LYCOMING

ReciprocatingEngine

TROUBLE
SHOOTING
GUIDE
Reprint2006
SSP475

652OliverStreet
Williamsport,PA.17701U.S.A.
Telephone+1(800)2583279U.S.andCanada(TollFree)
Telephone+1(570)3236181(Direct)
Facsimile +1(570)3277101
www.lycoming.com

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INTRODUCTION
TROUBLESHOOTING
1. Troubleshootingisthestepbystepprocedureusedtodeterminethecauseforagivenproblemandthenselectingthebest
and quickest way to solve that problem. While the use of turbochargers and automatic controllers has complicated the
troubleshooting procedures,always start by discussing the problem withthe pilot and the facility management. They will
assistyouinnarrowingtheproblemtoasfewpossibilitiesaspossible.Inthecaseoftwinengineaircraft,makesureyouare
workingonthecorrectengine.Afterathoroughdiscussionandverbalanalysisoftheproblem,youarereadytogotowork.If
youareanexperiencedmechanic,youmaybeabletoautomaticallyeliminatesomeoftheprobablecauses.Ifyouarenewon
thejob,youwillhavetogothroughalloftheprobablecauses.Theimportantthingtorememberistoalwaysstartwiththe
simpleandinexpensivethingsfirst,andthenworktowardthemorecomplicated,timeconsuming,andexpensivethingslater.
2. After you have received all possible information from the pilot and the facility management, a quick observation of the
externalconditionoftheenginemaygiveyouanindicationoftheproblem.Someareastolookataretheintakeandexhaust
pipes for leaks, the ignition harness, breather, and the engine compartment for excessive oil stains, gas stains or exhaust
stains. More information may be gained rather quickly by doing a compression check to locate any low compression
cylinders.Doaboroscopeinspectiontodeterminetheconditionofthecombustionchamber.Someinformationthatmaybe
obtainedis:thepresenceofexcessivecarbondepositsmayindicatehighoilconsumptionthelackofcarbondepositsmay
indicatecontinuousleanengineoperationordetonationandscratchedorscoredcylinderwallsmayindicatebrokenrings.
Moreinformationmaybecompiledbyremovingthesparkplugstoinspectthecombustionchamber.
NOTE
Besuretokeeptrackofwhichpistonpinplugscameoutofwhichcylinder.Duringreassemblythepistonpin
plugsmustbematchedupwiththecylindertheycameoutof.
Anothergoodtroubleshootingtoolistheuseofspectrometricoilanalysis.Tobeeffectivetheenginemustbeintheanalysis
program for an extended period of time to develop a useful history of periodic samples of oil that were analyzed. The
programmustbecarriedoutbyexperiencedandreputablepeopleintheoilanalysisfield.
3. Thefollowinglistofproblems,causes,andsolutionswasselected because we believeitrepresentsthemorecommonand
recurring problems encountered by mechanics when doing troubleshooting. It should be noted that the list is general in
nature,anddoesapplytobothnormallyaspiratedandturbochargedengines.Thesequenceinwhichthelistsarearrangedis
notnecessarilytheexactstepbystepproceduretouse,butshouldbeusedasaguidetodetermineallofthepossiblecauses
andsolutionstoaproblem.Alwayskeepinmindtodothesimpleandinexpensivethingsfirst,thenproceedwiththemore
complicatedandexpensivethingslater.

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CONTENTS

PageNo.
1. HARDSTARTING.........................................................................................................................................................1 3
2. ROUGHIDLE ................................................................................................................................................................3 4
3. ENGINEWILLNOTIDLEUNLESSBOOSTPUMPISON..........................................................................................4 5
4. ENGINEWILLNOTIDLEUNLESSBOOSTPUMPISOFF .............................................................................................5
5. POORIDLECUTOFF...................................................................................................................................................5 6
6. HIGHFUEL FLOW.............................................................................................................................................................6
7. LOWFUELFLOW.........................................................................................................................................................6 7
8. ENGINEWILLNOTTURNSTATICRPM....................................................................................................................7 8
9. ENGINESURGES..........................................................................................................................................................8 9
10. FAILUREOFENGINETODEVELOPRATEDPOWER ............................................................................................ 9 11
11. LOSSOFPOWERGOINGTOALTITUDE ...................................................................................................................... 12
12. CANNOTREACHSPECIFIEDCRITICALALTITUDE ............................................................................................ 13 15
13. LOWOILPRESSURE................................................................................................................................................ 15 16
14. HIGHOILCONSUMPTION ...................................................................................................................................... 16 17
15. HIGHCYLINDERHEADTEMPERATURE.............................................................................................................. 17 18
16. SPLITINMANIFOLDPRESSURE(TWINENGINE) ............................................................................................... 18 19
17. HIGHOILTEMPERATURE ............................................................................................................................................. 19
18. HIGHMANIFOLDPRESSUREATIDLE......................................................................................................................... 19
19. HIGHOILPRESSURE ...................................................................................................................................................... 20
20. MANIFOLDPRESSUREFLUCTUATES ......................................................................................................................... 20
APPENDIXI
TROUBLESHOOTINGTHEBENDIXRSAFUELINJECTOR ................................................................................ 21

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HARDSTARTING
CAUSE
1. Technique.
2. Flooded.

SOLUTION
1. RefertotheOperatorsManual
recommendedstartingprocedure.
2. Cleanengine.

3. Throttlevalveopentoofar.
4. Insufficientprime(maybe
accompaniedbybackfire).
5. Magnetoimpulsecouplingnot
operatingproperly.

3. Setforapproximately800RPM.
4. Increasesame.

6. Defectivesparkplugsorignition
wire.

6. Inspectandreplaceorrepairas
necessary.

7. Lowvoltageatvibratorinput.

7. Checkwithvoltmeterandreplace
battery,ifnecessary.(Besure
batteryterminalsarecleanandtight,
alsocheckleadsforcondition.)

8. Inoperativeordefectivevibrator.

8. Checkandreplacevibrator,if
necessary.

9. Retardcontactassemblyinmagneto
notoperatingelectrically.Engine
maykickbackduringcranking.

9. Checkallconnectionsatswitchand
vibrator.Adjustretardpoints.See
appropriateBendixManualfor
procedures.

5. Removeandcheckforbinding,or
brokenimpulsespring.

10. VibratorMagnetocombinationnot 10. Checkandreplace,ifnecessary.

puttingoutelectrically.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
2. Crankenginewiththrottlefullopen
andmixtureinidlecutoff.
3. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
4. NOTE: Makesure primerisnot
leaking.
5. Removemagnetoandcheckthatthe
springisnotbrokenandflyweights
movefreely.Checktorqueon
couplingretainingnut.If unableto
locatetheproblem,removecoupling
andcheckaccordingtolatest
revisionofServiceInstructionNo.
1189.
6. Removeplugs,inspect,clean,and/or
replaceasnecessary.Visually
inspectignitionharnessforbreaks
andcracks.Testleadsbyremoving
distributorblockfrommagnetoand
usingaBendixhightensionleadtest
No.118888or1188881or
equivalenttypeequipment.
7. Measurevoltagebetweenvibrator
terminalmarkedinandground
terminalwhileoperatingstarter.
Mustbeatleast8voltsona12volt
system,or13voltsona24volt
system.
8. Ifvoltageisokay,listenfor
interruptedbuzzingofvibrator
duringstarting.Ifnobuzzingis
heard,eithervibratorisdefectiveor
thecircuitfromtheoutput
terminalonthevibratortotheretard
contactassemblyisopen.Check
bothswitchandretardcircuit.Also
checkforgoodelectricalground.
9. Retardpointsmaynotbeclosing
duetoimproperadjustmentormay
nothaveagoodelectrical
connectionincircuit.Checkfor
goodcontactofswitchandretard
leadsatmagnetoandvibrator.
Checkconditionofwire.
10. DisconnectStarterandallSpark
PlugLeads. Turnengineinright
directionuntilretardpointsopenon
#1cylinderfiringposition.Hold#1
plugleadapproximately3/16in.
fromground,energizevibratorby
turningswitchtostart.Pluglead
shouldthrowashowofsparksto
ground.Ifsparkisweakormissing,
replacevibrator.Alsocheck
magnetoforcorrectinternaltiming.
Properdurationofshowerofsparks
maybe

HARTSTARTING(CONT.)
CAUSE
SOLUTION
10. VibratorMagnetocombinationnot 10. Checkandreplace,ifnecessary.
puttingoutelectrically.(Cont.)
(Cont.)

11. Magnetoimproperlytimedto
engine.

11. Checkmagnetotimingasperengine
manufacturersinstructions.

12. Magnetointernaltimingnotadjusted 12. Adjustmagnetointernaltiming,or

properlyorEgapdriftingbecause
replacepointsifeitherfolloweror
ofpointorfollowerwear.
pointsareworn.

