Control of Single-Phase Cascaded H-Bridge

Multilevel Inverter with Modified MPPT

for Grid-Connected Photovoltaic Systems
Chaiyant Boonmee

Yuttana Kumsuwan

Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University
Chiang Mai, Thailand
chaiyant.bm.aj@gmail.com

Department of Electrical Engineering

Faculty of Engineering, Chiang Mai University
Chiang Mai, Thailand
yt@eng.cmu.ac.th
string and multi-string technology. It combines the improved
maximum power point tracking (MPPT) independently for
many strings connected in a series and operating as a singlestage power processing inverter. There are numerous
advantages of using the CHB-MLI for grid-connected PV
systems, such as low THD, small filter size, high efficiency,
low stress voltage of power switches, and reduced losses from
mismatch effect and partial shading. Additionally the CHBMLI has many H-bridge cells series-connected, each H-bridge
cell needs isolated dc-power sources, which can be easily
supplied by PV modules or strings. From these features, the
CHB-MLI topology is suitable for grid-connected PV systems
(GCPVS) [3]-[4].

AbstractThis paper presents a control technique of

cascaded H-bridge multilevel voltage source inverter (CHB-MLI)
for a grid-connected photovoltaic system (GCPVS). The proposed
control technique is the modified ripple-correlation control
maximum power point tracking (MRCC-MPPT). This algorithm
has been developed using the mean function concept to
continuously correct the maximum power point (MPP) of power
transferring from each PV string and to speedily reach the MPP
in rapidly shading irradiance. Additionally, It can reduce a PV
voltage harmonic filter in the dc-link voltage controller. In task
of injecting the quality current to the utility grid, the current
control technique based-on the principle of rotating reference
frame is proposed. This method can generate the sinusoidal
current and independently control the injection of active and
reactive power to the utility grid. Simulation results for two Hbridge cells CHB-MLI 4000W/220V/50Hz GCPVS are presented
to validate the proposed control scheme.

n1

Grid connected photovoltaic (PV) systems have had an

enormous increase in their market share over the last decade
[1]. However the efficiency of commercial PV panels is
around 15-25%. Therefore, it is very important that the power
produced by these panels is not wasted, by using an efficient
grid-connected inverter. Grid-connected inverter technologies
for PV systems consist of 4 types: 1) centralized, 2) string, 3)
multi-string, and 4) AC-module technology. The string
technology is mostly used commercially and is more
efficiency than the centralized but it cannot solve the
mismatch losses and high voltage stress in power switches.
The multi-string technology is developed by adding many
strings, each interfaced with its own dc/dc converter, each
string can be independently controlled to operate at the
maximum power point (MPP) of the string, and is very
flexible. However the multi-string has two states of power
processing that cause more power losses in power switches,
and copper losses in dc wires due to connecting many PV
strings [2]. The transformerless cascaded H-bridge multi-level
voltage source inverter (CHB-MLI) merges the benefits of

S11

iC1
C1

a1

vPV2

iC2
C2
n2

Lf

S13
b1

iinv2

iPV2

PV2
n2

H-bridge1

S12

INTRODUCTION

978-1-4799-0224-8/13/$31.00 2013 IEEE

vPV1

PV1

Keywords grid-connected photovoltaic systems; single-stage

grid-connected inverter; maximum power point tracking.

I.

iinv1

iPV1

vab1

S14
vo

H-bridge2

S23

S21
a2

S22

ig

S24

b2

vab2

Fig. 1. The power scheme of single-phase CHB-MLI for GCPVS.

The CHB-MLI topology is designed for supporting the

independent MPPT for each H-bridge cell. Furthermore, the
characteristic of PV power is nonlinear and time varying
caused by changing the atmospheric conditions [5]. Using the
suitable MPPT algorithm can increase the efficiency of MPPT
and GCPVS. Numerous MPPT techniques have been proposed
such as hill-climbing, fractional open-circuit voltage control,
P&O, incremental conductance (IncCond), fractional shortcircuit current control, fuzzy logic control, neural network,
ripple-correlation control and several others [6]. The ripplecorrelation control MPPT (RCC-MPPT) is the one which is
convenient for GCPVS with the following features: very fast
convergence to reach MPP, parameter-insensitive MPPT of
PV systems, several straightforward circuit implementations
and well developed theoretical basis. It would be suitable for a

