Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
132kV or 220kV
11kV or 33kV
400kVA
CONSUMER FEEDERS
INTERLOCK 2 OUT OF 3
400kVA
11/0.415kV
or
33/0.415kV
145
Power Division
AC Distribution System:
This is made up of 415V load control centers and LV distribution system.
This system also shall have automatic load transfer system.
LT Transformers:
Ratings of LT Transformers:
i.
ii.
Technical Requirements:
Core:
The core shall be constructed from high grade, non aging, and cold rolled
grain-oriented silicon steel laminations. The maximum flux density in
any part of the cores and yoke at normal voltage and frequency shall be
such that the flux density at any tap position with 10% voltage variation
from the voltage corresponding to the tap shall not exceed 1.9 wb/sq.m.
Windings:
146
Power Division
The conductor shall be of electrolytic copper, free from scales and burrs.
Insulating Oil:
The oil supplied with transformer shall be unused and have the
parameters for unused new oil conforming to IS: 335 while tested at oil
contractors premises. No inhibitors shall be used in oil. Ten percent
extra oil shall be supplied for topping up after commissioning in non
returnable containers suitable for outdoor storage.
Terminal Arrangement:
a. Bushing terminals shall be provided with suitable terminal
connectors of approved type and size for cable/overhead conductors
termination of HV side and cable termination on LV side.
b. The neutral terminals of 433 V winding shall be brought out on a
bushing along with the 433 volt phase terminals to form a 4 wire
system for the 415 volt. Additional neutral bushing shall also be
provided for earthing.
Off Circuit Tap Changing Equipment:
The tap change switch shall be three phase, hand operated for
simultaneous switching of similar taps on the three phases by operating
an external hand wheel.
Marshalling Box:
A metal enclosed, weather, vermin & dust proof marshalling box shall be
provided with each transformer to accommodate temperature indicators,
terminal blocks etc. It shall have a degree of protection of IP 55 as per
IS: 2147.
Cable Boxes:
Whenever cable connections are required, suitable cable boxes shall be
provided and shall be air insulated. They shall be of sufficient size to
accommodate Purchaser's cables and shall have suitable removable
side/top cover to facilitate cable termination and inspection. Cable boxes
shall be dust & vermin proof.
Fittings:
The following fittings shall be provided with each transformer
1 Conservator with drain plug and oil filling hole with blanking
plate
2 Plain oil Gauge
3 Silica gel Breather
4 Pressure Relief vent
5 Pocket on tank cover for Thermometer
6 Valves
7 Earthing Terminals
147
Power Division
Two winding
b.
Service
Outdoor
c.
Number of Phases
Three
d.
Frequency
50 Hz.
e.
f.
Type of cooling
Parameters
h.
ONAN
250 kVA, 630 kVA and
800 kVA
11/0.433 kV 33/o.433
kVA
0.05 10%
i.
Duty
Continuous
j.
Over load
Maximum Tem. Rise over 500C ambient
i. Oil (temp. rise measurement by
thermometer)
ii. Winding (temp. rise measured by
resistance method)
33 kV,
Windings
33 kV,
Rating
Ratio
k.
l.
630kVA/
250 kVA
1.
1.
1.
2.
3.
System apparent
short circuit level (kA)
Winding connection
4.
5.
Insulator
6.
7.
t.
800kVA
Delta
Delta
11 kV,
630kVA/
250 kVA
0.433 kV
Delta
Star
Dyn 1
36
Uniform
52
11
70
95
28
170
250
75
--
36
52
12
--
Solid earthed
Tap Changer
148
Power Division
550C
Vector group
Insulation level l(kV)
a. Power frequency
test level (kV rms)
b. Basic impulse level
(kV peak)
Highest voltage (kV)
for each winding
Method of earthing
500C
0.433
1.
Tap range
2.
Tap control
w.
HV Bushings
1.
Rated voltage, kV
2.
Rated current, kV
Basic impulse level
(kV)
Wet and dry power
frequency withstand
voltage (kV rms)
Minimum total
creepage distance
(mm)
Mounting
3.
4.
5.
6.
ee.
hh.
52
12
36
250
75
170
95
28
70
1300
300
900
100 A
Tank/Transformer body
1100
1100
1100
2000
1000
1000
Terminal Details
Suitable for 33 kV/11 kV
Cable
1. High Voltage
Low voltage phase
and neutral
Minimum Clearances
(mm)
in Air
2.
kk.
630 KVA
11 kV
33 kV
800 KVA
Cable box
33 kV,
630kVA/
250 kVA
33 kV,
800kVA
11 kV,
630kVA/
250 kVA
0.433 kV
1. Phase to phase
350
530
280
25
2. Phase to Earth
320
480
140
25
A.C Circuits:
Following are the A.C circuits present in a substation.
1. Auxiliary L.T Circuits
Example:
A typical example for A.C auxiliary system for a 220/33kV substation is
given below:
The fuel used shall be High Speed Diesel oil (HSD) or Light Diesel Oil
(LDO) as per IS: 460.
151
Power Division
ii
iii
iv
One local AMF control panel along with each D.G set
shall be provided. The AMF panel shall have IP-52 degree of
protection as per IS: 12063. Testing facility for automatic operation
of D.G set shall be provided in AMF panel
Engine overheating
ii.
iii.
Lack of fuel
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
Frequency meter
ii.
iii.
iv.
Power Division
v.
vi.
vii.
One AC Voltmeter
viii.
ix.
x.
xi.
xii.
xiii.
xiv.
Technical Requirements:
A typical example giving technical requirements for DG set of a 400/220
kV substation is as follows:
1. Ratings: 250kVA, 1500RPM, 0.8pf, 415V, 3phase, 50Hz frequency.
2. DG sets shall be rated for 110% of full load for 1hour/day of
continuous running.
3. The output voltage, frequency and limits of variation from open
circuit to full load shall be as follows:
a) Voltage variation: +/-5% of the set value .Provision shall exist to
adjust the set value between 90% and 110% of nominal
generator voltage of 415V
b) Frequency 50Hz +/-2%
4. Type insulation but limited to class-B for temperature rise
consideration. The diesel generator and other auxiliary motor shall
have epoxy thermo setting
5. The day tank of 990 litre capacity shall be provided on suitably
fabricated steel platform. The tank shall be complete with level
indicator marked in liters, filling inlet with removable screen, an
outlet, a drain plug, an air vent, an air breather and necessary
piping. The tank shall be painted with oil resistant paint and shall be
erected with Indian Explosive Act of 1932.
6. Six output terminals shall be provided in alternator terminal box. The
neutral shall be formed in Auto Mains Failure (AMF) panel. The
generator terminal box shall be suitable to house necessary cables
and should be made of non-magnetic material.
7. For transferring oil to day tank transfer pumps are envisaged. The
capacity of transfer pump shall be adequate to fill the day tank in
about 30 minutes.
Operation of D.G Set:
153
Power Division
Over speed
Overload
High temperature of engine, cooling water and lubricating oil.
Low lubricating oil pressure.
Generator differential protection
Short circuit protection
Under voltage
Over voltage
Further interlocking of breaker shall be provided to prevent
parallel operation of DG set with normal stationary supply.
Tests:
The diesel generator set shall be tested for Routine and Acceptance tests
as per
relevant standards. The type test report for a diesel engine and
alternator are to be submitted by the supplier.
Commissioning Checks:
The following commissioning checks are to be carried out at site.
Load Test:
154
Power Division
The engine shall be given test run for a period of at least six hours. The
set shall be subjected to the maximum achievable load not exceeding
the specified D.G set rating. During the load test, half hourly readings of
the following shall be taken.
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
Ambient temperature
Exhaust temperature if exhaust thermometer is fitted
Cooling water temperature
Lubricating oil temperature
Lubricating oil Pressure
Colour of exhaust gas
Speed
Voltage, Wattage and current output
Oil tank level
DC AUXILIARY SYSTEM
Introduction:
The most critical component of a Protection, Control and Monitoring
(PCM) system is the auxiliary DC control power system. Failure of the dc
control power can render fault detection devices unable to detect faults,
breakers unable to trip for faults, local and remote indication to become
inoperable. Capital cost and reliability objectives must be considered
before defining the D.C systems to be used for a specific installation.
a) Battery Unit:
A battery converts chemical energy I n to electrical energy by means of
an electrochemical oxidation-reduction reaction. This type of reaction
involves the transfer of electrons from one material to another through
an electric circuit. The basic electrochemical is called cell
Components of a battery cell:
A resilient plastic container
i.
ii.
The Cathode: This accepts electrons from the external circuit and
is reduced during the electrochemical reaction it should be an efficient
oxidizing agent, stable when contact with electrolyte and have useful
working voltage.
iii.
iv.
v.
Power Division
vi.
vii.
viii.
ix.
