÙXe
bY\afgTaVXfj[XeXjb`Xa[TiXabgUXXageXTgXWjX__X\g[XeTf
j\gaXffXfbeTfi\Vg\`fUhgg[XfXTccXTegbUXTUXeeTg\baf!<g\f
gbVbhagXef\ghTg\baffhV[Tfg[XfXg[TgeXZh_TefXaf\g\fTg\baceb
ZeT``XfYbeg[X]hW\V\TelTeXaXVXffTel!FhV[cebZeT``XfaXXW
gb UX VbaWhVgXW g[ebhZ[ g[X FgTgX =hW\V\T_ 4VTWX`\Xf fb g[Tg
\ffhXf cXegT\a\aZ gb jb`Xa \a Vbhegf TeX UXggXe TcceXV\TgXW Ul
]hWZXfTgT___XiX_f!
47@<A<FGE4G<I8E89BE@F
70
4W`\a\fgeTg\iX eXYbe`f cXegT\a\aZ gb ZXaWXe ]hfg\VX [TiX _TeZX_l

UXXaW\VgTgXWUlg[XWXV\f\babYg[XFhceX`X6bheg\aI\f[T^Ti!
FgTgXbYET]Tfg[Ta'%!G[XWXV\f\ba[TfUXXa`hV[gT_^XWTUbhgTaW
W\fVhffXW TaW \g jbh_W eXT__l abg fXeiX Tal hfXYh_ checbfX \Y g[X
i\XjfXkceXffXWUlg[XFhceX`X6bhegTeXeXfgTgXW!<g\f[bjXiXe
\`cbegTaggbabgXg[Tgg[XFhceX`X6bhegeXdh\eXWg[XfXgg\aZhc
bYT6b``\ggXXgbWXT_j\g[fXkhT_[TeTff`XagTgg[Xjbe^c_TVX!
J[\_Xg[XeXTeXabWXa\gXfgTg\fg\VfTiT\_TU_XTUbhg[bj`TalWX
cTeg`XagfbYg[X:biXea`Xag[TiXfXghcfhV[6b``\ggXXfTaW
j[Xa\g\ffTWgbabgXg[Tgg[X7X_[\;\Z[6bhegfXghcT6b`
`\ggXXYbeg[Xefgg\`Xba_l\a9XUehTel%##%g[Tg\fT_`bfgiX
lXTef TYgXe g[X WXV\f\ba jTf eXaWXeXW Ul g[X FhceX`X 6bheg! 4f
`TaWTgXWg[XV[T\ecXefbabYg[X6b``\ggXXjTfT_TWl=hWZXUhg
ba[XeeXg\eX`XagT`T_X]hWZXeXc_TVXW[Xe!<ag[X`XTaj[\_XUX
gjXXa9XUehTel%##%TaWgbWTlg[XeX[TiXUXXafb`XeXg\eX`Xagf
TaWgeTafYXefUhgg[X6b``\ggXX[TfabglXgUXXaeXVbafg\ghgXW
VbageTelgbg[XeXdh\eX`XagfbYg[XFhceX`X6bheg!G[XATg\ba
T_6b``\ff\baYbe Jb`Xa`TWXfb`XXadh\e\XfYeb`g[X;\Z[
6bhegVbaVXea\aZg[X6b``\ggXXba_l\a_TgX%##%g[Tg\fT_`bfg
40
2006 (8) AD (Delhi) 393
41
2006 (6) AD (Delhi) 26
42
(1997) 6 SCC 241
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eT\fXWUlg[X6b``\ff\bajXeXeXfcbaWXWgbUlg[X;\Z[6bheg!
J[Tg\ffbhZ[ggbUXVbaiXlXWUlg[\f\fg[TgXiXafcXV\T_\fXWUbW\Xf
WbabgfXX`gbgT^XTWXdhTgX\agXeXfg\ag[X\`c_X`XagTg\babY_Tjf
beWXV\f\bafeXaWXeXWUlg[XFhceX`X6bheg\aYTibhebYjb`Xa!
HaWXeg[XfXV\eVh`fgTaVXfg[XaXXWYbe]hW\V\T_XWhVTg\baVTa
abg UX biXe X`c[Tf\fXW! 4`baZ g[X eXdh\eX`Xagf bY ]hW\V\T_
XWhVTg\bacTeg\Vh_Te_l\a`TggXefbYZXaWXe]hfg\VXjbh_WUXgb
\aV_hWXW fXaf\g\fTg\ba cebZeT``Xf TaW T_fb g[bebhZ[ TaT_lfXf
TaW haWXefgTaW\aZ bY g[X WXV\f\baf eXaWXeXW Ul iTe\bhf Vbhegf
cXegT\a\aZgbZXaWXe]hfg\VXTaWZXaWXeW\fVe\`\aTg\baTfjX__Tf
TahaWXefgTaW\aZbYg[X_XZ\f_Tg\baf!<ag[\feXZTeW\g`hfgUXfT\W
gb\gfVeXW\gg[Tgg[X7X_[\=hW\V\T_4VTWX`l[TfUXXaYT\e_lTVg\iX
TaW[TfVbaWhVgXWTYXjcebZeT``Xf\aVba]haVg\baj\g[A:Bf
UhgT_baZ gXe`cb_\VlaXXWfgbUXXib_iXWTaW\`c_X`XagXWbaT
eXZh_TeUTf\f!>aXX]XeêXTVg\bafbefcbeTW\VcebZeT``XfYbeg[X
fT^XbYVbaWhVg\aZg[X`f[bh_WabgUXg[Xabe`!
F\`\_Te_lfgTghgbelbeZTa\fTg\baf_\^Xg[XATg\baT_6b``\ff\ba
YbeJb`Xa`hfggT^XeXZh_TeYb__bjhc`XTfheXfg[Tagb_bb^Tg
g[XfX\ffhXfTfbaX bYYf\ghTg\bafeXdh\e\aZTeXTVg\baba_lj[Xa
fb`X WXV\f\ba \f gT^Xa! 4 Z_Te\aZ XkT`c_X bY g[\f \f g[X W\eXV
g\ba Z\iXa Ul g[X FhceX`X 6bheg \a 7X_[\ 7b`Xfg\V Jbe^\aZ
Jb`Xaf 9beh` i! Ha\ba bY <aW\T'&! <a g[\f VTfX g[X FhceX`X
6bhegW\eXVgXWg[X6b``\ff\bagbYeT`XTfV[X`Xbag[XUTf\f
bYVXegT\aTWW\g\baT_W\eXVg\bafZ\iXaUlg[XFhceX`X6bhegYbe
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`bag[fUhgTWXVTWX[Tff\aVXZbaXUlTaW\g\fba_leXVXag_lg[TgT
fV[X`X[TfUXXaYeT`XW''Uhg\g\fabgV_XTej[Xg[Xeg[TgfV[X`X
[TfUXXaabg\XWbe\`c_X`XagXW\aTalYbe`j[TgfbXiXe!
Fb`XTW`\a\fgeTg\iX`XTfheXfg[Tg[TiXUXXagT^XaUlg[X7X_[\
;\Z[ 6bheg gb Ue\aZ TUbhg ZXaWXe cTe\gl \aV_hWX g[X \aVbecb
eTg\babYEh_X'&4bYg[X?XTiXEh_XfTfTcc_\VTU_Xgb:biXea
`XagfXeiTagf!G[\fEh_X[TfUXXa`TWXTcc_\VTU_X\ag[XVbhegf
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43
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proposed.htm
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NATIONAL