13. Impulsecouplingonmagneto
inoperative.

13. Repairorreplaceimpulsecoupling.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
10. (Cont.)checkedbyholdingswitchin
startposition,andhandturning
propelleruntilsparksstop.Degrees
ofpropellerrotationmaybe
measuredorestimatedtodetermine
ifretardpointsareadjustedproperly.
NOTE:Allchecksmustbemade
withstarterandplugleads
disconnected.
11. Disconnectstarter.Turnenginein
properrotationto#1cylinderfiring
position.Attachtiminglightto
primaryleads(markedswitch)of
magnetoandgroundleadtoengine.
Rotateengineuntiladvancepoints
break,indicatedbytiminglights
goingoutorcomingon,depending
ontypeoflightused.Observethat
whenpointsbreak,timingmarkson
engine arealigned.Enginetiming
marksarelocatedonengineas
follows:
DirectDrive Lineonstarterring
geartodotonstarterhousing.
TIGO Degreemarkingson
crankshafttosplitofcaseobserved
attopfrontofengine.
GearedSupercharged Pointer
mountedtoaccessoryhousingto
linedbeveltoothoncamshaftgear
observedonrightsideofenginein
accessoryhousing.
12. Removemagnetofromengineand
turnmagnetoto#1firingposition,
attachtiminglight,turnmagnetoin
properrotation.Observethatwhen
lightsgoout,builtinpointersinthe
magnetoarealignedinthe
observationwindowprovided.(See
BendixMaintenanceInstruction
Manualforyourparticular
magneto.)
13. Removemagnetofromengine,turn
inproperdirectionbyhandand
observe thatflyweightsinimpulse
couplingcontactstoppins.Ifthis
conditiondoesnotexist,flyweight
axlesarewornexcessivelyand
impulsecouplingmustbereplaced.
Ifflyweightsareingoodcondition,
rotatemagnetoseveraltimestosnap
impulseanddeterminethatimpulse
springisnotbroken.Checktorque
onimpulsecouplingnuttobesureit
isnotbindingduetoanovertorque
condition.

HARDSTARTING(CONT.)
CAUSE
13. Impulsecouplingonmagneto
inoperative.(Cont.)

SOLUTION
13. Repairorreplaceimpulsecoupling.
(Cont.)

14. Impulsecouplingismagnetized.

14. Removeanddemagnetizeorreplace
impulsecoupling.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
13. (Cont.)Forcompleteinformationon
magnetoimpulsecouplings,geta
copyofthebooklet,IAMYOUR
IMPULSECOUPLING,#L1019
fromBendixatSidney,N.Y.
14. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

ROUGHIDLE
CAUSE
1. Mixtureistoorichortoolean.(If
mixtureislean,pooracceleration
maybenoticed.)

SOLUTION
1. Adjustidlemixture.

2. Pluggednozzles.(Usually
accompaniedbyindicatedhighfuel
flow.)

2. Cleannozzles,inspectwith
magnifyingglassbefore cleaningif
contaminationisfound,remove
same.Noneedtocheckfurther.
NOTEMaylocateproblemby
feelingforcoldcylinder.
3. Checkpreviouslymentioned
locationsandtightenorreplaceas
necessary.

3. Inductionairleakatoneofthe
followinglocations:
a. Hosesandhoseclamps.
b. Crackedintakepipes.
c. Badgaskets.
d. Looseflangebolts.
e. Looseplugsinintakeportof
cylinders.
f. Fueldrainvalvenotseating
properly.
4. Crackedenginemountsordefective 4. Replacesame.
mountbushings.
5. Mountbushingsimproperly
5. Installaspermanufacturers
installed.
instructions.
6. Internalinjectorleak(usuallyunable 6. Replaceinjector.
toadjustinjectoratidle)orwillnot
holdadjustment.

7. Fuelvaporizinginlinesand
distributor,(encounteredonlyat
highambienttemperaturesand
prolongedoperationatloworidle
RPM).

7. Keepgroundoperationtoa
minimumandoperatewithcowl
flapsinfullopenpositions.(If
necessary,operatewithbooster
pumpon.)
3

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. Leanengineifmixtureistoorich.
Enginewillsmoothoutandpickup
RPMasitisleaned.Ifmixtureistoo
lean,conditionwillbecomemore
aggravatedasengineisleaned.
Adjustforpropermixturebyturning
scallopedwheelatsideofinjectorto
eitherrichorleancondition,as
indicatedbyarrowandletterR
locatedoninjectorlinkage.NOTE:
Aftermixtureisset,readjustidle
speedtodesiredRPM,ifnecessary.
2. WashinacetoneorMEK,blowout
withcompressedair. NOTE: Flow
checknozzlesincontainersofequal
orpartiallypluggednozzles.(See
latestrevisionofServiceInstruction
No.1275.)
3. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

4. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
5. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
6. Checkbydisconnectinginduction
systematinjectorinlettoobserve
impacttubes,thenputthrottleinfull
forwardpositionandmixtureinfull
richposition,capfuellinetoflow
divider,turnonboostpump,andif
fuelisobservedcomingoutof
impacttubes,theninjectorhas
internalleakandmustbereplaced.
7. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

ROUGHIDLE(CONT.)
CAUSE
8. Nozzlescreenandshrouddeformed
toextentitblocksorpartiallyblocks
airbleedhole.
9. Stickingvalveinfuelflowdivider.

SOLUTION
8. Replacenozzle.

10. Unevencylindercompression.

10. Differentialcheckcylindersto
determineiffurtherdisassemblyand
repairsarenecessary.

11. Improperfuelpressure.

11. Adjustasnecessary.

12. Faultyignitionsystem.

12. Checkmagnetodropandcondition
ofplugsandleads.

13. Fuelpressuretoolow.

13. Adjusttoatleastminimumpressure
asfoundinOperatorsManual.
14. Locksecurelyorreplaceprimerif
leaking.

14. Primernotlockedorleaking.

9. Disassembleandclean.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
8. Removenozzlesfromcylinderso
thattheymaybeadequately
inspected.
9. Removedividerfromengine.
Disassembleandflushoutdirt.Also
dividervalvemaybehandlappedin
seattoremoveanyburrsthatmaybe
present. NOTE:Neverinterchange
fuelflowdividerpartsanddonot
damagediaphragm.
10. Differentialcompressioncheckis
accomplishedbyrotatingcylinderto
becheckedto T.D.C.on
compressionstrokeandintroducing
80psiairintocylinderand
observinghowmuchisretained.
Stepbystepproceduresand
equipmentrequirementswillbe
foundinthelatestrevisionof
ServiceInstructionNo.1191.
11. Minimumandmaximumlimitsare
foundinengineandairframe
manufacturersOperatorsManual.
12. Setenginetoproduce5065%power
withpropelleratminimumangle.
Checkbothmagnetosforexcessive
dropoff.NOTE:Smoothdropoff
thatexceedslimitsmayindicatea
leanorrichinjectororcarburetor.
Leadsmustbecheckedbyremoving
distributorblockfrommagnetoand
usingaBendixhightensionlead
tester,#118880or1188801or
equivalenttypeequipmentto
determineleadcondition.Avisual
checkisalsohelpful. NOTE: The
differenceindropbetweenmagnetos
isjustasimportantasthetotal
magnetodrop(notmorethan50
RPMdifferencebetweenmagnetos).
13. NOTEIfunabletoadjustpressure,
replacepump.
14. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

ENGINEWILLNOTIDLEUNLESSBOOSTPUMPISON
CAUSE
1. Idlemixtureextremelylean.

SOLUTION
1. Enrichidlemixtureatinjector.

2. Enginefuelpumpfailed,orpressure
toolowatidlespeed.

2. Replacefuelpump,oradjust
pressureasnecessary.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. Turnscallopedwheelatsideof
injectortowardrichcondition.
NOTE:Arrowonlinkageindicates
richandlean.Idlespeedwillhaveto
beadjusted.
2. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

ENGINEWONTIDLEUNLESSBOOSTPUMPON(CONT.)
CAUSE
3. Fuelpumpbypassingfuelinternally.
(NOTE:ANtypepump.)
4. Ifenginehasdiaphragmtypefuel
pumpconsidereitheraloosefuelin
fittingoramissingordefectiveO
ring. NOTE:CheckOringseat
machinedinfuelpumptobesure
seatissmooth.
5. Fuelvaporizinginfuellines.

SOLUTION
3. Replacefuelpump.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
3. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

4. TightenfittingorreplaceOringas 4. NOTE: Enginemayalsolosefuel

required.IfOringseatis
pressureasaircraftclimbsto
damaged,pumpmayhavetobe
altitude.Seelatestrevisionof
replaced.
ServiceBulletinNo.374.

5. Keepenginenacelleascoolas
possible.

5. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

ENGINEWILLNOTIDLEUNLESSBOOSTPUMPISOFF
CAUSE
1. Idlemixtureextremelyrich.

SOLUTION
1. Leanidlemixtureatinjector.

2. Enginepumpfuelpressuresettoo
high.

2. AdjustfuelpressureatpumpifAN
type.Replacefuelpumpif
diaphragmtype.
3. Adjustpressureorreplacepump.

3. Boosterpumppressuretoohigh.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. Turnscallopedwheelatsideof
injectortowardleancondition.
NOTE:Arrowonlinkageindicates
richandlean.Idlespeedwillhaveto
beadjusted.Conditionindicatedby
excessiveblacksmoke.
2. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

3. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

POORIDLECUTOFF
CAUSE
1. Improperriggingofmixturecontrol
linkage.
2. Mixturecontrolvalvescoredornot
seatingproperly,orOringon
mixturejetbrokenordeformed.