2. Secondary Cells
Discharged
Battery Charged
(+Plate)
(-Plate)
PbSo4
2H2SO4
(-Plate)
PbSo4 + 2H 2O
(+Plate)
PbO 2 + Pb
Types of Batteries:
1. Tubular Lead Acid Batteries
2. Plante Lead Acid Batteries
3. Valve Regulated Lead Acid(VRLA)Batteries
4. Flooded/Wet cell batteries :
5. AGM: Absorbed Glass Mat batteries
6. Gel cell batteries
7. Carbon foam leads acid batteries
8. The principle of the lead acid cell can be demonstrated with simple
sheet lead plates for the two electrodes. However such a
construction would only produce around an amp for roughly
postcard sized plates, and it would not produce such a current for
more than a few minutes.
Gaston Plante realized that a plate construction was required that gave
a much larger effective surface area. Plant's method of producing the
plates has been largely unchanged and is still used in stationary
applications.
Wet cells designed for deep discharge are commonly used in golf carts
and other battery electric vehicles, large backup power supplies for
telephone and computer centers and off-grid household electric power
systems.
Gel batteries are used in back-up power supplies for alarm and smaller
computer systems (particularly in uninterruptible power supplies) and for
electric scooters, electrified bicycles and marine applications. Unlike wet
159
Power Division
cells, gel cells are sealed, with pressure relief valves in case of
overcharging. In normal use they cannot spill liquid electrolyte.
Absorbed glass mat (AGM) cells are also sealed and used in battery
electric vehicles, as well as applications where there is a fairly high risk
of the battery being laid on its side or over-turned, such as motorcycles.
VRLA(Valve Regulated Lead Acid) Batteries: These batteries are
preferred for use in substations and power stations due to the following
advantages.
i
VRLA batteries have a pressure regulated valve which does not allow
the gasses to escape unless the set pressure is exceeded. As the
charging voltage is kept at lower level, there is negligible gassing.
Moreover, recombination of hydrogen and oxygen is achieved by,
which further results in reduction in loss of water. As the amount of
released gasses is negligible, release of acid fumes is also reduced.
Hence these batteries can also be installed in the equipment room.
Whereas, in flooded batteries (tubular/flat-pasted batteries) a large
amount of sulphuric acid fumes are released, due to which a separate
battery room with exhaust fans is essential.
They can be stacked horizontally and the cell can be stacked one
above the other, which reduces the battery space requirement by 3060%.
Control circuits
c) Interlock Circuits
System Voltage
Maximum
Voltage during
Float
operation
220V
242 V
198 V
110V
121 V
99 V
48V
52.8V
43.2 V
a) DC Charging System:
Storage battery cells are charged to compensate their discharge so that
they are available for any emergency. The charging is done on
continuous basis to take care of load discharge or self discharge by the
battery there are mainly two types of charging used in the sub-stations.
162
Power Division
All battery chargers shall have two nos. MCCBs on the input side to
receive cables from two sources. Mechanical interlock should be provided
such that only one shall be closed at a time. It shall be of P2 duty and
suitable for continuous duty. MCCBs should have auxiliary contacts for
annunciation.
Rectifier Transformer: The rectifier Transformer shall be continuously
rated, dry air-cooled (A.N.) and of Class - F insulation type. The rating of
the rectified Transformer shall have 10% overload capacity.
Rectifier Assembly: The rectifier assembly shall be fully /half controlled
bridge type and shall be designed to meet the duty as required by the
respective charger. The rectifier shall be provided with heat sink having
their own heat dissipation arrangements with natural air cooling.
Necessary surge protection device and rectifier type fast acting HRC
fuses shall be provided in each arm of the rectifier connections
Instruments: One AC Volt meter and one AC ammeter along with
selector switches shall be provided for all chargers in the AC incoming
circuit.. One DC Volt meter and one DC ammeter (with shunt) shall be
provided for all chargers on DC out going circuit. The instruments shall
be flush type, dust proof and moisture resistant. The instruments shall
be of 1.5 accuracy classes. In addition to the above a centre zero
voltmeter with selector switch shall also be provided for 220 V chargers
for testing purpose.
Blocking Diode: Blocking Diode shall be provided in the positive pole of
the output circuit of each charger to prevent current flow from the DC
battery into the charger.
Annunciation System: Through LEDs following audio-visual indications
shall be provided in the chargers.
a. AC power failure
b. Rectifier/charger fuse blown
c. Over voltage across the battery when boost charging
d. Abnormal (High/Low) voltage
On owners control boardCHARGER TROUBLE indication when above
abnormalities occur
Tests:
Continuous rating
Voltage regulation
Insulation resistance
Figure (a) and (b) gives the main electrical features associated with
battery/battery charger combinations. Charger units are used to supply
either just a battery, provide an autonomous DC supply, or a
battery/inverter combination to provide an autonomous AC supply. The
level of autonomy usually defined in terms of the number of hours or
minutes the equipment will enable the load to function to correctly after
loss of input mains AC supply. The capacity of the charger must also be
such that after a severe discharge it has the capacity to supply the full
DC system load current simultaneously. The technique used for battery
charging is called float charging and involves the battery being
permanently connected to the load in parallel with a charger.
a) Single 100% Battery and 100% Charger:
D.C.DISTRIBUTION
BOARD
MAINS
SUPPLY
BATTERY
CHARGER
BATTERY
100%
CHARGER-A
100%
CHARGER-A
50% BATTERY-A
ALARMS
50% BATTERY-A
ALARMS
LV SUPPLY -2
PROTECTION OR
CONTROL
LV SUPPLY -1
PROTECTION OR
CONTROL
114V PROTECTION
LMS
165
Power Division
sum of the individual loads must therefore be used in the battery sizing
calculations.
Controls/Relays: Continuous loads such as indicator
contribute to battery discharge on loss of mains supply.
lamps
will
Closing Coils: Older oil circuit breaker coils may take 10-30 kW
depending upon design for less than 1 second at 110 V. More modern
vacuum or SF6 circuit breaker motor wound spring charged mechanisms
and solenoid closing coils have 300-600 W ratings.
DC Motors: Diesel generator black start pump and cranking, isolator or
switchgear drives, air blast circuit breaker air compressor motor drives.
Choice of Voltage: The choice of voltage based on the voltage drops in
the leads at maximum specified load current for cross-section. It also
depends on the rated voltages of various auxiliaries and other sources.
The voltage drops in the leads is calculated from following:
V = 2xRxI
volts, DC
I = Line current in amps, DC
R = Resistance of lead in ohms in one way
V= 2XRxI/kVa
k=conductivity (copper-56%, aluminium-35%)
a=cross-sectional area of lead, mm 2
Also
10
Current A
7
0
4
0
33
22
13
Ampere-hour
Capacity
7
0
8
0
10
0
11
0
13
0
Continuousload(W) Shorttimeload(W)
RatedVoltage(V)
The battery capacity and no. of cells shall be arrived at based on the
following duty cycle
Syste
m
Durati
Load
Type of Loads
volta
on
ge
166
Power Division
48V
Continuous load
3 hours
Emergency load
1 hour
Momentary load
1 minute
Continuous load
3 hours
Momentary load
15
minutes
AC DISTRIBUTION BOARD
100A F1
100A F1
220V FLOAT CUM BOOST
CHARGER
DC
100A
(0-300)V (P.M)
10A 10A
F2
220KV
C&R
PANEL
F2
10A
F2
10A
15A
15A
15A
F2
F2
F2
F2
LIGHTING AC
DISTURBANCE BOARD
RECORDER
SPARE
BUSBAR PROTECTION
AND ANNUNCIATION
PANEL
33KV
C&R
PANEL
100A
DC
100A
(0-300)V (P.M)
F2 (BC)
15A
15A
F2
F2
15A 10A
F2
F2
10A
F2
LIGHTING
SPARE
DISTURBANCE
RECORDER
AC
BOARD
10A
F2
10A
F2
33KV 220KV
C&R C&R
PANEL PANEL
BUSBAR PROTECTION
AND ANNUNCIATION
PANEL
2.
Enclosure IP rating
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Switchgear type
8.
Manufacturer
9.
Manufacturers drawings
11
12
13
14.
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Technical Particulars
Details
Details
Particulars
169
Power Division
1.
2.
3.
4.
D.C. output
1. Float voltage
2. Boost voltage
3. Float current
4. Boost current
5. Ripple
5.
6.
7.
+/-
8.
9.
10
Charger efficiency
11.
Overload protection
12.
13.
Applicable standards
14.
+/-
170
Power Division
toughened glass sheet for viewing and sheet steel door of module
shall be lockable with knob/panel key.
14. After isolation of power and control circuit connections it shall be
possible to safely carryout maintenance in a compartment with the
busbar and adjacent circuit live. Necessary shrouding arrangement
shall be provided for this purpose over the cable terminations
located in cable alley.
15. The minimum clearance, in air between phases and between phase
and earth for the entire run of horizontal and vertical busbars, shall
be 25 mm. For all other components, the clearance between "two
live parts", " A live part and an earthed part" and isolating distance
shall be atleast ten (10) mm throughout. Wherever it is not
possible to maintain these clearances, insulation shall be provided
by sleeving or barriers. However, for horizontal run of busbar
minimum clearance of 25 mm should be maintained even if they
are sleeved.
