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1738
Toroidal Ring
sinh cos
,
cosh cos
y=a
sinh sin
,
cosh cos
sin
.
z=a
cosh cos
Figure 1. A toroidal ohmic conductor with symmetry axis z, smaller radius r0 (m) and greater radius R (m). A thin battery is located at = rad maintaining constant potentials (represented as
the + and - signs) in its extremities. A steady current flows
azimuthally in this circuit loop in the clockwise direction, from
= + rad to = rad.
(1)
X
(1)q1
q=1
sin(q).
(2)
1739
Eq. (2) can be used as the boundary condition for our particular solution to this problem.
Laplaces equation for the electric potential 2 =
0 can be solved in toroidal coordinates with the method
of separation of variables (by a procedure known as Rseparation), leading to a solution of the form, [13, p. 112]:
p
(, , ) = cosh cos H()X()(), (3)
where the functions H, X, and satisfy the general equations (where p and q are constants):
c
(cosh2 1)H 00 + 2 cosh H 0 [(p2 1/4) + q 2 /(cosh2 1)]H = 0,
X 00 + p2 X = 0,
00 + q 2 = 0.
(4)
(5)
(6)
Using the boundary condition (2) and the possible solutions of Eqs. (4) to (6) we obtain the potential as given by, [12]:
"
#
X
X
X
p
q
( 0 , , ) = cosh cos
Ap cos(p)Pp 12 (cosh ) +
sin(q)
Bpq cos(p)Pp 1 (cosh ) , (7)
p=0
q=1
p=0
d
where the coefficients Ap and Bpq are given by, respectively:
2A(2 0p ) Qp 12 (cosh 0 )
,
(8)
Ap =
Pp 12 (cosh 0 )
Bpq
2 2B(1)q1 (2 0p ) Qp 21 (cosh 0 )
=
,
q
q
Pp
1 (cosh 0 )
( > 0 , , ) = A +
X
q=1
(9)
X
p=0
cosh cos
0
Bpq
cos(p)Qqp 1 (cosh ),
(10)
0
where the coefficients Bpq
are defined by:
sin(q)
0
Bpq
2 2B(1)q1 (2 0p ) Qp 21 (cosh 0 )
=
.
q
Qqp 1 (cosh 0 )
(11)
1740
~ = in toroidal
The electric field can be calculated by E
c
coordinates, as given by:
E =
sin(q)Bpq
q=1
E =
1 q
q
0
P 1 (cosh ) + (cosh cos )Pp
1 (cosh )
2
2 p 2
(12)
cosh cos X sin cos(p)
p(cosh cos ) sin(p)
a
2
p=0
"
Ap Pp 12 (cosh ) +
E =
#
q
sin(q)Bpq Pp
1 (cosh ) ,
(13)
q=1
X
(cosh cos )3/2 X
q
q cos(q)
Bpq cos(p)Pp
1 (cosh ),
2
a sinh
q=1
p=0
(14)
q
q
0
(cosh ) relative to cosh . The electric field inside the full solid toroid
where Pp
1 (cosh ) are the derivatives of the P
p 12
2
( > 0 ) is given simply by:
E = 0,
E = 0,
E =
cosh cos
B
B = p
.
2
a sinh
x + y2
(15)
For the full solid toroid, the surface charge distribution that creates the electric field inside (and outside of) the conductor,
keeping the current flowing, can be obtained with Gauss law (by choosing a Gaussian surface involving a small portion of the
conductor surface):
h
i
~ < 0 ) (
~ > 0 )
(0 , , ) = 0 E(
) + E(
X
p=0
0 sinh 0 n A + B
+ (cosh 0 cos )3/2
a
2
io
h
X
q
0
sin(q)Bpq Pp
.
cos(p) Ap Pp 12 0 (cosh 0 ) +
1 (cosh 0 )
q=1
(16)
p + 12
,
(17)
Qp 12 (cosh 0 )
1
1
2p+ 2 p! coshp+ 2 0
Here we treat the case of a thin toroid, such that the outer radius R0 = a cosh 0 / sinh 0 a and the inner radius r0 = a/ sinh 0 are related by r0 R0 , see Fig. 1.
In this case we have cosh 0 0 1. The function
Qp 12 (cosh 0 ) that appears in Eqs. (8) and (9) for the coef-
c
s
( 0 , , ) =
#
"
Pq 1 (cosh )
X
P 12 (cosh )
(1)q1
cosh cos
+2B
.