SOLUTION
1. Adjustsame.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

2. Disassembleandremovescratches
andburrs.ReplaceOring,if
necessary.

3. Vaporinlines.

3. Avoidprolongedgroundoperation
atlowRPMandidle.Keepnacelle
ascoolaspossible.NOTE:Use
boostpump,ifnecessary.
4. Removeandclean.

2. Removemixturecontrolassembly
frominjectorlapidlecutoffjetand
valveassemblyonagoodlapplate
usingamildabrasiveuntilallscores
andburrsareremoved.Clean
thoroughlyandreassemble.Also
observetheconditionoftheO
ringonmixturecontroljet. NOTE:
Checkforaleakbydisconnecting
fuellineatentrancetoflowdivider.
Keepthrottleandmixoffandboost
pumpon.Thereshouldbenofuel
flow.
3. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

4. Dirtinairbleedholeofnozzle.
5. Fueljetsinnozzleimproperly
located.

5. Replace nozzles.

4. WashinacetoneorMEKandblow
outwithcompressedair.
5. Nozzlesmaybetestedbyfabricating
atestrigasexplainedinlatest
revisionofServiceInstructionNo.
1275. NOTE: Novisualcheckofjets
ispossible.

POORIDLECUTOFF(CONT.)
CAUSE
6. Valveinflowdividersticking.

SOLUTION
6. Removeandclean.

7. Loosefuellineatflowdivideror
nozzle. NOTE: Enginemayberich
atidle.

7. Tightenallfuelconnections.

8. Mixturevalvestuck,(corroded)to
valveseat.(Carburetedengines.)

8. Disassemblecarburetortoenable
cleaning(andlapping,ifnecessary)
themixturevalveandseat.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
6. Removeflowdividerfromengine
anddisassemble.Flushoutanydirt
thatmaybepresent.Flowdivider
valvemaybehandlappedinseatto
removeanyburrs.Cleanthoroughly
andreassemble.NOTE: Never
interchangeflowdividerparts.
7. Checkmainfuellineatflowdivider
andfuelinjector.Alsoallfuellines
atdividerandnozzles.Makesure
nozzlesaretightincylinders andnot
crossthreaded.
8. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

HIGHFUELFLOW
CAUSE
1. Pluggednozzles.

SOLUTION
1. Cleanorreplacesame.Inspectwith
magnifyinglensfirst.

2. Airleakorrestrictionindeck
pressuregageline(airframe).
3. Injectorrich.

2. Locateandrepair.

4. Faultygage.

4. Replacesame.

5. I.D.offuellinestoosmall.

5. Replacelines.

6. Incorrectnozzleflow.

6. Replacenozzles.

7. Crackedorbrokenfuelinjector
nozzleline. NOTE: Separationmay
beatsilversolderconnection
8. Deckpressuregagelineplugged
(turbocharged).

7. Replacedefectiveline.

3. Replacesame.Checkmagnetosfor
excessivesmoothdropinRPM.
Recalibrateand/oroverhaulinjector
atanapprovedfacility.

8. Removeanyobstructions.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. Flowchecknozzlesincontainersof
equalsizetolocatepluggednozzles.
Ifplugged,washinacetoneand
blowoutwithcompressedair.
2. Pressurecheckto9lbs.andobserve
gagefordropinpressure.
3. Runengineatagivenpowersetting
fullrich.Observefuelflowand
comparetofuelflowrequirements
forthatpowersettingasfoundin
OperatorsManual.
4. Provebyinstallingmastergageand
runningenginetocomparegages.
5. Linesmustbebetween.085.090in.
I.D.Checkwithgageandbesurenot
tomarkinsideoffuellines.
6. Flowchecknozzlesincontainersof
equalsizetolocate problemnozzles.
Flowrateofnozzlesmaybe
determinebyfollowingprocedures
setforinthelatestrevisionof
ServiceInstructionNo.1275.
7. Whilepressurizingsystemwith
boostpump,giveitagoodvisual
inspectionforsignsoffueldye.
8. Disconnectlinefromgageand
engine.Usecompressedairtoblow
throughlienstoremoveanydirtthat
maybepresent.

LOWFUELFLOW
CAUSE
1. Dirtyfuelfilterscreen.

SOLUTION
1. Cleansame.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. Removeandcleaninacetoneor
MEK.Blowoutwithcompressed
air.

LOWFUELFLOW(CONT.)
CASUE
2. Injectorlean.

SOLUTION
2. Replacesameorrecalibrateor
overhaulatapprovedfacility.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
2. Runengineatagivenpowersetting
fullrich.Observefuelflowand
comparetofuelflowrequirements
forthatpowersettingasfoundin
OperatorsManual.Anincreasein
cylinderheadtemperature,EGTor
oiltemperaturemaybeanindication
ofaleaninjector.
Replacesame.
3. Provebyinstallingmastergageand
runningenginetocomparegages.
Disassemble,checkfordirt,and
4. NOTE:NEVERINTERCHANGE
dragondiaphragmstem.Alsoparts
FLOWDIVIDERPARTS.THEY
maybelappedtogethertoinsure
AREFLOWEDASAN
freeoperation.
ASSEMBLY.
Repairorreplaceline.
5. Todetectbrokenorlooseline,check
forfueldyestains.Tocheckplugged
line,disconnectatgageandinjector
andblowoutwithcompressedair.
Increasefuelpumppressuretolimits 6. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
inOperators Manualandalsocheck
forleaks.
Replacewithcorrectgasket.
7. Stepbystepprocedurefor
inspectionandrepairofthisproblem
arefoundinlatestrevisionsof
LycomingServiceBulletinNo.382
orBendixServiceBulletinNo.RS
43.

3. Faultygage.

3.

4. Flowdividerdoesnotopenallthe
way(problemmaynotoccuratall
times).

4.

5. Fuellinetofuelflowgagebroken,
loose orplugged.

5.

6. Lowfuelpressure.

6.

7. Impropergasketinstalledoncover
plateinflowdivider.

7.

ENGINEWILLNOTTURNSTATICRPM
CAUSE
1. Restrictionininductionairsystem,
incorrectairbox,orairbox
improperlyinstalled.
2. Injectortoorichortoolean.

SOLUTION
1. Inspectandremoverestrictions.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

2. Replacesameorrecalibrateor
overhaulatapprovedfacility.

3. Propelleroutofadjustment(low
pitch).
4. Governorlinkagenotadjusted
properly.
5. Crankshafttocamshafttimingoff.

3. Adjustsame.

2. Runengineataknownpower
setting,fullrich.Observefuelflow
andcomparetofuelrequirementsas
foundinOperatorsManual.Lean
injector.Iftoorichenginewillpick
upRPMandrunsmooth.Ifinjector
istoolean,enginewillbemore
aggravated.
3. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

4. Adjustforfulltravel.

4. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

5. Removeaccessoryhousingandtime
correctly.

5. Thisconditionmaybecheckedby
firstdisconnectingstarter.Remove
topsparkplugsandrockerboxcover
on#2cylinder.Turnengineto
T.D.C.oncompressionstrokeon#1
cylinder,observethatwhenpistonin
#1cylindergoesoverT.D.C.on
compression,theintakevalvein#2
cylinderisjuststartingtoopenand
theexhaustisjustclosing.Ifthis
conditiondoesnotexist,the
crankshafttocamshafttimingisoff.

ENGINEWILLNOTTURNSTATICRPM(CONT.)
CAUSE
6. Exhaustmufflerinternalbaffles
brokenandblockingexhaustoutlet

7. Excessivelydirtyairfilter.

8. Carburetorheatdoornotrigged
properly.

9. Incorrectmagnetotoenginetiming.
10. Fouledsparkplugs.
11. Tachometerreadingisincorrect.

SOLUTION
6. Removemufflerforthorough
inspectionandreplacesame,if
necessary.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
6. NOTE:Ifbafflesarebrokenandare
freetomovearoundinmuffler,
enginemayturnstaticanddevelop
powersometimesandothertimesit
maynotduetotherestrictedflowof
exhaustgases.Strikemufflerwith
rubbermalletorsoftobjectand
listenforrattleinmuffler.
7. Replaceatregularintervals.Time
7. NOTE:Sometimesnewfiltersmay
betweenfilterchangeswilldepend
haveanexcessiveairdropthrough
onoperatingconditionsofindividual
them.Ifthisconditionissuspected,
aircraft.
removefilterandrunenginetoF.T.
withoutfilterinstalledtoobserve
whethertheengineperformsbetter.
(Thistestshouldbeperformedina
dustfreeareaandonahardsurface.)
8. Rigso thatdoorgoesfromfullopen 8. NOTE: Eventhoughdoorisgoing
tofullclosed.
fromfullopentofullclosedposition
whenaircraftisshutdown,when
aircraftengineisoperating
vibrationsandairflowmaycause
doortoopenslightly.Ifthis
conditionissuspected,tapeorwire
thedoorshutfortestpurposes.If
thissolvestheproblem,adjustand
replacepartsasnecessary.
9. Checkandadjustasnecessary.
9. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
10. Removeandcleanorreplaceas
10. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
necessary.
11. Havetachometerrepairedorreplace 11. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
same.