566

vg

iPV1

vPV1

iPV2

vPV2

1
2f

2 f ppv1 dt
0

2f

1
2f

vpv1

2 f ppv2 dt
0

2 f vpv2 dt

vg

vref 1

dV

2 f ppv1 vpv1 dt
0

*
pref

VMPP

vpv2

dV

ig

iPV1

vpv1

p pv2

PLL

*
ref 1

1
2f

p1 = p pv1 vpv1

vpv1 dt

1
2f

1
2f

p pv1

1
2f

2 f ppv2 vpv2 dt
0

p2 = p pv2 vpv2

Vgd

dq

*
Qref

iPV2

vpv2

*
pref
2

VMPP

Vgd

delay

vref 2

Vgd

*
od

*
gd

igd
igq

*
oq

Lf
Lf

dq

vo*

vcr

g
Current Controller

S12
S13

S14
S 21

S 22

*
pref
2

*
igq

Vgd

MRCC-MPPT

S11

S 23
cos

S 24

PS-CBPWM

Fig.2 Proposed MRCC-MPPT, current control and modulation control techniques for two H-bridge cells CHB-MLI for GCPVS

modular application, which uses small converters and the

applications requiring a high rate of convergence [7]-[8].
However, the conventional RCC-MPPT has some
disadvantages relating to the definition of suitable time
constants of the filters to generate the desired output signal for
correct MPPT control. It slows down reaching the MPP of PV
operating, especially in the case of rapid shading irradiance. In
this paper, to overcome that disadvantage, the RCC-MPPT has
been modified using the mean function concept to generate the
corrected ripple signal and make the MPP operating more
accurate. In the ac-side of GCPVS, to ensure that gridconnected inverters have to inject the sinusoidal current into
the utility grid, according to the specific standards defined by
the utility in each country. The control technique for injecting
power to the grid in this paper is developed using the current
control, based on the principle of rotating reference frame for
the proposed single-phase CHB-MLI scheme. This
emphasized that the injecting active and reactive power can be
controlled separately.
This paper proposed the control method of CHB-MLI for
GCPVS by using the modified RCC-MPPT method to
guarantee the accurate MPP operating of power transfer from
each PV string, and fast MPPT strings in case of rapidly
changing of irradiation, and using the current control based on
the rotating reference frame theory for injecting the active and
reactive power to the utility grid.
II.

vo = ( Sm1 Sm3 ).vPVm

m =1

, S m1 , S m 3 {0,1} .

(1)

where m and n are the order number and number of cascaded

H-bridge in the PV systems , respectively.
The relationships of instantaneous PV power between grid
power Pgrid ,
instantaneous
capacitor
power pC ,
and
instantaneous inductor power pL , in case of unity power
factor and neglecting power losses in CHB-MLI, is given by
pPV = pC + pL + Pgrid (1 cos (2t ))

(2)

where pPV is the instantaneous PV power.

Fig. 2. shows the proposed control scheme for two Hbridge cells CHB-MLI consisting of three main parts; the
modulation control technique, the MRCC-MPPT technique
and the current control technique. The information of the
proposed control technique can be detailed as follow.
A. Modulation Control
From the Fig.1, the power switches are controlled with the
unipolar and phase-shifted carrier-based pulse width
modulation (PS-CBPWM) techniques [9]. This technique can
generate the high frequency in each voltage level of output
voltage fo , it is double the carrier frequency fcr and multiplied
by the number of cascaded H-bridge H , and given by

THE PROPOSED CONTROL METHOD

fo = 2 H fcr .

Fig. 1 shows the power scheme configuration of the singlephase single-stage CHB-MLI grid-connected PV system
consisting of two H-bridge power cells which are seriesconnected their output terminals. Each H-bridge cell has its
own PV string power supply parallel-connected with the
decoupling capacitor. The output terminals of CHB-MLI are
connected to the grid through the inductive filter Lf to reduce
the derivative and harmonic distortion of the grid current ig .

