Tang 2014

Accepted Manuscript
Title: Preparation and thermal properties of stearic

acid/titanium dioxide composites as shape-stabilized phase
change materials for building thermal energy storage
Author: Fang Tang Lei Cao Guiyin Fang
PII:
DOI:
Reference:
S0378-7788(14)00434-4
http://dx.doi.org/doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.05.030
ENB 5066
To appear in:
ENB
Received date:
Revised date:
Accepted date:
18-1-2014
5-4-2014
26-5-2014
Please cite this article as: F. Tang, L. Cao, G. Fang, Preparation and thermal
properties of stearic acid/titanium dioxide composites as shape-stabilized phase
change materials for building thermal energy storage, Energy and Buildings (2014),
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.05.030
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Preparation and thermal properties of stearic acid/titanium
dioxide composites as shape-stabilized phase change materials
for building thermal energy storage
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Fang Tang, Lei Cao, Guiyin Fang*
School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
*Corresponding author. Tel: +86 25 51788228, Fax: +86 25 83593707
E-mail address: gyfang@nju.edu.cn
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Abstract: In this study, stearic acid (SA) /titanium dioxide (TiO2) composites with
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different mass ratios were prepared by mixing titania powder with stearic acid-water
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emulsion. In the composites, the SA performed as phase change material for thermal
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energy storage, and TiO2 was used as supporting material. The thermal properties of
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the composites, such as phase change temperature and phase change latent heat, were
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measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Fourier transformation infrared
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spectroscope (FT-IR) analyses indicated that there was no chemical interaction during
the preparation process. X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electronic
microscope (SEM) were used to survey crystalloid phase and microstructure of the
SA/TiO2 composites. Besides, the thermal reliability of the composites was
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investigated by a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The satisfactory SA/TiO2
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composite with 33% mass ratio of the SA melts at 53.84 with a latent heat of
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47.82 kJ/kg and solidifies at 53.31 with a latent heat of 46.60 kJ/kg. Due to its
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non-inflammability, nontoxicity and good thermal stability, the composite can be used
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as shape-stabilized phase change materials for building thermal energy storage.
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Keywords: Composite thermal energy storage materials; Thermal properties;
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Shape-stabilized; Stearic acid; Titanium dioxide; Building energy conservation
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1. Introduction
In recent decades, the increasing energy consumption has been a big challenge
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for the development of human society. Therefore, the investigations of new energy
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resources and efficient ways of energy storage and recovery have attracted much
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attention all over the world [1]. Latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) is one of
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the most efficient ways to store thermal energy. In the LHTES system, thermal energy
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is stored in phase change materials (PCMs) during a melting process while it is
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recovered during a freezing process. It is due to the fact that the PCMs have great
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endothermic and exothermic capacity during the phase change process [2]. The PCMs
can be applied in various fields according to their phase change temperatures, such as
air-conditioning systems [3, 4], building energy conservation [58], solar heating
systems [913].
Currently, various PCMs such as inorganic salt hydrates [14], nalkanes [15],
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fatty acids [16, 17] have been studied for LHTES application. Among all these PCMs,
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fatty acids have advantages in proper melting temperature range, lower vapor pressure,
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small volume change, etc. [18]. However, two disadvantages are also obvious when
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PCMs are used in thermal energy storage applications. One is that the low thermal
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conductivity of most PCMs restricts the transmission of heat during phase change
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process and the other is the liquid migration during solidliquid melting process.
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Therefore, microencapsulation and combining PCMs with other supporting materials
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as shapestabilized composites are developed [19, 20]. Many organic and inorganic
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materials are chosen as supporting materials so far, such as opal [21],
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styrenebutadienestyrene copolymer [22], expanded graphite [23], molecular sieve
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[24] and calcium carbonate [25]. The inorganic materials are superior to organic ones
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in buildings because most of the latter are flammable and toxic.
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The previous researches are commonly using organic polymers as supporting
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materials [26, 27]. However, the application of PCMs with polymeric supporting
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materials is usually restricted due to their toxicity, flammability, low heat conductivity
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and poor thermal stability [28]. So some inorganic supporting materials such as SiO2
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[29] are used in composite PCMs recently, but the preparation and properties of
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composite PCMs with titanium dioxide shells is little reported up to now.