ENGINESURGES
CAUSE
1. Injectornozzlesdirty.

SOLUTION
1. Removeandclean.

2. Faultygovernor.
3. Airinoillinesorwastegateactuator
(turbocharged).

2. Replacegovernor.
3. Bleedsystem.

4. Breatherplugged.

4. Removeanyobstructionsfrom
breather.
5. Repairleak.

5. Injectornozzlepressurereference
systemleaking(turbocharged).
6. Incorrectpropellergovernor.

6. Replacegovernor.

7. Defectiveoilpump.

7. Repairorreplaceoilpump.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. Cleanbyflushinginacetoneor
MEKandblowoutwithcompressed
air.
2. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
3. Enginewillusuallybleedairoutof
actuatorandcontrolsystemby
running.Ifthisdoesnotwork,
loosenlinesandbleedsystem.
4. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
5. Checkallhoseconnections,O
rings,tubingandhosesforbreaksor
looseconnections.
6. NOTE:CheckPartNumberof
governortobesurethataworn
governorwasnotinstalled.
7. Erraticoilpressuremaybetracedto
thefactthatpumpmaybesucking
air.OnTIOandTIGO541engines
inspectOringsoninletandoutlet
ofpump,alsohighpressureoilrelief
atpumpmaybedefective.

ENGINESURGES(CONT.)
CAUSE
7. Defectiveoilpump.(Cont.)

SOLUTION
7. Repairorreplaceoilpump.(Cont.)

8. Propellerbladesstickinginhub
intermittently.

8. Removeandoverhaulpropeller.

9. Carburetortoorich.
10. Wastegatebindingintermittently.

9. Repairorreplacecarburetor.
10. Freewastegatebutterfly witha
corrosionpenetrantorreplacesame.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
7. (Cont.) NOTE: Toremoveoilpump
from541engines,thesumpmustbe
removed.
8. Checkforpropellerblademovement
andsticking.Checkstopsandangle
onbladeswhenagainstflatpitch
stops.
9. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
10. NOTE:Useawrenchtomove
butterflyfromfullopentofull
closedtodetermineifshaftbinding
isoccurring.

FAILUREOFENGINETODEVELOPRATEDPOWER
CAUSE
1. Leaksininductionsystemand
exhaustsystem(turbocharged).

SOLUTION
1. Tightenallplugsandclampsand
replaceanydefectiveparts.

2. Improperfuelflow.

2. Checkscreenandgage,andreplace
injector,ifnecessary.

3. Restrictioninairinletormanifold.

3. Checkandcleanorrepairas
necessary.

4. Improperfuel.

4. Draintanksandrefillwith
recommendedoctanefuel.

5. Controllersoutofadjustment
(turbocharged).

5. Adjustsame.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. Solutionisselfexplanatory.NOTE
Thisconditionismorenoticeableat
altitude.
2. Removescreensandflushoutdirt.
Disconnectgageandinstallmaster
todetermineaccuracyofaircraft
instrument.
3. NOTE:Alwaysmakesureairfilters
arekeptcleanandthereareno
breaksinductingtoallowforeign
materialorheatedairfromnacelleto
enterinductionsystem.
4. NOTE:Neverusealowerthan
recommendedgradeoffuel.Consult
latest revisionofServiceInstruction
No.1070.
5. Variableabsolutecontrolleris
adjustedbyturningadjustment
screwatcamendofcontroller
counterclockwisetoincreaseboost,
andclockwisetodecreaseboost.
Controllersaresettoobtaina
specificmanifoldpressureandno
compensationfordensityand
temperatureisnecessary.Required
manifoldpressuresettingswillbe
foundinOperatorsManual.Adjust
forfullthrottlesettingonly.Density
controllersdocompensatefor
temperatureandpressureandrequire
specialequipmenttoadjust.The
latestrevisionofServiceInstruction
No.1187setsforthproceduresand
requiredequipmentforadjusting
densitycontrollersinthefield.
Differentialpressure controllersare
settomaintain6in.differential
betweendeckandmanifoldpressure,
specialequipmentisrequiredfor
adjustment. NOTE: Thisisnot
normallyadjustableinthefield.

FAILUREOFENGINETODEVELOPRATEDPOWER(CONT.)
CAUSE
6. Damagedturbochargerimpeller,
bindingortightturbochargerwheels
(turbocharged)

SOLUTION
6. Visuallyinspectfordamageand
checkforfreerotationof
turbocharger.Disassembleand
clean,ifnecessary.

7. Throttlelevernotproperlyadjusted.
8. Excessivedirtbuildupin
compressorhousingoron
compressorwheel(turbocharged).

7. Checkandadjust, asnecessary.
8. Inspectandclean.

9. Kinkedorrestrictedoillinesfrom
enginetoactuator,andactuatorto
controller.
10. Wastegateoutofadjustment
(turbocharged).

9. Removeandinspectorreplace,as
necessary.

11. Inletorificeinactuatorplugged
(turbocharged).

11. Removeinletlineatactuatorand
cleanorifice.

12. Wastegatestuckopen
(turbocharged).

12. Removeactuatorandloosen
wastegatebutterfly.

10. Adjustsametocorrectopenand
closedlimits.

10

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
6. NOTE:Ifturbochargerwheelis
damagedortipsofbladesare
missing,turbochargermustbe
replaced.Becausethisconditionwill
causeturbochargertobecome
unbalancedandseverelywearthe
bearingscausingcomplete
turbochargerfailure.
7. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
8. Solutionisselfexplanatory.NOTE:
Excessivedirtbuildupon
compressorwheelmaycreatean
outofbalanceconditionand
acceleratebearingwear.
9. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

10. Thewastegateisadjustedtofull
closedpositionfirst,thenfullopen.
Toadjustfullclosed,capoffoutlet
ofactuatorandapply50to60lbs.
oilpressuretoinlet.Whenoil
pressurecloseswastegate,measure
clearancebetweenbutterflyand
housing.Ifadjustmentisimproper,
disconnectlinkageandlengthenor
shortenasrequired.Afterfullclosed
adjustmentiscorrect,setfullopen
bydisconnectingoilsupplyand
allowingspringinactuatortoopen
wastegate.Again,measureclearance
betweenbutterflyandhousing.If
adjustmentisimproper,loosenjam
nutatendofcylinderandturn
adjustmentrodinoroutasrequired
toobtainproperfullopensetting,
thenretightenjamnut.
11. NOTE:Iforificeispluggedtight,it
maybenecessarytoremovecylinder
fromactuatorinordertobeableto
cleanorifice.
12. Wastegatebutterflymaybefreedby
removingfromengine,andusinga
wrenchonthebutterflyshaft.Rotate
backandforthuntilallcorrosionis
removedandbutterflymovesfreely.
Thisoperationmaybeaidedby
usingacorrosionpenetranttohelp
loosenbutterfly.Onepenetrantused
bysomepeopleinthefieldismouse
milk,manufacturedbyWorldwide
AircraftFilterCorp.,1685Abram
Ct.,SanLeandroCA94577.This
penetrantcouldbeusedateach25
hourinspectionasapreventative
measure.Alittleateachendofthe
shaftmayhelpkeepshaftfrom
binding.

FAILUREOFENGINETODEVELOPRATEDPOWER(CONT.)
CAUSE
13. Pistonsealinwastegateactuator
leaking.Notedbyexcessoilcoming
outofdrain(turbocharged).

SOLUTION
13. Disassemble,cleancylinder,and
replaceseal,orreplacewastegate
actuatorassembly.

14. Oilpressuretoolowtoclose
wastegate(turbocharged).

14. Adjustoilpressuretoatleast
minimumlowlimitinmanual.

15. Injectorandcontrollerlinkagenot
adjustedproperly(541series
engine).

15. Adjustasperlatestrevisionto
ServiceInstructionNo.1211to get
fulltravelonbothcontrollerand
injector.

16. Brokenbafflesinmuffler(normally
aspiratedengines).

16. Removefromengineandreplace
mufflersystem.

17. Poorcombustion.

17. Doadifferentialcompressioncheck
andborescopeinspectiontolocate
excessivelyleakingvalves,valve
guidesorringsandtolocateany
brokenrings.
18. Replacewastegate.
19. Removeaccessoryhousingand
correcttiming.

18. Butterflyinwastegateiswarped.
19. Crankshafttocamshafttiming
incorrect.

11

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
13. NOTE:Anytimewastegateactuator
isdisassembledorpartsare
replaced,thefullopenandfull
closedpositionsofthebutterfly
shouldbecheckedandreset,if
necessary.(Resetaccordingtoitem
#10ofthissection.)
14. Checktomakesurethattheproper
oilpressurereliefspringisinengine
andthatitisnotbroken,orthat
reliefvalveballdoesnothaveany
dirtunderitcausingthelowoil
pressure.
15. Proceduressetforthinthelatest
revisionofServiceInstructionNo.
1211includetheuseoftwospecial
tools,ST318andST319,to
positionthecrossshaftandestablish
theclearancesettingsatfullthrottle
andidlewhenmakinglinkage
adjustments.Thesestepbystep
proceduresshouldbefollowedto
insureaccuratelinkageadjustment.
16. NOTE:Ifsectionofbaffleisloosein
muffler,enginemayoperate
satisfactoryattimesandmaybelow
onpoweratothertimes.This
indicatesbaffleismovingaroundin
muffler,blockingexhaustgasesat
timesandatothertimesallowingan
unrestrictedflowofexhaust.
17. Doatopoverhaultocorrectthis
problem.

18. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
19. Thisconditionmaybecheckedby
firstdisconnectingstarter,remove
topsparkplugsandrockerboxcover
on#2cylinder.Turnengineto
T.D.C.oncompressionstrokeon#1
cylinder,observethatwhenpistonin
#1cylindergoesoverT.D.C.on
compressiontheintakevalvein#2
cylinderisjuststartingtoopenand
theexhaustvalveisjustclosing.If
thisconditiondoesnotexist,the
crankshafttocamshafttimingisoff.
NOTE:Onengineswithfixedpitch
propellerstheengineprobablywill
notturnstaticR.P.M.Onengines
withconstantspeedpropellersthe
enginewillprobablyturnupstatic
R.P.M.butmanifoldpressurewillbe
alittlelow.

LOSSOFPOWERGOINGTOALTITUDE
CAUSE
1. Leakinturbochargersystem.

SOLUTION
1. Checkallclampsandboltson
inductionandexhaustsystem.
NOTE:Makesurealternateairdoor
closescompletely,andsuckopen
doorisproperlyadjustandgasketis
notdamaged.

2. Densitycontrollerdoesnotfollow
curvetoaltitude.

2. Replacecontroller.

3. Oillinetoactuatorinletkinkedor
blocked.
4. Actuatorpistonsealfailedand
leakingexcessively.

3. Removeline.Cleanorreplaceand
eliminatekinkedcondition.
4. Disassemble,cleancylinder,and
replaceseal.

5. Differentialcontrollerpoppetvalve
leaking.

5. Replacedifferentialcontroller.

6. Poorcombustion.

6. Doadifferentialcompressioncheck
andborescopeinspectiontolocate
excessivelyleakingvalves,valve
guidesorringsandtolocateany
brokenrings.
7. Overhaulorreplaceturbocharger.
8. Replaceinjectororrecalibrateor
overhaulatapprovedfacility.
9. Attachcontrollersensinglinesto
properlocations.

7. Bindingturbocharger.
8. Leaninjector.
9. Differentialpressurecontrollerlines
hookedupimproperly.

12

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. Observethatallclampsaretighton
turbochargerinductionandexhaust
system.InspectallgasketsandO
ringsonintakepipestobesurethey
areinplaceandproperlyseated.
Checkforcracksonbothintakeand
exhaustsystem.Greenstainon
inductionsystemindicatesinduction
leak.Whitestainsonexhaustsystem
indicatesanexhaustleak.Makesure
thatallnutsonexhauststacksare
tightandthatnoexhaustgasketsare
burnedout.
2. Tocheckdensitycontroller,
disconnectdifferentialcontroller
fromsystemandblockoillines.Fly
aircrafttoaltitudeandobservethat
yougetasteadyriseinmanifold
pressurenottoexceedairframe
manufacturerslimits.Ifnoriseis
indicated,densitycontrollermustbe
replaced.NOTE: Exerciseextreme
cautionastherewillbeseverely
staggeredthrottlesatpartthrottle
conditions.
3. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
4. NOTE:Anytimewastegateactuator
isdisassembledyoumustcheckthe
fullclosedandfullopenpositionsof
thewastegate.Ifadjustmentis
necessary,alwaysadjustfullclosed
firstthenfullopen.(Neverplugthe
wastegateactuatordrainasitmay
causeahydrauliclock.)
5. Apply80psioiltoinletportof
differentialcontroller,onlyminute
drainageshouldbeobservedatdrain
port.Ifexcessive,oilisobservedat
drainport,thisindicatescontroller
valveisleakingoilatalltimesand
mustbereplaced.
6. Doatopoverhaultocorrectthis
problem.

7. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
8. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
9. Onesideofdifferentialcontroller
diaphragmsensesdeckpressureand
theothersidesensesmanifold
pressure.

CANNOTREACHSPECIFIEDCRITICALALTITUDE
CAUSE
1. Dirtyinductionairfilter.

SOLUTION
1. Replacesame.

2. Damagedcompressororturbine
wheel(turbocharged).

2. Replaceoroverhaulturbocharger.
NOTE:Determinereasonfor
damageandeliminate.

3. Wastegatedoesnotgoto fullclosed
position(turbocharged).

3. Adjustforfulltravel.Ifbutterflyis
sticking,workfreeandapply
corrosionpenetrant.Ifactuatorseal
isleaking,disassemble,clean
cylinderandreplaceseal.

4. Badbearingsinturbocharger.

4. Replaceoroverhaulturbocharger.
NOTE:Spinturbinebyhandto
checkforfreerotation
5. Suckopendooroncompressor
5. Adjustmagnetsodoorcloses
dischargehousingnotfullyclosedor
properly.Replacegasket.
doorgasketdamaged(TIO540
engines).
6. Faultycontroller.
6. Repairorreplace.

13

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. NOTEAlsocheckforanytypeof
blockageininductionsystem.
2. Visuallyinspecttoseeiftheturbine
orcompressorwheelsaredamaged
ortipsofbladesaremissing.Ifthis
hashappened,turbocharger
replacementisnecessarybecause
thisdamagecausesasevereoutof
balanceconditionwhichwillrapidly
wearouttheturbochargerbearings.
3. Whensettingclosedandopen
positions,alwayssetfullclosed
positionfirst,thenfullopen.The
procedureforcheckingfullclosed
positionistocapoffactuator
discharge,apply6065lbs.oil
pressuretoinlet.Whenwastegate
closes,measureclearancebetween
butterflyandhousing.Ifadjustment
isnecessary,disconnectlinkageand
lengthenorshortenasrequired.To
checkfullopen,releaseoilpressure
andallowwastegatetoopenfulland
measureclearancebetweenbutterfly
andhousing.Ifadjustmentis
necessary,loosenjamnutattopof
cylinderandturnadjustmentinor
outasrequired.Retightenjamnut.If
butterflyissticking,loosenby
manuallymovingbackandforth
untilfree,thelubricatewitha
corrosionpenetrantlikemousemilk,
manufacturedandsoldby
WorldwideAircraftFilter
Corporation,1685AbramCt.,San
Leandro,CA.Itmayalsobeusedas
apreventativebyapplyingto
butterflyshaftat25hour
inspections.Ifactuatorcylinderis
leaking,disassemble,cleancylinder
andreplaceseal.Ifanypartsare
replaced,checkopenandclosed
limitsasdescribedabove.
4. Checkradialandaxialbearing
limits,asperAiResearch
TurbochargerManual.
5. Observethatnophysicaldamagehas
occurredtodoorandnoforeign
materialislodgedbetweendoorand
gaskets.
6. AbsoluteVariable.Ifengineloses
power,considerleakingpoppet
valveoroilleakingintoinduction
systembecauseofbrokenboot
bellows.Removecontrollerand
checkforoilininductionhousing.In
eithercase,controllerwillhavetobe
replaced.

CANNOTREACHSPECIFIEDCRITICALALTITUDE(CONT.)
CAUSE
6. Faultycontroller.(Cont.)

SOLUTION
6. Repairorreplace.(Cont.)

7. Improperlyadjustedcontrollers.

7. Adjustsame.

8. Insufficientoilpressuretoclose
wastegate.

8. Adjustoilpressuretospecifications
foundinOperatorsManual.Check
forlinksorrestrictionsinactuator
supplyline.

9. Damagetocompressororturbine
wheel.

9. Replaceturbocharger.

10. Leaksinexhaustsystem.

10. Repairorreplaceasrequired.

14

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
6. (Cont.)DensityController. Checkas
persolution#2underLossof
PowerGoingto Altitude.
DifferentialController.Apply80psi
oiltoinletport.Observethatonly
minutedrainingoccursatdrainport.
7. AbsoluteVariable.Thevariable
absolutepressurecontrollerisonly
sensitivetopressuresettingssono
specialequipmentisnecessaryfor
adjustment.Toincreasemanifold
pressureturnadjustingscrewatcam
endofcontrollercounterclockwise.
Todecreasemanifoldpressure,turn
adjustingscrewclockwise.These
adjustmentstobemadeforfull
throttlepowersettingsonly.
Manifoldpressuresettingswillbe
foundinOperatorsManual.
DensityControllerissensitiveto
temperatureandpressureanddoes
requirespecialequipmenttoset.
Proceduresforsettingdensity
controllersaresetforthinlatest
revisionofServiceInstructionNo.
1187.
DifferentialController.If
differentialcontrollerisleakingthen
criticalaltitudewouldnotbe
reached.Checkbyapplying80psi
oiltoinletportandobservingthat
onlyminuteoilisseenatdrainport.
Ifexcessoilisseenatdrainport,
controllerisleakingatalltimesand
mustbereplaced.
8. Checktobesuretheproperspringis
intheoilpressurereliefvalveandis
notbrokenorthatnoforeign
materialisunderthereliefball.
Eliminaterestrictionsinactuator
supplylineandroutelineto
eliminateanykinks.
9. Visuallyinspectturbochargerwheels
fordamagesuchasbentorbroken
blades,rubmarksoncompressoror
turbochargerhousing.Ifpartsof
bladesaremissing,checkfor
excessivebearingwearcausedby
severeoutofbalancecondition.
10. Tightenallclampsandboltson
turbochargersystem.Checkgaskets
forgoodconditionandproper
seating.Alsoinspectforanycracks
(maybelocatedbythepresence of
whitestainsonexhaustsystem).
Makesureallnutsonexhauststack
flangesaretightandnogasketsare
burnedout.