(3)

In case of the PV input voltage of both H-bridge are equal

(vPV1 = vPV2 ) , the waveform of output voltage vo can be

produced of five voltage levels, for which the operating

principle is shown in Fig. 3.
B. The Modified RCC-MPPT
The most of MPPT algorithms are based on the tracking of
the maximum power operating point, which is the minimum
derivative or partial derivative of the change in PV output power
p at the change in PV voltage v , it can be written as
p / v = 0 . The value of power derivative p / v is an

The output voltage of CHB-MLI vo is synthesized by

summing the two cascaded H-bridge inverter output voltages.
It can generate between three and nine voltage levels
depending on the selected control technique, It can be given
by

567

vmod

v cr+90

v cr

vmod

The power derivative p / v is given by

fcr = 350 Hz,

Voltage [pu] Voltage [pu] Voltage [pu]

-1
1
0

2f
ma = 0.9

f = 50 Hz

1
0

1
0

1
0

vab1 = van1 vbn1

1
0
-1
2
1
0
-1
-2
0.01

vab2 = van2 vbn2

van1
vbn1
van2
vbn2
vab1

1
0 vab2
-1

vo = vab1 + vab2
0.02

0.03 time (s)

Fig. 3. Phase-shifted carrier-based PWM for a 2-H-bridge CHB-MLI with

amplitude modulation ratio ma = 0.9 and frequency modulation ratio m f = 7

pPV, iPV

MPP
i-v curve
p-v curve

p
p v

vPV

t 1

p PV vPV dt
2f

t 1

vPV vPV dt

p PV vPV
.
vPV vPV

(6)

2f

This paper proposes the modified RCC-MPPT (MRCCMPPT) by using the mean function as the main process in order
to overcome the complicacy to define the suitable time constant
of using the 1st order HPFs and 1st order LPFs in the
conventional technique [8]. It also generates a fast response for
the desired output signal in case of rapidly shading irradiance.
From the simulation results in Fig. 4, the curve of power
derivative p / v and the curve of the upper term of power

vo

fo = 4 fcr

2f

Fig. 4. The typical of p-v, i-v curves and the simulation result of power
derivative p / v and the change of PV power p of a PV string.

derivative p = p PV .vPV can be met at the zero point at the same

PV voltage, at the MPP. It indicates that the curve of p can
be used to find the MPP correctly as the curve of power
derivative p / v .
The block diagram of the proposed MRCC-MPPT and dclink voltage controller are shown in Fig. 2. In this case, it has
two sets of MRCC-MPPT dc-link voltage controllers for two
H-bridge cells, which have the same operation. For example of
H-bridge1, the MRCC - MPPT only uses the mean function to
find out the mean term of instantaneous PV power p P V 1 and
mean term of instantaneous PV voltage v P V 1 . They are
subtracted from the instantaneous PV power p P V 1 and
instantaneous PV voltage vPV1 to keep their ripples and
multiply them to get the product ripple p PV1 vPV1 . The mean
function is used again to find the output of p .

important variable to define the reference PV voltage vref in

the dc-link voltage controller for reaching the MPP.
Fig. 4 shows the three curves of PV characteristic, i-v
curve, p-v curve and power derivative p / v curve, where
MPP is the top of p-v curve and the power
derivative p / v = 0 . The MPPT algorithms force the PV
systems to track the MPP by regulating the PV voltage vPV .

This method still uses the sign function to generate +1 if

the p PV1 vPV1 > 0 or -1 if the p PV1 vPV1 < 0 , which is converted
*
to be an element of the reference voltage v ref
1 through the
integrate function block. To control the dc-link voltage through
the difference between the mean of feedback PV voltage vPV1 ,

The RCC-MPPT method uses the instantaneous PV power

ripple p PV and the instantaneous PV voltage ripple vPV , which
are the inherent alternative components in single-phase
GCPVS, to find out the power derivative p / v .This method
needs to know the oscillation frequency fos which is double the
grid frequency f1, fos = 2f to correct the MPPT algorithm
operating. The mean function concept is used for finding
instantaneous PV voltage ripple and instantaneous PV power
ripple as

output of dc-link voltage controller and PV current iPV1 . It

causes the output of each dc-link voltage controller to produce a
reference active power for each PV string. The reference active
*
power of PV2 p ref
2 is used to control the power switches in Hbridge2 directly in order to maximize power from PV2 to the
utility grid.