In recent decades, many efforts have been done to develop PCM in buildings [30,
31]. The aim of this work is to analyze the thermal properties of stearic acid/titanium
dioxide composites as shape-stabilized phase change materials for building thermal
energy storage.
In this paper, the preparation and thermal properties of the SA/ TiO2 composites
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as shape-stabilized phase change materials for building thermal energy storage are
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presented. In the composites, the SA is used as phase change material for thermal
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energy storage, and the TiO2 acts as supporting material. The satisfactory composite
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with 33% mass ratio of the SA melts at 53.84 with a latent heat of 47.82 kJ/kg and
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solidifies at 53.31 with a latent heat of 46.60 kJ/kg. The composites have a good
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thermal stability, and can be used as shape-stabilized phase change materials for
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building thermal energy storage.
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2. Experiments
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2.1 Materials
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Stearic acid (Reagent grade, Jiangsu Huakang Chemical Reagent Company) was
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used as thermal storage material. Titanium dioxide (Reagent grade, Jiangsu Yonghua
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Chemical Reagent Company) acted as the supporting material and deionized water
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was used as solvent.
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2.2 Preparation of the SA/ TiO2 composites
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The SA and deionized water were mixed together in a beaker with different mass
ratios, as showed in Table 1. The experimental parameters used for this preparation
process were determined according to preliminary experimental results and our

previous research [34]. The mixture was mixed uniformly by stirring at 75 for 30
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min with a magnetic stirrer in order to form an oil/water (O/W) emulsion. Then titania
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powder was added into the emulsion while the stirring was kept until the emulsion
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became viscous. Finally, the composites were dried at 48 for 24 h in vacuum oven.
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Five kinds of the SA/ TiO2 composites were acquired, and were named as CPCM1,
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CPCM2, CPCM3, CPCM4 and CPCM5.
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Table 1
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2.3 Characterization of the SA/TiO2 composites
The chemical structure analysis of the SA/TiO2 composites was conducted on a
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Fourier transformation infrared spectroscope (FT-IR, Nicolet Nexus 870, spectra from
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400 to 4000 cm-1 with a resolution of 2 cm-1 using KBr pellets). The crystalloid phase
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of the CPCMs was measured by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD, D/MAX-Ultima III,
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Rigaku Corporation, Japan) with continuous scanning mode at a rate of 5 (2)/min
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and operating conditions of 40 kV and 40 mA. The morphology and microstructure of
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the SA/TiO2 composites were measured by a scanning electron microscope (SEM,
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S-3400NII, Hitachi Inc., Japan) at room temperature condition. Before the SEM test,
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the composites were dried in vacuum oven. During the SEM test, the sample space
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was vacuumized. Then, the morphology and microstructure of the composites could
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be observed. The thermal properties of the SA/TiO2 composites was determined by

differential scanning calorimeter (DSC, Pyris 1 DSC, Perkin-Elmer) under a constant
stream of argon. The accuracy of temperature measurements was 0.2 and the
enthalpy accuracy was 5%. Indium was used as standard for temperature calibration.
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The samples were put in aluminium pans that were hermetically sealed before being
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placed on the calorimeter thermocouples. The sample space was cooled by a
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two-stage compression refrigeration system. The cooling rate was 5 /min from 90
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to 10 , the heating rate was 5 /min from 10 to 90 . At first, the DSC