A
sin(q) q 2
cosh 0
P 12 (cosh 0 )
q
P 1 (cosh 0 )
q=1
2
(18)
1741
We are especially interested in the expressions for the potential and electric field outside but in the vicinity of the conductor,
0 > 1. A series expansion of the functions Pq 1 () and Pq 1 0 () around gives as the most relevant terms [14,
2
2
p. 173]:
"
#
p
ln(2) 12 q
2/ ln(2) 12 q
2/
1
q
q 0
P 1 () 1
,
P 1 () 1
1
, (19)
2
2
2
2 q
2 q 3/2
where (z) = 0 (z)/(z) is the digamma function, and 0.577216 is the Euler gamma. The potential just outside the thin
toroid, Eq. (7), can then be written in this approximation as:
X
ln(2 cosh ) 12 q
(1)q1
ln(8 cosh )
.
(20)
(0 1, , ) = A
+ 2B
sin(q)
ln(8 cosh 0 )
q
ln(2 cosh 0 ) 12 q
q=1
This is a new result not presented in [12].
Far from the battery (that is, for || rad) the potential (20) can be fitted numerically by trial and error by the following
simpler expression (valid for 0 > 103 ):
(0 1, , ) = A
ln(8 cosh )
ln(1.67 cosh )
+ B
.
ln(8 cosh 0 )
ln(1.67 cosh 0 )
X
0 sinh 0
A
(1)q1
sin(q)
(0 1, , ) =
+ 2B
.
a
ln(8 cosh 0 )
q
ln(2 cosh 0 ) 12 q
q=1
(21)
(22)
This is another new result not presented in [12]. In Fig. 4 we plotted the density of surface charges as a function of the
azimuthal angle . We can see that is linear with only close to = 0 rad. Close to the battery diverges to infinity (that
is, when rad).
Far from the battery Eq. (22) can be fitted numerically by a linear function on , namely:
0 sinh 0
A
B
0
A
B
(0 1, , ) =
+
=
+
A + B . (23)
a
ln(8 cosh 0 ) ln(1.67 cosh 0 )
r0 ln(8a/r0 ) ln(1.67a/r0 )
This is a correction from Eq. (37) of [12]. We defined A and B by this last equality.
We can calculate the total charge qA of the thin toroid as a function of the constant electric potential A. For this, we
integrate the surface charge density , Eq. (22), in and (in the approximation cosh 0 1):
Z
Z
4 2 0 Aa
4 2 0 Aa
qA =
h d
h d (, ) =
=
,
(24)
ln(8 cosh 0 )
ln(8a/r0 )
d
a sinh /(cosh cos ) are the scale factors in toroidal
coordinates, [16]. Notice that from Eq. (24) we can obtain
the capacitance of the thin toroid, [17, p. 127]:
C=
Figure 4. Density of surface charges as a function of the azimuthal angle in the case of a thin resistive toroid carrying a steady current. We used 0 = 10.
4 2 0 a
4 2 0 a
qA
=
=
.
A
ln(8 cosh 0 )
ln(8a/r0 )
(25)
(26)
1742
certain piece of the toroid between the angles 0 and 0 ,
with potentials in these extremities given by R = A + B0
and L = A B0 , respectively. This piece has a length
c
2B0 0 ln(`/0 ) ln(`/1.67a)
ln(`/0 ) ln(`/8a)
+
=A
ln(`/r0 ) ln(`/8a)
`
ln(`/r0 ) ln(`/1.67a)
R + L
R L 0
+
2
`
ln(`/0 )
,
ln(`/r0 )
(27)
where in the last approximation we neglected the term ln(`/a) utilizing the approximation r0 < 0 a (so that `/r0 >
`/0 `/1.67a > `/8a). The electric field can be expressed in this approximation as:
R + L
R L 0
R L ln(`/0 )
~
E=
+
(28)
2
`
0 ln(`/r0 )
`
ln(`/r0 )
d
Eqs. (27) and (28) can be compared to Eqs. (12) and (13)
of Assis, Rodrigues and Mania, [9], respectively. They have
studied the case of a long straight cylindrical conductor of
radius r0 carrying a constant current, in cylindrical coordinates (0 , , z) (note that the conversions from toroidal to
cylindrical coordinates in this approximation are
0
and z). In their case, the cylinder has a length ` and
radius r0 `, with potentials L and R in the extremities
of the conductor, and RI = L R . Our result of the
( 0 , , ) =
A = 0 ,
X
p
cosh cos
Ap cos(p)Pp 12 (cosh ),
( 0 , , ) =
(29)
(30)
p=0
where the coefficients Ap are given by Eq. (8). This solution is already known in the literature, [18, p. 239], [19, p. 1304].