vPV = vPV vPV

p PV = pPV pPV

the reference voltage v ref 1 and the PI controller, the reference

*
active power p ref
1 can be produced as it is simply a product of

C. Active and Reactive Powers Controller

In order to control the injecting active power and reactive
power to the utility grid independently for GCPVS, this paper
uses the current control technique based-on the principle of
rotating reference frame to be the controller model of
proposed GCPVS as shown in Fig.2. The single-phase voltage
equation in the ac-side of the proposed GCPVS can be written

(4)
(5)

where vPV and p PV are the dc components of PV voltage and

PV power, respectively.

568

W/m2

W/m2

1000

1000
S of PV1 , PV2

500

500

(a)

4000

4000

3000

Pinvt

PVt

(a)

Pinv1 , Pinv2

1000

(b)

66

PV1

,i

PV1

,v

PC2

(b)

266
8

66

PV1

PV1

4
A

vo

vg

60

300

300

ig

1.65

1.55

PV2

300

1.45

(c)
A

vo

(c)
V

PV2

PV2

PV2

Pinv2

PV1

PV2

0
A

266

PC1

PC2

PC1

Pg1

Pinv1

2000
p PV 1 , p PV2

PVt

Pinvt

3000

Pg1

2000
1000

S of PV1
S of PV2

1.75

60

vg

60
0

300
1.45

time (s)

ig

1.55

1.65

1.75

60
time (s)

(d)

(d)

Fig. 5. The waveform of PV system during a case 1 irradiance profile, using

the proposed MPPT method and PQ control scheme. (a) The shaded irradiance
profile of both PV strings, (b) Power variables of PV system, (c) The PV
voltages v PV1 , v PV2 and PV currents i PV1 , i PV2 of both PV strings, and (d)

Fig. 6. The waveform of PV system during a case 2 irradiance profile, using

the proposed MPPT method and PQ control scheme. (a) The shaded irradiance
profile of both PV strings, (b) Power variables of PV system, (c) The PV
voltages v PV1 , v PV2 and PV currents i PV1 , i PV2 of both PV strings, and (d)

Output voltage of CHB-MLI vo , grid voltage vg, and grid current ig .

Output voltage of CHB-MLI vo , grid voltage vg, and grid current ig .

in

reference frame in order to generate the desired active and

reactive power components. The reference output voltages of
*
*
CHB-MLI vod
, voq
produced by the controller are given by

stationary reference frame as

vo
d ig Vg
v = Lf i + V
dt g g
o

(7)

*
*
*
vod

igd
Vgd
d igd
* = Lf * + g Lf * +
v
i
i
dt
oq
gq
gq Vgq

where v o , v o are the output voltage of CHB-MLI, V g , V g

are the grid voltage, and ig , i g are grid current.

The modulation control signal of H-brigde1 is the reference

output voltage vo* , which can be generated by transforming

In the dq rotating reference frame, the active power p

and the reactive power q are given by
1
Vgd igd
2
1
q =
Vgd igq
2

(9)

*
*
, voq
in the dq
the output voltages reference of CHB-MLI vod

rotating reference frame to be the reference output voltages of

CHB-MLI in stationary reference frame.

p =

(8)

III.

SIMULATION RESULTS

The PV system structure and control scheme shown in Fig. 1

and Fig. 2 have been implemented in MATLAB/SIMULINK in
order to verify the behavior of the proposed control scheme. The
model of the PV module is the single-diode model, the
characteristic of the cells and equations were implemented
according to [10]. The two sets of 10 series-connected of PV
panels supplied to each H-bridge in the CHB-MLI. The
parameters of each PV panel and the parameters of the PV
system are shown in Table I.

where V gd , V gq are the grid voltages , and i g d , i g q are the grid

currents in dq rotating reference frame.
In Fig. 2, there are two current feedback control loops in
the current control scheme for the accurate control of grid
currents igd and igq .To generate the proper grid voltage
orientation, the voltage and current in (8) have to be
transformed to the two-phase voltage and current in dq rotating

569

ppv (W )