CANNOTREACHSPECIFIEDCRITICALALTITUDE(CONT.)
CAUSE
11. Poorcombustion.

SOLUTION
11. Doadifferentialcompressioncheck
andborescopeinspectiontolocate
excessivelyleakingvalves,valve
guidesorringsandtolocateany
brokenrings.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
11. Doatopoverhaultocorrectthis
problem.

CAUSE
1. Insufficientoil.

SOLUTION
1. Filloilsumportanktoproperlevel.

2. Pressurereliefoutofadjustment.

2. Adjustoilpressuretoproperlimits.

3. Dirtormetalchipsunderoil
pressurereliefvalve.
4. Damagedoilpressurereliefseat.

3. Remove,disassemble,andclean.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. NOTE:Makesureyouareusingthe
correctgradeandweightofoil.
2. Onexternaladjustabletypeincrease
oilpressurebyturningadjusting
screwclockwise,andtodecrease
turncounterclockwise.Ontypes
withsolidtowerstandardinchflat
washersareusedtocontroloil
pressure.Addwasherstoincrease
oilpressureandremovewashersto
decreaseoilpressure.Onshort
tower,amaximumofthreewashers
maybeusedonatalltower,a
maximumofninewashersmaybe
used.
3. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

5. Highoiltemperature.

5. Checkallareasthatinvolvelube
systemandlubeoilcoolingsystem.

6. Restrictionatinletsideofoilpump.

6. Removeandcleanoilsuctionscreen
andoilpassagetoinletsideofoil
pump,ifnecessary.
7. Checkthefollowingareasfor
excessiveoilflowandrepairor
replace.(a)Looseormissingplugs
inoilgalley.(b)Pistoncooling
squirtsblockedopen. NOTE: Low
oilpressureusuallyoccursatlowor
idleRPM.(c)Excessivebearing
clearance.(d)Crackedcrankcasein
areaofoilgalley.

LOWOILPRESSURE

7. Excessiveinternalspilloffofoil.

4. Replaceorrepair.

15

4. Onengineswiththeremovableseat,
seatmaybepulledoutandanother
pressedintoplace.Onenginesthat
haveseatmachinedinthecase,
repairsmustbemadebyrepairing
existingseatwithSpecialToolsST
243,ST248andST340thatmake
upthereseatingtoolassembly.
(RefertolatestrevisionofService
InstructionNo.1172.)
5. Inspectthefollowingareasfor
trouble:(a)Properoillevel.(b)
Propergradeandweightofoil.(c)
Thermostaticbypassvalveworking
properlyandseatingsquarely.(d)
Pluggedorpartiallypluggedoil
coolerlinesoroilcooler.(e)
Excessiveblowby.(f)Airductto
coolerblockedorcoolerpartially
covered.(g)Defectivetemperature
gage.
6. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

7. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

LOWOILPRESSURE(CONT.)
CAUSE
8. Relocatingtheoilpressuretakeoff
pointontheengine.
9. Oilpressurereliefseatincrankcase
cocked(couldbecagetypeorflat
type).

SOLUTION
8. Useonlytheoilpressuretakeoff
pointapprovedbytheengine
manufacturer.
9. Removeandreplaceseat.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
8. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

SOLUTION
1. ConsultOperatorsManualfortype
andweightofoil.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. NOTE:Consultlatestrevisionof
ServiceInstructionNo.1014for
informationonapprovedlubricating
oilsforLycomingengines.
2. Onnewandrebuiltengines,use
mineraloiluntilconsumption
stabilizes(usuallyfrom50to100
hours)thenifdesired,changeto
ashlessdispersantoil.Onthe541
seriesofengines,ashlessdispersant
oilmustbeusedfromthebeginning.
NOTE:Consultlatestrevisionof
ServiceInstructionNo.1014for
recommendedlubricatingoils.For
bestringseating,alwaysusefull
throttletakeoffwhereverthe
applicationapplies(theonly
exceptionisthegearsupercharged
engineswheretakeoffpoweris
limitedbyaspecificmanifold
pressure).Alsouseahighcruise
powersettingforbreakin.
3. Disassembleengineforinspection
andreplacementorbearings.Priorto
disassembly,excessivebearingwear
maybedeterminedbythepresence
ofmetalinoilsuctionscreenoroil
filter.
4. Priortodisassembly,thecondition
oftheringsmaybedeterminedby
doingadifferentialcompression
check.Thisisaccomplishedby
rotatingthecylindertobechecked
toT.D.C.oncompressionstroke.
Afterinsuringthatthepropellerwill
notturn,introduce80psiairin
cylinderandobservehowmuchis
retained.Airleakingbyringscanbe
detectedbylisteningatbreather
entranceforahissingsoundin
crankcaseindicatingairescaping
aroundtherings.Forequipment
requiredandprocedures,consult
latestrevisionofServiceInstruction
No.1191.

9. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

HIGHOILCONSUMPTION
CAUSE
1. Impropergradeofoil.

2. Failureofnewringstoseatproperly. 2. Usecorrectgradeofoilandproper
operatingprocedures.

3. Failedorfailingbearings.

3. Replacesame.

4. Wornpistonringsand/orcylinder
barrels.

4. Removecylindersanddeglaze
barrels,replacewithnewpiston
rings.

16

HIGHOILCONSUMPTION(CONT.)
CAUSE
5. Wornvalveguides.

SOLUTION
5. Replacesame.

6. Excessiveoilleaks.

6. Inspectexternalofengineforleaks
andrepairsame.
7. Insurethatoilfillercapisontight
andoilaccessdoorclosesproperly.
Alsobesurethatthebreatherhoseis
cutproperlyandlocatedsothereis
nochangeofsiphoningoilfrom
engine.
8. Whenusingoilcontrolringwith
corrugatedtypeexpander,makesure
endsofexpanderarebuttedtogether
notoverlapped.Whenusingoil
controlringwithspiralwoundtype
expander,ringdesignissuchthat
improperassemblyisnotlikely.
9. Maintainoilatmanufacturers
recommendedlevel.
10. Overhaulorreplaceturbocharger.

7. Oilbeingsiphonedfromenginein
flight.

8. Expanderinoilcontrolring
improperlyinstalledorlostits
tension.

9. Oilleveltoohigh.
10. Oilpassingthroughturbocharger
seals.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
5. Removecylindersfromengineand
takeoutvalves.Measureguidesand
ifwornbeyondtolerancesallowedin
thelatestrevisionofTableofLimits,
theguideswillhavetobereplaced.
Useproceduressetforthin
applicableOverhaulManual.
6. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
7. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

8. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

9. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
10. NOTE:Onengineswherethe
lubricatingoiltotheturbochargeris
returnedtothecrankcasebygravity
drain,inspectthecrankcasebreather
linetobesureitisnotplugged.Ifit
is,thiswillcausehighcrankcase
pressureandnotallowtheoilto
returntothecrankcasefreelyand
eventuallypushtheoilpastthe
turbochargersealsintothe
compressorandturbinesectionof
theturbocharger.

HIGHCYLINDERHEADTEMPERATURE
CAUSE
1. Sparkplugsofimproperheatrating
installedinengine.

SOLUTION
1. Useonlyapprovedsparkplugsfor
yourengine.

2. Coolingbafflesmissing,brokenor
improperlyinstalled.

2. Insurethatallbafflesareinstalled
properlyandnotbroken.

3. Partially pluggedfuelnozzles.

3. Cleaninmethylethylketoneor
acetoneandblowoutwith
compressedair.
4. FuellineI.D.shouldbe.085.090in. 4. NOTE:Primerlineshavesame
threadedconnections arefuellines
butareofmuchsmallerI.D.
NOTE: Theonlyexceptiontothis
ruleistheIO540E1B5usedinthe
AeroCommander500S.Thisengine
usesprimerlinesforfuellinesand
theyare.060in.I.D.

4. FuellinesofimproperI.D.being
used.

17

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. NOTE:Consultlatestrevisionof
ServiceInstructionNo.1042for
approvedsparkplugs.
2. NOTE:Neverattempttomodify,
relocateoreliminateanycooling
baffles.
3. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

HIGHCYLINDERHEADTEMPERATURE(CONT.)
CAUSE
5. Engineimproperlytimed.