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cell containing a CPCM sample was cooled to a lower temperature than the melting
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temperature of the sample. The heating block was heated at a constant rate, the
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temperature of the reference sample pan also increased at a constant rate. If there was
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no phase change in the CPCM sample pan, the temperature difference between the
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CPCM sample and the reference sample pan produced an almost horizontal straight
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line. If there was a phase change in the CPCM sample pan, the temperature difference
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between the two pans followed a curve that deviated from the straight line. In DSC
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test, the melting and solidifying temperatures and their corresponding latent heats of
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the CPCMs are not affected by heating and cooling rate. The heating and cooling rate
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with 10 /min or 20 /min is usually used. Therefore, the heating and cooling rate
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with 5 /min is appropriate in this experiment, which can ensure the accuracy of
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measurement. Lower heating and cooling rate such as for 2 /min or 0.5 /min
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may improve DSC resolution, but the testing time is longer. The thermal stability of
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the SA/TiO2 composites was investigated by a thermogravimetric analyzer (Pyris 1
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TGA, Perkin-Elmer) from 25 to 700 with a linear heating rate of 20/min
under a constant stream of nitrogen.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 FT-IR analysis of the SA/TiO2 composites
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Fig. 1 displays the FT-IR spectra of the SA, TiO2, CPCM1, CPCM2, CPCM3,
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CPCM4 and CPCM5. The spectrum of the SA is showed in Fig. 1a, and two strong
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absorption peaks at 2917cm-1 and 2849cm-1 are attributed to the asymmetric and
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symmetric stretching vibrations of its CH2 group. The stretching vibration of C=O
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group corresponds to the strong absorption peak at 1700cm-1. The absorption peaks
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around 1471cm-1 presents the bending vibration of CH3 groups. The absorption peaks
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from 1400cm-1 to 1180cm-1 present a series of long-chain aliphatic characteristic
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peaks of the rocking vibration of CH2 group. In Fig. 1b, the characteristic absorption
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peak at around 500cm-1 belongs to the Ti-O-Ti functional group. The spectra of the
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CPCMs in Fig. 1 include all the characteristic peaks of the SA and TiO2. The results
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indicate that there is no chemical interaction between the SA and TiO2.
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Fig. 1
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3.2 XRD analyses of the SA/TiO2 composites
Fig. 2 presents XRD patterns of the SA, TiO2 and CPCMs. Peaks at 21.5, 23.9
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of the SA in Fig. 2a are due to its regular crystallization. In Fig. 2b, peaks at 25.3,
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37.0, 37.8, 38.6, 48.0, 53.8 and 55.0 represent the characteristic peaks of anatase
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titanium dioxide. As shown in Fig. 2, XRD patterns of the CPCMs contain both the
peaks of the SA and TiO2.This result signifies the crystal structure of the SA and TiO2
remains unchanged.
Fig. 2
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3.3 Microstructure of the SA/TiO2 composites
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Fig. 3 shows SEM photographs of the TiO2, CPCM1, CPCM2, CPCM3, CPCM4
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and CPCM5. The structure of the TiO2 is clearly observed in Fig. 3a. It is obvious that
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they are submicron particles. As shown in Fig. 3b-3d, the SA with different mass
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ratios (5:1, 4:1 and 3:1) is uniformly dispersed in TiO2. It is because of the high
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wetting ability of the SA. The TiO2 as supporting material prevents the leakage of
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melted SA. In Fig. 3e and Fig. 3f, the leakage of the SA is because the mass of the
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TiO2 is relatively small and the electric beam makes the SA melt when carrying out
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SEM.
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Fig. 3
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3.4 Thermal properties of the SA/TiO2 composites
Figs. 4 and 5 and Table 2 illustrate DSC results of the SA, CPCM1, CPCM2,
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CPCM3, CPCM4 and CPCM5. In order to determine the influence of the supporting
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materials on the latent heat of the composites, the latent heat data of the CPCMs are
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compared with calculated ones according to Eq. (1). H CPCM and H SA represent
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calculated latent heat of the CPCMs and measured latent heat of the SA, respectively.
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is the mass fraction of the SA in the composites. The latent heat of the CPCMs
could be computed from the obtained DSC curves. The area between the straight line
and the DSC curve represents the energy consumed for the phase change, which is
integrated numerically by a program built into the DSC. Both the phase transition
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temperature and the latent heat of phase change were recorded during a heating scan
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by the DSC. The melting temperature of the CPCMs can be determined by drawing a
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tangent through the point of maximum slope on the melting front peak. The
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intersection of the tangent and the extrapolated baseline is the melting point, and the
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freezing temperature of the CPCMs can be also obtained by drawing a tangent
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through the point of maximum slope on the freezing front peak. The intersection of
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the tangent and the extrapolated baseline is the freezing point. The experimental latent
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heat data of the CPCMs accord with calculated ones with the discrepancy no more
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than 5%.
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(1)
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As shown in Table 2, the differences of melting temperature between SA and
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CPCMs are less than 1.75%, and the differences of solidifying temperature between
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SA and CPCMs are less than 1.24%. The results indicate the CPCMs and SA have
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similar phase transition characteristics. Besides, the differences between melting
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temperature and solidifying temperature of the SA, CPCM1, CPCM2, CPCM3,
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CPCM4 and CPCM5 are 1.06 , 1.21 , 0.48 , 0.53 , 0.13 and 0.32 . It
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means that the TiO2 used as supporting material decreases the supercooling degree of
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the CPCM2, CPCM3, CPCM4 and CPCM5 compared with SA during the
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solidification process.
In latent heat thermal energy storage, the phase change latent heat can be utilized
during phase change process. In this composite, since only SA absorbs and releases
thermal energy during the phase change process, the larger mass ratio of the SA in the
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composites will increase the thermal energy storage capacity of the composites.
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However, as shown in Fig. 3e and Fig. 3f, the leakage of the SA in CPCM4 and
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CPCM5 indicates that the CPCM4 and CPCM5 are not ideal as thermal energy storage
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material. So CPCM3 with 33% mass ratio of the SA is chosen as a satisfactory one.
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The melting temperature of the CPCM3 is 53.84 with a latent heat of 47.82 kJ/kg
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and the solidifying temperature of CPCM3 is 53.31 with a latent heat of 46.60
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kJ/kg.
The CPCM3 can be utilized in under-floor heating systems for thermal energy
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storage in buildings. The under-floor heating systems can achieve significant
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economic benefits because they can be charged by using cheap night-time electricity
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and discharge the heat stored at the daytime to achieve the shift of electricity
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consumption from peak period to off-peak period. The CPCM3 can also be used as
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thermal energy storage material in exterior wallboard of buildings, which can absorb
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heat of exterior wallboard from the surrounding air and solar radiation heat during
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summer day, then release heat of exterior wallboard to the surrounding air at night.
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Therefore, the cooling load of air-conditioning system may be decreased [32]. In
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addition, the CPCM3 may be used as part of the buildings for heating applications in
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solar-aided latent heat storage system.
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The CPCM3 floor can be achieved by incorporating CPCM3 into a hollow
concrete floor panel. In order to obtain the CPCM3 wallboard, the SA is impregnated
into the TiO2 using fusion adsorption method, the obtained composite PCMs are then
incorporated into construction materials such as gypsum, cement, concrete and bricks.
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The incorporated PCMs can increase the thermal mass of the wall so as to decrease
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the indoor temperature swings to increase the thermal comfort.
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Table 3 presents the comparison of the SA/TiO2 composites with results of other
supporting material in literature. The difference between melting temperature and
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solidifying temperature of the SA/TiO2 composites is much smaller than the others, so
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the composites have a much smaller supercooling degree. Although the melting latent
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heat of the CPCM3 is smaller than that of other PCM composites in Table 3, the
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charging temperature (melting point) of the CPCM3 is nearly close to the discharging
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temperature (solidifying point). It is helpful for temperature control and regulation of
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the under-floor heating systems and PCM wallboards. This result indicates that TiO2
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as supporting material can improve the nucleation characteristics of the CPCM3 by
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depressing its supercooling degree. So, the TiO2 is also good nucleation agents for
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PCM during phase change process.
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Fig. 4
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Table 2
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Fig. 5
Table 3
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3.5 Thermal stability of the SA/TiO2 composites