A. MPPT with Rapidly Changing Irradiance

In order to verify the effect of using the proposed MRCCMPPT technique to control the two H-bridge cells CHB-MLI
for GCPVS in the two situations of rapidly shading irradiance.
In case 1, both PV strings, PV1 and PV2, were shaded from
irradiance in the same time and power from the irradiation as
shown in Fig. 5(a). In case 2, only the PV string of H-bridge2
PV2 was under shading conditions and the PV1 was operated
in constant irradiance as shown in Fig. 6(a). In both cases, the
irradiance change was operated in 0.05 s period for the
decreasing and increasing ramps. The irradiance change starts
from 1000 W/m2 to 500 W/m2, waits at this level for 0.15 s,
and increases again from 500 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2, with a
constant slope. The temperature was considered 25c during
the simulation.
Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 show the simulation results of the
proposed control method in case 1 and case 2 of irradiance
profiles, respectively. From the features of the PV system, the
maximum total PV power generated by PV1 and PV2
p PVt was 4000 W in case of without shading, 2000 W in case
1and 3000 W in case 2.
Fig 5(b) and Fig 6(b) show the behaviors of the following
variables in the condition of case 1 and case 2 respectively: the
summing of both instantaneous PV powers p PVt , the

2000
S = 1000 W m 2

1000

C
V M PP

S =500 W m 2

200

100

263

vPV (V)

300

Fig. 7. The power-voltage characteristic curves of PV string PV1 under a

case 1 irradiance profile (S) 1000-500-1000 W/m2 using MRCC-MPPT
A
i

30

gd

*
gd

10
i

gq

*
igq

10

(a)

W/Var

4000
p =
g

V I cos(1)
g1 = g1 g1

1
Vgd igd
2

0
2000

q =
g

1
Vgd igq
2

V I sin(1)
g1 = g g1

(b)

vo

summing of mean input power of two H-bridge inverters Pinvt ,

the active power to grid Pg1 , the instantaneous PV power of

vg

300

60
ig

each PV string p PV1 , p PV2 , the mean input power of H-

bridge1 and H-bridge2 inverters Pinv1 , Pinv2 , the mean power

of capacitors PC 1 , PC 2 . The power transferred to utility grid

300

60

Pg1 came from the summing of the input power of both H-

bridge inverters, multiplied to the function of CHB-MLI and

subtracted the power of inductor pL . From the results, the PV
system produced the maximum power for 4000W, 3000W and
2000W in case of without shading, case 1 and case 2
irradiation shading, respectively. Although, during the PV1
and PV2 could not receive the same value of power as case 2,
the CHB-MLI and the proposed active and reactive power
controller continuously injected the maximum power to the
utility grid.
Fig. 5(c) and Fig. 6(c) show the behaviors of the following
variables in the condition of case 1 and case 2 shading
respectively: the instantaneous PV voltage of each PV
string v P V 1 , v P V 2 and PV current of each PV string i P V 1 , i P V 2 .
In case 1 shading conditions, the behaviors of PV voltages and
PV currents supplied to both H-bridges were the same, the PV
voltages v P V 1 , v P V 2 were changed lightly and the PV currents
i P V 1 , i P V 2 were decreased and increased explicitly following
the profile of irradiation. In case 2 shading condition, only PV
current supplied to H-bridge2 iP V 2 was decreased and
increased follow the received irradiation, the PV voltage vPV2
was changed a little to keep the MPP of PV2 string. From the
results, the power from PV1 and PV2 can be controlled

1.0

1.1

1.2

1.3

1.4 time (s)

vo
vg

ig

= 28.8

THDig = 3.26%

THDvo = 45.95%

(c)
Fig. 8 Results of the active and reactive power control (a) Reference Grid
currents

*
igd

* and grid currents

, igq

i
gd

, igq , (b) active power pg and reactive

power qg ,and the fundamental active power Pg1 and reactive power Qg1 ,
(c) the waveform of output voltage vo , grid voltage vg and grid current ig .

separately to transfer the maximum power from each PV

string to the utility grid.
Fig. 5(d) and Fig. 6(d) show the waveforms of output
voltage of CHB-MLI, grid current i g ,and grid voltage v g in
the case 1 and case 2, respectively. The proposed control
method can control the CHB-MLI to generate the five voltage
levels with sinusoidal patterns and inject the sinusoidal current
which in-phase to grid voltage continuously for providing unity
power factor.

