Side

0.5d

(d/2+900)

0.5d
0.5d
700 mm

400
800 kN

1600 kN

Corner

0.5d

(d/2+900)

(d/2+900)

700

Foundation Design

572

400 mm

(d+400)

700 mm

(d+400)

(b1)

(b2)

Critical sections in shear

1

2
6000 mm

3
6000 mm

4
6000 mm

700
750 mm
800 mm

700

19400 mm

4 -20 mm dia bars @ 260 mm c/c

per meter length of the slab

4 legged shear stirrups

(c)

Figure 12.C.19 Raft layout and column loads; (b1) critical section in shear; (b2) critical section in
shear; and (c) details of reinforcement along the longitudinal section (Example 12.7).

Foundation Design

570

Shear force (in kN )

-750
-500
-250
0
250
500
750
0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

Bearing pressure (in kN/m )

(c)

50
100
150
200
250
0

1000

2000

3000

4000
(d)

5000

6000

7000

Figure 12.C.18 (Continued )

Example 12.7

Raft Foundation

Design a raft foundation for the layout of columns shown in Figure 12.C.19(a). All columns are
of square shape of size 40  40 cm. ADSP 80 kN/m3. Use M 15 concrete and Fe 415 steel.
Assume 10% as the load of raft and soil above.
A. Design of Raft Slab
Total vertical column load 600 1600 2000 600 800 1800 2000
1000 800 1000 1200 600 14000
Eccentricity along the x direction is obtained by taking moment of column loads about the
grid 11
x

61600 1800 1000 122000 2000 1200 18600 1000 600

14000

9:1714 m
ex 9:17146 3 0:1714 m
Eccentricity along the y direction is obtained by taking moment of column loads about the
grid CC

With factored
load
With design
load

Design using BEF

(with design load only)

Conventional
design

1032.20/1.5 688.13

987.323/1.5 658.22
440.576 kNm at
x 6680 mm;
299.937 kNm
at x 2227 mm

624.323/1.5
416.22
205.050 kN/m2 at
x 0 mm

631.628 kN at
x 6680 mm;
564.406 kN
at x 724 mm

1032.20

Maximum
shear force (kN)

987.323

Maximum bending
moment (kNm)

624.323

Maximum bearing
pressure (kN/m2)

Table 12.C.7 Comparative study (see comments in Section 12.C.2).

5.86 mm at x 0 mm

18.08/1.5 12.05

624.323/28 18.08

Maximum deflection (mm)

Structural Design of Foundations

571

Structural Design of Foundations

573

5800 1800 2000 1000 10600 1600 2000 600

5:4285 m
14000
ey 5:42855 0:4285 m
Ix

19:4  11:43
2395:16 m4
12

Iy

11:4  19:43
6936:31 m4
12

A 19:4  11:4 221:16 m2

Mx pey 14000  0:4285 6000 kNm

12:C:65

My pex 14000  0:1714 2400 kNm

12:C:66

P
14000

63:302 kN=m2
A
221:16
Soil pressure at different points is as follows
s

s 63:302 

P My
Mx

x
y
A
Iy
Ix

12:C:67

2400
6000
x
y 63:158  1:5269x  0:4745y
6936:31
2395:16

At corner A4
sA4 63:158 0:346  9:7 2:505  5:7 80:93 BC of soil 80 kN=m2
At corner C4
sC4 63:158 0:346  9:72:505  5:7 74:225 kN=m2
At corner A1
sA1 63:1580:346  9:7 2:505  5:7 52:38 kN=m2
At corner C1
sC1 63:1580:346  9:72:505  5:7 45:67 kN=m2
At corner B4

Foundation Design

574

sB4 63:158 0:346  9:7 66:658 kN=m2

At corner B1
sB1 63:1580:346  9:7 59:943 kN=m2
In the x direction, the raft is divided in three strips, that is three equivalent beams:
1. Beam AA with 3.2 m width and soil pressure of 80 kN=m2
2. Beam BB with 5.0 m width and soil pressure of 80 266:65 73:32 kN=m2
3. Beam CC with 5.0 m width and soil pressure of

66:65 52:38
2

59:52 kN=m2 .