16. The temperature rise of horizontal & vertical busbars when
carrying rated current along its full run shall in no case exceed
55C, with silver plated joints and 40C with all other types of
joints over an outside ambient temperature of 50C.
17. All identical circuit breakers and module chassis of same size shall
be fully interchangeable without having to carryout modifications.
All Circuit breaker boards shall be of single front type, with fully
draw out circuit breakers, which can be drawn out without having
to unscrew any connections. The circuit breakers shall be mounted
on rollers and guides for smooth movement between SERVICE,
TEST and ISOLATED positions and for withdrawal from the
switchboard. Testing of the breaker shall be possible in the TEST
position. Wherever two breaker compartments are provided in the
same vertical section, insulating barriers and shrouds shall be
provided in the rear cable compartment to avoid accidental touch
with the live parts of one circuit when working on the other circuit.
18. All disconnecting contacts for power circuits shall he of robust
design and fully self aligning. Fixed and moving contacts of the
power draw out contact system shall be silver plated. Both fixed
and moving contacts shall be replaceable.
19. All AC & DC boards shall be of single front type.
All modules shall be fixed type except air circuit breaker module,
which shall be drawout type.
The connections from busbars to the main switch shall be fully
insulated/ shrouded, and securely bolted. The partition between
the feeder compartment and cable alley may be non-metallic and
shall be of such construction as to allow cable cores with lugs to be
173
Power Division
Power Division
EARTH BUS
:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
The truck and breaker frame shall get earthed while the truck is
being inserted in the panel and positive earthing of the truck and
breaker frame shall be maintained in all positions.
6.
Each module frame shall get engaged to the vertical earth bus.
Before the dis-connecting contacts on these module are engaged to
the vertical busbar. All metallic cases of relays, instruments and
other panel mounted equipments shall be connected to earth by
independent stranded copper wires of size not less than 2.5 mm.
Insulation colour code of earthing wires shall be green. Earthing
wires shall be connected to terminals with suitable clamp connectors
and soldering is not acceptable. Looping of earth Connection which
would result in loss of earth connection to the devices when a device
is removed is not acceptable. However, looping of earth connections
between equipment to provide alternative paths or earth bus is
acceptable.
7.
8.
Circuit Breakers:
1.
Power Division
3.
There shall be 'Service', Test and Fully withdrawn positions for the
breakers. In 'Test' position the circuit breaker shall be capable of
being tested for operation without energizing the power circuits i.e.
the power contacts shall be disconnected while the Control circuits
shall remain undisturbed. Locking facilities shall be provided so as
lo prevent movement of the circuit breaker from the
SERVICE,
TEST OR FULLY WITHDRAWN position. It shall be possible to close
the door in TEST position.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
MCCB shall in general conform to IS: 13947 Part-2. All MCCB shall
be of P2 duty.
Power Division
over current and short circuit protection. The setting of the thermal
release shall be adjustable between 75% to 100% of the rated
current. The MCCB shall have breaking capacity not less than 20
kA.
MCCBs used for ACDB incomers and Bus coupler shall be equipped
with stored energy mechanism for electrical closing and tripping.
All other MCCBs shall be manually operated. The operating handle
should give a clear trip indication.
Relays:
1. All relays and timers in protective circuits shall be flush mounted on
panel front with connections from the inside.
They shall have
transparent dust light covers removable from the front. All protective
relays shall have a drawout construction for easy replacement from
the front. They shall either have built-in test facilities, or shall be
provided with necessary test blocks and test switches located
immediately below each relay. The auxiliary relays and timers may be
furnished in non-drawout cases. All AC relays shall be suitable for
operation, at 50 Hz with 110 volts VT secondary and 1 amp or 5 amp
CT secondary.
2. All protective relays and timers shall have at least two potentially free
output contacts. Relays shall have contacts as required for protection
schemes.
Contacts of relays and timers shall be silver faced and
shall have a spring action. Adequate number of terminals shall be
available on the relay cases for applicable relaying schemes.
3. All protective relays auxiliary relays and timers shall be provided with
hand reset operation indicators (Flags) for analyzing the cause of
operation.
4. All relays shall withstand a test voltage of 2 kV (rms) for one minute.
5. Motor starters shall be provided with three elements, ambient
temperature compensated, lime lagged, hand reset type overload
relays with adjustable settings. The setting ranges shall be properly
selected to suit the motor ratings. These relays shall have a separate
black coloured hand reset push button mounted on compartment door
and shall have at least one changeover contact.
6. All fuse-protected contactor-controlled motors shall have single
phasing protection, either as a distinct feature in the overload relays
(by differential movement of bi-metallic strips), or as a separate
device. The single phasing protection shall operate even with 80% of
the set current flowing in two of the phases.
Contactors:
Power Division
Each contactor shall be provided with two (2) normally open (NO)
and two (2) normally close (NC) auxiliary contacts.
Instrument Transformers:
All current and voltage transformers shall be completely
encapsulated cast resin insulated type suitable for continuous
operation at the temperature prevailing inside the switchgear
enclosure, when the switchboard is operating at its rated condition
and the outside ambient temperature is 50C.
All instrument transformers shall be able to withstand the thermal
and mechanical stresses resulting from the maximum short circuit
and momentary current rulings of the associated switchgear.
All instrument transformers shall have clear indelible polarity
markings. All seconding terminals shall be wired to a separate
terminal on an accessible terminal bloc*k where star point
formation and earthing shall be done.
Current transformers may be multi or single core type. All voltage
transformers shall be single phase type. The Bus VTs shall be
housed in a separate compartment.
All VTs shall have readily accessible HRC current limiting fuses on
both primary and secondary sides.
Indicating Instruments:
All indicating and integrating meters shall be flush mounted on
panel front.
The instruments shall be of at least 96 mm square
0
size with 90 scales, and shall have an accuracy class of 2.5 or
better. The covers and cases of instruments and meters shall
provide a dust and vermin proof construction.
All instruments shall be compensated for temperature errors and
factory calibrated to directly read the primary quantities. Means
shall be provided for zero adjustment without removing or
dismantling the instruments.
All instruments shall have white dials with black numerals and
179
Power Division
lettering. Black knife edge pointer with parallax free dials will be
preferred.
Ammeters provided on Motor feeders shall have a compressed
scale at the upper current region to cover the starting current.
Watt-hour meters shall be of 3 phase three element type.
Control & Selector Switches:
1. Control & Selector switches shall be of rotary type with escutcheon
plates clearly marked to show the function and positions. The
switches shall be of sturdy construction suitable for mounting on
panel front.
Switches with shrouding of live parts and sealing of
contacts against dust ingress shall be preferred.
2. Circuit breaker selector switches for breaker Controlled motor shall
have three slay put positions marked 'Switchgear', Normal and
Trial respectively.
They shall have two contacts of each of the
three positions and shall have black shade handles.
3. Ammeter and voltmeter selector switches shall have four stay put
position with adequate number of contacts for three phase 4 wire
system. These shall have oval handles Ammeter selector switches
shall have make before break type contacts to prevent open
circuiting of CT secondaries.
4. Contacts of the switches shall be spring assisted and shall be of
suitable material to give a long trouble free service.
5. The contact ratings shall be at least the following:
(i)
10 Amp.
(ii)
I Amp (Inductive)
(iii)
Air breaker switch shall be of the heavy duly, single throw group
operated, load break, and fault make type complying with IS: 4064.
The Bidder shall ensure that all switches are adequately rated so
as to be fully protected by the associated fuses during all abnormal
operating conditions such as overload, locked motor, short circuit
etc.
Switches and fuses for AC/DC control supply and heater supply
wherever required shall be mounted inside and cubicles.
180
Power Division
Push Buttons:
All push-buttons shall have one normally open and one normally
closed contact, unless specified otherwise. The contact faces shall
be of silver or silver alloy.
GREEN
(ii)
RED
(iii) BLACK
All push-buttons on panels shall be located in such a way that Red-pushbuttons shall always be to the left of green push-buttons.
Indicating Lamps:
Indicating lamps shall be of the panel mounting cluster LED type.
The lamps shall have escutcheon plates marked with its function,
wherever necessary.
Lamps shall have translucent lamp-covers of the following colours,
as warranted by the application:
Wired with 2.5 square mm copper wires.
insulation shall be same as above.
of
of
of
of
of
of
(ii)
One (1) Triple pole air circuit breaker complete with all
accessories and power operated mechanism
as specified.
Two (2)
Neutral link.
(vii) One(l)
(ii)
One (1) Triple pole air circuit breaker complete with all
accessories and power operated mechanism
as specified.