Figs. 6 and 7 display TGA and DTG curves of the SA and CPCMs. Table 4
exhibits the temperature of maximum weight loss and the charred residue amount of
the SA and CPCMs. The difference of the charred residue amount among the SA and
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CPCMs is due to the fact that the phase change material content in the CPCMs is
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different. As shown in Fig. 7, the only one thermal decomposition process of the SA
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and CPCMs from 150 to 300 is due to thermal decomposition of the SA.
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According to Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, the velocity of weight loss of the SA is much higher
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compared with CPCMs. This is because the TiO2 as supporting material builds up a
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protective barrier on the surface of the composites. The barrier makes it harder for the
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flammable molecules to become gas phase, and blocks the transmission of heat flow
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and diffusion of oxygen to the condensed phase [36]. This indicates that the
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composites have a good thermal stability.
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It is found from these results that the TiO2 as supporting material can improve the
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thermal stability of the CPCMs and prevent the leakage of the melted SA. So, the
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CPCMs have good durability. The thermal cycles of the CPCMs are also important for
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thermal energy storage applications in buildings. The thermal cycles of the CPCMs
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will be investigated in practical building thermal energy storage.
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Fig. 6
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Table 4
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4. Conclusions
Preparation and thermal properties of the SA/ TiO2 composites as phase change
materials for building thermal energy storage are reported. In the composites, the SA
is used as PCM for thermal energy storage, and the TiO2 acts as supporting material.
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The SA can be uniformly dispersed in TiO2 without chemical interaction, it is due to
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the high wetting ability of the SA. In the composites, the crystal structure of the SA
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and TiO2 remains unchanged. The satisfactory CPCM with 33% mass ratio of the SA
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melts at 53.84 with a latent heat of 47.82 kJ/kg and solidifies at 53.31 with a
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latent heat of 46.60 kJ/kg. The composites have a good thermal stability, and can be
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used as shape-stabilized phase change materials for building thermal energy storage.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
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(Grant no. 51376087) and the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu
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Higher Education Institutions.
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C.B. Cai, Q.F. Wei, F.L. Huang, S.L. Lin, F. Chen, W.D. Gao, Thermal
ip
t
352
stability,
354
storage phase change materials based on paraffin/high density polyethylene
355
composites, Renewable Energy 34 (2009) 21172123.
us
[29] G.Y. Fang, Z. Chen, H. Li, Synthesis and properties of microencapsulated
an
356
latent heat and flame retardant properties of the thermal energy
cr
353
paraffin composites with SiO2 shell as thermal energy storage materials,
358
Chemical Engineering Journal 163 (2010) 154159.
359
357
[30] A. Eddhahak-Ouni, S. Drissi, J. Colin, J. Neji, S. Care, Experimental and