It is also possible to obtain the capacitance of the toroid, by comparing the electrostatic potential at a distance r far from
the origin with the potential given by a point charge q, (r a) q/40 r:
(r a, , )
a 2 X 20 (2 0p ) Qp 12 (cosh 0 )
q
=
.
r p=0
Pp 12 (cosh 0 )
40 r
(31)
d
The capacitance of the toroid with its surface at a constant potential 0 can be written as C = q/0 . From Eq. (31)
this yields, [18, p. 239], [20, p. 5-13], [21, p. 9], [22, p. 375]:
C = 80 a
X
p=0
(2 0p )
Qp 12 (cosh 0 )
Pp 12 (cosh 0 )
(32)
c
(r, , ) =
p
q
A
cosh cos P 12 (cosh )
4 20 a
(33)
1743
qA
1
=
P 1
40 [(r2 a2 )2 + 4a2 r2 cos2 ]1/4 2
r 2 + a2
.
(34)
(r2 a2 )2 + 4a2 r2 cos2
p
We can expand Eq. (34) on r< /r> , where r< (r> ) is the lesser (greater) between a and r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 . We present
the first three terms:
i r4
2
qA
1
1 + 3 cos(2) r<
3 h
<
+
.
(35)
(r, , )
9
+
20
cos(2)
+
35
cos(4)
3
5
40 r>
8
r>
512
r>
d
Eqs. (33) to (35) can be compared with the solution given by Jackson, [23, p. 93]. Jackson gives the exact electrostatic solution of the problem of a charged circular wire
(that is, a toroid with radius r0 = 0), in spherical coordinates
(r, , ):
2n
qA X r<
(1)n (2n 1)!!
P2n (cos ),
2n+1
40 n=0 r>
2n n!
(36)
where qA is the total charge of the wire. Eq. (36) expanded to n = 2 yields exactly Eq. (35). We have checked that
Eqs. (34) and (36) are the same for at least n = 30.
Eqs. (33) and (36) yield the same result. It is worthwhile
to note that in spherical coordinates we have an infinite sum,
Eq. (36), while in toroidal coordinates the solution is given by a single term, Eq. (34). The agreement shows that
Eqs. (33) and (36) are the same solution only expressed in
different forms.
Figure 5 shows the potential as function of (in cylindrical coordinates) in the plane z = 0. Eqs. (33) and (36)
give the same result.
(r, , ) =
Figure 5. Normalized potential as function of (distance from zaxis) on the plane z = 0. Eqs. (33) and (36) give the same result.
We utilize 0 = 38 (cosh 0 = 1.6 1016 ) and a = 1.
Our solution inside and along the surface of the full solid toroid yields only an azimuthal electric field, namely,
|E | = /2. But even for a steady current we must
~ pointing away from the z axis, E ,
have a component of E
due to the curvature of the wire. Here we are neglecting this
component due to its extremely small order of magnitude
compared with the azimuthal component E . See further
discussion in [12].
The beautiful experimental result of Jefimenko showing
the electric field outside the conductor is complemented
by this present theoretical work, with excellent agreement,
Figs. 6. The electric potential and electric field of the
thin toroid approximation with a steady current, respectively Eqs. (27) and (28), agree with the known case of a
long straight cylindrical conductor carrying a steady current,
Eqs. (12) and (13) of [9]. The electric potential of the thin
toroid approximation without current agrees with the known
result of a charged wire, [23, p. 93].
1744
Here we have obtained a theoretical solution for the potential due to a steady azimuthal current flowing in a toroidal
resistive conductor which yielded an electric field not only
inside the toroid but also in the space surrounding it. Our
solution showed a reasonable agreement with Jefimenkos
experiment which proved the existence of this external electric field due to a resistive steady current.
Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank Fapesp (Brazil) for financial support to DRCC/IFGW/Unicamp in the past few years. They thank Drs. R. A. Clemente and S. Hutcheon for
relevant comments, references and suggestions. One of the
authors (JAH) wishes to thank CNPq (Brazil) for financial
support.
References
[1] A. Sommerfeld, Electrodynamics (Academic Press, New
York, 1964).
[2] O. D. Jefimenko, Electricity and Magnetism (Electret Scientific Company, Star City, 1989), 2nd ed.
[3] A. K. T. Assis and J. I. Cisneros, in Open Questions in Relativistic Physics, edited by F. Selleri (Apeiron, Montreal, 1998),
pp. 177185.
[4] D. J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electrodynamics (Prentice
Hall, New Jersey, 1999), 3rd ed.
[5] A. K. T. Assis and J. I. Cisneros, IEEE Trans. Circ. Sys. I 47,
63 (2000).
Theory
[8] A. K. T. Assis and A. J. Mania, Rev. Bras. Ens. Fs. 21, 469
(1999).