One (1)
Power Division
(ix) One(l)
Module Type E:
(i)
(i)
415
Three (3)
110
volts
single
phase
voltage
Voltmeter (0-500 V)
(v)
One (1)
184
Power Division
(ii)
One (1)
One (1)
iv)
One (1)
v)
One (1)
One (1)
ii)
One (1)
DC ammeter with shunt and range of 90-0400 Amps, For 220 V DC DB and 90-0-200
Amp for 50V DC DB.
iii)
One (1)
iv)
Two (2)
185
Power Division
i)
One (1)
Frequency meter.
v) Three (3)
Ammeter
x) One (1)
One (1)
One (1)
ii)
One (1)
Contractor.
Technical Parameters:
Power Supply:
AC System
b) Voltage
c) Frequency
50 Hz 5%
d) Combined variation
e) Fault level
20 kA (rms)
DC System
2 Wire, unearthed
a) System voltage
220 V 10%
b) Fault level
4 kA
c) System voltage
50 V 10%
d) Fault level
--
Cubicle Date:
Busbar Rating:
a) Continuous
for vertical panels
As required
20 kA
c) Momentary (kA)
Peak
45 kA
d) Ambient Temperature
500C
Glossy white.
c) Exterior
Circuit Breaker:
a) Type
b) No. of pole
c) Voltage & Frequency
Air break
3
415 10%, 50 Hz + 5%
e) Symmetrical
Interrupting rating
20 kA (rms)
187
Power Division
45 kA (peak)
h) Operating Mechanism
Current for 1 sec
Duration
20 kA (RMS)
II. DC Component
DC System
415 10%
250 V
P2
P2
d) Symmetrical interrupting
Rating
20 kA (RMS)
4 kA
--
2 No. & 2 NC
2 No. &
20 kA (RMS)
As per IS
II. DC Component
IS 13947
IS 13947
2.5
--
--
Meters:
a) Accuracy class
Current Transformers:
a) Type
E or better
d) Accuracy class
but
metering CT
e) Accuracy class
188
Power Division
but
Protection CT
f) Accuracy class
Differential protection
Current
20 kA (rms)
II. Duration
One second
45 kA (peak)
2.5 kV (rms)
Voltage Transformer:
b) Type
Cast Resin
c) Rate Voltage
Primary
Secondary
415/3 V
110/3 V
d) Method of connection
Primary
Secondary
Star
Star
f) Class of insulation
E or better
2.5 kV (rms)
h) Accuracy class
Relay:
a) One minute power frequency
withstand test
2 kV (rms)
189
Power Division
Sl.
No.
A.
1.
3.
5.
7.
9.
XLPE Cable
Size
For AC Distributions
For 150 A incoming feeders
from Station Service
Transformers I & II of 630
kVA
3:3 1C 630
sq.mm
46 mm/1C
2 1C 630
sq.mm
46 mm/1C
13.
14.
B
1.
2.
3.
3:2 1C 630
sq.mm
2 1C 300
sq.mm
3:2 1C 300
sq.mm
11C 500
sq.mm
3 1C 300
sq.mm
11C 500
sq.mm
46 mm/1C
36 mm/1C
36 mm/1C
41 mm/1C
41 mm/1C
25 mm/1C
For 200 A & 150 A & 125 A incoming & outgoing feeders
220 V Battery chargers & PLCC
Battery Chargers
12.
Overall
diameter of
cable;
tolerance 2
mm
Description of Cables
required
[3.5C70 sq.mm
+
3.5C35 sq.mm ]
(33 mm + 27
mm)
3.5C70 sq.mm
33 mm
3.5C35 sq.mm
27 mm
3.5C35 sq.mm
27 mm
2C185 sq.mm
39 mm
2C10 sq.mm
20 mm
2C6 sq.mm
18 mm
191
Power Division
Classification of Relays:
Based on
Functions
Based on
Operating
Principles or
Structure:
Based on
Inputs
Based on
Performance
Characteristic
1. Protective
relays
1. Current
1. Current balance
1. Distance
2. Voltage
2. Multi restraint
2. Monitoring
relays
3. Power
3. Re-closing
relays
4. Pressure
3. Product solid
state
2. Directional
over current
5. Frequency
4. Micro processor
4. Definite time
4. Regulating
relays
6. Temperature
5. Electromechani
cal
5. Under voltage
5. Auxiliary
relays
8. Vibration
6. Thermal
7. Ground or
phase
7. Flow
3. Inverse time
6. Over voltage
8. High or low
speed
6. Synchronizing
relays
9. Phase
comparison
10. Direction
comparison
Types of Panels:
a.
Control Panels
b.
Relay Panels
c.
d.
Synchronizing Panels
e.
Communication Panels
f.
Annunciation Panels
g.
Charger Panels
h.
i.
M.G Panels
j.
Machine Panels
k.
l.
n.
RTI Panel
Type
Causes
1.
Insulation
Design defects or
errors
Manufacturing
defects
Erection defects
Aging
Contamination
2.
Electrical
Lightning surges
Switching surges
Dynamic over
voltages
3.
Thermal
Over current
Over voltage
Cooler failure
Ambient temperature
4.
Mechanical
Types of Faults:
194
Power Division
Fault
Phase fault
Phase current
Current difference
Phase angle difference
Phase voltage
Power direction
Impedance
2.
Asymmetric faults
(phase to phase and
phase to ground)
Phase current
Current difference
Phase angle difference
Phase voltage
Power direction
Impedance
Negative and zero sequence
components of current and
voltage
Power directions
3.
Ground faults
4.
Over load
Phase current
temperature
5.
Asymmetrical
configuration
Asymmetric load
Interrupted conductor
6.
7.
Frequency
195
Power Division
: Numerical Relays
Electromechanical Relays:
These relays operate on the principal of a mechanical force generated
due to the current flow in a coil wound on a magnetic core. This force
results in the operation of a contact arrangement which is used for
relaying the operated condition to the desired circuit in order to achieve
the required function. Since the mechanical force is generated due to an
electric current flow the term electromechanical relay. These relays
operate on any one of the fundamentally different operating principles,
viz., electromagnetic attraction and electro magnetic induction. The
operation of relay means it changes the state of its contacts from
normally open condition (NO) to close condition or normally closed
condition (NC)to open condition.
Types of Electromechanical Relays:
1. Thermal
a) O.T.Trip
a) W.T. Trip
b) Lamp trip etc.
2. Float type
a) Buchholtz
a) OSR
b) PVR
196
Power Division
Based on Time
Character
1. Definite time relay
Inclusive of Logic
1. Differential
5. Restricted earth
fault
6. Over fluxing
7. Distance scheme
8. Busbar protection
9. Reserve power
relays
10. Loss of
excitation
11. Negative phase
sequence
3
197
Power Division
Distance relay
21
25
27
Flame detector
28
Isolating contactor
29
Annunciator relay
30
32
37
40
46
49
50
51
Circuit breaker
52
52a
52b
55
56
59
60
64
Directional relay
67
Locking relay
68
Alarm relay
74
76
78
79
Frequency relay
81
81U
81O
83
85
Tripping relay
86
Differential relay
87
87G
87GT
198
Power Division
87U
87N
T
95
99
186A
186B
Transformer Protection:
Faults within the Transformer Tank:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Phase-to-phase
Phase-to-earth
Inter turn fault on the windings
Inter winding faults
Tap changer faults
Insulator bushing failure
Core overheating due to failure of core insulation
Buchholtz Relay:
The incipient faults in transformer tank below oil level actuate Buchholtz
relay so as to give alarm. The arc due to fault cause decomposition of
transformer oil. The decomposition of the oil starts at about 150 0C. The
product of decomposition contain more than 70% of hydrogen gas, which
being light rises upward and tries to go in to the conservator. The
Buchholtz relay is fitted in the pipe leading to the conservator. The gas
gets collected in the upper portion of the Buchholtz relay thereby the oil
level in the Buchholtz relay drops down. The float, floating in the oil in the
Buchholtz relay tilts down with the lowering oil level. While doing so, the
mercury switch attached to the float is closed thereby closing the alarm
circuit. The transformer is disconnected soon and the gas samples are
tested to find out the nature of fault. Whenever there is heavy fault inside
the transformer, due to serious short circuit a heavy surge is created due
to sudden build-up of pressure in the oil, which is caused by the
decomposition of the oil by the arc. The oil rushes towards the conservator.
While doing so it passes through the Buchholtz relay. The baffles (plates) in
the Buchholtz relay get pressed by the rushing oil. There by they close
another switch, which in turn closes the trip circuit of circuit breaker,
isolating the transformer.
Note:
1. The Buchholtz relay can be used only for transformers with
conservator. The relay is not provided for transformers below 500
kVA for economic considerations.
2. A separate Buchholtz relay is provided with the tap-changer.
199
Power Division
Sl.N
o.
1.
Rating of
Transforme
r
132/33/11
kV
Up to 8
MVA,
2.
132/33/11
kV
above 8
MVA up to
31.5 MVA
3.