The bending moment is obtained by using a coefficient 1/10 and L as the center to center of
column distance
wL2
M M
12:C:68
10
For strip AA
Maximum moment

80  62
288 kNm=m
10

For strip BB
Maximum moment

73:32  62
263:95 kNm=m
10

Maximum moment

59:52  62
214:272 kNm=m
10

For strip CC

For any strip in the y direction, take M wL8 since there is only a two-span equivalent beam.
For strip 44
80  52
250 kNm=m
Maximum moment
8
The depth of the raft is governed by two-way shear at one of the exterior columns. If the location
of critical shear is not obvious, it may be
necessary p
to
check all possible locations.
p
Shear strength of concrete, tc 0:25 fck 0:25 15 0:97N=mm2
For a corner column
 (say C1)

Perimeter bo 2 d2 900 d 1800 mm (Figure 12.C.19(b))
tv

Vu
1:5  800  1000
0:97

d 1800d
bo d

1200000
0:97
d 1800d

) d 2 1800d1237113:40 0

Structural Design of Foundations

1800 

575

q
18002 4  1  1237113:40
21

530:773 mm

For a corner column (say A2)



d
Perimeter bo 2
900
2
tv


d 400 2d 2200 mm

Vu
1:5  1600  1000
0:97

2d 2200d
bo d

d 2 1100d1237113:40 0

)d

1100 

q
11002 4  1  1237113:40
21

12:C:69

690:811 mm

However, adopt an effective depth of 750 mm and overall depth of 800 mm

Reinforcement in the longitudinal direction is given by (considering a 1 m wide strip)
2 s3
15 4
4:6  288  106 5
At 0:5
1 1
1000  750 1109:51 mm2
415
15  1000  7502
Use 20 mm bars, Af 314:151 mm2
Number of bars

1109:51
3:531 4 bars
2
p
4 20

Spacing of long bars

1000  p4 202
283:152 mm
1109:51

Provide 420 mm F bars for reinforcement @ 260 mm c/c at top and bottom in both directions.
Minimum reinforcement in the slabs 0:12%
0:12

 800  1000
100
960 mm2 =m < 1109:51 mm2 =m
Minimum steel governs in the remaining raft. Critical sections in shear.

WINBEF Solution:
WINBEF Input
Youngs modulus of soil, Es 105 kN=m2 , unit weight of soil, gsoil 20 kN=m3 .

Foundation Design

576

Poissons ratio of soil, ns 0:3.

Youngs modulus of concrete
p
p
Ef 5000 sck 5000 15 19364:92 N=mm2 1:9364  107 kN=m2
B breadth of foundation 1.0 m (considering a 1 m wide strip for design).
3

Moment of inertia of the concrete beam If Bd

1:00:8 0:04267 m4 .
h 12 q412
i
Es
1
0:65 12 EEsfBIf 1n
Modulus of subgrade reaction, ks Bmm
2.
s

s
12
0:65
105
105  1:04
59902


59:902 kN=m2 =mm:
ks

7
2
1000 1  0:3
1000
1:9364  10  0:04267
Loading Data for WINBEF and Results
The loading data is shown in Figure 12.C.20.
Note: In the loading diagram, the load coming on to the beam is taken as maximum of A, B
and C strip loads as explained below (see Figure 12.C.19(a)).

Figure 12.C.20 Loading data for WINBEF solution (Example 12.7).

The maximum load on strip 11: maximum of A1 (600 kN), B1 (800 kN) and C1 (800 kN),
which is 800 kN.
The maximum load on strip 22: maximum of A2 (1600 kN), B2 (1800 kN) and C2
(1000 kN), which is 1800 kN.
The maximum load on strip 33: maximum of A3 (2000 kN), B3 (2000 kN) and C3
(1200 kN), which is 2000 kN.
The maximum load on strip 44: maximum of A4 (600 kN), B4 (1000 kN) and C4 (1000 kN),
which is 1000 kN.
The details of deflection, bending moment, shear force and bearing pressure are shown in
Figure 12.C.21. Please see also comments given in Section 12.C.2.

Deflection (in mm)

Structural Design of Foundations

577

3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
5.5
6.0
6.5
7.0
7.5
8.0
0

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Length of the beam (in mm)

Bending moment (in kN - m)

(a)

-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Shear force (in kN )

Length of the beam (in mm)

(b)
-1000
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
0

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000 18000

Length of the beam (in mm)
(c)

Figure 12.C.21 (a) BEF deflection diagram; (b) BEF bending moment diagram; (c) BEF shear force
diagram; and (d) BEF bearing pressure diagram (Example 12.7).

Example 12.8

Annular Raft Foundation

Design an annular (circular) raft for a circular tank whose outer diameter is 12 m and is
supported by a ring beam of 9 m diameter. The inner diameter of the annulus is 8 m. The
factored soil pressure under the raft is 80 kN/m2 and a linearly varying soil pressure due to