570

control the injecting of active power and reactive power

independently, is proposed. From the results, they can be
guaranteed that the proposed algorithm cause high accuracy
and fast respond for correction the MPP in case of rapidly
shading irradiance and it do not need the harmonic filter in the
dc-link voltage controller. The proposed method can generate
the sinusoidal grid current with low THD of grid current.
Simulation results confirm the correction and reliability the
developed control scheme and algorithm method with two
situations, full and half PV string shading.

Fig. 7 shows the relationship curve between PV1

power p P V 1 versus PV1 voltage v P V 1 in case 1. The curves
started from the minimum PV power point at the point A and
track to the MPP at the point B following the line of p-v
characteristic curve of the irradiance 1000 W/m2. The value of
PV1 power can be controlled to run around the MPP (2000W),
until the irradiance profile was reduced to 500W/m2. It caused
the value of PV1 power p P V to be decreased to operate around
the new MPP, at point C. The irradiance profile was waited in
this level 0.15 s and move back to the last level (1000W/m2)
again. The value of PV1 power p P V 1 was increased and run
around MPP at the point B (2000W) immediately. The MPP of
the PV system can be tracked immediately by the proposed
MPPT method.

TABLE I MAIN DESIGNED PARAMETERS OF PV SYSTEM

Parameters
PV panel
MPP voltage in STC
MPP current in STC
PV string for each H-bridge cell
Rated current
Rated MPP voltage
Rated maximum power

B. Active and reactive power control

Fig. 8 shows the simulation results of active and reactive
power controlled with the proposed control technique, during
constant irradiation. In Fig. 8(a), the grid current i gd , i gq can

Power and control scheme

DC-link capacitor
PWM carrier frequency
Single-phase utility grid

be controlled by adjusting the grid current references of the

*
*
and the reactive current igq
. The dynamic
active current igd
response of the CHB-MLI was simulated to three steps
*
changed in reactive current reference igq
. The step settings of

Inductor
dc link voltage controller: PI
Grid current controller: PI
Ambient Temperature

reactive current reference were stepped from 0A to-10A, -10A

to +10A, and +10A to 0A, respectively. They caused the
injected reactive power Q g changed from 0 to -1555var, [1]

VMPP
IMPP

26.3 V
7.61 A

Irated
Vrated
Prated

7.61 A
263 V
2000 W

C1, C2
fcr

2000F
1.5 kHz
220 VRMS

Vg = Vg

f1
Lf
Kp, Ki
Kp, Ki
T

50 Hz
5 mH
25, 200
15, 40
25C

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[10] M. G. Villalva, J. R. Gazoli, E. Ruppert F, Modeling and Circuit-Based
Simulation of Photovoltaic Array, Brazilian Journal of Power Elec.,
vol.14, no. 1, pp. 35-45, 2009

formulas, as shown in Fig. 8(b).

In Fig. 8(c), it can be seen that the phase current of CHBMLI can operate under the in-phase, lagging and leading
power factor conditions with the phase-angles 1 were 0 ,
+28.8 , and 28.8 , respectively. The injected active power
Pg is almost constant at 4000 W (PMPP). However, there was

some slightly changed of active power Pg while the reactive

*
was stepped. The output voltage of CHBcurrent reference igq

MLI vo can be generated in five voltage levels with high

output frequency f o = 6 kHz while the PWM carrier
frequency f cr = 1.5 kHz , The total harmonic distortion (THD)
of grid current ig and the output voltage of CHB-MLI v o are
3.26% and 45.95%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS

This paper has presented a control technique of CHB-MLI

for GCPVS. The MRCC-MPPT method by using the mean
function to be the main process of the maximum power
transferring is proposed in order to correct the MPP operating
of PV string continuously and quickly reaching MPP in case
of the rapidly shading irradiation. The current control
technique based-on the theoretical rotating reference frame to

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Value

REFERENCES

1555var to +1555var, and +1555var to 0, respectively, which

corresponded to reactive power Q g1 calculated in fundamental

IV.

Symbol