Relays on
HV side
Relays on
LV side
Common Relays
+1 E/L
relay
+1 E/L
relay
Buchholtz,
OLTC Buchholtz ,OT,WT
132/33 kV
31.5 MVA
and above
+1 dir. E/L
relay
+1 E/L
relay
Buchholtz,
OLTC Buchholtz,
PRV,OT,WT
4.
220/33 kV
31.5 MVA
and above
+1 dir. E/L
relay
+1 dir .E/L
relay
220/132 kV
Buchholtz,
OLTC Buchholtz,
PRV,OT,WT
100 MVA
5.
400/220 kV
315 MVA
3
directional
O/L relays
(with dir.
3
directional
O/L relays
(with dir.
200
Power Division
Highest)
Highest)
PRV,OT,WT
+1 dir. E/L
relays
+1 dir. E/L
relays
and over
load(alarm)relay
Restricted
earth fault
relay
Restricted
earth fault
relay
125
150
175
200
300
125
45
15
10
: 950C
Trip
: 1200C
High speed.
Power Division
Interlock over current protection to trip generator unit if buszone protection operates.
Method
Particulars
Remarks
Used in distribution system
(6-33 kV) with
transformers/ feeder supply
to bus bars
1.
Over-current
relays of
connected
circuits
2.
Differential
protection
( Used in major
substations)
1. High impedance
1. High impedance
circulating current
connected in series with
differential
relay coil to improve
protection
stability
2. High impedance
2. Voltage drop across
differential
impedance is measured
protection based on
for discrimination
voltage drop
3. Biased coil gives
3. Biased differential
restrain for external
protection
faults
Frame leakage
earth fault
protection for
low voltage
metal clad
switchgear
bus
Static
protection by
High
Impedance
differential
Back-up
protection
Over-current protection
or distance protection
4.
5.
Preferred in modern
installations
202
Power Division
Control Panels are used for: Mounting all the control switches,
selector switches, indications, semaphores and instruments required.
Relay Panels are used for:
Mounting all the Protection Relays and instruments required.
The terminal blocks shall be 1100v grade and 10Amps continuous rating,
moulded piece, complete with insulated barriers, stud type brass
terminals, washers nuts, locknuts and identification strips. All terminal
blocks shall have shouldering with transparent unbreakable material.
AC Supply to be extended to:
1. Control Panel
2. Circuit Breaker Marshaling Box
3. Switch Yard Bay Marshalling Box
4. Current Transformer Marshalling Box
5. CVT / PT / EMVT Marshalling Box
6. ISOLATOR Operation (3-Ph)
7. Circuit Breaker Operating Mechanism Drive(3-Ph)
AC Supply needed for the following:
1. Door lamp
2. Panel heater
3. Plug socket
4. Aux supply to annunciation fascia
5. Auxiliary supply to transducer circuit
6. DC fail circuit
DC Supply for:
1. Indication circuits
2. Annunciation circuits
3. Circuit breaker closing coil & trip coil-1 ckt
4. Circuit breaker trip coil-2 ckt
5. To synchronization circuit
6. To main-1(21m1/ 87t) protection
7. To main-2 or bus (21m2/ 67) protection
8. To AC supervision
9. To isolator control
10.
To isolator interlock
Indication Circuits:
203
Power Division
204
Power Division
205
Power Division
206
Power Division
207
Power Division
2.
All the radiator valves shall be closed after 24 hours idling of the
transformer.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
After 48 hours of the filtration the inlet and outlet valve connections
of the filter are to be interchanged, i.e. in let to filter from top of the
transformer and outlet of the filter to the bottom of the transformer.
208
Power Division
8.
9.
10. During the filtration the IR values will go down for few days and then
start increasing and attains a value after which there will not be
change in the values even the filtration is continued further.
11. That shows the moisture is eliminated from the transformer oil to the
extent possible.
12.
The open the radiator valves and continue the filtration until the
same ER values are attained.
13.
Evacuate &Hold
(Hours)
Standing
Time(Hours)
< 145
12
12
Up to
420
24
48
> 420
36
120
An
Neutralization Number
Is the voltage at which arc discharge occurs between two electrodes with
2.5 mm gap. New oil unfiltered - 30 KV minimum (rms) New oil filtered 60 KV minimum (rms)
Before energizing new transformers as per
Below 72.5 kV equipments - 40 kV Mini (rms)
Above 72.5 kV less than 145 kV - 50 KV Minimum (rms)
Above 145 kV - 60 kV Minimum (rms)
2. Dielectric Dissipation Factor (Tan Delta & Loss Tangent)
Dissipation factor: Power loss in dielectric/apparent power (Volt Amp)
Voltage and resulting current deviates from II radians.
Is measure of dielectric losses in oil & hence the amount of heat energy
dissipated.
1. Tan delta at 90 for unused oil - maximum 0.2
2. Tan delta at 90 oil before charging transformer - maximum 0.05
3. Tan delta at 90 for oil above 145 kV - maximum 0.2
4. Tan delta at 90 for oil below 145 kV - maximum 1.0
Low value of tan delta indicates low losses.
3. Resistivity
Provides a sensitive method of determining the conducting impurities. It
affects the electrical losses & causes deterioration of oil equipment
failure.
For unused oil at 27 - 2.5 x 1012 Ohms minimum For unused oil at
90C - 0.02 x 1012 Ohms (minimum) For used oil at 90 C - 0.1 x 1012
Ohms (minimum
Properties of Transformer Oil:
1
Appearance
Acidity (max.)
3.
4.
5.
1400 C
Viscosity at -150C
Viscosity at 200C
Kinematic Viscosity at 270C
(max)
40 centi strokes
6.
7.
27 cSt
-60C
30kV/min
60kV/min
212
Power Division
30 to 40 kV/mt
5 ppm
0.89gm/cm cu
11.
0.005
12.
0.001
13.
14.
0.002 to 0.004
a)
At 90 0C minimum
35 x 10
b)
At 27 0C minimum
1500 x 10
15
Oxidation stability
Neutralization value after
oxidation Max.
Total sledge after oxidation
Max.
Aging characteristic after
accelerated aging
Specific resistance at 27 0C
a)
b)
16
12
ohm cm
12
ohm cm
2.5 x 10
12
ohms-cm (min)
0.2 x 10
ohms-cm (min)
d)
Specific resistance at 90 C
Dielectric dissipation factor
tan at 900 C.
Total Acidity
12
e)
Total Sludge
f)
Water content
The oil shall contain
antioxidant additives
50 ppm (max)
a)
b)
c)
g)
0.20 (max)
0.05mg of KOH/gm (max)
213
Power Division
217
Power Division
219
Power Division
FIRE-FIGHTING SYSTEM
Classification of Fires:
Fires are mainly classified into A, B, C, D, & E categories as detailed
below:
Class-A: Fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as wood,
paper, coal, cotton, Jute etc.
Class-B: Fires involving inflammable liquids such as petrol, kerosene,
lubricating
oils, diesel, fuel oil, greases, Transformer
oil etc.
Class-C:
Fires involving
Acetylene,
combustible metals
Aluminium etc.
such
as
as
hydrogen,
Sodium,
Cabling
221
Power Division
11.
Description
Fixed or
rate of rise
detector
Optical
smoke
detector
Ionization
smoke
detector
Operation voltage
8 to 16 V
7.7 to 10 V
8 to 13 V
Quiescent current
0.4mA
1.2mA
0.1mA
Alarn current
25mA
15mA
25mA
Alarm smoke
concentration
Display
LED red
Temp. Gradient
5oC /min
Release temp.
60oC ,90oC
75oC
Ambient Temp.
(-)20 to
+80oC
(-)20 to
+80oC
30m2
up to
saturation
8
9
Maximum covered
area
3% pm
LED red
222
Power Division
LED red
40 to 80m2
limit
10
Maximum Room
height
11
7.5m
12m
12m
Maximum No of
detectors per line
30
30
30
12
Connection cable
2 core
2 core
2 core
13
3 core
3 core
3 core
14
Cross section of
cable
1mm2
1mm2
1mm2
Annunciation Panel:
The operation of any of the fire detectors/manual call point shall resulting
the following annunciations / alarms.
1. Visual signal exhibited in the annunciation panels indicating the
area where the fire is detected
2. An audible alarm sound
3. An external audible alarm sounded in the building
4. If the zone comprises more than one ohm a visual signal shall be
exhibited on the outer wall of each room
5. A signal shall be given to Air condition system for its shutdown
Hydrant System:
223
Power Division
FIRE HOSE
L T transformer area
Stores
Transformers
3. Deluge valves.
4. Air compressor with connected piping.
5. Heat detectors.
6. Spray nozzles with piping.
The emulsifier pumps are to be installed at cooling water pump house
and the connected piping is to be kept charged under pressure up to
deluge valve. Jockey pump is connected to the emulsifier header to
make up the minor leakages in the system and to maintain the header
pressure constantly at designed value.
A network of heat detectors are to be installed around the equipment,
which is under protection. The system shall be designed such that the
fires are sensed by detectors and the water sprays in that zone
immediately activated.