PARTNERS FOR LAW IN DEVELOPMENT, NEW DELHI

The Relevance of Womens Access to Justice

Judicial and administrative reforms in relation to gender justice

Gender trainings, its relevance and impact in relation to the judiciary

Special Initiatives and Mechanisms: the Police, the Bar, Family

Police initiatives: Womens Cells, alliances with NGOs, gender trainings

Counselling in matrimonial litigation

Sexual Assault and Rape Prosecutions

Divergences and Intersections Between Notions of Justice in

Text of Justice Sujata Manohars presentation

Extracts of Some Relevant Legal Provisions

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NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOMEN & ACCESS TO JUSTICE A REPORT

NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOMEN & ACCESS TO JUSTICE A REPORT

NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOMEN & ACCESS TO JUSTICE A REPORT

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Justice Sujata Manohar

The full text of this presentation is

Indira Jaisingh, Senior Advocate

SESSION I AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONTEXT

AIR 1979 SC 185; A constable was

accused of raping a 16 years old tribal

NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOMEN & ACCESS TO JUSTICE A REPORT

girl in a police station and the Supreme

Court, reversing the order of conviction

Refer to Domestic Violence

Organised Repression on Women,

Rights Initiative on the circumstances

AIR 1985 SC 945; The Supreme Court

held that a Muslim woman is entitled to

under Section 125, CrPC.

(2001) 7 Supreme Court Cases 740

SESSION I AN OVERVIEW OF THE CONTEXT

NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOMEN & ACCESS TO JUSTICE A REPORT

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SESSION II GROUNDING THE CONCERNS IN EXPERIENCES

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Full text of this presentation is attached

Justice Madan B Lokur

NATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WOMEN & ACCESS TO JUSTICE A REPORT

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Justice Sujata Manohar

Justice Ravindra Bhat

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AIR 1995 Supreme Court 1695

AIR 1999 Supreme Court 1149

(1997) 6 Supreme Court Cases 241

(1980) 1 SCC 81, 91, 93, 98,108,115;

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