6. Enginebeingoperatedexcessively
lean.

7. Mixcontrolimproperlyrigged.

SOLUTION
PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
5. Checkmagnetotoenginetimingand 5. NOTE: Eventhoughmagneto
insurethatengineistimedtothe
synchronizationiscorrect,ifengine
correctnumberofdegreesB.T.C.
istimedat25BTCwhenit should
be20BTC,enginewillrunhotter.
6. CheckOperatorsManualfor
6. NOTE:Ifthisconditionissuspected,
minimumfuelflowforvarious
checkcombustionchamberfor
powersettingsandnevergobelow
carbondeposits.Iftherearenone,
them.
thisissufficientreasontobe
suspiciousofacontinuouslean
engineoperation.
7. Rigforcompletetravel.
7. NOTE: Eventhoughmixcontrol
leveratpilotseatappearstohave
fulltravel,besuretocheckat
carburetororinjectortoinsurethat
mixleverisgoingagainsttheF.R.
(fullrich)andI.C.O.(idlecutoff)
stops.

SPLITINMANIFOLDPRESSURE(TwinEngine)
CAUSE
1. Propellerbladeanglenotadjusted
properly.
2. Controllersoutofadjustment
(turbocharged).

SOLUTION
1. Adjustpropellersforcorrectblade
anglewhenagainstflatpitchstops.
2. Adjusttoproperlimits.

3. Excessivelydirtyairfilter.

3. Replacewithnewfilter.

4. Alternateairdoorleaking.

4. Replacedoororadjustforcomplete
closing

5. Incorrecthydraulicliftersor
hydraulicliftersbleedingdowntoo
rapidly.

5. Replacehydrauliclifters.

18

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
2. Variableabsolutepressurecontroller
isadjustedtoaspecificmanifold
pressureasfoundinOperators
Manualwithnocompensationfor
temperature.
Densitycontrollersareadjustedas
perlatestrevisionofService
InstructionNo.1187.Where
proceduresandequipment
requirementsaresetforthondensity
controlledengines,somesplitin
manifoldpressuremayhavetobe
acceptedbecauseofvariationsin
turbochargerefficiency.
NOTE:Bothcontrollersareadjusted
forfullthrottlesettingcondition
only.
3. NOTE:Problemmaybemore
noticeablewhenaircraftisflownto
altitudebecauseofthedecreasein
airdensity.
4. NOTE:Althoughdoormayappear
toclosecompletelyontheground,it
maybeopeningslightlyinflightdue
tovibrationoraircurrents.To
determineifthisishappening,tape
alternateairdoorshutandfly
aircrafttoaltitudeandobserve
manifoldpressure.
5. NOTE:Onturbochargedengines
manifoldpressureswillcomeback
togetherwhenmanifoldpressure
getsabove30in.

SPLITINMANIFOLDPRESSURE(TwinEngine)(CONT.)
CAUSE
6. Restrictioninairframeorengine
inductionsystem.
7. Leaksinairframeorengine
inductionsystem.

SOLUTION
6. Inspectandremoverestriction.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
6. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

7. Inspectandrepairleaks.

7. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

SOLUTION
1. Checkoilatregularintervalsand
maintainproperlevel.
2. Checkairinletandoutlettocooler
andreplaceorrepairpartsand
ductingasrequired.
3. Useonlygradeandweightofoil
specifiedforengine.

PROCEDUREFORSOUTION
1. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

HIGHOILTEMPERATURE
CAUSE
1. Insufficientoilsupply.
2. Insufficientcoolingair.

3. Impropergradeofoil.

4. Oilcoolerorlinespluggedor
partiallyplugged.
5. Thermostaticbypassvalvenot
operatingproperlyorseating
squarely.
6. Excessiveblowby.

4. Removecoolerandlinesandflush
out.
5. Replacethermostaticbypassvalve.

7. Defectivetemperaturegage.

7. Replacesame.

6. (Doatopoverhaul.)Thiscondition
usuallycausedbywornorstuck
rings.

2. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

3. NOTE:Consultlatestrevisionof
ServiceInstructionNo.1014for
propergradesandweightofoils
usedinLycomingengines.
4. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
5. NOTE:Ifvalveisnotseating
properly,thefilterbasemayhaveto
bereplaced.
6. NOTE: Tolocateexactlywherethe
blowbyisoriginatingfrom,doa
differentialcompressioncheckas
describedinlatestrevisionof
ServiceInstructionNo.1191.
7. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

HIGHMANIFOLDPRESSUREATIDLE
CAUSE
1. Improperlyadjustedfuelinjectoror
carburetor.
2. Incorrecthydraulicliftersinstalled.
3. Hydraulicliftersbleedingdowntoo
rapidly.

4. Airleakininductionsystem.

SOLUTION
1. Adjustidlemixturetogeta25to50
RPMrisewhenmovingmixture
controlfromfullrichtoidlecutoff.
2. Replacewithcorrectpartnumber
lifters.
3. Replacewithnewhydrauliclifters.

4. Checkinductionsystemandrepair
leak.

19

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. NOTE:Speedmayhavetobe
adjustedalso.
2. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
3. NOTE:Anytimehydrauliclifters
areremovedfromanenginefor
cleaningandinspectionbe sure to
keepthecylinderandplunger
togetherasanassembly.Ifthey
becomeseparated,donotjust
arbitrarilyassembleanybodyand
plungertogetherbecauseyoumay
changetheleakdownrate.Ontwin
engineinstallations,asplitin
manifoldpressurewillbenoticed
duringacceleration.
4. NOTE: Enginewillberoughatidle.

HIGHOILPRESSURE
CAUSE
1. Oilpressureimproperlyadjusted.

SOLUTION
1. Adjusttowithinminimumand
maximumrangeasfoundin
OperatorsManual.

2. Improperweightofoil.

2. Usethesuggestedweightof oilfor
theambienttemperatureinwhich
theengineisbeingoperated.
3. Removeblockagefromoilpassage.

3. Oilpassagefrompressurerelief
valvetosumpplugged.

4. Incorrectpressurereliefspringbeing 4. Replacewithcorrectpressurerelief
used.
spring.
5. Relocatingtheoilpressuretakeoff
5. Useonlytheoilpressuretakeoff
pointontheengine.
pointonengineapprovedby
manufacturer.
6. Oiltemperaturetoocold.

6. Allowoiltemperaturetoincrease
beforeincreasingthrottle.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. Onexternaladjustabletypeoil
pressurereliefadjustment,turn
adjustmentcounterclockwiseto
decreaseoilpressure.Onengines
usingthepressurereliefthatisnot
externallyadjustable,removethe
pressurereliefvalvefromtheengine
andtakeoutwashersfrombehind
spring.
2. ConsultlatestrevisionofService
InstructionNo.1014forlubricating
oilrecommendations.
3. Removepressurerelieffromengine
andrunasoftcopperwiredown
throughoilpassagetosumpif
blockageisfound,removesame.
NOTE:Ifblockagepersists,sump
mayhavetoberemovedtoclear
passage.
4. Solutionisselfexplanatory.
5. NOTE:Iftheoilpressuretakeoff
pointontheengineismovedcloser
tooilpumpdischarge,ariseinoil
pressurewillbenoted.
6. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

MANIFOLDPRESSUREFLUCTUATES
CAUSE
1. Wastegatesticksintermittently.

2. Oilsumpbafflemodification
required.Modelsaffected,TIO540
A,S1AD,T2AD, AA1B5,
AE2A(L)TIO540F2BD,J,
N2BD,R2AD,U2A.
3. Oilinfittingondifferentialpressure
controllernotrestricted.Models
affected,TIO540A, F, JLTIO
540F, J
4. Linkagefromfuelinjectorto
controllernotriggedproperly.(TIO
andTIGO541seriesenginesonly.)

SOLUTION
1. Freewastegatebyturningitwitha
wrenchatthebutterflyandapplya
corrosionpenetrant.(Replace
wastegateifnecessary.)
2. Forinformationconcerningthis
problem,consultlatestrevisionof
ServiceInstructionNo.1279.