The detector piping is to be kept charged with air by means of a baby
compressor. Alternate air supply is fed to the baby compressor receiver
tank with a non-return valve from station air compressors to avoid
frequent running of Baby compressors.
In case of fire, the Quartzoid Bulb (glass bulb) detector in the fire zone
will shatter when the temperature in the surrounding area reaches 79 0C
and the air will escape from the differential air chamber resulting in
opening of the deluge valve and releases water spray. The pumps will
automatically come into service and cater to the enhanced water
requirement. Once the fire is extinguished
a The pump has to be manually stopped and normalcy restored.
b The shattered quartzoid (bulb) detector(s) are to be replaced and
air pressure is to be established.
c It must be ensured that the gate valves (before and after the
deluge valve) are in open position.
d The jockey and emulsifier pumps shall be kept in auto mode.
Following are the pressures of running water to be maintained.
1. Minimum pressure of running water at any projector at any
instance: 3.5 Bar
2. Maximum pressure of running water at any projector at any
instance: 3.5 Bar
Following are the discharge densities of water to be maintained
1.
Discharge density on ground surface: 6.1 lpm/m2
2.
Minimum Discharge density on other surface: 10.2 lpm
In case of fire, the Transformers may outburst causing damage to other
substation equipment. The Transformer oil may spread everywhere
causing spreading of fire in the cable trenches besides Emulsifier
protection, the power Transformers in the outdoor switchyard are
225
Power Division
226
Power Division
QUARTZOID BULB
DETECTORS
SPRAY
NOZZLES
ALARAM
GONG BELL
VAL
VE
DELUGE
VALVE
FROM PUMP
HOUSE
The electrical clearances between the emulsifier system pipe work and
live parts of the protected equipment shall not be less than the following:
765 kV bushing
4900mm
420 kV bushing
3500mm
245 kV bushing
2150mm
145 kV bushing
1300mm
52 kV bushing
630mm
36 kV bushing
320mm
CO2 VALVE
CARRYING
HANDLE
DISCHARGE HOSE
HAND GRIP
CYLINDE
R
DISCHARGE HORN
TROLLEY
WHEELS
SAFETY CLIP
CAP
DISCHARGE
HOSE
CO2 GAS
CARTRIDGE
AFFF
COMPOUND
DISCHARGE
TUBE
FOAM NOZZLE
BODY
Mechanical foam (AFFF) Type Fire Extinguishers are reconnected for use
on class A & B Fires. Aqueous Film Forming Foam Compound (AFFF) is
mixed in water and filled in the cylinder up to the mark. A CO 2 gas
cartridge is fixed to the cap. The discharge hose is provided with a foam
nozzle for delivering the foam.
228
Power Division
2)
3)
Press the squeeze grip nozzle and strike on the plunger head with
hand piercing the seal of CO2 cartridge fixed to the cap.
4)
The CO2 gas released from the cartridge pressurizes the dry
powder and released as fog from nozzle with force.
5)
Move the nozzle with sweeping action and direct the power at the
base of Fire
10 Kgs. Capacity
SAFETY CLIP
CAP
DISCHARGE HOSE
CO2 GAS
CARTRIDGE
INNERCAGE
SQUEEZE GRIP
NOZZLE
D.C.P
229
Power Division
1 Discharge control
3 valve
Power Division
1 Trailer
4
1 Performance
5 Response time
Discharge
efficiency
Discharge throw
1 Anticorrosive
6 coating Internal
coating
External painting
1 Special features
7
12 sec max
98%min
28 to 30m from end of nozzle
0.18mm thick
Fire red ,0.1 to 0.2 mm thick
Longer throw
Capacity of cylinder is more to handle fires
Suitable for all classes of fire.
Regulatable
Efficiency of extinguishing fire is three times
more than the conventional equipment.
11.
Power Division
12.
232
Power Division
10. Do not use bare wires for tapping power from the sockets where two
cables is to be jointed, use proper insulation.
11. Do not handle inflammable oils like kerosene, petrol for cleaning of
the electrical equipments as any sparks coming out, are likely to
cause ignition of the kerosene or petrol.
12. Get familiarized with the locations where fire equipment is installed.
13. Know how to use the above in case of emergency.
14. Ensure fire fighting appliances are kept ready to meet any
emergency.
233
Power Division
234
Power Division
LIGHTING
Terms:
Luminous Flux (F)
conditions
Luminaire
Reflectance Table
b.
Power Division
c.
Street lighting
d.
DG set room
e.
Illumination Levels:
Average
Illumination
Level (Lux)
Limiting Glare
Index
200 to 300
19
150
19
Control desks
300
19
Switch houses
150
25
ii)
300
19
iii)
Conference room
300
19
iv)
150
v)
Cable gallery/floor
vi)
Store room
100
vii)
Battery room
100
Carrier room
300
ix)
Cloak room
100
--
x)
300
25
xi)
Test room
450
19
xii)
Corridors
70
16
20
xiv)
Main equipment
50
--
xv)
20
--
Sl.N
o.
i)
viii)
xiii)
Particulars
Control room
70
--
Office room
Store room
Battery room
Toilet
CFL
Main equipment
HPSV, HPMV
Power Division
Lamp Type
1.
Fluorescent: 18 Watt
1150
2.
Fluorescent: 30 Watt
2400
3.
CFL 36 Watt
3300
4.
CFL 58 Watt
4600
5.
13700
6.
24000
7.
27500
8.
47500
Sl.No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Lamps
36 Watt (fluorescent)
70 Watt
125 to 150 Watt
250 Watt
400 Watt
1000 Watt
1500 Watt
Minimum Mounting
Heights
up to 4 metres
2.5 meters
3.5 meters
5 meters
8 meters
10 meters
12 meters
Life
(Hours)
Mercury Vapour
40 to 60
22000
Fluorescent
64 t0 90
7000 +
90 to 125
25000
Lamp Type
High Pressure
Sodium
237
Power Division
Low Pressure
Sodium
120 to 200
20000
Reflectance Factors:
Area
Air Conditioned Office
Industrial
Ceiling
0.7
Walls
0.5
Floor
0.2
0.5
0.3
0.2
Lighting Transformer:
The lighting load is taken through the lighting Transformer so as to
prevent failure of main AC station supply to different equipment in the
substation in case of any fault in the lighting circuits.
Technical Particulars:
Sl.N
o.
Particulars
Data
1.
Type of transformer
2.
Rating
KVA
3.
Voltage Ratio
415/415 Volts
4.
No. of phases
Three
5.
Frequency
50 Hz
6.
Winding connection
DYn-1
7.
Class of insulation
B-class
8.
Impedance
4%+10%
9.
10.
Ref. Standard
IS:2026
Lighting Calculations:
Interior Lighting:
Step 1: Calculate Room Index (K) = (L x W)/ {Hm (L+W)}
L = Room Length
W = Room Width
Hm = Mounting Height of Fitting (from working plane)
Work Plane = Desk or Bench Height
Step 2: Calculation of utilization factor
Utilization Factor Table:
LOR: 88.1%
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Power Division
Reflectance
2.5
0.3
2.
PLCC room
3.
Office room
4.
Battery room
5.
6.
Toilets
Considerations:
Maintenance Factor = 1
The light used for control room is BSM 136
Lamp type : FTL
No. of lamps = 1
Length = 1.244m, Width = 0.163, Height = 0.076
Lumens /lamp = 2425
Lamp Voltage = 36 W
Rated Power = 48 W
Light output ratio = 62%
2314X
2455
PLCCROOM
4840 X 5770
PANTRY
2296X
2455
10750
STORE
4840 X 4770
BATTERY ROOM
4840 X 4000
OFFICE
Area
Length
(mm)
Width
(mm)
240
Power Division
Light
Requir
ed
Lux
Estimate
d
Luminair
es
19720
4840
4840
4840
2314
2296
4840
9770
5770
4770
4000
2455
2455
2085
BSM136
BSM136
BSM136
BSM136
BSM136
BSM136
BSM136
300
300
300
100
100
100
100
Switchyard width
Hw
lux
Hm
Lux to be maintained
Variable inputs
Height of the l.m/tower
Light output ratio
241
Power Division
36
7
6
2
1
1
1
lm
Lamp wattage
watts
Rated power
watts
Luminaire efficiency
Luminaire arrangement
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Arrows showing the direction of lights which are fixed on the tower
4000
2500
18000
18000
4500
4500
4500
4500
18000
11300
4 5 0 0 15 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 4 5 0 0
7000
9500
4500
4 5 0 0 4 5 0 0 15 0 0 4 5 0 0
44000
30320
4840 X 4770
OFFICE
4500
4500
4500
PLCCROOM
4840 X 5770
PANTRY
2296 X
2 455
1075 0
2314X
245 5
4500
5000
TOILET
4840 X
2 085
STORE
80000
10 0000
4500
5000
1 7 5 03 0 0 01 7 5 20 2 0 20 5 0 20 0 0 20 2 07 05 07 5 10 5 0105 07 05 07 5 02 2 0 20 0 0 03 0 0 0 3 0 0 0
5000
1000 0
6000
BATTERY ROOM
4840 X 4000
7000
5000
1000
1000
60500
135000
240
Power Division
another heat exchange coil, condensing into a liquid, rejecting the heat
previously absorbed from the cooled space.