multi-scale analysis of the thermal properties of Portland cement concretes
361
embedded with microencapsulated Phase Change Materials (PCMs), Applied
362
364
365
366
te
Ac
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p
363
360
[31] C. Castelln, M. Medrano, J. Roca, L. F. Cabeza, M. E. Navarro, A. I. Fernndez,

A. Lzaro, B. Zalba, Effect of microencapsulated phase change material in
sandwich panels, Renewable Energy 35 (2010) 23702374.
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367
n-nonadecane/cement composites as thermal energy storage materials in
368
buildings, Energy and Buildings 42 (2010) 16611665.
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369
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370
acid/halloysite nanotube composite as form-stable PCM for thermal energy
371
storage, International Journal of Energy Research 35 (2011) 828834.

[34] G.Y. Fang, H. Li, Z. Chen, X. Liu, Preparation and characterization of stearic
ip
t
372
acid/expanded graphite composites as thermal energy storage materials, Energy
374
35 (2010) 46224626.
us
cr
373
[35] Y. Wang, T.D. Xia, H. Zheng, H.X. Feng, Stearic acid/silica fume composite as
376
form-stable phase change material for thermal energy storage, Energy and
377
Buildings 43 (2011) 23652370.
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378
an
375
iron and intumescent flame retardant on shape-stabilized phase change material,
380
Thermochimica Acta 487 (2009) 7479.
383
384
385
386
te
382
Ac
ce
p
381
379
387
388
389
390
18
Page 18 of 29
391
Figure captions
393
Fig. 1 FT-IR spectra of the (a) SA, (b) TiO2, (c) CPCM1, (d) CPCM2, (e) CPCM3, (f)
394
CPCM4 and (g) CPCM5.
395
Fig. 2 XRD patterns of the (a) SA, (b) TiO2, (c) CPCM1, (d) CPCM2, (e) CPCM3, (f)
396
CPCM4 and (g) CPCM5.
397
Fig. 3 SEM images of the (a) TiO2 (5k), (b) CPCM1 (5k), (c) CPCM2 (5k), (d)
398
CPCM3 (5k), (e) CPCM4 (5k) and (f) CPCM5 (5k).
399
Fig. 4 The melting DSC curves of the SA and CPCM1-CPCM5.
400
Fig. 5 The solidifying DSC curves of the SA and CPCM1-CPCM5.
401
Fig. 6 TGA curves of the SA and CPCM1-CPCM5.
402
Fig. 7 DTG curves of the SA and CPCM1-CPCM5.
405
406
407
408
cr
us
an
te
Ac
ce
p
403
404
ip
t
392
Table captions
Table 1 The compositions of the SA/TiO2 composites.