PROCEDUREFORSOLUTION
1. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

3. Replacewithoilinfittinghaving
.075in.restriction.

3. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

4. Proceduresforproperlyrigging
linkageisfoundinlatestrevisionof
ServiceInstructionNo.1211.

4. Solutionisselfexplanatory.

20

2. Stepbystepproceduresfoundin
latestrevisionofServiceInstruction
No.1279.

APPENDIXI
TROUBLESHOOTINGTHEBENDIXRSAFUELINJECTOR
TherearesomesectionsoftheBendixfuelinjectorthatamechanicmaynotworkoninthefield,suchastheregulatorsection
which consists of the air and fuel diaphragm and associated parts. Any modification of the regulator section by a mechanic
withouttheuseofaflowbenchcouldresultinachangeinfuelflowthroughtheinjector.However,therearesomethingsthata
mechanicmaydothatwillnotaffecttheoperationofthefuelinjector.
In the following paragraphs we would like to discuss some of the things that a mechanic can do, and some procedures a
mechaniccanusetodetermineiftheproblemisinthefuelinjectororanassociatedpart,i.e.flowdivider,fuelnozzles,fuel
lines,etc.
Wheneverafuelinjectorproblemarises,thefirstthingamechanicshoulddobeforeheremovestheinjectororanypartofit,is
tomakesuretheriggingiscorrect,andthatthethrottleandmixturecontrolsarebothtravelingtotheirfullopenandfullclosed
stopsandmakesuretherearenofuelleaks.AnotherimportantitemtoconsiderisDoyougetariseof25to50RPMatidle
whenthemixturecontrolismovedfromfullrichtoidlecutoff?Ifyouareexperiencingpooraccelerationoftheengine,thismay
betheproblem.Toadjusttheidlemixture,turnthescallopedwheelatthesideoftheinjectoreitherrichorlean,asrequired,until
thedesiredriseinRPMisreached.Whenadjustingtheidlemixture,youwillhavetoadjusttheidleRPMtoo.AgoodidleRPM
isaround600to650RPM.
We would like to make everyone aware that there is a filter screen at the fuel inlet to the injector. This screen should be
removedandcleanedat100hourinspection.Somecleaningsolventsthatcanbeusedaremethylethylketoneoracetone.Itis
alsopermissibletouseasoniccleaner.Afterthescreenhasbeencleaned,blowitoutwithcompressedair.Whenremovingthe
screenfromthefuelinjector,alwaystakeitfromthesamesideoftheinjectortowhichthefuellineisattached.Thisistoprevent
depositinganydirtbackinthefuelinjectorthatmighthavebeepickedupinthescreen.Onearlyinjectors,thescreenisattached
totheinletadapter,soitcanonlyberemovedfromthatside.Onlatermodelinjectorsthe screenisspringloadedtoprovideafuel
bypassincaseitbecomesplugged.Thistypeofscreencanberemovedfromeitherside.
Ifyouareexperiencingaroughshutdownandtheenginedoesnotwanttoquitwhenthemixturecontrolisretarded,itmaybe
becausethereisascoreoneitherthemixturecontroljetorrotatingplate,orabadOringonthejet.Priortodisassemblyofthe
fuelinjector,atestcanberuntoseeifthisistheproblemarea.Disconnectthefuellinecomingoutofthefuelinjectorandleave
thefittingopen.Pullthemixturecontrolandthrottleallthewayback(off)andturnontheboosterpump.Ifanyfuelisobserved
coming out of the open fitting, there is a score on the mixture control jet, or rotating plate, or the O ring is damaged or
deformed.Therepairistoremovethemixturecontrolassemblyandeliminatethescoresbylappingthemixturecontroljetand
rotating plate on a good lap plate usingamildabrasive. The finalrepair should be done by lapping thejet and plate together,
usingBonAmiorequivalenttypeabrasive.Afterthisisaccomplished,cleanandreassemblethepartsusinganewOringeach
time.
Ifnofuelisobservedcomingoutoftheopenfittingontheinjectorwhenthetestisperformed,themixturecontrolassemblyis
workingcorrectlyandothercausesshouldbelookedat.Somethingstoconsiderarethefuelinjectornozzles.Iftheairbleedhole
becomesplugged,theenginewillnotshutdownsmoothly.Onnormallyaspiratedengines,thereisascreencoveringtheairbleed
hole which makes a visual inspection impossible. Therefore, you must remove the nozzles from the engine and clean them
thoroughly and blow them out with compressed air. If this does not solve the problem, then there may be a nozzle that is
improperlyassembled,ortheonlyothersolutionistoreplacethenozzles.
Onturbochargedengines,theairbleedholeisshroudedandventedbacktothecompressordischargepressuredeckpressure.
Inspect these lines and fittings to make sure they are free of dirt, leaks or obstructions. After the shroud isremoved from the
nozzle,itcanberemovedfromthecylinder,cleanedthoroughlyandblownoutwithcompressedair.
NOTE
Whenanynozzlethatisinstalledhorizontallyisreassembledintoacylinder,makesurethattheletterAthat
isstampedonthehexportionofthenozzleispointingdownthispositionstheairbleedholeup,andthecorrect
torquevalveisappliedat60in.lbs.

21

APPENDIXI(CONT.)
Anotherareatoconsiderwouldbeaninternalleakinthefuelinjectorbodyseal.Allofthefuelthatisdeliveredtotheengine
shouldgothroughtheindividualfuellinestothenozzlesandonintothecombustionchamber.Ifthereisaninternalleakinthe
injector,therewillalsobe fuelenteringtheinjectoratthethroat,andgoingtothecylindermuchlikeacarburetedengine.Ifa
center body seal is suspected of leaking, there is a brief test that can be run. First,remove enough of the induction system to
enableonetoseetheimpacttubesonthefuelinjector.Thendisconnectthefuellinefromthefuelinjectortotheflowdividerand
capoffthefittinginthefuelinjector.Movethecontrolstothefullthrottleandfullrichpositionandturnontheboosterpump.If
anyfuelisobservedcomingoutoftheimpacttubesoftheinjector,thisindicatesthatthereisacenterbodysealleaking.Since
this is part of the regulator system the mechanic may not make the necessary repairs, but must remove the injector from the
engineandsendittoanoverhaulfacilityforreconditioningandrecalibration.
Inadditiontoaroughshutdown,theenginemaydisplaysomeothersymptomsthatmayindicatethatthereisacenterbodyseal
leak.Someoftheseindicatorsare:
Theengineisrichatidleandlowpowersettings,orthepilothastoretardthemixturecontroluponflareoutandlandingto
preventtheenginefrombecomingtoorichandstopping,orifthemechanichastoadjusttheidlemixtureleaneveryfewdaysor
weeksbecauseithasdriftedrich.Eachofthesesymptomsindicatesadrifttotherichsideandmaybeawarningofaninternal
leakintheinjector.
Another area where problems may be encountered in the fuel injector is the possibility of scores on the main meter jet and
rotatingplateassembly.Anyscoresinthisareamayberemovedbylappingthemainmeterjetandrotatingplateonagoodlap
plateusingamildabrasive.Thefinalrepairshouldbemadebylappingthejetandplatetogether.Whenallscoresareremoved,
cleanthoroughlyandreassembletheinjector.Anyindicationthatthemainmeterjetisscoredwouldbearichidlemixture,andby
adjusting the mixture control lean, the mechanic could get a satisfactory idle, but when the engine was accelerated, it would
stumbleandnotacceleratesmoothly.
Ifthereisanyoccasionwhenthefuelinjectoridlemixtureadjustingwheelhasbeenturnedtoitslimit,eitherrichorlean,and
the idle is not satisfactory, the linkage between the air valve and the fuel valve on the injector may be removed and the idle
mixtureadjustingwheelpositionedbacktothecenterofitstravel.Priortoremovingthelinkagefromtheinjector,measurethe
overalllengthofthelinkage.Thismustbethesameafterrepositioningthewheelbackoncenterasitwasbeforeremovingitfrom
theinjector.Afterthelengthofthelinkagehasbeenestablished,adjustthewheelbacktocenteroftravelbybackingoneendof
thelinkageassemblyouthalfthedistanceandadjustingtheotherendofthelinkageinuntilyouhavethesameoveralllengthyou
had priorto removing it fromthe injector. Afterthe linkage is adjusted,assemble theinjector, making sure to installthepins,
wavewashersandcotterkeyscorrectly.
Otheritemsinthefuelinjectionsystemthatcouldbeasourceoftroublearetheflowdivider,fuellinesandinjectornozzles.If
yoususpectthattheflowdividervalveissticking,removetheflowdividerfromtheengineanddisassembleit.Thevalvecanbe
freed bypolishingthevalveandboretogetherusingamildabrasive.Donotinterchangeflowdividerpartsbecausetheyarea
matchedassembly.Afterthevalveisoperatingfreely,cleanthoroughlyandreassembletheflowdivider.
NOTE
AlsoreferencethelatestrevisionofLycomingServiceBulletinNo.382orBendixBulletinNo.RS43forlatest
modificationtoflowdividers.
Ifthefuelflowgagesuddenlyshowsanincreaseinflow,thefirstthingtodoischeckforapluggedorpartiallypluggedfuel
nozzle.Theprocedurefordoingthisisasfollows:
Disconnect the fuel lines andremove the nozzles from the cylinders. Thenattach thenozzles to the fuel lines and direct the
nozzlesintobottlesofequalsize.Babyfoodorcokebottlesworkverywell.Movethethrottleandmixturecontrolsfullforward
andturnontheboosterpump.Fillthebottlesapproximatelyonehalffull.Turnofftheboosterpumpandretardthethrottleand
mixture.Removethebottlesfromtheengineandsetthemonatableorotherflatsurface.Avisualcheckofthefuelcontentsin
thebottleswilltellyouwhichnozzleisplugged.
NOTE
Whileflowingfuelintothebottles,checkeachnozzletomakesureallofthefueliscomingoutofthe discharger
endofthenozzleinasolidstreamapproximatelythesizeoftheleadinamechanicalpencilandnotsomefuel
comingoutoftheairbleedhole.

22

APPENDIXI(CONT.)
Afterlocatingthepluggednozzle,itcanbecleanedinmethylethylketoneoracetoneandblownoutwithcompressedair.Ifa
thoroughcleaningfailstoremovethedirt,thenozzlewillhavetobereplaced.Priortoreplacingthenozzle,checkthefuellineto
besurethataprimerlineisbeingusedforafuelline.Primerlinesaresmallerontheinsidediameter,andwillgiveafalsereading
onthefuelflowgage.Alsochecktheflowdividerforobstructions.
NOTE
Whencleaningfuelnozzles,fuellinesorflowdividers,never useasmalldrillorapieceofwire.

23

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