MOTOR BAKAR

( 3 SKS)
Jurusan Teknik Mesin
Sekolah Tinggi Teknologi Angkatan Laut
(STTAL)

Thermodynamic Principles

All internal combustion

Open

cycle, heated engine

Gasoline (Otto) engine

Spark

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ignition
Compresses air-fuel mixture

Diesel engine
Compressed

ignition
Compresses air only

INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE:

AN ENGINE THAT PRODUCES

POWER BY BURNING FUEL
INSIDE A COMBUSTION
CHAMBER WITHIN THE
ENGINE

Gas Cycles
Carnot Cycle

T2

Heat
Q

Work
W
T1

s1

4
s2

1-2 - ADIABATIC COMPRESSION

(ISENTROPIC)
2-3 - HEAT ADDITION
(ISOTHERMAL)
3-4 - ADIABATIC EXPANSION
(ISENTROPIC)
4-1 - WORK
(ISOTHERMAL)

Carnot Cycle

Carnot cycle is the most efficient cycle

that can be executed between a heat
source and a heat sink.

T1
= 1T2

However, isothermal heat transfer is

difficult to obtain in reality--requires large
heat exchangers and a lot of time.

Carnot Cycle

Therefore, the very important (reversible)

Carnot cycle, composed of two reversible
isothermal processes and two reversible
adiabatic processes, is never realized as a
practical matter.
Its real value is as a standard of
comparison for all other cycles.

Gas cycles have many engineering

applications

Internal combustion engine

Otto cycle
Diesel cycle
Gas turbines
Brayton cycle
Refrigeration
Reversed Brayton cycle

Some nomenclature before starting

internal combustion engine cycles

More terminology

Terminology

Bore = d
Stroke = s
d 2

Displacement volume =DV = s

4
Clearance volume = CV
Compression ratio = r

VBDC
DV + CV
=
r=
CV
VTDC

Mean Effective Pressure

Mean Effective Pressure (MEP) is a fictitious
pressure, such that if it acted on the piston
during the entire power stroke, it would
produce the same amount of net work.

Wnet
MEP =
Vmax Vmin

The net work output of

a cycle is equivalent to
the product of the
mean effect pressure
and the displacement
volume

Real Otto
cycle

Real and Idealized Cycle

Otto Cycle P-V & T-s Diagrams

Pressure-Volume

Temperature-Entropy

Otto Cycle Derivation

Thermal Efficiency:
th =

Q
QH - QL
=1- L
QH
QH

For

a constant volume heat addition (and

rejection) process;

Qin = m C v T

Assuming

QRej = m C v T

constant specific heat:

T4
T 1 - 1
m Cv ( T 4 - T 1 )
T
= 1- 1
th = 1 m Cv ( T 3 - T 2 )
T3
T 2 - 1
T2

Otto Cycle Derivation

For an isentropic compression (and expansion)

process:
-1
-1
T 2 = V 1 = V 4 = T 3


T1 V 2
T4
V 3

where:

= Cp/Cv

Then, by transposing,

T3 = T4
T2 T1

Leading to

T1
=
1
th
T2

Differences between Otto and

Carnot cycles
T
2

33

2
44
1

Otto Cycle Derivation

The compression ratio (rv) is a volume ratio
and is equal to the expansion ratio in an otto
cycle engine.

Compression Ratio

rv =

V1 V4
=
V2 V3

where Compression ratio is defined as

Total volume
v s + vcc
=
rv =
Clearance volume
vcc

rv =

vs
+1
vcc

Otto Cycle Derivation

Then by substitution,
1-

T 1 = V 2 = ( 1-

rv )
T2 V1

The air standard thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle

then becomes:

1
th = 1 - ( r v ) = 1 -1
( rv )
1-

Otto Cycle Derivation

Summarizing
th =

Q
QH - QL
=1- L
QH
QH

Q = m C v T

where

T4
T 1 - 1
th = 1 - T 1 and
T3
T 2 - 1
T2

T3 = T4
T2 T1

then

T1
th = 1
T2

1-

Isentropic
behavior

T 1 = V 2 = ( 1-

rv )
T2 V1

1
th = 1 - ( r v ) = 1 ( r v ) -1
1-

Otto Cycle Derivation

Heat addition (Q) is accomplished through fuel

combustion

Q = Lower Heat Value (LHV) BTU/lb, kJ/kg

Qin

F
Q fuel
cycle = m a
A

also

Qin = m C v T

Effect of compression ratio on Otto

cycle efficiency

Sample Problem 1
The air at the beginning of the compression
stroke of an air-standard Otto cycle is at 95
kPa and 22C and the cylinder volume is
5600 cm3. The compression ratio is 9 and
8.6 kJ are added during the heat addition
process. Calculate:
(a) the temperature and pressure after the
compression and heat addition process
(b) the thermal efficiency of the cycle
Use cold air cycle assumptions.

Draw cycle and label points

3

r = V1 /V2 = V4 /V3 = 9

P
Q23 = 8.6 kJ
2

T1 = 295 K
1 P = 95 kPa
1

Carry through with solution

Calculate mass of air:
P1V1
m=
= 6.29 x 10-3 kg
RT1

Compression occurs from 1 to 2:

V1
T2 = T1
V2

k 1

isentropic compression

T2 = (22 + 273)K (9 )

1.4 1

T2 = 705.6 K

But we need T3!

Get T3 with first law:

Q 23 = mc v (T3 T2 )

Solve for T3:

q
8.6 kJ 6.29x10 3 kg
+ 705.6 K
T3 = + T2 =
cv
0.855 kJ
kg

T3 = 2304.7 K

Thermal Efficiency

= 1

1
r

k 1

=1

= 0.585

1
1.4 1

Sample Problem 2

Solution

Diesel Cycle P-V & T-s Diagrams

Sample Problem 3

Gasoline vs. Diesel Engine

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