Table 2 DSC data of the SA, CPCM1, CPCM2, CPCM3, CPCM4 and CPCM5.
Table 3 Comparison of the SA/TiO2 composites with results of other supporting
409
material in literature.
410
Table 4 TGA data of the SA, CPCM1, CPCM2, CPCM3, CPCM4 and CPCM5.
411
19
Page 19 of 29
411
Tables with Captions
412
413
Compositions
CPCM1
40 g SA + 500g deionized water + 200g TiO2
CPCM2
CPCM3
CPCM4
CPCM5
us
cr
Samples
415
416
417
Sample name
SA and
Melting
Temperature
Latent
Ac
ce
p
mass ratio
TiO2
Table 2 DSC data of the SA, CPCM1, CPCM2, CPCM3, CPCM4 and CPCM5.
te
418
ip
t
Table 1 The compositions of the SA/TiO2 composites.
an
414
Solidifying
heat Temperature
Latent
()
(kJ/kg)
()
(kJ/kg)
heat
CPCM1
1:5
53.780.2
28.611.4
52.570.2
26.561.3
CPCM2
1:4
53.960.2
36.051.8
53.480.2
33.491.7
CPCM3
1:3
53.840.2
47.822.4
53.310.2
45.602.3
CPCM4
1:2
53.340.2
62.193.1
53.470.2
60.603.0
CPCM5
1:1
53.810.2
91.474.6
53.490.2
89.474.5
SA
1:0
54.290.2
188.289.4
53.230.2
180.079.0
419
420
421
20
Page 20 of 29
422
423
Table 3 Comparison of the SA/TiO2 composites with results of other supporting
424
material in literature.
Solidifying
Melting latent
()
point ()
heat (kJ/kg)
49.21
nanotube composite
58.8
[34]
52.4
82.53
[35]
53.84
53.31
47.82
present
te
stearic acid(25wt%)/TiO2
fume composite
graphite composite
426
study
Ac
ce
p
425
[33]
155.50
54.28
an
stearic acid(83wt%)/expanded 53.12
stearic acid(46wt%)/silica
93.97
us
stearic acid(60wt%)/halloysite 53.46
Reference
ip
t
Melting point
cr
Composites
Table 4 TGA data of the SA, CPCM1, CPCM2, CPCM3, CPCM4 and CPCM5.
Samples
Temperature of maximum Charred residue amount (%)

weight loss ()
(700 )
CPCM1
476.2
84.4
CPCM2
405.1
80.9
CPCM3
402.5
76.4
CPCM4
464.0
68.3
CPCM5
407.5
50.1
SA
653.0
0
21
Page 21 of 29
Ac
ce
pt
ed
an
us
cr
Fig.1
Page 22 of 29
Ac
ce
pt
ed
an
us
cr
Fig.2
Page 23 of 29
Ac
ce
p
te
an
us
cr
ip
t
Fig.3
Page 24 of 29
Ac
ce
pt
ed
an
us
cr
Fig.4
Page 25 of 29
Ac
ce
pt
ed
an
us
cr
Fig.5
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Ac
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ed
an
us
cr
Fig.6
Page 27 of 29
Ac
ce
pt
ed
an
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cr
Fig.7
Page 28 of 29
*Highlights (for review)
Highlights
The stearic acid/TiO2 composites with different mass ratios were prepared.
Ac
ce
pt
ed
an
us
The TiO2 can improve thermal stability of the CPCMs.
cr
Thermal properties and stability of the CPCMs were investigated.
ip
t
Chemical structure, crystalloid phase and microstructure of the CPCMs were analyzed.
Page 29 of 29