Humidity:
Refrigeration air conditioning equipment usually reduces the humidity of
the air processed by the system. The relatively cold (below the dew
point) evaporator coil condenses water vapor from the processed air,
(much like an ice cold drink will condense water on the outside of a
glass), sending the water to a drain and removing water vapor from the
cooled space and lowering the relative humidity. Since humans perspire
to provide natural cooling by the evaporation of perspiration from the
skin, drier air (up to a point) improves the comfort provided. The comfort
air conditioner is designed to create a 40% to 60% relative humidity in
the occupied space.
Some air conditioning units dry the air without cooling it. They work like
a normal air conditioner, except that a heat exchanger is placed between
the intake and exhaust. In combination with convection fans they
achieve a similar level of comfort as an air cooler in humid tropical
climates, but only consume about 1/3 of the electricity. They are also
preferred by those who find the draft created by air coolers
uncomfortable.
Refrigerants:
"Freon" is a trade name for a family of haloalkane refrigerants
manufactured by DuPont and other companies. These refrigerants were
commonly used due to their superior stability and safety properties.
Unfortunately, evidence has accumulated that these chlorine bearing
refrigerants reach the upper atmosphere when they escape. The
chemistry is poorly understood but general consensus seems to be that
CFCs break up in the stratosphere due to UV-radiation, releasing their
chlorine atoms. These chlorine atoms act as catalysts in the breakdown
of ozone, which does severe damage to the ozone layer that shields the
Earth's surface from the strong UV radiation. The chlorine will remain
active as a catalyst until and unless it binds with another particle forming
a stable molecule. CFC refrigerants in common but receding usage
include R-11 and R-12. Newer and more environmentally-safe
refrigerants include HCFCs (R-22, used in most homes today) and HFCs
(R-134a, used in most cars) have replaced most CFC use. HCFCs in turn
are being phased out under the Montreal Protocol and replaced by hydro
fluorocarbons (HFCs), such as R-410A, which lack chlorine.
Types of Air Conditioner Equipment
Window and through-wall units
Window and through-wall units have vents on both the inside and
outside, so inside air to be cooled can be blown in and out by a fan in the
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unit, and outside air can also be blown in and out by another fan to act
as the heat sink. The controls are on the inside.
A large house or building may have several such units. Should virtually
every room be cooled with its own air conditioning unit, most of the day,
it would be less expensive to use central air conditioning, though that
may not be physically possible.
Evaporative Coolers:
In very dry climates, evaporative coolers (or "swamp coolers") are
popular for improving comfort during hot weather. This type of cooler is
the dominant cooler used in Iran which has the largest number of units of
any country in the world, hence some referring to them as Persian
coolers. An evaporative cooler is a device that draws outside air through
a wet pad, such as a large sponge soaked with water. The sensible heat
of the incoming air, as measured by a dry bulb thermometer, is reduced.
The total heat (sensible heat plus latent heat) of the entering air is
unchanged. Some of the sensible heat of the entering air is converted to
latent heat by the evaporation of water in the wet cooler pads. If the
entering air is dry enough, the results can be quite comfortable. These
coolers cost less and are mechanically simple to understand and
maintain.
There is a related, more complex process called absorptive
refrigeration which uses heat to produce cooling. In one instance, a
three-stage absorptive cooler first dehumidifies the air with a spray of
salt-water or brine. The brine osmotically absorbs water vapor from the
air. The second stage sprays water in the air, cooling the air by
evaporation. Finally, to control the humidity, the air passes through
another brine spray. The brine is reconcentrated by distillation. The
system is used in some hospitals because, with filtering, a sufficiently hot
regenerative distillation removes airborne organisms.
Absorptive chillers:
Some buildings use gas turbines to generate electricity. The exhausts of
these are hot enough to drive an absorptive chiller that produces cold
water. The cold water is then run through radiators in air ducts for
hydronic cooling. The dual use of the energy, both to generate electricity
and cooling, makes this technology attractive when regional utility and
fuel prices are right. Producing heat, power, and cooling in one system is
known as tri-generation.
Chilled-water and Cooling-tower AC Units
In a chilled-water system, the entire air conditioner lives on the roof or
behind the building. It cools water to between 40 and 45 F (4.4 and 7.2
C). This chilled water is then piped throughout the building and
connected to air handlers as needed. There is no practical limit to the
length of a chilled-water pipe if it is well-insulated.
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Power Division
You can see in this diagram that the air conditioner (on the left) is
completely standard. The heat exchanger lets the cold Freon chill the
water that runs throughout the building.
Cooling Towers
In all of the systems described earlier, air is used to dissipate the heat
from the outside coil. In large systems, the efficiency can be improved
significantly by using a cooling tower. The cooling tower creates a
stream of lower-temperature water. This water runs through a heat
exchanger and cools the hot coils of the air conditioner unit. It costs
more to buy the system initially, but the energy savings can be
significant over time (especially in areas with low humidity), so the
system pays for itself fairly quickly.
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Cooling towers come in all shapes and sizes. They all work on the same
principle:
1. A cooling tower blows air through a stream of water so that some
of the water evaporates.
2. Generally, the water trickles through a thick sheet of open plastic
mesh.
3. Air blows through the mesh at right angles to the water flow.
4. The evaporation cools the stream of water.
5. Because some of the water is lost to evaporation, the cooling
tower constantly adds water to the system to make up the
difference.
The amount of cooling that you get from a cooling tower depends on the
relative humidity of the air and the barometric pressure.
For example, assuming a 950 F (350C) day, barometric pressure of
29.92 inches (sea-level normal pressure) and 80-percent humidity, the
temperature of the water in the cooling tower will drop about 6 degrees
to 890 F (3.360 to 31.7 C).
If the humidity is 50 percent, then the water temperature will drop
perhaps 150 to 800 F (8.40 to 26.7 0C).
If the humidity is 20 percent, then the water temperature will drop
about
28 0 to 670 F (15.70 to 19.40C). Even small temperature drops
can have a significant effect on energy consumption.
Whenever you walk behind a building and find a unit that has large
quantities of water running through a plastic mesh, you will know you
have found a cooling tower.
In many office complexes and college campuses, cooling towers and
air conditioning equipment are centralized, and chilled water is routed to
all of the buildings through miles of underground pipes.
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Power Division
Split-system AC Units:
A split-system air conditioner splits the hot air from the cold side of
the system, like this:
The
cold side,
consisting of the expansion valve and the cold coil, is generally placed
into a furnace or some other air handler. The air handler blows air
through the coil and routes the air throughout the building using a series
of ducts. The hot side, known as the condensing unit, lives outside the
building. In most home installations, the unit looks something like this:
The unit consists of a long, spiral coil shaped like a cylinder. Inside the
coil is a fan, to blow air through the coil, along with a weatherresistant compressor and some control logic. This approach has
evolved over the years because it is low-cost and also because it
normally results in reduced noise inside the house (at the expense of
increased noise outside the house). Besides the fact that the hot and
cold sides are split apart and the capacity is higher (making the coils and
compressor larger), there is no difference between a split-system and a
window air conditioner.
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Passive Cooling: Some people go to the extreme and get rid of their AC
units entirely. Passive cooling is the greenest of trends and a great way
to save money. Passive cooling revolves around the concept of removing
warm air from your home using the interaction between the house and
its surroundings. There are several ways to block and remove heat,
including shading through landscaping, using a dark exterior paint,
installing a radiant barrier in the roof rafters and good old- fashioned
insulation. Another way is through thermal siphoning, the process of
removing heat through controlled airflow. Opening the lower windows on
the breezy side of your house and the upper windows on the opposite
side creates a vacuum that draws out the hot air. Ceiling fans and roof
vents are other ways to direct heat out at low cost
Central Air Conditioning: With a typical split system, the condenser
and compressor are located in an outdoor unit; the evaporator is
mounted in the air handling unit (which is often a forced air
furnace). With a package system, all components are located in a
single outdoor unit that may be Central air conditioning, commonly
referred to as central air (US) or air-con (UK), is an air conditioning
system which uses ducts to distribute cooled and/or dehumidified
air to more than one room, or uses pipes to distribute chilled water
to heat exchangers in more than one room, and which is not
plugged into a standard electrical outlet located on the ground or
roof.
Central air conditioning performs like a regular air conditioner but has
several added benefits:
When the air handling unit turns on, room air is drawn in from
various parts of the building through return-air ducts. This air is
pulled through a filter where airborne particles such as dust and lint
are removed. Sophisticated filters may remove microscopic
pollutants as well. The filtered air is routed to air supply ductwork
that carries it back to rooms. Whenever the air conditioner is
running, this cycle repeats continually.