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Title: Preparation and thermal properties of stearic

Preparation and thermal properties of stearic acid/titanium

dioxide composites as shape-stabilized phase change materials

for building thermal energy storage

Fang Tang, Lei Cao, Guiyin Fang*

School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China

*Corresponding author. Tel: +86 25 51788228, Fax: +86 25 83593707

E-mail address: gyfang@nju.edu.cn

measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Fourier transformation infrared

investigated by a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The satisfactory SA/TiO2

as shape-stabilized phase change materials for building thermal energy storage.

Shape-stabilized; Stearic acid; Titanium dioxide; Building energy conservation

is stored in phase change materials (PCMs) during a melting process while it is

Therefore, microencapsulation and combining PCMs with other supporting materials

materials are chosen as supporting materials so far, such as opal [21],

styrenebutadienestyrene copolymer [22], expanded graphite [23], molecular sieve

in buildings because most of the latter are flammable and toxic.

The previous researches are commonly using organic polymers as supporting

composite PCMs with titanium dioxide shells is little reported up to now.

building thermal energy storage.

was used as solvent.

2.2 Preparation of the SA/ TiO2 composites

process were determined according to preliminary experimental results and our

CPCM2, CPCM3, CPCM4 and CPCM5.

2.3 Characterization of the SA/TiO2 composites

The chemical structure analysis of the SA/TiO2 composites was conducted on a

of the CPCMs was measured by an X-ray diffractometer (XRD, D/MAX-Ultima III,

Rigaku Corporation, Japan) with continuous scanning mode at a rate of 5 (2)/min

and operating conditions of 40 kV and 40 mA. The morphology and microstructure of

the SA/TiO2 composites were measured by a scanning electron microscope (SEM,

be observed. The thermal properties of the SA/TiO2 composites was determined by

placed on the calorimeter thermocouples. The sample space was cooled by a

to 10 , the heating rate was 5 /min from 10 to 90 . At first, the DSC

the SA/TiO2 composites was investigated by a thermogravimetric analyzer (Pyris 1

TGA, Perkin-Elmer) from 25 to 700 with a linear heating rate of 20/min

under a constant stream of nitrogen.

3. Results and discussion

3.1 FT-IR analysis of the SA/TiO2 composites

from 1400cm-1 to 1180cm-1 present a series of long-chain aliphatic characteristic

indicate that there is no chemical interaction between the SA and TiO2.

3.2 XRD analyses of the SA/TiO2 composites

3.3 Microstructure of the SA/TiO2 composites

3.4 Thermal properties of the SA/TiO2 composites

freezing temperature of the CPCMs can be also obtained by drawing a tangent

As shown in Table 2, the differences of melting temperature between SA and

similar phase transition characteristics. Besides, the differences between melting

temperature and solidifying temperature of the SA, CPCM1, CPCM2, CPCM3,

storage in buildings. The under-floor heating systems can achieve significant

Therefore, the cooling load of air-conditioning system may be decreased [32]. In

solar-aided latent heat storage system.

The CPCM3 floor can be achieved by incorporating CPCM3 into a hollow

the indoor temperature swings to increase the thermal comfort.

temperature (solidifying point). It is helpful for temperature control and regulation of

as supporting material can improve the nucleation characteristics of the CPCM3 by

PCM during phase change process.

3.5 Thermal stability of the SA/TiO2 composites

composites have a good thermal stability.

will be investigated in practical building thermal energy storage.

The SA can be uniformly dispersed in TiO2 without chemical interaction, it is due to

Higher Education Institutions.

Reviews 13 (2009) 318345.

Thermal Engineering 23 (2003) 251283.

recovery system calculation and phase change materials development, Applied