Thermostats:
Thermostats control the operation of HVAC systems, turning on the
heating or cooling systems to bring the building to the set temperature.
Typically the heating and cooling systems have separate control systems
(even though they may share a thermostat) so that the temperature is
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only controlled "one-way". That is, in winter, a building that is too hot will
not be cooled by the thermostat. Thermostats may also be incorporated
into facility energy management systems in which the power utility
customer may control the overall energy expenditure. In addition, a
growing number of power utilities have made available a device which,
when professionally installed, will control or limit the power to an HVAC
system during peak use times in order to avoid necessitating the use of
rolling blackouts. The customer is given a credit of some sort in
exchange, so it is often to the advantage of the consumer to buy the
most efficient thermostat possible.
Equipment capacity:
Air conditioner equipment power is often described in terms of "tons of
refrige-ration". A "ton of refrigeration" is defined as the cooling power of
one short ton (2000 pounds or 907 kilograms) of ice melting in a 24-hour
period. This is equal to 12,000 per hour, BTU or 3517 watts). Residential
"central air" systems are usually from 1 to 5 tons (3 to 20 kW) in
capacity.
Air conditioners (for cooling) and heat pumps (for heating) both work
similarly in that heat is transferred or "pumped" from a cooler "heatsource" to a warmer "heat-sink". Air conditioners and heat pumps usually
operate most effectively at temperatures around 50 to 55F (1013C).
A 'balance point' is reached when the heat source temperature falls
below about 40F (4C), and the system is not able to pull any more heat
from the heat-source. (This point varies from heat pump to heat pump).
Similarly, when the heat-sink temperature rises to about 120F (49C),
the system will operate less effectively, and will not be able to 'push' out
any more heat. Ground-source (geothermal) heat pumps do not have this
problem of reaching a balance point because they use the ground as a
heat source/heat sink and the ground's thermal inertia prevents it from
becoming too cold or too warm when moving heat from or to it. The
ground's temperature does not vary nearly as much over a year as the
air above it does.
Insulation:
Insulation reduces the required power of the air conditioning system.
Thick walls, reflective roofing material, curtains, and trees next to
buildings also cut down on system and energy requirements.
Air Conditioning in Control Room:
The following areas are generally covered for air conditioning
i
ii
iii
iv
Power Division
v Battery area
Technical Data:
Sl.N
o.
1.
2.
Particulars
Capacity in TR
4.
5.
6.
8.
9.
Vibration isolator
3.
7.
Data
hermetic/scroll type
Air-cooled made of copper tubes with
external fins
Centrifugal fan with belt drive and electric
motor
Pre filter of Fabric type at the outlet
Direct expansion(DX)
Copper
Aluminium
Copper(heavy
gauge)to
IS:2501
or
IS:1239 heavy class seamless MS pipe
with thermostatic expansion valve, liquid
line shutoff valve., high and low pressure
gauges
Six 25mm thick neoprene rubber pads
Made of corrosion resistant material or
treated with corrosion resistant coating
i) Failure of any equipment of the unit
shall trip that conditioning unit
ii) HP and LP cutout shall be provided for
compressor protection. A thermostat
with adjustable setting shall be
provided in the return air circuit to
control the room temperature by ONOFF mode.
iii) A selector switch to enable the
operation of air handling fan alone or
fan with cooling shall be provided
iv) Provision for manual re-starting and
stopping of the compressor
v) Inter lock to start compressor only
after starting the air handling fan.
vi) Interlock to stop the compressor when
condenser fan stops
vii) The humidist shall be interlocked
with re-heater
70 db
250
Power Division
13. Accessories
i) Humidifier
ii) Humidistat
iii) Electric strip
heater
14. Thermal Insulation
1).Material
Code
Thermal
conductivity
Density-min.
2)Material
Code
Thermal
conductivity
Density-min.
3)Material
Code
Thermal
conductivity
Density-min.
15. Acoustic insulation
For AHU room
&duct
Material
Density
16. Insulation surface
Supply air duct and
Acoustic insulation
duct
Material
Thickness
AHU drain pipe
Material Thickness
The size and position of windows, and whether they have blinds or
shades.
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Ventilation System:
Exhaust fans of propeller type/axial type shall be provided for the rooms
which are not air conditioned complete with suitable drive motors, DOL
starters, rain protection cowl with screen, grounding bolts etc. These
shall be fed from a local distribution board. The schedule of wall mounted
Ventilation/exhaust fans are as mentioned below:
Sl.N
o.
1
2
2
3
4
5
6
Location
Cable Vault
Battery Room
MCC Room
Office room/
Auxiliary building
Store room
Toilets
Pantry/Guest
house
3000
2000
2000
Static
Pressure(m
m mg)
15
10
10
1500
1500
1000
5
5
5
1
1
3
500
Capacity(eac
h)
Quantity
Nos.
5
2
2
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Power Division
From
To
Cable size
Cable
Insulatio
n
XLPE
XLPE
XLPE
Colony lighting
XLPE
XLPE
Lighting
Transformer
Main Lighting
Distribution Board
DG Set AMF panel
XLPE
XLPE
1-3 C x 70 mm2
XLPE
AC Distribution
Board
AC Distribution
Board
Emergency lighting
Transformer
ICT MB
1-3 C x 70 mm2
PVC
1-3 C x 70 mm2
PVC
Bay MB
1-3 C x 35mm2
PVC
13.
AC Distribution
Board
Emergency
lighting
Transformer
Emergency Lighting
DB
1-3 C x 70 mm2
PVC
14.
DCDB
Battery
PVC
15.
DCDB
Battery Charger
PVC
16.
DCDB
PVC
17.
Main Lighting
Distribution
Board
Protection / PLCC
panel
Lighting
Panels(Indoor)
1-3 C x 35mm2
PVC
18.
Main Lighting
Distribution
Board
Lighting
Panels(outdoor)
1-3 C x 70mm2
PVC
19.
Main Lighting
Distribution
Board
Receptacles(Indoor)
1-3 C x 35mm2
PVC
20.
Main Lighting
Distribution
Board
Lighting
Panels(outdoor)
1-3 C x 35mm2
PVC
1.
Main Switch
Board
LT Transformer
2.
Main Switch
Board
Main Switch
Board
Main Switch
Board
Main Switch
Board
Main Switch
Board
Main Switch
Board
Lighting
Transformer
AC Distribution
Board
AC Distribution
Board
Air Conditioning
Board
Oil filtration unit
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
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Power Division
XLPE
Main Lighting
Distribution
Board
Lighting Panels
1-3 C x 70mm2
PVC
22.
Lighting Panel
PVC
23.
Lighting Panel
Lighting fixtures
(outdoor)
1-2C x 6 mm2
PVC
24.
Bay MB
Equipments
PVC
25.
AHU
1-3 C x 35 mm2
PVC
Heater
1-3 C x 35 mm2
PVC
Chiller Pump
1-3 C x 35 mm2
PVC
26.
27.
28.
PVC
2.
The cable glands shall also be tested for dust proof and
weatherproof termination. The test procedure has to be discussed
and agreed to between the Purchaser and cable glands
manufacturer.
Cable Lugs:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Power Division
5.
6.
7.
8.
260
Power Division
EARTHING SYSTEM
Earthing Conductors:
General:
All conductors buried in the earth and concrete shall be of mild steel. All
conductors above ground level and earthing leads shall be of galvanised
steel.
Constructional Features:
Galvanised Steel:
Steel conductors above ground level shall be galvanized according to IS:
2629.
The minimum weight of the zinc coating shall be 618 gm/sq.m. and the
minimum thickness shall be 85 microns.
The galvanised surfaces shall consist of a continuous and uniformly thick
coating of zinc, firmly adhering to the surfaces of steel. The finished
surface shall be clean and smooth and shall be free from defects like
discoloured patches, bare spots, unevenness of coating, smelter which is
loosely attached to the steel globules, spiky deposits, blistered surfaces,
flaking or peeling off etc. The presence of any of these defects noticed
on visual or microscopic inspection shall render the material liable to
rejection.
Galvanised steel shall be subject to four one-minute dips in copper
sulphate solution as per IS: 2633.
Materials for Earthmat for 400 kV SS Based on the Designs:
Main Earthing Conductor Buried in Earth
: 75 x 12 mm GS flat
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Electrodes
MS Rod
: 50 x 8 mm G.S. Flat
Earthing Leads
i) Columns and other auxiliary structures : 75 x 12 mm G.S. Flat
ii) Outdoor Cable trenches
: 50 x 8 mm G.S. Flat
: 50 x 8 mm GS flat
: 32 mm dia, 3000 mm long
: 50 x 8 mm MS Flat.
: 50 x 8 mm G.S. Flat
Earthing Leads:
i) Columns and other auxiliary structures : 50 x 8 mm G.S. Flat
ii) Outdoor Cable trenches
: 50 x 8 mm G.S. Flat
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